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Lt.-Col. Elijah Isaacs

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Lt.-Col. Elijah Isaacs Lt.-Col. Elijah Isaacs One of the Patriots of the American Revolution in the South who seems to have been “Lost in The Shadows of History” was Elijah Isaacs. Lyman C. Draper, a well-known historian of the 19th century, developed a vast collection of information from the mid- 1700’s and early 1800’s which are now housed at the Wisconsin Historical Society. Though Draper tried, he never uncovered any substantial information about Isaacs. The notorious Tory David Fanning mentions Colonel Isaacs in his posthumously published book (1861), The Narrative of Col. David Fanning. In the fall of 1781 Lieutenant-Colonel Elijah Isaacs was sent to present day Randolph and Chatham counties, North Carolina to stop Fanning’s depredations. And in John Buchanan’s book (1997), The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas, he mentions Isaacs’ 300-man detachment of North Carolina militia sent to aid Colonel Thomas Sumter in August 1780, but does not mention who commanded the detachment. There apparently are no images of Elijah Isaacs. He most likely was literate, but no letters, diaries, or journals seem to have survived. And no one has even found a written description of him. The only impression we have of the man is his signature on a handful of surviving documents. Elijah Isaacs’ signature on his will, April 4, 1799. It can be speculated that Elijah Isaacs’ life span was similar to George Washington’s (1732-1799). His father Samuel Isaacs, Jr.’s will suggests Elijah was older than his brother Godfrey, who is believed to have been born after 1738, and Elijah’s own will was probated on June 24, 1799. While Elijah’s son Samuel stated in his Revolutionary War pension application that he (Samuel) was born in Frederick County, Virginia about 1759, the name “Eliash Isack” also appears on the 1759 tax list of Rowan County, North Carolina. Perhaps this was Elijah and Godfrey’s Uncle Elisha/Elijah, who was mentioned in their grandfather Samuel Isaacs, Sr.’s will. There is an Elijah/Elisha Isaacs in Augusta County, Virginia court and land records from 1750 to 1763. The name Elijah Isaacs also appears on surviving court, land, and church records from 1758 to 1771 in Frederick County, Virginia. Present day Clarke County was part of Frederick County in 1771 when the younger Elijah sold 219 acres of land inherited from his father Samuel, Jr. immediately south of Berryville. There is even a chance Elijah met eighteen-year old George Washington when Washington assisted George W. Fairfax in surveying Samuel Isaacs, Jr.’s land on October 22, 1750. Encountering the young surveyor was nothing unusual for residents throughout Frederick County at this time. Both Elijah and his brother Godfrey apparently followed the Great Wagon Road up the Shenandoah Valley and into northwestern North Carolina. Others who migrated from Northern Virginia in the same period were Benjamin Cleveland, Joseph Winston, Isaac Shelby, and John Sevier. One who remained in the Berryville area was Daniel Morgan, later the hero of the Battle of The Cowpens. The tavern at Berryville (Battletown) had become “The Old Waggoner’s” favorite haunt beginning in 1758. When Morgan did not appear in court at Winchester on May 3, 1758 to answer an assault and battery charge made by Thomas Conner, Elijah Isaacs posted Morgan’s bail. By September 1775 Elijah Isaacs was a member of the Surry County, North Carolina Committee of Safety (Surry County was formed from Rowan County in 1771). Benjamin Cleveland was chairman, and Joseph Winston and Jesse Walton were also members. Public Service During the fall 1776 session of the North Carolina Provisional Congress among those appointed Justices of the Peace for Surry County were: Martin Armstrong, Benjamin Cleveland, Benjamin Herndon, Elijah Isaacs, and Joseph Winston. During the fall 1777 session of the North Carolina General Assembly, Benjamin Cleveland, Charles Gordon, Joseph Herndon, and Elijah Isaacs were appointed Commissioners for (the proposed) Wilkes County. “At the bend of the Yadkin River on the second day of March 1778” the first court of Wilkes County was held at John Brown’s house where John Brown, Benjamin Cleveland, Charles Gordon, Benjamin Herndon, Joseph Herndon, Elijah Isaacs, and William Lenoir were sworn in as Justices of the Peace. During the spring 1778 session of the North Carolina General Assembly John Brown represented Wilkes County in the Senate, and Benjamin Cleveland and Elijah Isaacs represented Wilkes’ citizens in The House of Commons. Elijah Isaacs was also a Representative from Wilkes County in 1779 and 1780, and Senator from Wilkes County in 1782 and 1783 – being a Prisoner of War in 1781. In Wilkes County Court on July 28, 1784 Justices Benjamin Cleveland, Elijah Isaacs, and James Fletcher ordered that "Rachael Bicknel, widow of Thomas Bicknel who was killed in defence [sic] of his country in the Battle at Kings Mountain, be Recommended to the General Assembly as an Object of Pity and that Twelve pounds pr. year we think would be as little as she could Subsist on with a large family of children together with her own Industry." The Recommendation was received from the House by the Senate on November 24, 1784, but no record survives of the Senate passing the Recommendation. In 1784 Elijah Isaacs sold land in Wilkes County (present day Caldwell County). In 1785 he resigned his office of Justice of the Peace and purchased land in Franklin County, Georgia. In the 1790 federal census Elijah was in present day Anderson County, South Carolina. This is also where he prepared his will in April 1799. Military Service From the records of the spring 1776 session of the North Carolina Provisional Congress, Martin Armstrong was the Colonel of the Surry County Militia, Joseph Williams was Lieutenant–Colonel, Joseph Winston was 1st Major, and Jesse Walton was 2nd Major. That summer during Brigadier General Griffith Rutherford’s campaign against the Cherokees, Elijah Isaacs and Benjamin Cleveland were Captains in the Surry County militia and William Lenoir was Cleveland’s Ensign. The following description of Elijah Isaacs military service is developed from Revolutionary War pension statements of over eighty veterans. These pension statements may be viewed on a web site maintained by William T. “Will” Graves and C. Leon Harris – Southern Campaigns Revolutionary War Pension Statements at revwarapps.org. Graves and Harris have transcribed and posted thousands of pension applications, and their website includes some remarkable search capabilities. Additional background information is from The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas (1997) by John Buchanan. In 1777 (possibly 1776) as Captain of militia for the “Head of the Yadkin District” in present day Caldwell County, Elijah Isaacs supervised the construction of a stockade fort on the south bank of the Yadkin River. William Lenoir later built a home on the site of the old fort and called it Fort Defiance. Even though some pension applicants referred to the stockade as Fort Isaacs, it may have been called Fort Defiance from the beginning. William Lenoir’s restored home still stands near Patterson, North Carolina. During the 1778 spring session of the General Assembly, on April 27 Elijah Isaacs was commissioned Major of the Wilkes County militia in place of William Lewis. Benjamin Cleveland had been commissioned Colonel. By spring 1780 Isaacs was Lieutenant- Colonel of the Wilkes County militia, while Cleveland remained Colonel throughout the remainder of the American Revolution. In the spring and summer of 1780 Patriot militia in North Carolina were trying to suppress local Tories who were encouraged by the surrender of Charleston and the British occupation of most of South Carolina. Colonel Cleveland led the initial muster of Wilkes County militia toward Ramseur’s Mill (present day Lincolnton, North Carolina), where Lieutenant–Colonel John Moore’s approximately 1,000 Tories were organizing. However, Colonel Francis Locke’s Patriot forces defeated the Tories on June 20 before Cleveland’s arrival. Cleveland then led the Wilkes County militia in Brigadier General Griffith Rutherford’s pursuit of Colonel Samuel Bryan’s approximately 600 Tories as they moved down the Yadkin River toward South Carolina to join Cornwallis’ British army. When the term of Cleveland’s three-month militia expired during the chase, Colonel Isaacs’ subsequent muster of Wilkes County militia replaced Cleveland’s men in the pursuit of Bryan’s Tories. General Rutherford’s western North Carolina militia (Salisbury District) subsequently joined Major General Horatio Gates’ army. Colonel Isaacs commanded a mixed regiment of militia in the Camden, South Carolina campaign where American General Gates was defeated by British Lieutenant General Charles Lord Cornwallis north of Camden on August 16, 1780. General Rutherford was wounded and captured. General Gates fled the battlefield and Major General Jean Baron DeKalb, commander of the Continental soldiers, was mortally wounded. On Monday, August 14 General Gates had detached 100 Maryland Continental soldiers plus 300 militia of General Rutherford’s North Carolina brigade to reinforce Colonel Thomas Sumter. Militia veterans of this detachment stated in their pension applications that Colonel Isaacs was in command of the detachment. Colonel Sumter’s troops had been operating north, west, and south of Camden and had captured supplies sent from Charleston intended for the British forces, as well as capturing soldiers escorting the supplies and others manning outposts. At the time of the Battle of Camden, Sumter was west of Cornwallis’ army headed toward North Carolina. The day following his victory near Camden, Cornwallis sent Lieutenant–Colonel Banastre Tarleton with approximately 350 soldiers after Colonel Sumter’s command to re-capture the British prisoners and supplies. Leaving more than half of his men along the way in a forced march, the next day Friday, August 18 Colonel Tarleton caught up with Colonel Sumter’s forces including Colonel Isaacs’ detachment.
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