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Two Boys with a Bladder by Joseph Wright of Derby

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Two Boys with a Bladder by Joseph Wright of Derby RCEWA – Two Boys with a Bladder by Joseph Wright of Derby Statement of the Expert Adviser to the Secretary of State that the painting meets Waverley criteria two and three. Further Information The ‘Applicant’s statement’ and the ‘Note of Case History’ are available on the Arts Council Website: www.artscouncil.org.uk/reviewing-committee-case-hearings Please note that images and appendices referenced are not reproduced. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Brief Description of item(s) • What is it? A painting by Joseph Wright of Derby representing two boys in fancy dress and illuminated by candlelight, one of the boys is blowing a bladder as the other watches. • What is it made of? Oil paint on canvas • What are its measurements? 927 x 730 mm • Who is the artist/maker and what are their dates? Joseph Wright of Derby (1734-1797) • What date is the item? Probably 1768-70 • What condition is it in? Based upon a viewing of the work by the advisors and conservators, the face and costumes of the two boys are in good condition. However, dark paint throughout the background exhibits widespread retouched drying cracking and there are additional areas of clumsy reconstruction indicating underlying paint losses. 2. Context • Provenance In private ownership by the 1890s; thence by descent The early ownership of the picture, prior to the 1890s, is speculative and requires further investigation. The applicant has suggested one possible line of provenance, as detailed below. It has been mooted that this may be the painting referred to under a list of sold candlelight pictures in Wright’s account book as ‘Boys with a Bladder and its Companion to Ld. Exeter’ for £105. The possibility that it is the pair to Two Girls Dressing a Kitten by Candlelight (c.1768- 70, Kenwood House) has also led to its identification with lot 82 ‘a boy blowing a bladder by candle light’ sold by Christie’s on the 23rd January 1772 to Ld. Warwick for £8.8s – the same sale in which the Two Girls was sold to Lord Palmerston for £7.7s (lot 82, 24th January). Prior to the recent discovery of this painting, Elizabeth Barker had proposed that the Huntington’s painting, Two Boys Blowing a Bladder by Candlelight c.1770, may be the pair to the Two Girls, advancing the same ownership history as detailed above. However, though possible, there are queries around such a provenance: The Lord Exeter listed in the account book likely refers to Brownlow Cecil, 9th Earl of Exeter (1725-93). However, there is no mention of either of the Wright of Derby paintings in the records at Burghley House, and this would have been an uncharacteristic acquisition by Lord Exeter. It is also not clear why he would have sold the paintings after only 3 years, even if the Christie’s sale could be associated with Exeter (which it presently cannot). Annotations in the auctioneers copy of the catalogue show that lot 82, ‘a boy blowing a bladder by candle light’, was sold to Ld. Warwick on the first day of the sale (23rd January 1772) for £8.8s, and that ‘two girls decorating a cat by candle light’ was sold to Lord Palmerston on the second day of the sale (24th January 1772). It may be telling that they were sold individually on different days, although with the same lot number. Though the sale was noted in the press, the advertisements do not mention either painting by Wright. The buyer, ‘Ld Warwick’, probably refers to Francis Greville, 1st Earl of Warwick (1719-1773); his son, George Greville held the title of Lord Greville before his father’s death. However, the picture does not appear in the large inventories of Warwick castle dating from c.1800 and 1853. Further research would be needed to establish the provenance from the Warwick collection to the current owner. • Key literary and exhibition references This painting has only recently been rediscovered, as such it does not have an exhibition history. Although it has not been previously identified in the literature, the following are key references: Benedict Nicolson, Joseph Wright of Derby: Painter of Light, Vol. 1, London, 1968, p.238-40. Judy Egerton, Wright of Derby, London, 1990, p.53-4. Elizabeth E. Barker and Alex Kidson, Joseph Wright of Derby in Liverpool, New Haven and London, 2007, p.164-65. Elizabeth E. Barker, ‘Documents relating to Joseph Wright ‘of Derby’ (1734-97)’, The Volume of the Walpole Society, Vol. 71 (2009), p.19. 3. Waverley criteria Waverley 2 – It is of outstanding aesthetic importance. This is a very fine example of Wright’s bladder subjects and exemplifies his masterful treatment of light effects. It showcases his virtuosic handling when painting fabric and the play of light. Waverley 3 – It is of outstanding significance for the study of some particular branch of art, learning or history. The painting is of outstanding significance to the study of art history and the history of provincial enlightenment culture in the UK. The representation of children blowing bladders was unique to Wright of Derby, as such the picture represents an important and distinct branch of his art, as well as a unique motif within the expanding and highly popular genre of fancy pictures during the late eighteenth-century. The circumstances of the picture’s making also illuminates the thriving enlightenment culture in the provinces at this time, notably Derby and Liverpool, and the opportunities and networks this provided for professional artists. DETAILED CASE 1. Detailed description of item(s) if more than in Executive summary, and any comments. What does it depict? The painting shows two boys, both wearing elaborate fancy dress with frilled collars and turbans, illuminated by candlelight. One boy stands in profile on the right, just in front of a table, as he blows up a bladder. The other boy is seated on the left, leaning on the table as he watches the bladder be inflated. What does it tell us about that period? Two Boys with a Bladder is an extremely fine ‘fancy picture’, produced during the 1760s, at the moment when the genre emerged as one of the most original and popular art forms in Britain. The success and rise in fancy pictures was connected to changes in the British artworld, not least the introduction of public art exhibitions, the expansion of the print market, and the new audiences for art. The fancy picture allowed artists to showcase their skill and invention within this highly competitive environment, whilst also appealing to a broad and lucrative market through adopting new, imaginative subjects aligned with both high art and popular tastes. Representations of children were among the most popular subjects for fancy pictures, and embodied new ways of viewing childhood. Wright’s painting highlights the intersection between art and enlightenment thinking on child development and education, particularly the new appreciation of games as a playful means for children to develop their independent strengths and capabilities. Most likely painted whilst Wright was living and working in Liverpool between 1768 and 1771 – though with extended stays in Derby – the picture is also closely connected to the burgeoning provincial culture in the UK during the period. It attests to the success and independence artists could achieve outside London, the quality and ambition of the art being produced in the provinces at this time, and the cross-currents of ideas and people between such thriving urban hubs as Derby and Liverpool. In particular, the close observation and attention in the painting – in addition to the representation of children – speaks to the currency of enlightenment ideas in these regional centres, especially the engagement with science and technology. Who made it/painted it/wrote it? Joseph Wright of Derby (1734-1797) No. of comparable items by the same artist already in the UK, in both public and private collections? Wright of Derby is today recognised as one of the leading artists of the late eighteenth century and as such his work is prominent in collections both in the UK and internationally. We include an appendix listing Wright’s known bladder subjects in the UK, noting their accessibility and condition. Fancy pictures represent a significant branch of Wright’s art. Characterised by their tenebrism, these build upon an iconography rooted in 17th century Netherlandish art, including letter reading and bubble blowing. There are four variations of the letter reading subjects and one bubble blowing subject, all remaining in private collections in the UK. Wright frequently conceived his pictures as pairs and, as evidenced in Wright’s account book, this remained true of his fancy pictures. As detailed in the appendix, several of the fancy pictures and, indeed, the bladder pictures, have remained united as a pair or quartet. Of the four bladder subjects in private collections in the UK, the Two Boys Fighting over a Bladder is the most equivalent in size and figures, however the violence of the scene marks a significant departure from Wright’s other versions and, in comparison to this picture, it appears somewhat formulaic, the darkness of the scene precluding the finesse, verisimilitude and detail of Two Boys with a Bladder. The only work that compares to Two Boys with a Bladder in terms of size, conception, and ambition, is Two Girls Dressing a Kitten by Candlelight (c.1768-70, Kenwood House, English Heritage). The two pictures are exactly the same size and correspond stylistically – they parallel one another with regards to composition, the costumes of the children, and in the detail and quality of the painting. They exemplify Wright’s fluency in painting and his mastery of light effects.
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