The Connecticut Fire Academy Unit 5 Recruit Firefighter Program NIMS Overview Presentation Instructor Notes Chapter 5 - Incident Command System
Slide 1 Recruit Firefighter Program Building Foundations
NFPA 1001 2013 edition Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program 1
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NIMS Overview
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Slide 26 Required NIMS Training Courses IS-100.b: Introduction to Incident Command System IS-200.b: ICS for Single Resource and Initial Response IS-700.a: NIMS an Introduction
Recruits MUST HAVE a COPY of the Course Completion for each Course by the date Specified in the Recruit Program Schedule.
Completion of the each Course must be no later than the date Specified in the Recruit Program Schedule.
If course completed prior to attending the Recruit Program, log in to web site to attain a copy of the completed course.
Find the Reference Sheet in the Unit 5 Handout Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
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CHAPTER 5
Fire Service Incident Command System
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Slide 28 Fire Fighter II Objectives
• Describe the characteristics of the Incident Command System (ICS). • Explain the organization of the ICS. • Function within an assigned role within the ICS. • Organize and coordinate an ICS until command is transferred. • Transfer command within an ICS.
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Slide 29 Introduction All emergency operations and training exercises should be run using an ICS. • ICS should be used for all operations and training. Ensures operations are coordinated and conducted safely • National Incident Management System and effectively (NIMS) – Defines standards and guidelines nationally Especially when multiple agencies are working – Variations exist. together – Every fire fighter must know local procedures Provides a standard approach, structure, and operational thoroughly. procedure to organize and manage any operation Key Components of an ICS Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Planning Supervision Communications Model Procedures for Incident Management Have been developed and widely adopted to provide a standard approach that can be used by many different agencies National Incident Management System (NIMS) Defines the standards and guidelines at a national level The command structure discussed in this chapter is a critical component of NIMS. ICS is a concept or a model. Variations exist, but the overall concepts are the same. It is the responsibility of the fire fighter to be intimately familiar with the system used in the local jurisdiction.
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Slide 30 History of ICS Before the 1970s, each fire department had its own methods of commanding and managing incidents. • Pre-1970s – Every fire department had its own methods of The organization often depended on the style of the incident management. chief on duty. – Organization often depended on the style of the chief on duty. Such an approach did not work well with units from – Such an approach did not work well with other different districts or mutual aid companies responding to units or mutual aid companies. a major incident. Fragmented approach to managing emergency incidents is no longer considered acceptable. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Today’s ICS structures comprise an organized system of roles, responsibilities, and standard operating procedures (SOPs) that are widely used to manage and direct emergency operations.
Slide 31 History of ICS The move to develop a standard system began approximately 40 years ago, after several large-scale • 1970s wildland fires in Southern California. – FIRESCOPE • Developed first FIRESCOPE (FIre RESources of California Organized standard ICS – Fire-ground for Potential Emergencies) command system Formed by a number of fire-related agencies at the (FGC) • Initially developed © Peter Weber/ShutterStock, Inc. local, state, and federal levels that decided better for day-to-day department organization was necessary to combat these costly incidents fires. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Developed solutions to a variety of problems, including command and control procedures, resource management, terms, and communications. Developed the first standard ICS in the mid-1970s. Originally intended only for large multijurisdictional or multiagency incidents, but it proved so successful that it was applied to structural firefighting and eventually became an accepted system for managing all emergency incidents.
Slide 32 History of ICS During the 1980s, the FIRESCOPE ICS was adopted by all federal and most state wildland firefighting agencies. • 1980s – FIRESCOPE ICS adopted by all federal and Several federal regulations and consensus standards most state wildland firefighting agencies adopted in the 1980s called for the use of ICS at – Several federal regulations and consensus standards adopted emergency incidents. • Present ICS, the current model, is an amalgamation of the best – ICS is best of ICS and FGC. of ICS and FGC.
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Slide 33 Introduction to Characteristics of the ICS Characteristics of the ICS A standardized approach facilitates and coordinates the • Recognized jurisdictional • Common Terms use of resources from multiple agencies, working toward authority • Integrated • Applicable to all risk and Communications common objectives. hazard situations • Consolidated Incident • Applicable to day-to-day Action Plans (IAP) Effective management of incidents requires operations • Designated Incident organizational structure to provide hierarchy of authority • Unity of Command facilities • Span of Control • Resource Management and responsibility and formal channels for • Modular organization communications. Important characteristics include: Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Recognized jurisdictional authority and responsibility Applicable to all risk and hazard situations Applicable to day-to-day operations and major incidents Unity of command Span of control Modular organization Common terms Integrated communications Consolidated incident action plans Designated incident facilities Resource management
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Slide 34 Jurisdictional Authority Jurisdictional Authority The identification of the jurisdiction in charge is usually • Identification at smaller incidents is usually not a problem. not a problem at an incident with a single focus or threat, • Unified command used when there are such as a structure fire. overlapping responsibilities Matters can become more complicated when several • Single command • Incident action plan (IAP) jurisdictions are involved or multiple agencies within a single jurisdiction have authority for various aspects of the incident. Unified command (UC) Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Used when there are overlapping responsibilities Brings representatives of different agencies together to work on one plan and ensures that all actions are fully coordinated Single command Most traditional perception of the command function When an incident occurs within a single jurisdiction and when there is no jurisdictional or functional agency overlap, a single incident commander should be identified and designated with overall incident management responsibility by the appropriate jurisdictional authority. Is best used when a single discipline in a single jurisdiction is responsible for the strategic objectives associated with managing the incident. Incident action plan (IAP) Strategic incident objectives developed by the incident commander Oral or written plans that contain general objectives that reflect the overall strategy for managing an incident. The introduction of the NIMS has sparked tremendous discussion and debate related to the concept of UC. UC is a critical evolution of the ICS system. UC provides a framework that allows agencies with different legal, geographic, and functional responsibilities to coordinate, plan, and interact effectively. The concept of UC is a clear departure from the traditional view of incident command and is frequently misunderstood and difficult to implement. The lesson is to be concerned less with who is in charge and more with what is required to safely and effectively manage the incident.
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Slide 35 All-Risk/All-Hazard System All-Risk and All-Hazard System The ICS can be applied to manage resources at fires, floods, tornadoes, plane crashes, earthquakes, hazardous • ICS works equally well at all types of materials incidents, or any other type of emergency incidents. situation. – Emergencies – Nonemergency ICS can be used equally well at nonemergency events, events © Mark C. Ide such as large-scale public events.
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Slide 36 Everyday Applicability Everyday Applicability ICS can and should be used for everyday operations and major incidents. • ICS can be used for everyday Regular use of the system builds familiarity with operations. standard procedures and terms. • Regular use of ICS builds familiarity with procedures © Rick McClure/AP Photos and terms.
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Slide 37 Unity of Command Unity of Command Each person working at an incident has only one direct • Each person has only one supervisor. • All orders and assignments come from supervisor. that supervisor. All orders and assignments come directly from that • Best qualified person should be assigned supervisor, and all reports are made to the same at the appropriate level. supervisor. The best-qualified person should be assigned at the appropriate level for each situation.
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Slide 38 Span of Control Span of Control The maximum number of subordinates a supervisor can • The maximum number of subordinates a supervisor can have have • In most situations, three to seven is the In most situations, one person can effectively supervise most one person can manage. only three to seven people. • In ICS, span of control should be limited to five. In the ICS setting, the span of control should be limited to five. Actual span of control should depend on the complexity of the incident and the nature of the work being Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program performed.
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Slide 39 Modular Organization Modular Organization ICS is designed to be flexible and modular. • ICS is designed to be flexible and modular. The organizational structure is predefined, ready to • Not every component must be used. be staffed and made operational as needed. • Additional components can be added as ICS has often been described as an organizational needed. toolbox, where only the tools needed for the specific incident are used. Additional components can be added or eliminated as needed as the incident unfolds. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Some components are used on almost every incident, whereas others apply to only the largest and most complex situations.
Slide 40 Common Terms Common Terminology ICS promotes the use of common terminology both • Terms are common and consistent within and among agencies in the ICS. within an organization and among all of the agencies • Common terms eliminate confusion. involved in emergency incidents. – Each word has a single definition. Each word has a single definition, and no two words – No two words mean the same thing. have the same definition. Everyone uses the same terms to communicate the same thoughts, so everyone understands what is meant. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Each job comes with one set of responsibilities, and everyone knows who is responsible for each duty. Common terminology is particularly important for radio communications.
Slide 41 Integrated Communications Integrated Communications Ensures that everyone at an emergency can communicate with both supervisors and subordinates • Communications supported up and ICS must support communication up and down the chain down the chain of of command at every level. command • Messages must Messages must move efficiently throughout the system. move efficiently through the system.
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Slide 42 Consolidated Incident Consolidated IAPs Action Plans An ICS ensures that everyone involved in the incident is • Everyone follows one overall plan. following one overall plan. • May be developed by the incident The IAP may be developed by the incident commander commander alone at small incidents alone on smaller incidents. • Developed in collaboration with all agencies involved on larger incidents The IAP will be developed in collaboration with all agencies involved in larger incidents.
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Slide 43 Designated Incident Locations Designated Incident Facilities Assigned locations where specific functions are always • Assigned locations – Incident command post performed – Rehabilitation sector Incident command post (ICP) – Casualty collection point – Treatment area Rehabilitation sector – Base of operations Casualty collection point – Helispot Treatment area Base of operations Helispot Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Slide 44 Resource Management Resource Management A standard system of assigning and keeping track of the • Standard system of assigning and tracking resources involved on the incident resources involved in the incident. • Staging area Staging area – Large-scale incidents Used at large-scale incidents – Close to incident – Units held in reserve Location close to the incident scene where a number • Personnel are the most vital resource of units can be held in reserve Personnel Most vital resource Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Uses personnel accountability system to track members
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Slide 45 The ICS Organization Introduction to the ICS Organization The ICS structure identifies a full range of duties, responsibilities, and functions that are performed at • Positions are staffed as needed. emergency incidents. • IC position must be ICS organizational chart filled at every incident. May be quite simple or very complex Each block refers to a function area or job description Positions are staffed as they are needed Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program The only position that must be filled at every incident is Incident Command. Fire fighters must understand the overall structure of ICS as well as the basic roles and responsibilities of each position within the ICS organization. As an emergency develops, a fire fighter could start in logistics, move to operations, and eventually assume a command position. Knowing how ICS works enables the fire fighter to see how different roles and responsibilities work together and relate to each other.
Slide 46 Command Command The IC position must always be filled. • The incident commander is ultimately responsible for managing the incident. Command is established when the first unit arrives on • Command is established when the first the scene and is maintained until the last unit leaves the unit arrives on the scene as is maintained until the last unit leaves the scene. scene. The IC is ultimately responsible for managing the incident. Command is directly responsible for the following tasks: Determining strategy Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Selecting incident tactics Setting the action plan Developing the ICS organization Managing resources Coordinating resource activities Providing for scene safety Releasing information about the incident Coordinating with outside agencies
Slide 47 Unified Command Unified command Provides several advantages when multiple agencies with overlapping jurisdictions or legal responsibilities • Used when agencies overlap are involved in an incident • Representatives Representatives from each agency cooperate to share from each agency cooperate to share command authority. command authority. Helps ensure cooperation, avoids confusion, and guarantees agreement on goals and objectives
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Slide 48 Incident Command Post Incident command post (ICP) The headquarters location for the incident • Headquarters location Command and all direct support staff should always be for the incident located at the ICP. • Should be in a nearby, protected location Location should be broadcast as soon as it is established. – Enables command staff ICP should be in a nearby, protected location. to function without distractions or Enables the command staff to function without needless interruptions distractions or interruptions
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Slide 49 Incident Commander Role • The Incident Commander: – Provides overall leadership for incident response. – Delegates authority to others. – Takes general direction from agency administrator/official. – Ensuring incident safety. – Providing information services to internal and external stakeholders. – Establishing and maintaining liaison with other agencies participating in the incident.
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Slide 50 Command Staff Command Staff Perform functions that report directly to the incident • Safety officer • Liaison officer commanders • Public information officer Safety officer Responsible for ensuring the safety of all on the scene Has the authority to stop or suspend unsafe operations Authority is clearly stated in national standards, Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program including NFPA 1500, NFPA 1521, and NFPA 1561 Should be knowledgeable in fire behavior, building construction and collapse potential, firefighting strategy and tactics, hazardous materials, rescue practices, and departmental safety rules and regulations Liaison officer The incident commander’s point of contact for outside agencies Responsible for exchanging information with representatives from outside agencies Public information officer Responsible for gathering and releasing information to the media and other appropriate agencies Allows the incident commander to concentrate on the incident Information released to media must be approved by public information officer.
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Slide 51 Safety Officer
• Advises Incident Commander on issues regarding incident safety. • Works with Operations to ensure safety of field personnel. • Ensures safety of all incident personnel.
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Slide 52 Liaison Officer • Assists Incident Commander by serving as point of contact for agency representatives who are helping to support the operation. • Provides briefings to and answers questions from supporting agencies. • Sometimes filled by Emergency Manager
Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Slide 53 Public Information Officer (PIO)
Advises Incident Commander on information dissemination and media relations. • Incident Commander approves information that the PIO releases. • Obtains information from and provides information to Planning Section. • Obtains information from and provides information to community and media.
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Slide 54 General Staff Functions General Staff Functions The incident commander may appoint people to oversee parts of the operation. • Four section chiefs for the major ICS Everything that occurs at an incident can be divided components: among the four major functional components within the – Operations – Planning ICS. – Logistics Operations – Finance/ administration Planning Logistics Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Finance/administration The staff of these four sections are known as the ICS general staff. Command decides which of these four positions needs to be activated, when to activate them, and who should be placed in each position.
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Slide 55 Operations Operations Responsible for managing all actions that are directly • Responsible for all actions that are directly related to controlling the incident related to controlling the incident – Fire suppression Activities include fighting the fire, rescuing trapped – Rescue – Emergency medical services victims, treating injured victims, and doing whatever – Conducted in accordance with an IAP else is necessary to alleviate the emergency situation. Operations section chief takes on responsibility at complex incidents so that command can focus on overall strategy Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Conducted in accordance with an IAP that outlines strategic objectives and how operations will be conducted
Slide 56 Planning Planning Responsible for the collection, evaluation, • Responsible for the collection, dissemination, and use of information relevant to the evaluation, and incident dissemination of Develops and updates the IAP information relevant to the incident Activated when information needs to be obtained, • Also responsible for managed, and analyzed developing and updating the IAP Planning section chief reports directly to command Individuals assigned to planning examine current Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program situation, review available information, predict the probable course of events, and prepare recommendations for strategies and tactics.
Slide 57 Logistics Logistics Responsible for providing supplies, services, facilities, and materials during the incident • Responsible for providing supplies, The logistics section chief serves as the supply officer services, facilities, for the incident. and materials during the incident Responsibilities include keeping the apparatus fueled, providing food and refreshments, obtaining the necessary extinguishing agents, and arranging for heavy equipment. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
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Slide 58 Finance/Administration Finance/administration Responsible for the accounting and financial aspects of • Responsible for accounting and an incident and any legal issues that may arise in its financial aspects of aftermath an incident Not staffed at most incidents • Responsible for any legal issues that may arise • Not staffed at most incidents
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Slide 59 Standard ICS Concepts Introduction to ICS Concepts and Terminology and Terms One of the strengths of ICS is its use of standard • One of the strengths of the ICS is its use terminology. of standard terms. Specific terms apply to various parts of an incident – Specific terms apply to various parts of an incident organization. organization. – Understanding these basic terms is the first Understanding these concepts and terminology is the step in understanding the system. first step in understanding the system. Some departments may use slightly different terminology. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Slide 60 Single Resources and Crews Single Resources and Crews A single resource is an individual vehicle and its assigned personnel. • Single resource – A vehicle and its A crew is a group of personnel working without assigned personnel apparatus. • Crew – Groups of fire fighters working without apparatus
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Slide 61 Divisions and Groups Divisions and Groups Established to aggregate single resources and/or crews under one supervisor. • Division – Geographic The primary reason for establishing divisions, groups, • Group and sectors is to maintain an effective span of control. – Functional Division Companies and/or crews working in the same geographic area. Group Companies and/or crews working on the same task Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program or objective but not necessarily in the same location. The flexibility of the ICS enables organizational units to be created as needed. Organizational units are particularly useful when several resources are working near one another. Assigned supervisor can directly observe and coordinate the actions of several crews.
Slide 62 Branches Branches A higher level of combined resources than divisions and • Higher level of combined resources working on a particular aspect of the groups overall emergency Established when the span of control exceeds normal • A branch director can oversee several divisions and/or groups. capacity
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Slide 63 Location Designators Location Designators ICS uses a standard system to identify the different parts of a building or a fire scene. • Identify different parts of a fire scene Sides – Sides The exterior sides are generally known as A, B, C, – Exposures – Floors and D. The front is side A, with B, C, and D following in a clockwise direction around the building. Companies are designated based on the side. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program Exposures Areas adjacent to a burning building Take the same letter as the adjacent side of the building Floors Within a building, divisions commonly take the number of the floor on which they are working.
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Slide 64 Task Forces Task Forces and Strike Teams • Groups of Groups of single resources assigned to work together for single a specific purpose or for a certain period under a single resources assigned to leader work together Task force: • Task force A group of two to five single resources of any type – Up to five single Are often part of a fire department’s standard resources of any type dispatch philosophy
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Slide 65 Strike Teams Strike team A group of five units of the same type working on a • Strike team common task or function – Five units of the same type working Are commonly used for Water Supply or Tanker on a common task Shuttles or function Emergency medical services strike teams are often organized to respond to multiple-casualty incidents or disasters. © Keith © Keith D. Cullom Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Slide 66 Implementing ICS ICS helps to organize every incident scene in a standard, consistent manner. • Modular design allows organization to expand based on needs. As an incident escalates in size or complexity, the ICS • Tasks are defined in advance. organization expands to fit the situation. A small-scale incident can often be handled successfully by one company or a first-alarm assignment. One-alarm structures consist of command and reporting resources. Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program At a more complex incident, the increasing number of problems and resources places greater demands on command and can quickly exceed command’s effective span of control
Slide 67 Implementing ICS Modular design allows the organization to expand by activating predetermined components. Command can delegate specific responsibilities and • Most frequently used components: authority to other personnel. – Divisions An individual who receives an assignment knows – Groups the basic responsibilities of the job because they are defined in advance.
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Slide 68 Standard Position Titles Standard Position Titles Help to clarify roles within the ICS organization • Clarify roles within the ICS organization • Title includes functional/geographic area, Title typically includes the functional or geographic area followed by designator. of responsibility, followed by a specific designator.
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Slide 69 Working Within the ICS Fire fighters should understand what ICS is and how it works. Incident • Every fire fighter must Command understand the ICS and To an outsider, the ICS might appear to be a large, his or her role within it. Engine 1 Truck 2 Company Company complicated organization model. • Three basic Officer Officer components: To the individual fire fighter working within the system, – Someone is in command Driver/Operator Driver/Operator of every incident. ICS is really simple. – You always report to one supervisor. Firefighter Firefighter Three basic components always apply: – The company officer reports to the incident Command is established at every incident, from the commander. Firefighter Firefighter time that the first unit arrives until the time that the Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program last unit leaves. Each fire fighter always reports to one supervisor. The company officer reports to command.
Slide 70 Responsibilities of Responsibilities of the First-Arriving Fire Fighters First-Arriving Fire Fighters The first fire fighters to arrive at an emergency scene are the foundation of the ICS organization structure. • ICS organization is built around the units that take initial action. The ICS builds its organization from the bottom up, • Company officers need to assume around the units that take initial action. command until relieved by a higher- ranking officer. The officer in charge of the first-arriving unit is responsible for taking initial action and becomes command until relieved by a senior officer.
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Slide 71 Establishing Command Establishing command The officer in charge of the first-arriving unit is • The officer of the first-in unit is in automatically in command. command. The officer who assumes command must announce this • This is formally announced on the fact over the radio. radio. An initial report should be given that includes: • An initial report Size-up report should be given as well. Command designation Unit or individual who is assuming command Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program An initial situation report Initial action being taken Most departments have written procedures specifying who will assume command in certain situations. Skill Drill 5-2 reviews the steps for establishing command at an incident.
Slide 72 Confirmation of Command Confirming the Command • Initial radio report lets The initial announcement of command definitely everyone know that Incident Command has confirms that command has been established at an been established. • An incident identifier incident. should be chosen. • Location of Command Identifying the incident Post. Fire department procedures may vary in terms of the Example: Fire Alarm - Engine 2 is on Scene, We have with a Single Family Wood Residential Structure with Heavy Fire showing in the D side Breezeway, specific protocol used for naming an incident. between the Home and Garage. Engine 2 is establishing Queen Street Command, conducting a 360. Command is Mobile at this time. The first officer to assume command should establish an identity that clearly identifies the location of the Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program incident.
Slide 73 Transfer of Command Transfer of Command • One person Occurs when one person relinquishes command of an relinquishes incident and another individual becomes command command. • Current situation Established procedures must be followed whenever status report is given command is transferred. to the new incident commander. A current situation status report is given to the • Information transfer incoming IC and includes: Tactical priorities must be complete and accurate.
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Slide 74 Situation Status Report Situation Status Report Information A current situation status report is given to the incoming • Tactical priorities IC and includes: • Action plans Tactical priorities • Hazardous conditions Action plans • Accomplishments • Assessment of effectiveness Hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions • Current status of resources Accomplishments Assessment of effectiveness of operations Current status of resources Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
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Slide 75 Command Transfer Command transfer rationale Rationale When three or more companies are operating at an • Transfer of command determined by a incident, it is better to have a chief officer assume variety of factors: – Complexity of the incident command. – Officer’s level of experience – Involvement of multiple agencies
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Slide 76 Implementing ICS Typical ICS Assignments for Structure Fire Typical Structure Fire - Task Assignments Assignments may be based on Incident Command Predetermined SOP/Guideline Safety IAP Rapid Fire Attack Search Back Up Ventilation Intervention (E-1) (T-2) (E-4) (E-3) (E-5) Primary Attack Horizontal Forcible Entry Water Supply Soften Building Line Ventilation
Back Up Attack Vertical Locate Fire Ladder Building Line Ventilation
Search & Firefighter Utilities Rescue Victims Rescue
Ventilation / Flow Path Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Implementing ICS Typical MVA - Task Assignments
Incident Command
Safety Slide 77
Extrication Stabilization Hazards EMS
Vehicle HRT Fluids
Vehicle Systems Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Slide 78 Summary • ICS provides a standard, professional, and organized approach to managing emergency incidents. • All emergency operations and training exercises should be run using ICS. • All functions in the ICS must be addressed at every incident.
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Slide 79 Summary ICS provides a standard, professional, and organized • ICS provides a standard, professional, and organized approach to managing approach to managing emergency incidents. emergency incidents. All emergency operations and training exercises should • All emergency operations and training exercises should be run using ICS. be run using ICS. • All functions in the ICS must be addressed All functions in the ICS must be addressed at every at every incident. incident.
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Slide 80 Summary On smaller incidents, this may only require one person to handle all functions. • On smaller incidents, this may only require one person to handle all functions. The incident commander has ultimate responsibility to • The incident commander has ultimate manage the incident. responsibility to manage the incident. All fire fighters must understand the ICS and what their • All fire fighters must understand the ICS and what their role in an ICS is. role in an ICS is.
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Slide 81 ICS Scenarios Recruit Unit Handout Unit 5 Incident Command System NIMS Review NIMS for the Fire Service ICS-201 Worksheet Incident Command Tactical Worksheet Residential Structure Fire Connecticut Fire Academy – Recruit Program
Slide 82 NEVER FORGET
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