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JEANNE D'arc on the 1870S MUSICAL STAGE: JULES BARBIER and CHARLES GOUNOD's MELODRAMA and AUGUSTE MERMET's OPERA By

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JEANNE D'arc on the 1870S MUSICAL STAGE: JULES BARBIER and CHARLES GOUNOD's MELODRAMA and AUGUSTE MERMET's OPERA By JEANNE D’ARC ON THE 1870S MUSICAL STAGE: JULES BARBIER AND CHARLES GOUNOD’S MELODRAMA AND AUGUSTE MERMET’S OPERA by THÉRÈSE HURLEY A DISSERTATION Presented to the School of Music and Dance and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2013 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Thérèse Hurley Title: Jeanne d’Arc on the 1870s Musical Stage: Jules Barbier and Charles Gounod’s Melodrama and Auguste Mermet’s Opera This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the School of Music and Dance by: Marian Smith Chairperson Lori Kruckenberg Member Marc Vanscheeuwijck Member Barbara Altmann Outside Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded March 2013 ii © 2013 Thérèse Hurley iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Thérèse Hurley Doctor of Philosophy School of Music and Dance March 2013 Title: Jeanne d’Arc on the 1870s Musical Stage: Jules Barbier and Charles Gounod’s Melodrama and Auguste Mermet’s Opera The purpose of this study is to examine the presentation of Joan of Arc’s life in two lyric works, Jules Barbier and Charles Gounod’s Jeanne d’Arc (1873) and Auguste Mermet’s Jeanne d’Arc (1876), that premiered in Paris following the upheaval of the Franco-Prussian War and Paris Commune. Relying on Parisian journals of the day, I follow two trends: some critics called for a historically-informed presentation of Joan’s life and others appealed to retain certain supernatural elements, specifically the Fairy Tree and the Voices, of Joan’s story. In addition to these trends, I consider an article printed shortly before the premiere of Mermet’s opera and discuss the political and religious implications of the final scene (Charles VII Coronation in Reims or Joan’s execution in Rouen) in these two stage works. After an introductory chapter and a chapter tracing the geneses of the melodrama and the opera, the remaining chapters each deal specifically with one of the three above- mentioned lines of inquiry as they relate to Joan of Arc’s story. Chapter III discusses historical characters (Charles, duc d’Orléans, King René, and Agnès Sorel), historical music (minuet and Vexilla regis), and music believed to have been sung in the presence of iv Joan of Arc (Veni Creator Spiritus and Orate pro ea). Chapter IV addresses the continuing presence of legendary, supernatural elements—specifically the Fairy Tree and the Voices—and how these elements have changed in nineteenth-century stage works about Joan. In Chapter V, the difficulty of adapting Joan’s life on the stage is examined. A closer look reveals that differing views existed during the 1870s as to exactly what her mission entailed. The two works reflect the changing attitudes on this topic. As a whole, this dissertation offers an examination of two rarely discussed stage works that reveal the political, religious, and musical climate surrounding the figure of Joan of Arc in the 1870s. v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Thérèse Hurley GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Peabody Conservatory of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Music History, 2013, University of Oregon Master of Music, Music History and Harp Performance, 2004, Temple University Graduate Performance Diploma, Harp, 1998, Johns Hopkins University Bachelor of Music, Harp Performance, 1995, Johns Hopkins University AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Nineteenth-Century Music History and Performance Practice Francophone Music Criticism Harp Performance, History, and Pedagogy PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Graduate Teaching Fellow in Music History, University of Oregon, 2005–2010 Teaching Assistant in Music History, Temple University, 2002–2004. GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Donald and Darel Stein Graduate Student Teaching Award, University of Oregon, 2010 Excellence in Teaching Award for Superior Academic/Classroom Teaching, School of Music and Dance, University of Oregon, 2009. Excellence in Music Research and Scholarly Activity Fellowship Award, School of Music and Dance, University of Oregon, 2008. vi PUBLICATIONS: Hurley, Thérèse. “Opening the door to a fairy-tale world: Tchaikovsky’s ballet music.” In The Cambridge Companion to Ballet, edited by Marion Kant, 164–174. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the assistance, support, and encouragement of faculty, friends, and family. My deepest appreciation goes to my advisor and mentor Marian Smith. Her thought-provoking questions, keen insight, and generous nature helped me not only to finish this document, but also to grow as a scholar and to develop into a better person. My committee members Lori Kruckenberg, Marc Vanscheewijck, and Barbara Altmann receive my warmest thanks for all of their assistance and for their invaluable comments on drafts. I would also like to thank the UO Musicology Department faculty and students who have helped me in numerous ways throughout my degree program. In addition, I should thank David Cannata, my advisor at Temple University, for encouraging me to major in music history in the first place. My family also has assisted, supported, and encouraged me throughout my degree. I am very grateful to my mother Gwendolen Hurley for providing me with an excellent education and for instilling in me a love of learning. If it were not for her support and encouragement, I would not have made it through the darkest hours of writing this dissertation. My sister Monessa Van Cise and my brothers Brendan Hurley, Aedan Hurley, and Kyran Hurley have always been there for me and have continued to help me via e-mail, phone calls, and Skype from across the country and from Europe. I am truly thankful for their support as I completed my degree. Of course, my husband Christian Inglis deserves special thanks for making sure that I ate and slept while writing this dissertation. I am deeply appreciative of his kindness, patience, and good humor. viii Also, I would like to recognize and thank my co-translators for the French texts in this dissertation: Barbara Altmann, Marc Vanscheeuwijck, Stephen McCormick, Anthony Tribit, Robert Alminana, and Marian Smith. And my very grateful thanks to Lori Kruckenberg for her assistance with the Latin text and chant. ix In memory of my father Bernard Hurley x TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 II. THE GENESES OF BARBIER-GOUNOD’S MELODRAMA AND MERMET’S OPERA ................................................................................................... 9 Barbier-Gounod’s Jeanne d’Arc ............................................................................ 9 Mermet’s Jeanne d’Arc.......................................................................................... 16 III. HISTORICAL CHARACTERS, HISTORICAL MUSIC, AND JOAN OF ARC’S MUSIC ............................................................................................................ 26 Searching for Medieval Music in Nineteenth-Century France .............................. 28 Historical Characters .............................................................................................. 34 Charles, duc d’Orléans ..................................................................................... 37 King René’s Minstrels ..................................................................................... 46 Agnès Sorel ...................................................................................................... 55 Historical Music ..................................................................................................... 59 Minuet .............................................................................................................. 59 Vexilla regis ..................................................................................................... 63 Joan of Arc’s Music ............................................................................................... 76 Veni Creator Spiritus ....................................................................................... 76 Orate pro ea ..................................................................................................... 83 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 89 IV. THE LEGEND: THE FAIRY TREE AND THE VOICES ................................... 93 The Fairy Tree........................................................................................................ 97 xi Chapter Page Nineteenth-Century Influences and Romantic Conventions.................................. 100 The Fairy Tree in Barbier-Gounod’s Jeanne d’Arc ............................................... 107 The Fairy Tree in Mermet’s Jeanne d’Arc ............................................................ 108 The Voices ............................................................................................................. 123 Historical Background ........................................................................................... 125 The Voices in Barbier-Gounod’s Jeanne
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