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The Lower Clutha River. Otago

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The Lower Clutha River. Otago {*, -<.,. r¿ *-l* @ on-y' -Z-4. I v*. ct --t -/-/'-¿=Loo-êz-- . o Ê, c':, rÞ oc) = = z. m= u, Þ E'= oT' m= E=t m m BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES o 1' =m AND POWER DEVELOPMENT IN {z, z. LOWER { THE CLUTHA RIVER. OTAGO m o É Ðm (ì { Þ =t =m -Ð o Þ-t B.J. Biggs and B.l. Shand oG) @ L ; t.ct IC¡ U' qt ÉL F u, A' PUBLICATION No. THE ÉL 10 OF HYDROLOGY CENTRE 10 CHRISTCHURCH Publication no. 10 of the Hydrology Centre, Chriistchurch (1987) --a BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES AND POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE LOWER CLUTHA RIVER, OTAGO by B.J. Biggs and B.l. Shand PUBLICATION No. 1O OF THE HYDROLOGY CENTRE CHRISTCHURCH CHRISTCHURCH NEW ZEALAND MARCH 1987 Publication no. 10 of the Hydrology Centre, Chriistchurch (1987) BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES AND POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE LOWER CLUTHA RIVER, OTAGO B.J. Biggs and B.l. Shand Hydrology Centre, Ministry of Works and Development, Christchurch Publication No. 1O of the Hydrology Centre Christchurch, 1987, ISSN 01 12-1197 National Library of New Zealarrd Cataloging in Publication data BIGGS, B.J. (Barry Jolrr), 1 955 Brological comnrunities and power developntent in the lower Clutha River, Otago / B.J. Biggs and B.l. Sharrd. - Christchurch lN.Z.l : Published for the National Water ancl Soil Conservation Aulhority by the Hydrology Centre, Ministry of Works arrri Development, 1987. 1 v. (Publication ... of the Hydrology Centre Christ<;hurch, 01121197 ; no. 1 O) 574.52632309931 B3 1 Freshwater ecology,-New Zeztland -Clutlra River. 2. Hyclroelectric power ¡rlarrts--Errvironmental aspects Ncw Zcaland--Clutha River. l. Slrand, B.l. ll. Flytlroloç¡y Centre (Chr¡srchurclr, N.Z.). lll. Natronal Water and Soil Corrservation Authority (N.2.) 1V. Title. V. Series: Publication of the Hydrology Centre Christchurch ; no 10. Crown Copyright 1987 Published for the Natiorral Water and Soil Conservation Authority by Hydrology Centre, Ministry of Works and Development, Publication no. 10 of the Hydrology Centre, Chriistchurch (1987) P.O. Box 1479, Christchurch, New Zealand CONTENTS PREI¡ACE SUI'4MARY PART À : CITÀRACTERISATION OF THE I{AjIOR BIOT,OGICAI. COMITITTNITIES IN THE I,O¡{ER CLUTHA RMR INTRODUCT ION 1.1 Study Area MB'THODS 13 2.1 Sampling Prog'rarnme 13 2.2 Filamentous Periphyton Sampling 13 2.3 Macrophyte Sampling I4 2.3.1 Estimation of percentage cover <>f aquatic and T4 sern-i-aquatic plant communities 2.3.2 Estimation of aquatic macrophyte starrding crop 15 2.4 Invertebrate Sampling 15 2.5 Data Analysis 16 RESI]I,TS AND DISCUSSION l9 3.1 F ilamentous Periphyton l9 3.1.1 Community r:haracLerist-ics of each ìrabitat I9 3.1.2 Seasonal differences in periphyton 23 colnrnuni" l-- ies 3. 1 .3 General rliscussi.on 26 3.2 lrlacrophytes 27 3.2.1 Cornmunity characteristics of each habitat 29 3.2.2 Seasonal differences in macrophyte communities 32 3 .2.3 General <liscussion 32 3.3 Invertebrates 33 3.3.1 Conununity charact-eristics of each hab-i-tat 34 3.3.2 Seasonal r1i-fferences in invertebrate communities 39 3.3.3 Gener:al discussion 39 3.4 The fmportance of the Biological Communj-ties in the 4I Lower Clutha River PART B ¡ THE ÞOTENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED POWER DEVEI,OPI,IENTS oN THE AgUATIC BrOTÀ OF THE rpWER CLUTHA RrVER INTRODUCTION 44 4.1 The Potential For Predicting The Biological Effects Of 4It Reservoir Development PREDICTED UPSTREAM E!-FECTS O}- 'IHE PROPOSED POWER 45 DEVELOPMENTS 5.1 Periphyton 49 5.2 Macrophytes 50 5.3 Invertebra bes 58 Publication no. 10 of the Hydrology Centre, Chriistchurch (1987) 60 6 POSSIBLE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED POVüEII DEVELOPMENTS 6.1 Periphyton 60 6.2 lllacrophYtes 61 6.3 Invertebrates 62 64 7 POSSIBLE MITIGATION MEASURES FOR THE I¡WER CLUTHA DEVELOPMENTS 7.1 The Existing River Ecosystern 64 7.2 The New Lake Ecosystem 65 7.3 The Dumbarton Residual Rivet 67 69 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 69 g.1 sumrnary Comparison of the Biological Features of tlle Four DeveloPment OPtions' A.2 Conclusions 7O 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7I 10 REFERENCES 72 APPENDICES 1A Descriptions of sampling stations and summaries of the 78 samples collected. 18 Additional invertebrate and periphyton sampling of I04 tributaries of the l,ower Clutha River' 105 2 Raw periphyton data grouped accor<1ing to habitat type in the Lower Clutha River. 106 3 Raw macrophyte data from individual sites in the Lower Clutha River. 4A Aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial plants found 109 growing in the Lovrer Clutha River' 4B Aquatic, semi-aquatic and terrestrial plants found tll growing in ponds and tributaries of the Lower Clutha River. tI4 5 Raw benthic invertebrate data from individual sites in the Iower Clutha River' 6 Checklist of major changes in the physical environment, Il8 and periphyton, macrophyte and invertebrate communities that have L."n t"portã¿ for upstream reaches foll-owlng river imPoundment. TsummaryofmethodsforthecontrolofaquaticweedsinI24 reservoirs. Publication no. 10 of the Hydrology Centre, Chriistchurch (1987) V Y TIGURES 1 Lower Clut.ha River study area, showing the location of 7 of sampli.ng sítes. 2a Mean, maximum and, minimum monthly flow in the Lower Clutha I River. 2b Mean weekly flows in the Lower Clutha River during the stu<ly period. 3 Diagrammatic cross-section of the lower Clutha River showing I0 the local-ion and nature of the habitats. 4 Dendrogram of the affinity that t.he habitats have to each 22 other based on similari-ties in composition of the periphyton, macrophyte and invertebrate communities. 5 Kite d.iagram demonstrating changes in the abundance of the 24 comrnon periphyton taxa between habitats. 6 Kite diagram dernonstrating changes in the abundance of the 31 conmon macrophyte taxa between habitats. 7 Kite diagram demonstrating changes in the abundance of the 38 common invertebrate taxa between habitats. 8 Location and approximate extent of potential weed beds in 46 each of the Lower Clutha hydro scheme options. 9 Stylise<l, long term submerged vegetation profile expected 59 for the Lower Clutha reservoirs. Publication no. 10 of the Hydrology Centre, Chriistchurch (1987) TABLES 1 Þlean percentage substrate composition of habitats. 1l 2 Estimated area of each habitat type. 12 3 Percentage of samples from each habitat in which common 20 periphyton taxa tilominated the community, or rá¡ere just found abundantly. 4 Differences between habitats in the median percentage cover 2l of the substrate and st-anding crop of filamentous dominated periphyton. 5 Seasonal differences in abundance of certain periphyton taxa. 25 6 Percent.age cover of the common macrophyte taxa in each habitat. 28 7 Differences between habitats in bhe median percentage cover 29 of the substrate and standing crop of macrophytes. I Geometric mean abund.ance of the cornmon invertebrates in each 35 habitat. 9 Differences between habitats in median standing crop and 36 density of invertebrates. 10 Physical characteristics of the I-ower Clutha impoundment 48 options. 11 Areas within various depth zones of the proposed Lower 53 Clutha reservoirs. 12 Locationr size and character of najor terraces in the proposed 54 reservoj-r options which could harbour problem weed beds. Publication no. 10 of the Hydrology Centre, Chriistchurch (1987) v Y Y PREFÀCE Hydro-electric pohter developments are being consitiered for the Lower clutha River, otago. This report <lescribes the results of an acluatic resources stu<1y carr:ied out by the vlater and soir Directorate, for Power Direct.or.ete, lvlinistry of lrlorks and Development, as part of the preliminary development investigations. The objectives of the study were to: ( a <locurnent ) t-he communities and their habitats in the area as a record for scientific purposes and poster Ly¡ (b) identify any u'ique habitats anrl organi-sms in the river, so that enhancement measures for public use or preservation can be considered; ( c ) predict the type and extent of ef f ects, an<l b.he biological communities in the system, foll0wing the completi_on of the developments to enable more informed debate on the reraLi_ve effects and merits of the proposals; (d) identify possible ameliorative and,/or enhancement measures that could be used during construct-ion to reduce detrimental impacts. The report is dividecl into two sections: part A discusses objectives (a) and (b) and Part B objectives (c) and (d) with respect to periphyton, macr:ophyte and lnvertebrate communj-ties. Fish studies carried out by Fisheries Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture anrl Fisheries. are reporte<i elsewhere. Evaluations such as this are relativety new in New Zealan,il, and. j_t is therefore hope<l that, as well as providing the information required for the Lower Clutha development, this report will also provide a useful basís for planning future po\^/er development investigations. Publication no. 10 of the Hydrology Centre, Chriistchurch (1987) ST'UMARY The Lower cruth.r River, otago, between Roxburgh and ruapeka Mouth, is being investigated for hydro-power deveropment. This reach is 75 km long and has a mean annuar flow of 504 m3.sec-r A study has been carried out t--o characterise periphyton, macrophyte and invertebrate communities, and their habitats, and to predict t-he biological effects of various hydro-power clevelopment options. Because of the large and deep Elow in the l-¡lwer Clutha Rì_ver, onLy 24? of the riverbed area could be biologically characterised. Fe\^, benl-hic organÍsms were observed in the remaining area. During 1983-84, the r/rhler clutha River study area \^ras popurated with a moderate to 1ow abund.ance of filamentous periphyton (mean cover = 25.41, mean standing crop : 6.g5 g.m-2), aquatic macrophytes (mean cover = 5t, mean summer standing crop 1.08 g.m-2), and invertebrates (mean density : 1r019 organi"*".^-2, mean _a standing crop = 4'a1 g'm ')' The aquatic macrophytes and invertebrates were most abrrnclant in the backwater habitats (mean macrophyte cover = 35t, mean summer : standinr, cr:op 11 -0 g.*-2, mean invertebrate density = 6,229 organisms.m-',-., 2), mean stanriing crop 14.6 g.^ whereas the filamentous periphyton development was highest j-n tl-re bedrock habitat (mean cover 45.3t.
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