Stratigraphy of the Upper Carboniferous Schooner Formation, Southern North Sea: Chemostratigraphy, Mineralogy, Palynology and Sm–Nd Isotope Analysis
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Stratigraphy of the Upper Carboniferous Schooner Formation, southern North Sea: chemostratigraphy, mineralogy, palynology and Sm–Nd isotope analysis T. J. Pearce,1 D. McLean,2 D. Wray,3 D. K. Wright,4 C. J. Jeans,5 E. W. Mearns6 1, 4: Chemostrat Ltd, Units 3 & 4, Llanfyllin Enterprise Park, Llanfyllin, Powys, SY22 5DD 2: Palynology Research Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN 3: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB 5: Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ 6: Isotopic Ltd, Craigiebuckler House, Macaulay Drive, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH Summary The continental, predominantly redbed sequences of the Upper Carboniferous Schooner Formation (“Barren Red Measures”) from the southern North Sea represent a significant gas reservoir, but, as they are largely devoid of microfossils, interwell corre- lations are difficult. The stratigraphy of the formation is re-evaluated by applying a multidisciplinary approach, which includes chemostratigraphy, mineralogy, palynology, Sm–Nd isotopes, petrophysics and sedimentology, to well 44/21-3, as it has encountered a thick, relatively complete section through the Schooner Formation. The formation is divided into three chemo- stratigraphical units (S1, S2 and S3) and eleven sub-units on the basis of variations in the mudstone and sandstone data, these variations being linked to changes in provenance, depositional environment and climate. The chemostratigraphical zonation is compared with the biostratigraphical zonation of the same section – heavy-mineral data confirm the sediment source, and Sm– Nd isotope data provide a provenance age for the well 44/21-3 interval. The correlation potential of the new stratigraphical frame- work is tested on several scales, using data acquired from other southern North Sea wells and from Upper Carboniferous strata of the English Midlands. Seismic and petrophysical data, in conjunction with lithostratig- applied to any lithology (Pearce 1991, Pearce & Jarvis 1992a, raphy and biostratigraphy, are often employed to establish the 1992b, 1995, Pearce et al. 1999, 2005, Ratcliffe et al. in press) stratigraphy of many well sections. Together they can erect and is not restricted by sample type (core samples, cuttings, side- reliable interwell correlations for fluvial and alluvial redbed wall core samples and outcrop samples are all suitable). Moreo- sequences, but cannot always produce the required resolution for ver, chemostratigraphy can provide independent stratigraphical detailed stratigraphical modelling. Moreover, the occurrence of frameworks for redbed fluvial and alluvial well sections (Racey thick monotonous successions of sandstones and mudstones et. al. 1995, Preston et al. 1998, Pearce et al. 1999). with repetitive petrophysical characteristics and no obvious Over the past few years, chemostratigraphy has been com- seismic reflectors compounds correlation difficulties. Stone & monly applied to many redbed Carboniferous well sections in Moscariello (1999) and Moscariello (2000) have encountered the southern North Sea. Pearce et al. (2005) describe the chemo- such problems with the Schooner Formation and have attempted stratigraphical zonation of the Schooner Formation in well to refine its stratigraphy, the formation comprising a significant 44/21-3 (Fig. 1), which is regarded as the chemostratigraphical reservoir play in Quadrants 44 and 49 of the UK southern North reference well for the formation. The zonation has also been rec- Sea. ognized in well sections through comparable successions in the Different stratigraphical techniques have been applied previ- Schooner and Boulton fields, thus allowing interwell correla- ously to barren redbed sequences: for example, palaeomagnet- tions to be made, although not every chemostratigraphical sub- ism (Hauger et al. 1994), heavy-mineral studies (Mange- unit is identified. This work has demonstrated that variations in Rajetzky 1995, Morton 1985, 1991, Morton & Hallsworth 1994, sediment geochemistry need to be related to mineral distribu- Morton & Hurst 1995) and isotopic techniques (Dalland et al. tions and abundances, as well as to facies, plus potential changes 1995, Mearns 1988, Mearns et al. 1989). Unfortunately, their in climate and provenance. success is limited by a requirement for core material, depend- This paper summarizes the results and conclusions of a multi- ency on a specific lithology and relatively large sample volumes. disciplinary study on the Schooner Formation in well 44/21-3. Consequently, attention has switched to chemical stratigraphy, As well as chemostratigraphy, the study includes data acquired or chemostratigraphy (Pearce et al. 1999), which characterizes from clay-mineral analysis, heavy-mineral analysis, petrogra- sedimentary rock sequences based on stratigraphical variations phy and palynology. Used together, these techniques corrobo- in their major-element and trace-element geochemistry. The rate the stratigraphical variations in geochemistry recognized technique needs only very small samples (0.25g–5g), can be over the formation and also furnish information regarding Pages 165–182 of Carboniferous hydrocarbon resources: the southern North Sea and surrounding onshore areas, edited by J. D. Collinson, D. J. Evans, D. W. Holliday, N. S. Jones. Published as volume 7 in the Occasional Publications series of the Yorkshire Geological Society, © Yorkshire Geological Society 2005. 165 T. J. PEARCE, D. MCLEAN, D. WRAY, D. K. WRIGHT, C. J. JEANS, E. W. MEARNS provenance, the age of the formation and changes in depositional 44 environments and climate. 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 W U.K.20W sector0 2 E4E 6 E8E 1. Geological setting 44/21-3 Dutch Sector The Upper Carboniferous in the southern North Sea is made up 0 600N 60 N of three formations (Fig. 2). The sandy coal measures of the Boulton Caister Coal Formation are restricted to the northern part of the 44/21-7 southern North Sea and are overlain by grey argillaceous coal measures of the Westoe Coal Formation. Above these lies the 0 580N 58 N Schooner Formation (or “Barren Red Measures”), which con- 44/28-4 Schooner 44/26-2 Ketch 44/28-1 sists of late Duckmantian to early Bolsovian grey sandy coal 44/26c-6 44/26-3 44/28-2 measures, followed by Bolsovian red silty mudstones and sand- = Other studied wells stones (Cameron 1993, Leeder & Hardman 1990, Besly et al. 0 560N 56 N 1993). The formation includes fluvial-channel sandstones and fine-grained delta-plain and alluvial overbank deposits. The sandstones probably were deposited in incised fluvial channels 41 42 43 44 and are sometimes multi-storey, with individual sandbodies pos- 0 54 N 540N sibly having shoestring forms and poor lateral continuity normal 47 48 49 to palaeoflow. The fine-grained sediments accumulated as soils, as well as in marshes and lakes when the alluvial plain was waterlogged. Subsidence-related rises in the water table resulted 0 520N 52 N in the deposition of alluvial or lacustrine sediments, whereas periods of uplift led to the incision of fluvial channels, the for- 40W20W00 20E40E60E mation of well drained soils and the sub-aerial weathering of Figure 1 Location of wells and fields referred to in this study. Diamond = originally grey floodplain deposits (Besly et al. 1993, Cameron location of other wells that have penetrated the Schooner Formation and which have been the subjects of proprietary chemostratigraphical studies. 1993, Collinson et al. 1993, Mijnssen 1997). Significant erosion associated with the Saalian unconformity locally has removed Schooner Formation sections, resulting in West Midlands Quadrant 44 SYSTEM SERIES STAGES onshore UK S. North Sea Gamma API sample sample Sm/Nd sample Palynology XRD sample Depth (ft) Geochemical Heavy mineral 0 200 Isotope sample Lithostratigraphy SAKMARIEN Chronostratigraphy Per. Silver Silverpit pit Fm. Clent Fm. Claystone 12600 ASSELIEN PERMIAN ROTLIEG. Saalian u/c 12700 Unit STEPH. Upper Ketch 12800 STEPHANIAN Salop Fm. Westphalian D 12900 Conventional core 13000 Upper Schooner Formation WESTPH. D Halesowen Fm. Ketch 13100 unit 13200 Etruria Lower BOLSOVIAN Fm. Ketch 13300 Schooner Fm. unit 13400 L.S.U. Lower Ketch Unit 13500 WESTPHALIAN CARBONIFEROUS DUCKMANTIAN Coal 13600 Bolsovian Measures Westoe Coal Fm. 13700 Schooner Formation 13800 LANGSETTIAN L.S.U Coal Measures 13900 Caister WCF 14000 Coal Fm. Figure 2 Study interval of well 44/21-3. Quadrant 44 lithostratigraphy from Cameron (1993); West Midlands lithostratigraphy from Besly & Cleal (1997). LSU = Lower Schooner Unit. 166 STRATIGRAPHY OF THE UPPER CARBONIFEROUS SCHOONER FORMATION Permian successions immediately overlying either the Caister 2. Materials and methods Coal or Westoe Coal Formations. Yet relatively thick Schooner Formation sequences are preserved in the axes of northwest– Several analytical techniques have been applied to the samples southeast trending Variscan synclines in the Silver Pit Basin from the Schooner Formation and the overlying and underlying area, although such sequences are either thin or absent over the strata of well 44/21-3 and neighbouring wells, including well crests of the intervening anticlines (Leeder & Hardman 1990, 44/21-7 (Fig. 1). Cameron et al. 1992, Bailey et al. 1993). Well 44/21-3 is located in the Boulton field (Fig. 1) and has 2.1 Chemostratigraphy penetrated 1350ft of Schooner Formation deposits (Fig. 2), Two hundred and thirty-seven samples have been analyzed by which represents one of the