Development of Art and Architecture in Sultanate Period with Special
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Basic Statistics of Delhi
BASIC STATISTICS OF DELHI Page No. 1. Names of colonies/properties, structures and gates in Eighteenth Century 2 1.1 Sheet No.1 Plan of the City of Delhi 2 1.2 Sheet No.2 Plan of the City of Delhi 2 1.3 Sheet No.5 Plan of the City of Delhi 3 1.4 Sheet No.7 Plan of the City of Delhi 3 1.5 Sheet No.8 Plan of the City of Delhi 3 1.6 Sheet No.9 Plan of the City of Delhi 3 1.7 Sheet No.11 Plan of the City of Delhi 3 1.8 Sheet No.12 Plan of the City of Delhi 4 2. List of built up residential areas prior to 1962 4 3. Industrial areas in Delhi since 1950’s. 5 4. Commercial Areas 6 5. Residential Areas – Plotted & Group Housing Residential colonies 6 6. Resettlement Colonies 7 7. Transit Camps constructed by DDA 7 8. Tenements constructed by DDA/other bodies for Slum Dwellers 7 9. Group Housing constructed by DDA in Urbanized Villages including on 8 their peripheries up to 1980’s 10. Colonies developed by Ministry of Rehabilitation 8 11. Residential & Industrial Development with the help of Co-op. 8 House Building Societies (Plotted & Group Housing) 12. Institutional Areas 9 13. Important Stadiums 9 14. Important Ecological Parks & other sites 9 15. Integrated Freight Complexes-cum-Wholesale markets 9 16. Gaon Sabha Land in Delhi 10 17. List of Urban Villages 11 18. List of Rural Villages 19. List of 600 Regularized Unauthorized colonies 20. -
INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master
INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" X 9" black and w h itephotographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World'sUMI Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8824569 The architecture of Firuz Shah Tughluq McKibben, William Jeffrey, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by McKibben, William Jeflfrey. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. -
Delhi Domes in Transition
Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, New Delhi 2006 P.B. Lourenço, P. Roca, C. Modena, S. Agrawal (Eds.) Delhi Domes in Transition Shubhru Gupta Architectural Conservation, B. Arch, New Delhi, India ABSTRACT: This paper explores the transition of accommodating new design considerations within existing paradigms of structures and construction during historic times, and attempts to cover this aspect for dome construction in during the Lodi Period (1451 – 1526 CE) in Sultanate Delhi. 1 INTRODUCTION The design principles and architectural considerations for any structure are never rigid and in- fluenced by a number of factors including socio-cultural dynamics and individual aesthetic pref- erences. History is filled with instances where every new political dynasty has tried to introduce new features to existing architectural vocabulary, from subtle features to dramatic changes, ei- ther to assert their power or leave behind architectural memorabilia as a reminder of that par- ticular period to future generations. It has been the prerogative of construction techniques to evolve themselves to meet these new design challenges. The concept of arches and domes was introduced in Delhi in late 12th Cen- tury CE, as symbols of new Muslim ruler ship and authority over local people. However, con- struction systems known to local masons were trabeate and corbelled systems, and were applied for construction of arches and domes in the buildings of early Islamic period in Delhi like Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque at Qutub complex and Sultan Ghari complex, see Fig 1. Figure 1 : Arch and dome construction in early Islamic Delhi (Author, 2003) 270 Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions Symbolic significance took precedence over structural authenticity and new solutions emerged that constitute architectural evolution in true sense of the word. -
Problems and Status of Muslim Graveyards in Delhi
PROBLEMS AND STATUS OF MUSLIM GRAVEYARDS IN DELHI A REPORT DELHI MINORITIES COMMISSION Government of NCT of Delhi C- Block, First Floor, Vikas Bhawan, I.P. Estate New Delhi 110002 Cover photo: A scene from Batla House graveyard Study conducted for Delhi Minorities Commission By HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY 27-O, Pocket 2, MIG Complex, Mayur Vihar, Phase 3, Delhi- 110096 Telephone: 011-22621867, 09971222966 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.hdsindia.org FOREWORD Delhi Minorities Commission is pleased to publish this study on Muslim graveyards in the NCT of Delhi. This study was commissioned by the previous Commission headed by Shri Qamar Ahmad but could not be finalised and published during its tenure. The new Commission, which took over on 20 July, 2017, found this study among the pending work. We took it up with due diligence and urgency. After going through the draft, we called a meeting with Human Development Society’s director and researcher. Now it is being published with some changes and addition of some information and data. This study is an eye-opener. It tells us that a majority of Muslim graveyards registered with Delhi Waqf Board (DWB) and other agencies has practically disappeared over the years. Both public and government agencies have occupied or encroached upon graveyards, while new land is not being earmarked for new qabristans in town-planning schemes. The study has found that the remaining space in the existing qarbristans is hardly enough for two more years. DMC will approach Govt. of NCT of Delhi and its agencies, especially Delhi Waqf Board and Delhi Development Authority, to quickly solve this grave problem before it is too late. -
Resources for the Study of Islamic Architecture Historical Section
RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION Prepared by: Sabri Jarrar András Riedlmayer Jeffrey B. Spurr © 1994 AGA KHAN PROGRAM FOR ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION BIBLIOGRAPHIC COMPONENT Historical Section, Bibliographic Component Reference Books BASIC REFERENCE TOOLS FOR THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE This list covers bibliographies, periodical indexes and other basic research tools; also included is a selection of monographs and surveys of architecture, with an emphasis on recent and well-illustrated works published after 1980. For an annotated guide to the most important such works published prior to that date, see Terry Allen, Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass., 1979 (available in photocopy from the Aga Khan Program at Harvard). For more comprehensive listings, see Creswell's Bibliography and its supplements, as well as the following subject bibliographies. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND PERIODICAL INDEXES Creswell, K. A. C. A Bibliography of the Architecture, Arts, and Crafts of Islam to 1st Jan. 1960 Cairo, 1961; reprt. 1978. /the largest and most comprehensive compilation of books and articles on all aspects of Islamic art and architecture (except numismatics- for titles on Islamic coins and medals see: L.A. Mayer, Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics and the periodical Numismatic Literature). Intelligently organized; incl. detailed annotations, e.g. listing buildings and objects illustrated in each of the works cited. Supplements: [1st]: 1961-1972 (Cairo, 1973); [2nd]: 1972-1980, with omissions from previous years (Cairo, 1984)./ Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography, ed. Terry Allen. Cambridge, Mass., 1979. /a selective and intelligently organized general overview of the literature to that date, with detailed and often critical annotations./ Index Islamicus 1665-1905, ed. -
Answered On:22.12.2003 Protection of Monument A.F
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA TOURISM AND CULTURE LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO:3013 ANSWERED ON:22.12.2003 PROTECTION OF MONUMENT A.F. GOLAM OSMANI Will the Minister of TOURISM AND CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) the details of heritage monuments at Mehrauli included in the list of protected monuments; (b) the details of monuments there which are not yet protected by ASI; ( (c) whether a new heritage site has been identified for protection in Mehrauli: (d) If so, whether any private land or buildings are included in the newly identified site; and (e) If so, the steps taken to remove illegal occupation and construction therefrom? Answer MINISTER FOR TOURISM AND CULTURE (SHRI JAGMOHAN) (a) The list of 24 monuments declared as of national importance under Archaeological Survey of India, in Mehrauli is at Annexure-I. (b) The list of 195 monuments based on the list published by INTACH in Mehrauli which are not yet protected, is at Annexure-II. (c ) Yes, Sir. Lal Kot, Jahanpanah Wall, Balban`s Tomb, unprotected portions of fortification wall of Qila Rai Pithora, Quli-Khan`s Tomb, and monuments/ruined structures located inside the D.D.A. Heritage Park, have been identified for declaration as monuments of national importance. (d) No, Sir. (e) Question does not arise. ANNEXURE-I ANNEXURE REFERRED TO IN REPLY TO PART (a) TO THE LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO.3013 FOR 22.12.2003 LIST OF MONUMENTS UNDER CENTRAL PROTECTION IN MEHRAULI, DELHI 1. Bastion where a wall Jahan Panah meets the wall of Rai Pithora Fort 2. Ramp and Gateway of Rai Pithor`s Fort 3. -
The Structural Development of Masonry Domes in India
Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th-24th January 2003, ed. S. Huerta, Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera, SEdHC, ETSAM, A. E. Benvenuto, COAM, F. Dragados, 2003. The structural development of masonry domes in India Stuart Tappin This paper researches the origins, structural which still generally relies on non-mechanised development and construction of masonry domes in methods of building and documented practice in India. It investigates where the structural engineering Europe during the period under study. knowledge of the original builders carne from and how successfully that knowledge was applied. We will also look at the choices that had to be made with ISLAMIC PROTOTYPES materials and methods of construction. The period under review covers Islamic rule over In Syria the classical Roman temples and mausolea northern and central India fram the late 12th century became the model for builders who created churches to the mid 18th century. New types of buildings or memorial s to house the body or relics of Christian and structural forms carne with the new rulers in saints or biblical character, or to mark a particular particular, for this study, the domed tambo How event (Hillenbrand 1984, 254). These were generally Hindu masons, experienced only in trabe ate small in scale and used a variety of plan-forms; construction, responded to these new structural forms square, cruciform, polygonal or circular. The small is a key part the synthesis of sty les that created a size meant that the structura] stability of the dome wholly new and original architecture. could be achieved by copying existing buildings. -
Humayun's Tomb
HUMAYUN’S TOMB and its surroundings Humayuns tomb booklet.indd 1 27/09/12 3:39 PM According to traditional belief, the tomb of a saint confers sanctity on the surrounding areas, and therefore many have opted to be buried in the vicinity of a saint’s tomb. The shrines or dargahs of men like Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki (in Mehrauli) and Nasiruddin Mahmud `Roshan Chiragh-e-Dehli’ (in Chiragh Dilli) are surrounded by dozens of graves, of both illustrious and obscure persons. The dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya is a case in point. Around it, within a radius of about a kilometre, are literally hundreds of graves – including those of some of Delhi’s most famous residents. The core of the area is the enclosure of the dargah itself, the burial place of the saint who died in 1325 but has been the object of continuous veneration . The shrine is the heart of a bustling centre of pilgrimage. Most pilgrims visit just the venerated structures in the complex – the tomb of Nizamuddin Auliya and that of his famous disciple Amir Khusro, who is buried nearby, the baoli or step-well, and the large 13th-century mosque which lies to the west of the shrine. There are within the shrine compound itself the tombs and graves of several other famous personalities, which deserve a visit. In the immediate vicinity of the shrine enclosure is the basti. This is a residential complex as old as the shrine itself, housing those associated with the shrine. The houses themselves, being of less solid materials than the tombs or mosques, have been constantly re-built and most are therefore quite modern. -
Conservation & Heritage Management
Chapter – 7 : Conservation & Heritage Management IL&FS ECOSMART Chapter – 7 Conservation & Heritage Management CHAPTER - 7 CONSERVATION & HERITAGE MANAGEMENT 7.1 INTRODUCTION Heritage Resource Conservation and Management imperatives for Delhi The distinctive historical pattern of development of Delhi, with sixteen identified capital cities1 located in different parts of the triangular area between the Aravalli ridge and the Yamuna river, has resulted in the distribution of a large number of highly significant heritage resources, mainly dating from the 13th century onwards, as an integral component within the contemporary city environment. (Map-1) In addition, as many of these heritage resources (Ashokan rock edict, two World Heritage Sites, most ASI protected monuments) are closely associated with the ridge, existing water systems, forests and open space networks, they exemplify the traditional link between natural and cultural resources which needs to be enhanced and strengthened in order to improve Delhi’s environment. (Map -2) 7.1.1 Heritage Typologies – Location and Significance These heritage resources continue to be of great significance and relevance to any sustainable development planning vision for Delhi, encompassing a vast range of heritage typologies2, including: 1. Archaeological sites, 2. Fortifications, citadels, different types of palace buildings and administrative complexes, 3. Religious structures and complexes, including Dargah complexes 4. Memorials, funerary structures, tombs 5. Historic gardens, 6. Traditional networks associated with systems of water harvesting and management 1 Indraprastha ( c. 1st millennium BCE), Dilli, Surajpal’s Surajkund, Anangpal’s Lal Kot, Prithviraj Chauhan’s Qila Rai Pithora, Kaiquabad’s Khilokhri, Alauddin Khilji’s Siri, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq’s Tughlaqabad, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq’s Jahanpanah, Firoz Shah Tughlaq’s Firozabad, Khizr Khan’s Khizrabad, Mubarak Shah’s Mubarakabad, Humayun’s Dinpanah, Sher Shah Suri’s Dilli Sher Shahi, Shah Jehan’s Shahjehanabad, and Lutyen’s New Delhi. -
Delhi the Built Heritage: a Listing, Volume-2, 1999
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) Delhi the Built Heritage: a Listing, Volume-2, 1999 Table of Contents S. No. Name of the Structure 1. Tank 2. Wall Mosque 3. Tomb of Paik 4. Memorial 5. Badli Serai 6. Coronation Memorial 7. Coronation Park 8. Bridge 9. Embankment 10. Mosque 11. Tomb of Shah Alam 12. Ammunition Store 13. Ammunition Store 14. Ammunition Store 15. Ammunition Store 16. Colonial Building 17. Pathan ki Masjid 18. Mosque 19. Tripolia Gateways 20. Gateways of Mahaldar Khan’s Garden 21. Gateway 22. Rajpura Cemetery 23. Faculty of Arts 24. Delhi University Office 25. Gwyer Hall 26. St. Stephen’s College 27. Chapel Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) S. No. Name of the Structure 28. Principal’s Residence 29. Guard House 30. Flagstaff Tower 31. Guard House 32. Guard House 33. Chauburji Mosque 34. Old Secretariat 35. Indraprastha College for Women 36. Defence Science Centre 37. National Institute of Communicable Diseases 38. Meena Devi Jindal Medical Institute and Research Centre 39. Sant Parmanand Hospital 40. Mosque of Shah Wajid 41. Tomb of Raushanara 42. Gateway 43. MCD Primary School 44. Residential Building 45. Dharmshala 46. MCD Primary School 47. Pir Ghaib 48. Baoli 49. Hindu Rao Hospital 50. Asoka Pillar 51. Mutiny Memorial 52. Methodist Church 53. Queen Mary’s Church 54. Principal’s Residence 55. Mosque 56. St. Stephen’s Hospital 57. St. Stephen’s Hospital Chapel Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) S. No. Name of the Structure 58. Residence 59. Residence 60. -
The Delhi Sultans
3 THE DELHI SULTANS n Chapter 2 we saw that regions like the Kaveri delta I became the centre of large kingdoms. Did you notice that there was no mention of a kingdom with Delhi as its capital? That was because Delhi became an important city only in the twelfth century. Take a look at Table 1. Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs, who were defeated in the middle of the twelfth century by the Map 1 Chauhans (also referred to as Chahamanas) of Ajmer. Selected Sultanate It was under the Tomaras and Chauhans that Delhi cities of Delhi, thirteenth-fourteenth became an important commercial centre. Many rich centuries. Jaina merchants lived in the city and constructed several temples. Coins minted here, called dehliwal, had a wide circulation. The transformation of Delhi into a capital that controlled vast areas of the subcontinent started with the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate in the beginning of the thirteenth century. Take a look at Table 1 again and identify the five dynasties that together made the Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultans built many cities in the area that we now - know as Delhi. Look at Map 1 and locate Dehli-i Kuhna, Siri - and Jahanpanah. OUR PASTS – II 30 2021-22 The rulers of Delhi Table 1 RAJPUT DYNASTIES Tomaras Early twelfth century-1165 Ananga Pala 1130-1145 Chauhans 1165-1192 Prithviraj Chauhan 1175-1192 EARLY TURKISH RULERS 1206-1290 Qutbuddin Aybak 1206-1210 Shamsuddin Iltutmish 1210-1236 Raziyya 1236-1240 Ghiyasuddin Balban 1266-1287 Iltutmish’s tomb KHALJI DYNASTY 1290-1320 Jalaluddin -
Department of History, 4Th Sem. Sec-B 2 the Sultanate
Subject: History (H) Semester: 4 th Paper: SEC-B (2): Art Appreciation: an Introduction to Indian Art Topic: Architecture under the Sultanate Prepared by: Nafisa Sarkar, Assistant Professor, Department of History. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unit: IV. Indian art and architecture (c.1200 CE-1800 CE) 4.1: Architecture under the Sultanate CONTENT 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 The first phase (c.1206-1320 A.D.) 4.1.3 The second phase (c.1320-1414) 4.1.4 The third phase (c.1451-1526) 4.1.5 Suggested readings and documentaries ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.1.1 Introduction The medieval period of Indian history was a period of synthesis amongst various cultures. The traditions brought by the Turks and Mughals assimilated with Indian traditions and enriched the Indian culture. The assimilation of Turkish elements with Indian ones began almost immediately. The Turks coming from Central and West Asia, required places for living and worshipping. Hence they converted some existing temples into houses and mosques. In later years, when new constructions were made, indigenous craftsmen were employed. Hence the monuments of the Sultanate came to reflect a happy mingling of Indian and Turkish elements. The architectural developments under the Delhi Sultanate can be divided into –the first phase till the end of the Khalji dynasty. The second phase was of the Tughlaqs. The third was under the Lodis. 4.1.2 The First Phase (c.1206-1320 A.D.) The first phase of the architectural developments under the Delhi Sultanate extended till the end of the Khalji dynasty. The most significant aspect of this period was the development of an Indo- Islamic style.