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(Rjelal) Kannada Versus Sanskrit: Hegemony, Power (RJELAL) Research Journal of English Language and Literature Vol.3.Issue 4.2015 A Peer Reviewed (Refereed) International Journal (Oct-Dec) http://www.rjelal.com RESEARCH ARTICLE KANNADA VERSUS SANSKRIT: HEGEMONY, POWER AND SUBJUGATION Dr. METI MALLIKARJUN Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics Sahyadri Arts College, Kuvempu University, Shimoga ABSTRACT This paper explores the sociolinguistic struggles and conflicts which have been taken place in the context between Kannada and Sanskrit. As a result, the dichotomy of the enlightened Sanskrit and unenlightened Kannada is emerged among Sanskrit oriented scholars and philologists. This process of creating the asymmetrical relationship that exists between Sanskrit and Kannada throughout the formation of the Kannada intellectual world. This constructed dichotomy impacted on Kannada world, in such a way, without the intellectual resource of Sanskrit the development of the Kannada intellectual world is quite impossible. Which affirms Sanskrit is inevitable for Kannada in every respect of its sociocultural and philosophical formations. This is a very simple contention, due to this; Kannada has been suffering from the inferiority both in the contexts of cultural and philosophical developments. In spite of the contributions of Prakrit and Pali languages towards Indian cultural history, the Indian cultural past is directly connected to, by and large, limited to the aspects of Sanskrit culture and philosophy alone. Sanskrit language per se could have not done any domination, subjugation etc. on any of the Indian languages. But its power relations with religion and caste systems are mainly responsible for its domination on other Indian languages and cultures. Due to this sociolinguistic hegemonic structure, Sanskrit has become a language of domination, subjugation, ideology and power. This Sanskrit centric tradition created its own notion of poetics, grammar, language studies and cultural understandings. These particular thought processes reinforce the discourses of caste and religion hierarchies have entered into the mainstream Kannada intellectual world. The present paper attempts to organize all of these different threads into a coherent picture by focusing on native distinctive sociocultural and epistemic patterns of Kannada culture and intellectual world. It means, this paper affirms the need to revisit the interconnections between Kannada and Sanskrit languages. ©KY PUBLICATIONS I. The discussions between Sanskrit and INTRODUCTION Kannada are not linear, plain and unidirectional. But "The history of humanity is not only a history of they are subtle and complex both in terms of socio-economic activity. It is also a history of structures and functions. However, this paper does semiotic activity". [M.A.K Halliday:2003 PP 210] not propose to resolve these complex and subtle realities rather, to explicate the designs of linguistic 580 Dr. METI MALLIKARJUN (RJELAL) Research Journal of English Language and Literature Vol.3.Issue 4.2015 A Peer Reviewed (Refereed) International Journal (Oct-Dec) http://www.rjelal.com hegemony and subjugation at one hand. At the marches to the tune of universally validated other hand, it tackles the changing processes of standards and prescriptions. This dual debate is by power relations that have been associated with no means over, and is still at the center of much Sanskrit and Kannada. Colonial mindset and Vedic international controversy, not least over the role of implications privileged Sanskrit and English at the universities in fostering, preserving and advancing expense of modern Indian languages. And they also particular kinds of knowledge” (Weiler 2006, 2009, created circuits in the relationship between Kannada pp 08). It may be noted that Kannada was not and Sanskrit. unable to evolve epistemologies rather knowledge In all language related debates the issue of systems over through the lives of its communities. Sanskrit has been a site of controversy in When Sanskrit came into contact with Kannada, as a contemporary situation of India. And a major source result, legitimization of epistemologies was of contention regarding issues of identity and problematic and crucial. Because Sanskrit was cultural authenticity is also connected to Sanskrit always referred to as language of literature, alone. At the one hand, this line of argument cannot aesthetics and many other knowledge systems, be denied, as far as the hegemonic condition of whereas, Kannada was considered lack of all these Sanskrit over the native languages of India. No epistemological realities. However, Sanskrit was doubt about it, I will definitely subscribe with this regarded as resource of all sorts of knowledge argument. At the same time, I do contend it, systems such as religion, philosophy and logic. It because Sanskrit is merely the responsible does not mean that Kannada has not responded to parameter for the present linguistic conditions of this potential threat by employing a resistance India should also be taken into consideration. mechanism. Kannada literary history provides many However, this paper is trying to highlight that how examples to prove the way in which it poses major can Sanskrit be a major source for the problems that challenges to Sanskrit in the contexts of literature have been occurred to the native languages of India and aesthetics. This controversy over the national in general, and Kannada in specific. and international politics of knowledge is very The relation between Kannada and Sanskrit evident and has become a systematic critical inquiry is very ancient. It is not possible to discuss that all in the present discourses politics of knowledge. The changes, development, negotiations have been in 12th century Vachanakars of Kannada composed the given relationship. Nevertheless, some many Vachanas [verses] refusing the Vedic important debates can be floated here. hegemony and advocating a rational form of Bhakti The Politics of Knowledge: Kannada/Sanskrit allowing no middleman in the way of reaching the It seems to be very fascinating to talk about truth. This tradition prevailed throughout the the politics of knowledge in the context of literary history of Kannada right from Pampa unto Karnataka. At the same time, it appears to be a the last. problem, because “the debate about the politics of Sanskrit centric fierce ideological positions knowledge bears, as we have seen, a remarkable imposed on Kannada were /are justified and resemblance to recent debates about the notion appreciated through the ages until the twenty first and practice of development. Much of this latter century. Kannada poets-writer offer interesting debate focuses on the difference between insights into understanding the differences between “development from below” and “development from Kannada and Sanskrit based knowledge systems. above”, or between more localized and more Kannada and Sanskrit were never shown as equals globalized conceptions and standards of rather created dichotomies like superior [Sanskrit] development. In much the same way, the debate and inferior [Kannada] languages. Over a period of about knowledge is characterized by a similarly time, these dichotomies have converted into social polarized tension between knowledge that is more realities. Obviously these social realities have grounded in local and regional traditions and accepted by various social groups of Karnataka in knowledge cultures, and knowledge that rather terms of patronized understanding. This kind of 581 Dr. METI MALLIKARJUN (RJELAL) Research Journal of English Language and Literature Vol.3.Issue 4.2015 A Peer Reviewed (Refereed) International Journal (Oct-Dec) http://www.rjelal.com make-believe has become a strategy for all about what causes for language attrition. As it is dominant languages in general and Sanskrit in discussed above, there are many reasons for particular. As a result, this particular perception language shift and language death. Most studies of causes to establish cultural faith among the speakers language shift have looked at a community’s of a given language. These arguments delineate that transition to the new language. But, in the case of the way in which hegemonic structures emerge in Indian context, dealing with language endangerment any given speech communities across the globe. But, is a problematic one. It is very subtle and complex hegemonic structures may be perceived in different phenomenon. It can’t be analyzed based on western ways according to the communities’ perceptions. modals alone. However, it can be argued differently. Many a time, it is realized that this is perhaps state The language of Cosmopolis i.e. Sanskrit [Sheldon sponsored hegemony. However, the available Pollock] plays a very important role in India in the historical records make it apparent that the politics process of language shift/loss. We have always been of knowledge is always from above. This reaffirms aware of the ambience of many languages in our stereotype that epistemology is created from above environment. Many languages are alive in our not evolved from below. Only the language that is environment and we have always perhaps switched being spoken in a community, such languages can from one language into another unconsciously always evolve knowledge and epistemological [Ananthamurthy. U. R 2009]. The 'ecologist' paradigms in a given communities. perspective – is a useful focus for linguists who call Cultural theorists have already discussed for measures to reverse this trend of language
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