United States In cooperation with Department of North Carolina Department Agriculture of Environment and Soil Survey of Natural Resources, North Carolina Agricultural Cleveland County, Research Service, North Carolina Natural Cooperative Extension North Carolina Resources Service, Cleveland Soil Conservation and Water Conservation Service District, and Cleveland County Board of Commissioners

3

How to Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in May 1999. Soil names and descriptions were approved in September 1998. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1998. This soil survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, the Cleveland Soil and Water Conservation District, and the Cleveland County Board of Commissioners. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Cleveland Soil and Water Conservation District. The Cleveland County Board of Commissioners provided financial assistance for the survey. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: Cotton is a common crop on upland soils in Cleveland County, such as Appling and Cecil soils.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 GrD—Grover gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 30 How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 percent slopes, rocky ...... 49 Contents ...... 5 GvE—Grover gravelly sandy loam, 30 to 60 Foreword ...... 9 percent slopes, very stony ...... 51 General Nature of the County ...... 11 HeB—Helena-Worsham complex, 1 to 6 How This Survey Was Made ...... 14 percent slopes ...... 52 General Soil Map Units ...... 17 HhB—Hulett gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 8 1. Uwharrie-Montonia-Tatum...... 17 percent slopes ...... 54 2. Hulett-Madison-Grover...... 18 HtC—Hulett gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 3. Madison-Bethlehem ...... 20 percent slopes, stony ...... 55 4. Cecil-Pacolet ...... 21 HuC—Hulett-Saw complex, 4 to 15 percent 5. Pacolet-Bethlehem ...... 23 slopes, very rocky ...... 57 6. Pacolet-Saw ...... 25 HwB—Hulett-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 7. Evard-Cowee ...... 26 percent slopes ...... 59 8. Cliffield-Pigeonroost ...... 27 MaB2—Madison gravelly sandy clay loam, Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 29 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded .... 60 ApB—Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent MaC2—Madison gravelly sandy clay loam, slopes ...... 30 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded .. 62 ApC—Appling sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent MbB2—Madison-Bethlehem complex, 2 to 8 slopes ...... 31 percent slopes, stony, moderately eroded .... 63 BuB—Buncombe loamy sand, 1 to 5 percent McC2—Madison-Bethlehem complex, 8 to 15 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 32 percent slopes, very stony, moderately CaB2—Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent eroded ...... 65 slopes, moderately eroded ...... 34 MnB—Madison-Bethlehem-Urban land CeB—Cecil-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes ...... 67 slopes ...... 36 MoE—Montonia very channery silt loam, ChA—Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very stony ...... 69 occasionally flooded...... 37 PaC2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 CpD—Cliffield-Pigeonroost complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, moderately eroded ...... 70 percent slopes, very stony ...... 39 PaD2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 15 to 25 CpE—Cliffield-Pigeonroost complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, moderately eroded ...... 72 percent slopes, very stony ...... 40 PbB2—Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 2 to 8 CrF—Cliffield-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 95 percent slopes, moderately eroded ...... 73 percent slopes ...... 42 PbC2—Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 8 to 15 DAM—Dam ...... 43 percent slopes, moderately eroded ...... 75 DoB—Dogue sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent PbD2—Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 15 to 25 slopes, rarely flooded ...... 43 percent slopes, moderately eroded ...... 78 EvD—Evard-Cowee complex, 15 to 30 percent PeD—Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 15 to 25 slopes, stony ...... 44 percent slopes, stony ...... 80 EvE—Evard-Cowee complex, 30 to 50 percent PrB—Pacolet-Bethlehem-Urban land complex, slopes, stony ...... 46 2 to 8 percent slopes...... 82 EwF—Evard-Cowee complex, 50 to 85 percent PrC—Pacolet-Bethlehem-Urban land complex, slopes, rocky ...... 48 8 to 15 percent slopes...... 84 6

PsB2—Pacolet-Saw complex, 2 to 8 percent Recreation ...... 128 slopes, moderately eroded ...... 86 Wildlife Habitat ...... 129 PsC2—Pacolet-Saw complex, 8 to 15 percent Engineering ...... 131 slopes, moderately eroded ...... 87 Soil Properties ...... 137 PtD—Pacolet-Saw complex, 15 to 25 percent Engineering Index Properties ...... 137 slopes, stony ...... 89 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 138 PuC—Pacolet-Urban land complex, 8 to 15 Water Features ...... 139 percent slopes ...... 91 Soil Features ...... 140 Pw—Pits, quarry ...... 93 Engineering Index Test Data ...... 141 RaE—Rion-Ashlar complex, 25 to 60 percent Classification of the Soils ...... 143 slopes, rocky ...... 93 Soil Series and Their Morphology ...... 143 RnE—Rion-Cliffside complex, 25 to 60 percent Appling Series ...... 143 slopes, very stony ...... 95 Ashlar Series ...... 144 SaC—Saw-Wake complex, 4 to 15 percent Bethlehem Series ...... 145 slopes, very rocky ...... 96 Buncombe Series ...... 146 SaD—Saw-Wake complex, 15 to 30 percent Cecil Series ...... 147 slopes, very rocky ...... 98 Chewacla Series ...... 148 TaB—Tatum-Montonia complex, 2 to 8 percent Cliffield Series ...... 149 slopes ...... 100 Cliffside Series ...... 149 TaC—Tatum-Montonia complex, 8 to 15 Cowee Series ...... 150 percent slopes ...... 102 Dogue Series ...... 151 TaD—Tatum-Montonia complex, 15 to 30 Evard Series...... 152 percent slopes ...... 104 Grover Series ...... 153 ToA—Toccoa loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, Helena Series...... 154 occasionally flooded...... 106 Hulett Series...... 159 UdC—Udorthents, loamy ...... 107 Madison Series ...... 160 Ur—Urban land ...... 108 Montonia Series ...... 161 UtB—Uwharrie silt loam, 2 to 8 percent Pacolet Series ...... 162 slopes ...... 108 Pigeonroost Series ...... 163 UuB2—Uwharrie silty clay loam, 2 to 8 Rion Series ...... 164 percent slopes, moderately eroded ...... 110 Saw Series ...... 165 UvC—Uwharrie-Tatum complex, 8 to 15 Tatum Series ...... 165 percent slopes ...... 111 Toccoa Series...... 166 UwC2—Uwharrie-Tatum complex, 8 to 15 Udorthents ...... 167 percent slopes, moderately eroded ...... 113 Uwharrie Series...... 167 UxB—Uwharrie-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 Wake Series ...... 168 percent slopes ...... 114 Wehadkee Series ...... 169 W—Water ...... 116 Worsham Series ...... 170 WeA—Wehadkee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, Formation of the Soils ...... 173 frequently flooded ...... 116 Factors of Soil Formation ...... 173 Use and Management of Soils ...... 119 Processes of Horizon Differentiation ...... 176 Crops and Pasture ...... 119 Geology and Mineralogy ...... 177 Forestland Management and Productivity ...... 125 References ...... 179 7

Glossary ...... 181 Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 221 Tables ...... 195 Table 10.—Building Site Development ...... 226 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 196 Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 232 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall...... 197 Table 12.—Construction Materials ...... 239 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 197 Table 13.—Water Management ...... 244 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 250 of the Soils ...... 198 Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of the Soils ...... 267 of Crops and Pasture ...... 199 Table 16.—Water Features ...... 275 Table 6.—Prime Farmland ...... 203 Table 17.—Soil Features ...... 280 Table 7.—Forestland Management and Table 18.—Engineering Index Test Data ...... 283 Productivity ...... 204 Table 19.—Classification of the Soils ...... 285 Table 8.—Recreational Development ...... 214

Issued 2006

9

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in Cleveland County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service.

Mary K. Combs State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

11

Soil Survey of Cleveland County, North Carolina

By Kent Clary and Tim Harlan, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Soils surveyed by Kent Clary, Tim Harlan, Milton Martinez, and L. Lee Mallard, Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, Cleveland Soil and Water Conservation District, and Cleveland County Board of Commissioners

CLEVELAND COUNTY is located in the western Piedmont area of North Carolina (fig. 1). It is bounded on the south by South Carolina. The surrounding North Carolina counties are Rutherford County to the west, Burke County to the north, and Lincoln and Gaston RALEIGH Counties to the east. In 1990, the population of Cleveland County was 84,714. In 1997, Shelby, the county seat, had a population of 19,464. The land area of the county is 298,440 acres, or about 466 square miles, including 2,900 acres of water in areas less than 40 acres in size. The county also includes Moss Lake, which is 1,329 acres in size. Figure 1.—Location of Cleveland County in North Carolina. According to data compiled by the North Carolina Agricultural Statistics Division in 1993, more than 126,000 acres are used for cropland and pasture and about 131,000 acres are forested. Most of the History and Economic Development remaining acreage is in urban uses. This soil survey updates the survey of Cleveland Cleveland County was established on January 11, County published in 1916 (13). It provides additional 1841, by the North Carolina Legislature. It was formed information and has larger maps, which show the soils from parts of Lincoln and Rutherford Counties. The in greater detail. county was named after Colonel Benjamin Cleveland, a Patriot leader at the Battle of Kings Mountain during General Nature of the County the Revolutionary War. The land used for the establishment of Shelby, the county seat, was donated This section provides general information about mainly by James Love, a prominent area landowner of Cleveland County. It describes the history and the time. The town of Shelby was chartered in 1843. It economic development; physiography, relief, and was named after Colonel Isaac Shelby, a prominent drainage; water resources; mineral resources; and Revolutionary War hero and one of the commanders climate. at the Battle of Kings Mountain (12). 12 Soil Survey

The Cherokee and Catawba Indians were the main basin and the Catawba River basin. The First Broad inhabitants of the survey area before the first River, which drains most of the county, flows through European settlers arrived. The first settlers were the center of the county and joins the Broad River mainly Scotch-Irish and Germans who moved south about 2 miles north of the South Carolina boundary from Pennsylvania (21). (10). In the early development of the county, agriculture was the main enterprise. The main crops grown were Water Resources corn, cotton, soybeans, and wheat. Cotton became the principal source of farm income when several textile Cleveland County has an abundant supply of water mills were opened after the Civil War. As late as the from rivers, creeks, lakes, and ground water. The 1940’s, Cleveland County was the largest cotton- Broad River, the First Broad River, and Moss Lake are producing county in North Carolina. Cotton production, the only reliable sources capable of supplying large however, has subsequently fallen dramatically, quantities of water for domestic and industrial use. The primarily due to increasing boll weevil infestation and city of Shelby draws its water supply from the First several years of adverse weather (12). Broad River. The city of Kings Mountain draws its As a reaction to this major agricultural change, water supply from Moss Lake, which is situated on industrial development expanded rapidly. Today, Buffalo Creek. Most of the domestic supplies come Cleveland County’s economy is based on diverse from drilled wells which range from about 20 to 60 feet industrial, agricultural, and retail enterprises. Products in depth. The average yield of wells is about 24 gallons manufactured in the county include corrugated per minute (10). containers, ready-mix concrete, fabricated steel, crushed stone, kaolin clay products, glass, and Mineral Resources textiles. The mining industry is also a major employer in the county (12). The mining industry in Cleveland County is an Mountain scenery and mild climate have important component of the county’s economy (fig. 2). encouraged tourism in Cleveland County. The Moss The area between Kings Mountain and Grover, on the Lake, Broad River, and South Mountain areas are eastern side of the geologic formation known as important tourist attractions. In addition to tourism, Cherryville Granite, is the most significant area of Cleveland County is in a part of the state that is mining activity. Granite pegmatite, a very coarse- increasing in residential and industrial development grained igneous rock, occurs in elongated bodies, due to its proximity to both Charlotte, North Carolina, called dikes, which cut across the Cherryville Granite and Spartanburg, South Carolina. formation. It formed from the minerals of fluids and gases escaping from the cooling granitic magma. Physiography, Relief, and Drainage Granite pegmatite is the source of several economically important minerals, including Cleveland County is almost entirely within the spodumene, mica, and feldspar (5). In fact, Cleveland Southern Piedmont physiographic region of North County is a national and world leader in the production Carolina. The extreme northwestern corner of the of these minerals (12). county lies within the South Mountain Range, an Spodumene ore is the main source of lithium. eastern-trending spur of the Southern Appalachian Approximately half of the world’s lithium supply is Mountains. produced in Cleveland County. Lithium is used in The southern two-thirds of the county is nuclear reactors, special alloys, batteries, and drugs. characterized by broad, gently rolling plateaus. The county also leads the Nation in the production of Northward, the county becomes more rolling and mica and feldspar. Mica is used in paints, electronics, ultimately mountainous. Elevation ranges from 600 plastics, and rubber products. Feldspar is used in feet along Buffalo Creek at the South Carolina State ceramic and glass production (12). line to 2,880 feet at the summit of Benn Knob near the northwestern corner of the county. Climate Cleveland County lies entirely within the Broad River drainage basin. The main channel of the Broad Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation River enters the county near the southwestern corner, for the survey area as recorded at Shelby, North flows a few miles east, and then flows southward into Carolina, in the period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows South Carolina. The eastern and northern boundaries probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last of the county form the divide between the Broad River Cleveland County, North Carolina 13

Figure 2.—The mining industry has long been an important part of the economy of Cleveland County.

freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on the length of most crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day the growing season. rainfall during the period of record was 5.82 inches on In winter, the average temperature is 41.1 degrees August 11, 1928. Thunderstorms occur on about 41 F and the average daily minimum temperature is 29.5 days each year, and most occur between May and degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which August. occurred on January 31, 1966, was -11 degrees. In The average seasonal snowfall is 7.3 inches. The summer, the average temperature is 75.5 degrees and greatest snow depth at any one time during the period the average daily maximum temperature is 87.0 of record was 14 inches, recorded on December 17, degrees. The highest temperature, which occurred on 1930. On the average, 3 days of the year have at least July 30, 1952, was 107 degrees. 1 inch of snow on the ground. The heaviest 1-day Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They snowfall on record was 14.0 inches, recorded on are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, January 8, 1988. growing degree days accumulate by the amount that The average relative humidity in midafternoon is the average temperature each day exceeds a base about 54 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly average at dawn is about 83 percent. The sun shines accumulation is used to schedule single or successive 67 percent of the time possible in summer and 57 plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the and the first freeze in fall. southwest for much of the year, except during The average annual total precipitation is 48.09 September and October, when it is from the northeast. inches. Of this, about 28 inches, or 58 percent, usually Average windspeed is highest, around 9 miles per falls in April through October. The growing season for hour, in March and April. 14 Soil Survey

How This Survey Was Made compared the individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that they This survey was made to provide information about could confirm data and assemble additional data the soils and miscellaneous areas in Cleveland based on experience and research. County. The information includes a description of the While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some soils and miscellaneous areas and their location and a of the soils in the area are generally collected for discussion of their suitability, limitations, and laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. The management for specified uses. Soil scientists data from these analyses and tests and from field- observed the steepness, length, and shape of the observed characteristics and soil properties are used slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of to predict behavior of the soils under different uses. crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. Interpretations are field tested through observation of They studied many soil profiles. A soil profile is the the soils in different uses under different levels of sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. It management. Some interpretations are modified to fit extends from the surface down into the material from local conditions, and some new interpretations are which the soil formed. developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled Soils occur in an orderly pattern that results from from other sources, such as research information, the combined influence over time of climate, parent production records, and field experience of specialists. material, relief, and plants and animals. Each kind of For example, data on crop yields under defined levels soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a of management are assembled from farm records and particular kind of landform or with a segment of the from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of landform. By observing the soils and relating their soil. position to specific segments of the landscape, a soil Predictions about soil behavior are based not only scientist develops a concept, or model, of how the on soil properties but also on such variables as soils formed. This model enables the soil scientists to climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the predictable over long periods of time, but they are not kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location predictable from year to year. For example, soil on the landscape. scientists can predict with a relatively high degree of Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table into one another as their characteristics gradually within certain depths in most years, but they cannot change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, assure that a high water table will be at a specific level soil scientists must determine the boundaries between in the soil on a specific date. the soils. They can observe only a limited number of After soil scientists located and identified the soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, supplemented by an understanding of the soil- they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify photographs and identified each as a specific map predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, determine the boundaries. roads, and rivers, all of which help in accurately Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the locating boundaries. soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, The descriptions, names, and delineations of the texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are reaction, and other features that enable them to the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications identify the soils. After describing the soils and in series concepts, or variations in the intensity of determining their properties, the soil scientists mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units). areas. Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely Survey Procedures defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil The general procedures followed in making this taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used survey are described in the “National Soil Survey in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and Handbook” of the Natural Resources Conservation character of soil properties and the arrangement of Service and in the “Soil Survey Manual” (15, 18). horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists Before fieldwork began, preliminary boundaries of classified and named the soils in the survey area, they slopes and landforms were plotted stereoscopically on Cleveland County, North Carolina 15

aerial photographs taken in 1984 at a scale of with the aid of a bucket auger or a spade to a depth of 1:24,000. United States Geological Survey about 3 to 5 feet. topographic maps at a scale of 1:24,000 were also Samples for chemical and physical analyses were used. Map units were then designed according to the taken from the site of the typical pedon of the major pattern of soils interpreted from photographs, maps, soils in the survey area. Most of the analyses were and field observations. made by the Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Traverses were made on foot. The soils were Nebraska; the Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Fort Worth, examined at intervals ranging from a few hundred feet Texas; and the North Carolina State University Soils 1 to as much as /4 mile, depending on the landscape Laboratory, Raleigh, North Carolina. Commonly used and soil pattern. Where soil profiles were readily laboratory procedures were followed (16). observable, such as along recently constructed The results of the analyses of selected soils are access roads and along logging roads, observations of given in table 18. In addition to the selected data the content of rock fragments, depth to bedrock, depth published in this survey, similar data were collected on of rooting, the landform, and the underlying material many of the soils by the soil scientists. For some of were made without regard to spacing. Observations of these soils, only a few horizons were analyzed. special features, such as landforms, vegetation, and After completion of the soil mapping on aerial evidence of flooding, were also made continuously photographs, map unit delineations were transferred without regard to spacing. Soil boundaries were by hand to orthophotographs at a scale of 1:24,000. determined on the basis of soil examinations, Surface drainage and cultural features were observations, and photo interpretations and were transferred from 7.5-minute topographic maps of the plotted stereoscopically on the basis of parent United States Geological Survey. material, landform, and relief. The soils were examined

17

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map shows broad areas that have Soil Characteristics a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. Each Uwharrie map unit on the general soil map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major Surface layer: Yellowish brown silt loam soils and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It Subsurface layer: Reddish yellow silt loam is named for the major soils. The components of one Subsoil: Upper part—red silty clay loam; middle part— map unit can occur in another but in a different red silty clay; lower part—red silty clay loam with pattern. very pale brown iron accumulations The general soil map can be used to compare the Underlying material: Multicolored silt loam saprolite suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas Depth class: Very deep of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, Drainage class: Well drained areas where the soils are not suitable can be Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet identified. Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- for planning the management of a farm or field or for grained rocks selecting a site for a road or a building or other Montonia structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other Surface layer: Yellowish brown very channery silt loam characteristics that affect management. Subsurface layer: Strong brown channery silt loam Subsoil: Yellowish red channery clay loam Bedrock: Weathered sericite schist 1. Uwharrie-Montonia-Tatum Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Gently sloping to steep, moderately deep to very deep, Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet well drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and Slope range: 2 to 60 percent a clayey or loamy subsoil; on uplands Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- grained rocks Setting Tatum Location in the survey area: Southeastern part of the county Surface layer: Brown gravelly silt loam Landscape: Piedmont Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish red gravelly silty clay Landform: Ridges loam; middle part—red silty clay loam; lower Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes part—yellowish red silty clay loam with red iron Slope range: 2 to 60 percent accumulations Underlying material: Light reddish brown and yellowish Extent and Composition red channery silt loam saprolite Percent of the survey area: 4 Bedrock: Weathered sericite schist Uwharrie soils—40 percent Depth class: Deep Montonia soils—18 percent Drainage class: Well drained Tatum soils—20 percent Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Minor inclusions (including Chewacla, Helena, and Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Worsham soils, Udorthents, and Urban land)— Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- 22 percent grained rocks 18 Soil Survey

Minor inclusions restricted permeability and slope in the steeper areas; Montonia—depth to rock and slope in the • Somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils on flood steeper areas plains • Moderately well drained Helena soils along Local roads and streets drainageways and at the head of drains Management concerns: Uwharrie and Tatum—low • Poorly drained Worsham soils along drainageways strength and slope in the steeper areas; and at the head of drains Montonia—slope in the steeper areas • Random areas of Udorthents in which the natural soils have been greatly altered by excavation or intensive grading or covered by earthy fill material 2. Hulett-Madison-Grover • Random areas of Urban land where the surface is covered by streets, parking lots, driveways, or Gently sloping to steep, very deep, well drained soils buildings that have a loamy surface layer and a clayey or loamy subsoil with a high content of mica; on uplands (fig. 3) Use and Management Major Uses: Woodland, pasture, hayland, cropland, Setting and urban development Location in the survey area: Southeastern part of the county Agricultural Development Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Ridges Cropland Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes Management concerns: Uwharrie—erodibility and soil Slope range: 2 to 60 percent fertility; Montonia—erodibility, equipment use in Extent and Composition the steeper areas, rooting depth, and soil fertility; Tatum—erodibility, equipment use in the steeper Percent of the survey area: 12 areas, and soil fertility Hulett soils—37 percent Madison soils—33 percent Pasture and hayland Grover soils—16 percent Management concerns: Uwharrie and Tatum— Minor soils (including Bethlehem, Chewacla, erodibility, equipment use in the steeper areas, Helena, Saw, Wehadkee, Dogue, and Worsham and soil fertility; Montonia—erodibility, equipment soils)—14 percent use in the steeper areas, rooting depth, and soil Soil Characteristics fertility Hulett Woodland Surface layer: Yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Management concerns: Uwharrie—seedling survival; Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown clay with yellowish Montonia—erodibility and equipment use in the red and reddish yellow iron accumulations and steeper areas, seedling survival, and windthrow many flakes of mica; middle part—yellowish red hazard; Tatum—erodibility and equipment use in clay with red, reddish yellow, and yellowish brown the steeper areas and seedling survival iron accumulations; lower part—yellowish red clay loam with reddish yellow, strong brown, and red Urban Development iron accumulations and many flakes of mica Underlying material: Upper part—reddish yellow sandy Dwellings clay loam saprolite with red and strong brown iron Management concerns: Uwharrie—erodibility, shrink- accumulations and many flakes of mica; lower swell potential, and corrosivity; Montonia— part—reddish yellow sandy loam saprolite with red erodibility and slope in the steeper areas and and strong brown iron accumulations depth to rock; Tatum—erodibility, shrink-swell Depth class: Very deep potential, corrosivity, and slope in the steeper Drainage class: Well drained areas Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Septic tank absorption fields Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic Management concerns: Uwharrie and Tatum— igneous rock with a high content of mica Cleveland County, North Carolina 19

Figure 3.—The relationship between soils, landform, and parent material in the Hulett-Madison-Grover general soil map unit. The clayey Hulett and Madison soils occur on ridgetops. The loamy Grover soils are on the adjacent side slopes.

Madison Subsurface layer: Brownish yellow sandy loam with many flakes of mica Surface layer: Strong brown gravelly sandy clay loam Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown sandy clay loam Subsoil: Upper part—red clay with reddish yellow iron with many flakes of mica; lower part—reddish accumulations and common flakes of mica; middle yellow sandy loam with many flakes of mica part—red clay with reddish yellow iron Underlying material: Upper part—brownish yellow accumulations and many flakes of mica; lower sandy loam with many flakes of mica; lower part— part—red sandy clay loam with reddish yellow and very pale brown and brownish yellow sandy loam reddish brown iron accumulations and many with many flakes of mica flakes of mica Depth class: Very deep Underlying material: Reddish yellow sandy loam with Drainage class: Well drained yellowish red, reddish brown, and brownish yellow Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet iron accumulations and many flakes of mica Slope range: 15 to 60 percent Depth class: Very deep Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic Drainage class: Well drained igneous rock with a high content of mica Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Minor soils Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic rock • Moderately deep Bethlehem soils on convex interfluves Grover • Somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils on flood Surface layer: Yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam plains with many flakes of mica 20 Soil Survey

• Moderately well drained Helena soils along 3. Madison-Bethlehem drainageways and at the head of drains • Moderately deep Saw soils near areas of rock Gently sloping and strongly sloping, moderately deep outcrop to very deep, well drained soils that have a loamy • Poorly drained Wehadkee soils on flood plains surface layer and a clayey subsoil with a high content • Moderately well drained Dogue soils on low stream of mica; on uplands terraces • Poorly drained Worsham soils along drainageways Setting and at the head of drains Location in the survey area: Southeastern part of the county Use and Management Landscape: Piedmont Major Uses: Woodland, pasture, hayland, and Landform: Ridges cropland Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Agricultural Development Extent and Composition Cropland Percent of the survey area: 4 Madison soils—58 percent Management concerns: Hulett—erodibility and Bethlehem soils—27 percent equipment use in the steeper areas and soil Minor soils (including Chewacla, Grover, Helena, fertility; Madison—erodibility, equipment use, and Hulett, Toccoa, Wehadkee, and Worsham soil fertility; Grover—equipment use soils)—15 percent Pasture and hayland Soil Characteristics Management concerns: Hulett—equipment use in the Madison steeper areas and soil fertility; Madison— Surface layer: Strong brown gravelly sandy clay loam erodibility, equipment use in the steeper areas, with few flakes of mica and soil fertility; Grover—equipment use and soil Subsoil: Upper part—red clay with reddish yellow iron fertility accumulations and common flakes of mica; middle Woodland part—red clay with reddish yellow iron accumulations and many flakes of mica; lower Management concerns: Hulett—no significant part—red sandy clay loam with reddish yellow and limitations; Madison—equipment use and seedling reddish brown iron accumulations and many survival; Grover—erodibility and equipment use flakes of mica Underlying material: Reddish yellow sandy loam with Urban Development yellowish red, reddish brown, and brownish yellow iron accumulations and many flakes of mica Dwellings Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Hulett and Madison— Drainage class: Well drained erodibility, slope in the steeper areas, and Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet corrosivity; Grover—slope Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Septic tank absorption fields grade metamorphic rock with a high content of Management concerns: Hulett and Madison— mica restricted permeability and slope in the steeper Bethlehem areas; Grover—slope Surface layer: Brown gravelly sandy clay loam Local roads and streets Subsoil: Upper part—red clay with reddish yellow iron Management concerns: Hulett and Madison—low accumulations; lower part—red gravelly sandy strength and slope in the steeper areas; Grover— clay loam with reddish yellow iron accumulations slope and low strength Bedrock: Weathered mica schist Depth class: Moderately deep Cleveland County, North Carolina 21

Drainage class: Well drained Local roads and streets Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management concerns: Low strength and slope in the Slope range: 2 to 15 percent steeper areas Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic rock with a high content of mica 4. Cecil-Pacolet Minor soils Gently sloping and strongly sloping, very deep, well • Somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils on flood drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and a plains clayey subsoil; on uplands (fig. 4) • Grover soils, which have less clay in the subsoil than the major soils; on moderately steep side slopes Setting • Moderately well drained Helena soils along Location in the survey area: Areas scattered drainageways and at the head of drains throughout the county; largest areas in • Random areas of Hulett soils, which have yellow or northeastern, southern, and western parts brown subsoils Landscape: Piedmont • Well drained Toccoa soils on flood plains Landform: Ridges • Poorly drained Wehadkee soils on flood plains Landform position: Cecil—interfluves; Pacolet—side • Poorly drained Worsham soils along drainageways slopes and at the head of drains Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Use and Management Extent and Composition Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and cropland Percent of the survey area: 38 Cecil soils—48 percent Agricultural Development Pacolet soils—36 percent Minor soils (including Appling, Bethlehem, Cropland Buncombe, Chewacla, Helena, Saw, Toccoa, Wehadkee, and Worsham soils)—16 percent Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, and soil fertility Soil Characteristics Pasture and hayland Cecil Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Surface layer: Yellowish red sandy clay loam and soil fertility Subsoil: Upper part—red clay with reddish yellow iron Woodland accumulations; lower part—red sandy clay loam with reddish yellow iron accumulations Management concerns: Madison—equipment use and Underlying material: Red sandy loam with reddish seedling survival; Bethlehem—equipment use, yellow and reddish brown iron accumulations seedling survival, and windthrow hazard Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Urban Development Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Dwellings Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Management concerns: Madison—erodibility, grade metamorphic or igneous rock corrosivity, and slope in the steeper areas; Pacolet Bethlehem—erodibility, depth to rock, corrosivity, and slope in the steeper areas Surface layer: Yellowish red sandy clay loam Subsoil: Upper part—red clay with reddish yellow iron Septic tank absorption fields accumulations; lower part—red sandy clay loam Management concerns: Madison—restricted with reddish yellow and pink iron accumulations permeability and slope in the steeper areas; Underlying material: Yellowish red sandy loam Bethlehem—depth to rock and slope in the saprolite with reddish yellow and dark reddish steeper areas brown iron accumulations 22 Soil Survey

Figure 4.—The relationship between soils and parent material in the Cecil-Pacolet general soil map unit.

Depth class: Very deep Use and Management Drainage class: Well drained Major Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Slope range: 8 to 15 percent Agricultural Development Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic or igneous rock Cropland Minor soils Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil • Random areas of Appling soils, which have yellow or fertility brown subsoils Pasture and hayland • Random areas of moderately deep Bethlehem soils • Excessively drained Buncombe soils on flood plains Management concerns: Cecil—soil fertility; Pacolet— • Somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils on flood erodibility, equipment use, and soil fertility plains Woodland • Moderately well drained Helena soils along drainageways and at the head of drains Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling • Moderately deep Saw soils on the steeper side survival slopes Urban Development • Well drained Toccoa soils on flood plains • Poorly drained Wehadkee soils on flood plains Dwellings • Poorly drained Worsham soils along drainageways and at the head of drains Management concerns: Cecil—erodibility and Cleveland County, North Carolina 23

Figure 5.—The relationship between soils, landform, and parent material in the Pacolet-Bethlehem general soil map unit. The very deep Pacolet soils are in concave landform positions. They formed in residuum derived from schist or gneiss bedrock. The moderately deep Bethlehem soils are in convex landform positions. They formed in residuum derived from schist bedrock.

corrosivity; Pacolet—erodibility, slope, and Extent and Composition corrosivity Percent of the survey area: 24 Pacolet soils—48 percent Septic tank absorption fields Bethlehem soils—33 percent Management concerns: Cecil—restricted permeability; Minor soils (including Buncombe, Cliffside, Pacolet—restricted permeability and slope Chewacla, Helena, Rion, Toccoa, Wehadkee, and Worsham soils)—19 percent Local roads and streets Soil Characteristics Management concerns: Low strength and slope in the Pacolet steeper areas Surface layer: Yellowish red sandy clay loam Subsoil: Upper part—red clay with reddish yellow iron 5. Pacolet-Bethlehem accumulations; lower part—red sandy clay loam with reddish yellow and pink iron accumulations Gently sloping to moderately steep, moderately deep Underlying material: Yellowish red sandy loam to very deep, well drained soils that have a loamy saprolite with reddish yellow and dark reddish surface layer and a clayey subsoil; on uplands brown iron accumulations (figs. 5 and 6) Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Setting Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Location in the survey area: Scattered areas Slope range: 8 to 15 percent throughout the county; largest areas in Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- northwestern, southwestern, and southern parts grade metamorphic or igneous rock Landscape: Piedmont Bethlehem Landform: Ridges Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes Surface layer: Brown gravelly sandy clay loam Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Subsoil: Upper part—red clay with reddish yellow iron 24 Soil Survey

Figure 6.—The relationship between soils and parent material in the Pacolet-Bethlehem, Evard-Cowee, and Cliffield-Pigeonroost general soil map units.

accumulations; lower part—red gravelly sandy • Moderately well drained Helena soils along clay loam with reddish yellow iron accumulations drainageways and at the head of drains Bedrock: Upper part—weathered mica schist; lower • Rion soils, which have less clay in the subsoil than part—unweathered mica schist the major soils; in the steeper areas Depth class: Moderately deep • Well drained Toccoa soils on flood plains Drainage class: Well drained • Poorly drained Wehadkee soils on flood plains Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet • Poorly drained Worsham soils along drainageways Slope range: 2 to 30 percent and at the head of drains Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Use and Management grade metamorphic rock Major Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Minor soils Agricultural Development • Excessively drained Buncombe soils on flood plains • Cliffside soils, which have more rock fragments in Cropland the subsoil than the major soils; in the steeper areas • Somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils on flood Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, plains equipment use, tilth, and soil fertility; Bethlehem— Cleveland County, North Carolina 25

Figure 7.—The relationship between soils and parent material in the Pacolet-Saw general soil map unit. The very deep Pacolet soils occur in areas away from stones, boulders, and rock outcrops. They formed in residuum from biotite gneiss and metamorphosed granite bedrock. The moderately deep Saw soils occur in stony or bouldery areas or near rock outcrops. They formed from residuum from metamorphosed granite bedrock.

erodibility, equipment use, tilth, rooting depth, and Local roads and streets soil fertility Management concerns: Low strength and slope in the Pasture and hayland steeper areas Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, soil fertility, and equipment use in the steeper areas; 6. Pacolet-Saw Bethlehem—erodibility, rooting depth, soil fertility, and equipment use in the steeper areas Gently sloping to moderately steep, moderately deep to very deep, well drained soils that have a loamy Woodland surface layer and a clayey subsoil; on uplands (fig. 7) Management concerns: Pacolet—equipment use, seedling survival, and erodibility in the steeper Setting areas; Bethlehem—equipment use, windthrow hazard, seedling survival, and erodibility in the Location in the survey area: Scattered areas steeper areas throughout the county; largest areas in northeastern and western parts Urban Development Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Ridges Dwellings Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, Slope range: 2 to 30 percent corrosivity, and slope in the steeper areas; Bethlehem—erodibility, depth to rock, corrosivity, Extent and Composition and slope in the steeper areas Percent of the survey area: 15 Septic tank absorption fields Pacolet soils—58 percent Management concerns: Pacolet—restricted Saw soils—23 percent permeability and slope in the steeper areas; Minor soils (including Appling, Buncombe, Cecil, Bethlehem—depth to rock, restricted permeability, Chewacla, Helena, Toccoa, Wake, Wehadkee, and slope in the steeper areas and Worsham soils)—19 percent 26 Soil Survey

Soil Characteristics Saw—erodibility, tilth, rooting depth, soil fertility, and equipment use in the steeper areas Pacolet Pasture and hayland Surface layer: Yellowish red sandy clay loam Subsoil: Upper part—red clay with reddish yellow iron Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, soil accumulations; lower part—red sandy clay loam fertility, and equipment use in the steeper areas; with reddish yellow and pink iron accumulations Saw—erodibility, rooting depth, soil fertility, and Underlying material: Yellowish red sandy loam equipment use in the steeper areas saprolite with reddish yellow and dark reddish Woodland brown iron accumulations Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Pacolet—equipment use, Drainage class: Well drained seedling survival, and erodibility in the steeper Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet areas; Saw—equipment use, windthrow hazard, Slope range: 8 to 15 percent seedling survival, and erodibility in the steeper Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- areas grade metamorphic or igneous rock Urban Development Saw Dwellings Surface layer: Yellowish red gravelly sandy clay loam Subsoil: Upper part—red clay; lower part—red clay Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, loam with yellowish red iron accumulations corrosivity, and slope in the steeper areas; Saw— Bedrock: Unweathered granite erodibility, depth to rock, corrosivity, and slope in Depth class: Moderately deep the steeper areas Drainage class: Well drained Septic tank absorption fields Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Management concerns: Pacolet—restricted Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic permeability and slope in the steeper areas; igneous rock Saw—depth to rock and slope in the steeper areas Minor soils Local roads and streets • Random areas of Appling soils, which have yellow or brown subsoils Management concerns: Pacolet—low strength and • Excessively drained Buncombe soils on flood plains slope in the steeper areas; Saw—low strength, • Random areas of Cecil soils, which have thicker depth to rock, and slope in the steeper areas subsoils than the major soils • Somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils on flood plains 7. Evard-Cowee • Moderately well drained Helena soils along Moderately steep to very steep, moderately deep to drainageways and at the head of drains very deep, well drained mountain upland soils that • Well drained Toccoa soils on flood plains have a loamy subsoil; formed in residuum from felsic • Shallow Wake soils near areas of rock outcrop high-grade metamorphic rocks (fig. 6) • Poorly drained Wehadkee soils on flood plains • Poorly drained Worsham soils along drainageways Setting and at the head of drains Location in the survey area: Northwestern corner and Use and Management west-central area of county Landscape: Low mountains Major Uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland Landform: Mountain slopes Landform position: Convex summits and side slopes Agricultural Development Slope range: 15 to 85 percent Cropland Extent and Composition Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, tilth, soil Percent of the survey area: 2 fertility, and equipment use in the steeper areas; Evard soils—49 percent Cleveland County, North Carolina 27

Cowee soils—35 percent Orchard and ornamental crops Minor inclusions (including Cliffield and Management concerns: Evard—equipment use and Pigeonroost soils and Rock outcrop)—16 erodibility; Cowee—equipment use, erodibility, and percent droughtiness Soil Characteristics Woodland Evard Management concerns: Evard—equipment use and Surface layer: Reddish brown sandy loam erodibility; Cowee—erodibility, equipment use, and Subsoil: Upper part—red sandy clay loam; lower windthrow hazard part—red sandy clay loam Urban Development Underlying material: Red sandy loam saprolite Depth class: Very deep Dwellings Drainage class: Well drained Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management concerns: Evard—slope; Cowee—slope Slope range: 15 to 85 percent and depth to rock Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Septic tank absorption fields grade metamorphic or igneous rock Management concerns: Evard—slope; Cowee—depth Cowee to rock and slope Surface layer: Dark brown gravelly sandy loam Local roads and streets Subsurface layer: Strong brown gravelly sandy loam Subsoil: Red sandy clay loam Management concerns: Evard—slope and frost action; Bedrock: Soft weathered gneiss Cowee—depth to rock, slope, and frost action Depth class: Moderately deep Recreational Development Drainage class: Well drained Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Camp areas Slope range: 15 to 85 percent Parent material: Residuum and soil creep weathered Management concerns: Evard—slope; Cowee—slope from felsic high-grade metamorphic or igneous and rock fragment content rock Picnic areas Minor inclusions Management concerns: Slope and erodibility • Moderately deep Cliffield soils that are loamy- Playgrounds skeletal and have brown subsoils • Moderately deep Pigeonroost soils that have brown Management concerns: Slope and erodibility subsoils Paths and trails • Areas of Rock outcrop that have little or no soil material Management concerns: Slope and erodibility Use and Management Major Uses: Woodland 8. Cliffield-Pigeonroost Moderately steep to very steep, moderately deep, well Agricultural Development drained mountain upland soils that have a loamy subsoil; formed in residuum from felsic high-grade Cropland metamorphic rocks (fig. 6) Management concerns: Evard—equipment use and Setting erodibility; Cowee—equipment use, droughtiness, and erodibility Location in the survey area: Northwestern corner of county Pasture and hayland Landscape: Low mountains Management concerns: Evard—equipment use and Landform: Ridges erodibility; Cowee—equipment use and Landform position: Summits and side slopes droughtiness Slope range: 15 to 95 percent 28

Extent and Composition • Moderately deep Cowee soils that have redder subsoils than the major soils Percent of the survey area: 1 • Areas of Rock outcrop that have little or no soil Cliffield soils—50 percent material Pigeonroost soils—35 percent Minor inclusions (including Evard and Cowee soils Use and Management and Rock outcrop)—15 percent Major Uses: Woodland Soil Characteristics Agricultural Development Cliffield Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown very cobbly sandy Cropland loam Management concerns: Cliffield—equipment use, tilth, Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown very gravelly loam; droughtiness, and frost action; Pigeonroost— lower part—strong brown very cobbly loam equipment use, droughtiness, and erodibility Bedrock: Slightly fractured sillimanite-mica schist Depth class: Moderately deep Pasture and hayland Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Cliffield—equipment use, Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet droughtiness, tilth, and erodibility; Pigeonroost— Slope range: 15 to 95 percent equipment use and droughtiness Parent material: Residuum weathered mostly from felsic high-grade metamorphic or igneous rock Woodland Pigeonroost Management concerns: Cliffield—erodibility, equipment use, seedling survival, and windthrow Surface layer: Yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam hazard; Pigeonroost—erodibility, equipment use, Subsurface layer: Brown gravelly sandy loam and windthrow hazard Subsoil: Strong brown gravelly loam Bedrock: Upper part—weathered sillimanite-mica Urban Development schist; lower part—unweathered sillimanite schist Depth class: Moderately deep Dwellings Drainage class: Well drained Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management concerns: Slope and depth to rock Slope range: 15 to 50 percent Septic tank absorption fields Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic or igneous rock Management concerns: Depth to rock and slope Minor inclusions Local roads and streets • Very deep Evard soils that have redder subsoils than Management concerns: Depth to rock and slope the major soils 29

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the complex that it was impractical to make enough survey area. The map unit descriptions in this section, observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous along with the maps, can be used to determine the areas on the landscape. suitability and potential of a unit for specific uses. They The presence of included areas in a map unit in no also can be used to plan the management needed for way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. those uses. More information about each map unit is The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure given under the heading “Use and Management of the taxonomic classes but rather to separate the Soils.” landscape into landforms or landform segments that A map unit delineation on a map represents an area have similar use and management requirements. The dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or delineation of such segments on the map provides miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and sufficient information for the development of resource named according to the taxonomic classification of the plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for soils and miscellaneous areas. the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes phenomena, and they have the characteristic general facts about the unit and gives the principal variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of hazards and limitations to be considered in planning some observed properties may extend beyond the for specific uses. limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the without including areas of other taxonomic classes. surface layer, all the soils of a series have major Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and and arrangement. some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic Soils of one series can differ in texture of the classes. surface layer, slope, stoniness, degree of erosion, and Most included soils have properties similar to those other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil they do not affect use and management. These are phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, or management. For example, Pacolet sandy clay however, have properties and behavioral loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded, is a characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to phase of the Pacolet series. require different management. These are called Some map units are made up of two or more major contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are are in small areas and could not be mapped complexes. A complex consists of two or more soils or separately because of the scale used. Some small miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous such small areas that they cannot be shown areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of The included areas of contrasting soils or the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit in all areas. The number of observations in these map descriptions. A few included areas may not have been units is sometimes fewer than in other map units observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in because of very steep slopes or inaccessibility. 30 Soil Survey

However, the detail is adequate for the expected use Slope class: Nearly level or gently sloping of these soils. Evard-Cowee complex, 50 to 85 percent Flooding: None slopes, rocky, is an example. Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such original surface layer has been removed areas have little or no soil material and support little or Hazard of water erosion: Moderate no vegetation. Pits, quarry, is an example. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent throughout the profile, except in limed areas of each map unit. Other tables (see “Contents”) give Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, grade metamorphic or igneous rock and potentials for many uses. The Glossary defines Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches many of the terms used in describing the soils or Minor Components miscellaneous areas. Dissimilar: • Moderately well drained Helena soils in the lower ApB—Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent landform positions and in concave areas slopes Similar: • Random areas of Cecil soils that have red subsoils Setting Land Use Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Ridges Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, hayland, and Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes woodland Shape of areas: Irregular Agricultural Development Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres Composition Cropland Appling soil and similar soils: 90 percent Suitability: Well suited Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Management concerns: Soil fertility and erodibility Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Surface layer: recommendations based on soil tests helps to 0 to 9 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximize crop productivity. Subsoil: • Resource management systems that include 9 to 29 inches—yellowish brown clay that has reddish terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, yellow iron accumulations no-till farming, and crop residue management help to 29 to 37 inches—yellowish brown clay that has minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize reddish yellow and yellowish red iron the infiltration of rainfall. accumulations 37 to 56 inches—strong brown and yellowish red Pasture and hayland sandy clay loam that has reddish brown and pink Suitability: Well suited iron accumulations Management concerns: Soil fertility and erodibility Underlying material: Management measures and considerations: 56 to 72 inches—yellowish red and reddish brown • Applying lime and fertilizer according to loam saprolite that has strong brown and pink iron recommendations based on soil tests helps to accumulations increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Soil Properties and Qualities or renovating hayland and pasture. Depth class: Very deep • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Drainage class: Well drained slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and Permeability: Moderate increases germination. Available water capacity: Moderate • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and Shrink-swell potential: Low increase productivity. Cleveland County, North Carolina 31

Woodland Composition Suitability: Well suited Appling soil and similar soils: 90 percent Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Dissimilar soils: 10 percent plants Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Surface layer: prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help 0 to 9 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam to reduce competition from unwanted plants. • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Subsoil: by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity 9 to 29 inches—yellowish brown clay that has reddish and ensure planting success. yellow iron accumulations 29 to 37 inches—yellowish brown clay that has Urban Development reddish yellow and yellowish red iron accumulations Dwellings 37 to 56 inches—strong brown and yellowish red sandy clay loam that has reddish brown and pink Suitability: Well suited iron accumulations Management concerns: Corrosivity Management measures and considerations: Underlying material: • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce 56 to 72 inches—yellowish red and reddish brown the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. loam saprolite that has strong brown and pink iron accumulations Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Restricted permeability Depth class: Very deep Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Permeability: Moderate during periods when the soil is not wet helps to Available water capacity: Moderate prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Local roads and streets Shrink-swell potential: Low Slope class: Gently sloping or strongly sloping Suitability: Suited Flooding: None Management concerns: Low strength Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Management measures and considerations: original surface layer has been removed • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and Hazard of water erosion: Severe compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except in limed areas Interpretive Groups Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Land capability classification: 2e grade metamorphic or igneous rock Woodland ordination symbol: 8A based on loblolly pine Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches as the indicator species Minor Components Dissimilar: ApC—Appling sandy loam, 6 to 12 • Random areas of Saw soils that have hard bedrock percent slopes at a depth of less than 40 inches • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock Setting between depths of 40 and 60 inches Landscape: Piedmont Similar: Landform: Ridges and side slopes • Cecil and Pacolet soils that have red subsoils Landform position: Interfluves • Soils that have thinner subsoils than the Appling soil Shape of areas: Irregular • Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres Appling soil 32 Soil Survey

Land Use Management measures and considerations: • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain soil stability and keep sediments on site. Agricultural Development • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps to reduce damage from surface water and prevents Cropland soil erosion. Suitability: Suited • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Management measures and considerations: • Resource management systems that include Septic tank absorption fields conservation tillage, crop residue management, Suitability: Suited stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to Management concerns: Restricted permeability and minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize slope the infiltration of water. Management measures and considerations: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems recommendations based on soil tests helps to during periods when the soil is not wet helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. maximize crop productivity. • Raking trench walls helps to reduce the sealing of Pasture and hayland soil pores which may occur during the excavation of septic tank absorption fields. Suitability for pasture: Well suited • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to Suitability for hayland: Suited improve the performance of septic tank absorption Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, fields. and soil fertility Management measures and considerations: Local roads and streets • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and Suitability: Suited increases germination. Management concerns: Slope and low strength • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper Management measures and considerations: areas when harvesting hay crops. • Designing roads on the contour and providing • Applying lime and fertilizer according to adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, recommendations based on soil tests helps to help to maintain road stability. increase the availability of plant nutrients and • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. or renovating hayland and pasture. • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and Interpretive Groups harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and Land capability classification: 3e increase productivity. Woodland ordination symbol: 8A based on loblolly pine Woodland as the indicator species Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: No significant limitations Management measures and considerations: BuB—Buncombe loamy sand, 1 to 5 • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended percent slopes, rarely flooded by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity and ensure planting success. Setting Landscape: Piedmont Urban Development Landform: Flood plains Landform position: Slightly convex slopes adjacent to Dwellings stream channels Suitability: Suited Shape of areas: Elongated Management concerns: Erodibility, slope, and Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres corrosivity Cleveland County, North Carolina 33

Composition Management measures and considerations: • Leaving crop residue on the soil surface helps to Buncombe soil: 90 percent conserve soil moisture. Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent • Using supplemental irrigation and crop varieties Typical Profile adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase crop production. Surface layer: • Harvesting row crops as soon as possible helps to 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown loamy sand reduce the risk of damage from possible flooding. Subsoil: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to 4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown sand recommendations based on soil tests helps to 10 to 29 inches—light yellowish brown sand increase the availability of plant nutrients and 29 to 43 inches—dark yellowish brown loamy sand maximize crop productivity. 43 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown sand that has Pasture and hayland pale brown iron depletions Suitability: Well suited Underlying material: Management concerns: Droughtiness, flooding, and 60 to 72 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam soil fertility that has very pale brown iron depletions Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Planting drought-tolerant species helps to increase productivity. Depth class: Very deep • Harvesting hay crops as soon as possible helps to Drainage class: Excessively drained reduce the risk of damage from flooding. Permeability: Rapid • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Available water capacity: Low recommendations based on soil tests helps to Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet increase the availability of plant nutrients and Shrink-swell potential: Low maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Slope class: Nearly level or gently sloping or renovating hayland and pasture. Flooding: Rare • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and original surface layer has been removed increase productivity. Hazard of water erosion: Slight Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid Woodland throughout the profile Suitability: Suited Parent material: Sandy alluvium derived mainly from Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling felsic high-grade metamorphic or igneous rock mortality Depth to bedrock: More than 10 feet Management measures and considerations: Inclusions • Using tracked or low-pressure ground equipment helps to minimize rutting and root compaction during Dissimilar: harvesting. • Somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils in the • Planting seedlings during wet, cool periods helps to slightly lower-lying positions or in depressional areas increase plant survival rates. • Well drained Toccoa soils in the slightly lower-lying • Planting high-quality seedlings in a shallow furrow areas commonly farther from the stream channel helps to increase plant survival rates. Land Use Urban Development Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Other Uses: Woodland Dwellings Suitability: Poorly suited Agricultural Development Management concerns: Flooding Management measures and considerations: Cropland • Building structures on the highest part of the Suitability: Suited landform helps to reduce the risk of damage from Management concerns: Droughtiness, flooding, and flooding. soil fertility • Constructing dwellings on elevated, well-compacted 34 Soil Survey

fill material helps to minimize damage from Soil Properties and Qualities floodwaters. Depth class: Very deep Septic tank absorption fields Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Unsuited Available water capacity: Moderate Management concerns: Flooding and poor filtering Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet capacity Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: Slope class: Gently sloping • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank Flooding: None absorption fields because of the flooding and poor Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of filtering capacity. The local Health Department should the original surface layer has been removed be contacted for guidance in developing sanitary Hazard of water erosion: Severe facilities. Soil reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid Local roads and streets throughout the profile, except where surface layers have been limed Suitability: Suited Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Management concerns: Flooding grade metamorphic or igneous rock Management measures and considerations: Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches • Using well-compacted fill material as a road base may help to elevate roads above the level of flooding. Minor Components Interpretive Groups Similar: • Appling soils that have yellow or brown subsoils; in Land capability classification: 3s the slightly lower or nearly level landform positions Woodland ordination symbol: 9S based on yellow- • Random areas of Pacolet soils that have thinner poplar as the indicator species subsoils than the Cecil soil Land Use CaB2—Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and percent slopes, moderately eroded hayland (fig. 8) Other Uses: Woodland Setting Agricultural Development Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Broad ridges Cropland Landform position: Interfluves Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Well suited Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil fertility Composition Management measures and considerations: • Resource management systems that include Cecil soil and similar soils: 100 percent terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till farming, and crop residue management help to Typical Profile minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize Surface layer: the infiltration of rainfall. 0 to 6 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam • Incorporating crop residue into the soil or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding Subsoil: and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. 6 to 39 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron • Restricting tillage to periods when the soil is not wet accumulations helps to minimize clodding and crusting and increases 39 to 65 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish the infiltration of water. yellow iron accumulations • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Underlying material: recommendations based on soil tests helps to 65 to 72 inches—red sandy loam that has reddish increase the availability of plant nutrients and yellow and reddish brown iron accumulations maximize crop productivity. Cleveland County, North Carolina 35

Figure 8.—Silage being harvested in an area of Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded.

Pasture and hayland Management concerns: Equipment use, seedling survival, and competition from undesirable plants Suitability: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Soil fertility • Restricting logging operations to periods when the Management measures and considerations: soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil • Applying lime and fertilizer according to surface and possible root damage from compaction. recommendations based on soil tests helps to • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and increase the availability of plant nutrients and bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. or renovating hayland and pasture. • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and to reduce competition from unwanted plants. increase productivity. • Using improved varieties of loblolly pine helps to increase productivity. Woodland • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to minimize siltation and provides Suitability: Suited shade for the water surface. 36 Soil Survey

Urban Development Typical Profile Cecil Dwellings Surface layer: Suitability: Well suited 0 to 6 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam Management concerns: Corrosivity and erodibility Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 6 to 39 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce accumulations the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. 39 to 65 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- yellow iron accumulations control structures, such as sediment fences and catch basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. Underlying material: 65 to 72 inches—red sandy loam that has reddish Septic tank absorption fields yellow and reddish brown iron accumulations Suitability: Suited Urban land Management concerns: Restricted permeability Urban land consists of areas that are covered by Management measures and considerations: streets, parking lots, driveways, buildings, or runways. • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to A typical profile is not given. improve the performance of septic tanks. • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Soil Properties and Qualities of the Cecil Soil during periods when the soil is not wet helps to Depth class: Very deep prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Local roads and streets Available water capacity: Moderate Suitability: Suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management concerns: Low strength Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: Slope class: Gently sloping • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and Flooding: None compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of the original surface layer has been removed Interpretive Groups Hazard of water erosion: Severe Soil reaction: Strongly acid or very strongly acid Land capability classification: 3e throughout the profile, except where surface layers Woodland ordination symbol: 7C based on loblolly pine have been limed as the indicator species Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic rock Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches CeB—Cecil-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes Minor Components Dissimilar: • Cut and fill areas where the natural soils have been Setting altered or covered and the slope modified Landscape: Piedmont Similar: Landform: Broad ridges • Random areas of Pacolet soils Landform position: Interfluves Shape of areas: Irregular Land Use Size of areas: 50 to 200 acres Dominant Uses: Urban development Composition Agricultural Development Cecil soil and similar soils: 65 percent Cropland Urban land: 25 percent Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Cleveland County, North Carolina 37

Management concerns: Limited size of areas Local roads and streets Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Cecil—suited; Urban land—none assigned • This map unit is difficult to manage for crop Management concerns: Low soil strength production because of the limited size of its areas, Management measures and considerations: intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and disturbed soils. compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Pasture and hayland Interpretive Groups Suitability: Poorly suited Land capability classification: Cecil—3e; Urban land— Management concerns: Limited size of areas none assigned Management measures and considerations: Woodland ordination symbol: Cecil—7C based on • This map unit is difficult to manage for the loblolly pine as the indicator species; Urban land— production of pasture and hay crops because of the none assigned limited size of its areas, intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly disturbed soils. Woodland ChA—Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Limited size of areas Setting Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is difficult to manage for timber Landscape: Piedmont production because of the limited size of its areas, Landform: Flood plains intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly Landform position: Planar to slightly concave slopes disturbed soils. Shape of areas: Elongated • Although timber production is rarely feasible in this Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres map unit, planting trees has aesthetic benefits. Composition Urban Development Chewacla soil and similar soils: 85 percent Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Dwellings Typical Profile Suitability: Cecil—well suited; Urban land—none assigned Surface layer: Management concerns: Cecil—erodibility and 0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown loam corrosivity; Urban land—excessive surface water Subsoil: runoff 6 to 15 inches—strong brown silty clay loam Management measures and considerations: 15 to 19 inches—strong brown silty clay loam that has • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- light brownish gray iron depletions control structures, such as sediment fences and catch 19 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam that basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. has light brownish gray iron depletions and strong • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce brown iron accumulations the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. 39 to 50 inches—gray loam that has brown and • Water-control structures, such as diversions and reddish brown iron accumulations storm drains, are needed to control the increased surface water runoff. Underlying material: 50 to 72 inches—light gray sandy loam that has strong Septic tank absorption fields brown iron accumulations Suitability: Cecil—suited; Urban land—none assigned Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Restricted soil permeability Management measures and considerations: Depth class: Very deep • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained improve the performance of septic tanks. Permeability: Moderate • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Available water capacity: High during periods when the soil is not wet helps to Seasonal high water table (depth, period): 0.5 foot to prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. 1.5 feet from November through April 38 Soil Survey

Shrink-swell potential: Low the soil is too wet helps to prevent soil compaction, Slope class: Nearly level decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface. Flooding (frequency, period, duration): Occasional Woodland from November through April for 2 to 7 days Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Suitability: Suited original surface layer has been removed Management concerns: Equipment use, windthrow Hazard of water erosion: Slight hazard, and competition from undesirable plants Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid, except Management measures and considerations: where surface layers have been limed • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked Parent material: Alluvium derived mainly from felsic equipment to dry periods helps to prevent the rutting high-grade metamorphic or igneous rock and soil compaction that occur when the soil is Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches saturated. • Harvesting timber during summer helps to reduce Minor Components the risk of damage from flooding. Dissimilar: • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result • Excessively drained Buncombe soils in the higher from high winds and a limited rooting depth helps to positions typically closest to the stream channel increase productivity. • Well drained Toccoa soils in the slightly higher • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, positions typically closer to the stream channel prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help • Poorly drained Wehadkee soils in depressions and to reduce competition from unwanted plants. on toeslopes adjacent to uplands Urban Development Similar: • Random areas of soils that have less clay in the Dwellings subsoil than the Chewacla soil Suitability: Unsuited Land Use Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Dominant Uses: Woodland Management measures and considerations: Other Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland • This map unit is severely limited for dwellings because of the flooding and wetness. A site should be Agricultural Development selected on better suited soils. Septic tank absorption fields Cropland Suitability: Unsuited Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank • This map unit is difficult to manage for cropland absorption fields because of the flooding and wetness. because of the potential for flooding during the The local Health Department should be contacted for growing season. guidance in developing sanitary facilities. • Using open ditches and diversions to divert water helps to improve soil productivity. Local roads and streets • Delaying spring planting helps to minimize clodding Suitability: Unsuited and rutting by equipment due to wetness caused by Management concerns: Flooding and wetness the seasonal high water table. Management measures and considerations: Pasture and hayland • This map unit is severely limited for roads and streets because of the flooding and wetness. A site Suitability: Poorly suited should be selected on better suited soils. Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Groups • Harvesting hay crops as soon as possible helps to reduce the risk of damage from flooding. Land capability classification: 3w • Flooding may pose a hazard to livestock. Woodland ordination symbol: 7W based on yellow- • Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when poplar as the indicator species Cleveland County, North Carolina 39

CpD—Cliffield-Pigeonroost complex, 15 Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the to 30 percent slopes, very stony original surface layer has been removed Hazard of water erosion: Severe Rock fragments on the surface: About 1 to 3 percent Setting stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 14 Landscape: Mountains inches in diameter and 15 to 25 feet apart Landform: Narrow ridges Potential frost action: Moderate Landform position: Summits and shoulder slopes Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular throughout the profile Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic rock Composition Depth to bedrock: Cliffield—20 to 40 inches to hard Cliffield soil and similar soils: 50 percent bedrock; Pigeonroost—20 to 40 inches to soft Pigeonroost soil and similar soils: 35 percent bedrock and 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Minor Components Typical Profile Dissimilar: Cliffield • Random areas of very deep Evard soils • Random areas of very deep soils that have more Surface layer: mica in the subsoil than the Cliffield and Pigeonroost 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly soils sandy loam • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a Subsoil: depth of less than 20 inches 4 to 16 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam Similar: 16 to 30 inches—strong brown very cobbly loam • Random areas of Cowee soils that have red subsoils Bedrock: Land Use 30 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured sillimanite schist Dominant Uses: Woodland Pigeonroost Agricultural Development Surface layer: 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Cropland Subsurface layer: Suitability: Unsuited 5 to 10 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam Management concerns: Equipment use, tilth, frost action, and limited size of areas Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 10 to 24 inches—strong brown gravelly loam • This map unit is severely limited for crop production. Bedrock: A site should be selected on better suited soils. 24 to 43 inches—weathered sillimanite schist Pasture and hayland 43 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured sillimanite schist Suitability for pasture: Suited Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Equipment use and limited Depth class: Cliffield—moderately deep to hard size of areas bedrock; Pigeonroost—moderately deep to soft Management measures and considerations: bedrock • The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas. Drainage class: Well drained • This map unit is difficult to manage for the Permeability: Moderate production of pasture and hay crops because of the Available water capacity: Low small size of its areas. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Woodland Shrink-swell potential: Low Slope class: Moderately steep Suitability: Suited Flooding: None Management concerns: Limited size of areas, 40 Soil Survey

erodibility, equipment use, seedling survival, and Pigeonroost—12R based on chestnut oak as the windthrow hazard indicator species Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is difficult to manage for timber production because of the small size of its areas. CpE—Cliffield-Pigeonroost complex, 30 to • Establishing permanent plant cover on roads and 50 percent slopes, very stony landings after logging operations helps to minimize soil erosion and the siltation of streams. Setting • Using cable logging methods helps to overcome Landscape: Mountains limited road and trail construction resulting from the Landform: Narrow ridges large number of stones on the soil surface. Landform position: Side slopes • Maintaining surface litter helps to increase the Shape of areas: Irregular infiltration of water and reduces seedling mortality Size of areas: 25 to 150 acres rates. • Planting shallow-rooted trees, such as shortleaf pine Composition and Virginia pine, helps to increase plant survival Cliffield soil and similar soils: 60 percent rates. Pigeonroost soil and similar soils: 30 percent Urban Development Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Typical Profile Dwellings Cliffield Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Slope and corrosivity Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly • Designing structures so that they conform to the sandy loam natural slope helps to improve soil performance. Subsoil: • Using corrosion-resistant materials for foundations 4 to 16 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam and basements helps to reduce the risk of damage to 16 to 30 inches—strong brown very cobbly loam concrete. Bedrock: Septic tank absorption fields 30 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured sillimanite Suitability: Poorly suited schist Management concerns: Depth to rock and slope Pigeonroost Management measures and considerations: • Locating and using the deeper soil inclusions within Surface layer: the map unit may improve the performance of filter 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam fields. Subsurface layer: • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to 5 to 10 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam improve the performance of septic tank absorption fields. Subsoil: 10 to 24 inches—strong brown gravelly loam Local roads and streets Bedrock: Suitability: Poorly suited 24 to 43 inches—weathered sillimanite schist Management concerns: Slope 43 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured sillimanite Management measures and considerations: schist • Designing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Soil Properties and Qualities help to maintain road stability. Depth class: Cliffield—moderately deep to hard bedrock; Pigeonroost—moderately deep to soft Interpretive Groups bedrock Land capability classification: Cliffield—6s; Drainage class: Well drained Pigeonroost—6e Permeability: Moderate Woodland ordination symbol: Cliffield—2R based on Available water capacity: Low scarlet oak as the indicator species; Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Cleveland County, North Carolina 41

Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: Slope class: Steep • Reforesting immediately after harvest using minimal Flooding: None site preparation and recommended tree species helps Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the to control erosion and the siltation of streams. original surface layer has been removed • Using cable logging methods helps to overcome Hazard of water erosion: Very severe equipment limitations and prevents the acceleration of Rock fragments on the surface: About 1 to 3 percent erosion caused by road construction, use of skid trails, stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 14 and disturbance of the forest floor by heavy inches in diameter and 10 to 25 feet apart machinery. Potential frost action: Moderate • Using cable logging methods helps to overcome Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid limited road and trail construction resulting from the throughout the profile large number of stones on the soil surface. Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- • Maintaining surface litter helps to increase the grade metamorphic rock infiltration of water and reduces seedling mortality Depth to bedrock: Cliffield—20 to 40 inches to hard rates. bedrock; Pigeonroost—20 to 40 inches to soft • Planting shallow-rooted trees, such as shortleaf pine bedrock and 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock and Virginia pine, helps to increase plant survival rates. Minor Components Urban Development Dissimilar: • Random areas of very deep Evard soils Dwellings • Very deep soils in coves Suitability: Unsuited Similar: Management concerns: Slope • Random areas of Cowee soils that have red subsoils Management measures and considerations: Land Use • This map unit is severely limited for urban development because of the slope. A site should be Dominant Uses: Woodland selected on better suited soils. Agricultural Development Septic tank absorption fields Cropland Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Slope Suitability: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Equipment use • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank Management measures and considerations: absorption fields because of the slope. The local • This map unit is severely limited for crop production Health Department should be contacted for guidance because of the slope. A site should be selected on in developing sanitary facilities. better suited soils. Local roads and streets Pasture and hayland Suitability: Unsuited Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Management concerns: Slope Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Equipment use • This map unit is severely limited for roads and Management measures and considerations: streets because of the slope. A site should be selected • Constructing trails helps to encourage livestock to on better suited soils. graze in areas where access is limited. • Application of lime, fertilizer, seed, and herbicides by Interpretive Groups hand helps to increase productivity in the steeper areas. Land capability classification: Cliffield—7s; Pigeonroost—7e Woodland Woodland ordination symbol: Cliffield—2R based on Suitability: Suited scarlet oak as the indicator species; Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Pigeonroost—12R based on chestnut oak as the seedling survival, and windthrow hazard indicator species 42 Soil Survey

CrF—Cliffield-Rock outcrop complex, 50 Potential frost action: Moderate to 95 percent slopes Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Setting grade metamorphic rock Landscape: Mountains Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock Landform: Narrow ridges Landform position: Side slopes Minor Components Shape of areas: Irregular Dissimilar: Size of areas: 25 to 250 acres • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a Composition depth of less than 20 inches Cliffield soil: 65 percent Land Use Rock outcrop: 25 percent Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Dominant Uses: Woodland Typical Profile Agricultural Development Cliffield Cropland Surface layer: 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Suitability: Unsuited sandy loam Management concerns: Equipment use Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • This map unit is severely limited for crop production. 4 to 16 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam A site should be selected on better suited soils. 16 to 30 inches—strong brown very cobbly loam Pasture and hayland Bedrock: 30 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured sillimanite Suitability: Unsuited schist Management concerns: Equipment use Management measures and considerations: Rock outcrop • This map unit is severely limited for the production of Rock outcrop consists of areas of exposed hard pasture and hay crops. A site should be selected on bedrock. better suited soils. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland of the Cliffield Soil Suitability: Poorly suited Depth class: Moderately deep to hard bedrock Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Drainage class: Well drained and windthrow hazard Permeability: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Low • Reforesting immediately after harvest using minimal Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet site preparation and recommended tree species helps Shrink-swell potential: Low to control erosion and the siltation of streams. Slope class: Very steep • Using cable logging methods helps to overcome Flooding: None equipment limitations and prevents the acceleration of Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the erosion caused by road construction, use of skid trails, original surface layer has been removed and disturbance of the forest floor by heavy Hazard of water erosion: Very severe machinery. Rock fragments on the surface: About 1 to 3 percent • Using cable logging methods helps to overcome stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 14 limited road and trail construction resulting from the inches in diameter and 10 to 25 feet apart large amount of rock outcrops. Extent of rock outcrops: About 25 percent rock • Planting shallow-rooted trees, such as shortleaf pine outcrops on the soil surface that average about 2 and Virginia pine, helps to increase plant survival to 4 feet in length, 3 to 6 feet in width, and 20 to 60 rates. feet apart Cleveland County, North Carolina 43

Urban Development Composition Dogue soil and similar soils: 85 percent Dwellings Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Suitability: Unsuited Typical Profile Management concerns: Slope Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • This map unit is severely limited for dwellings. A site 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam should be selected on better suited soils. Subsurface layer: 4 to 7 inches—light olive brown sandy loam Septic tank absorption fields Subsoil: Suitability: Unsuited 7 to 25 inches—strong brown clay loam that has light Management concerns: Slope olive brown iron depletions Management measures and considerations: 25 to 36 inches—brownish yellow clay loam that has • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank strong brown iron accumulations and light gray absorption fields. The local Health Department should iron depletions be contacted for guidance in developing sanitary 36 to 50 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam that has facilities. strong brown iron accumulations and light gray iron depletions Local roads and streets Underlying material: Suitability: Unsuited 50 to 60 inches—brownish yellow coarse sandy loam Management concerns: Slope Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • This map unit is severely limited for roads and Depth class: Very deep streets. A site should be selected on better suited Drainage class: Moderately well drained soils. Permeability: Moderately slow Interpretive Groups Available water capacity: High Seasonal high water table (depth, period): 1.5 to 3.0 Land capability classification: Cliffield—7s; Rock feet from January through March outcrop—none assigned Flooding: Rare Woodland ordination symbol: Cliffield—2R based on Shrink-swell potential: Moderate scarlet oak as the indicator species; Rock Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the outcrop—none assigned original surface layer has been removed Slope class: Gently sloping DAM—Dam Rock fragments on the surface: Less than 0.01 percent coverage This map unit is made up of several earthen dams. Potential frost action: Low The dams obstruct the flow of water from small creeks Soil reaction: Strongly acid to extremely acid; ranging and streams to form lakes and reservoirs throughout to slightly acid in the upper part of the soil in limed the county, including Kings Mountain City Lake, areas John H. Moss Reservoir, and Yates Houser Lake. Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches Minor Components DoB—Dogue sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent Dissimilar: slopes, rarely flooded • Poorly drained soils in depressions • The loamy, occasionally flooded Chewacla soils near Setting stream channels Landscape: Piedmont Similar: Landform: Low stream terraces • Dogue soils that have surface layers of moderately Landform position: Planar to slightly concave slopes eroded sandy clay loam or clay loam Shape of areas: Irregular • Soils that are similar to the Dogue soil but have less Size of areas: 5 to 15 acres clay in the subsoil 44 Soil Survey

• Soils that are similar to the Dogue soil but are less by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity acid and ensure planting success. Land Use Urban Development Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Dwellings Other Uses: Woodland Suitability: Suited Agricultural Development Management concerns: Wetness, flooding, and shrink- swell potential Cropland Management measures and considerations: • Reinforcing foundations or backfilling with coarse Suitability: Well suited material helps to strengthen buildings and prevents Commonly grown crops: Corn, small grain, and damage caused by shrinking and swelling. soybeans • Building structures on the highest part of the Management concerns: Erodibility, wetness, and landform and using artificial drainage systems help to limited size of areas reduce the risk of damage from wetness and flooding. Management measures and considerations: • Installing a subsurface drainage system helps to • Resource management systems that include lower the seasonal high water table. terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, no-till farming, and crop residue management help to Septic tank absorption fields minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize Suitability: Poorly suited the infiltration of rainfall. Management concerns: Restricted permeability and • Installing an artificial drainage system helps to wetness reduce the wetness limitation and improve soil Management measures and considerations: productivity. • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a • This map unit may be difficult to manage for crop sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table production because of the small size of its areas. helps to improve the performance of septic systems. Pasture and hayland • Onsite waste disposal systems may require special design. The local Health Department should be Suitability: Well suited contacted for additional guidance. Commonly grown crops: Tall fescue and clover Management concerns: Wetness and limited size of Local roads and streets areas Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Low strength and wetness • Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when Management measures and considerations: the soil is too wet helps to prevent soil compaction, • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface. compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. • Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams • Constructing roads on raised, well compacted fill and using pressure-fed watering tanks help to prevent material helps to overcome the wetness limitation. streambank caving, sedimentation, and water contamination by animal waste. Interpretive Groups • This map unit is difficult to manage for the Land capability classification: 2e production of pasture and hay crops because of the Woodland ordination symbol: 9A based on loblolly pine small size of its areas. as the indicator species Woodland Suitability: Well suited EvD—Evard-Cowee complex, 15 to 30 Management concerns: Equipment use percent slopes, stony Management measures and considerations: • Restricting the use of standard wheeled and tracked Setting equipment to dry periods helps to prevent the rutting and soil compaction that occur when the soil is Landscape: Mountains saturated. Landform: Divides • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Landform position: Evard—the less stony, concave Cleveland County, North Carolina 45

areas on summits; Cowee—the more stony, Soil reaction: Evard—moderately acid to very strongly convex areas on summits acid; Cowee—strongly acid to extremely acid Shape of areas: Irregular Depth to bedrock: Evard—more than 60 inches; Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres Cowee—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and typically 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock Composition Note: Areas of Evard and Cowee soils are too small in Minor Components size and too intricately mixed to be mapped Dissimilar: separately. • Cliffield soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of Evard soil and similar inclusions: 55 percent less than 40 inches; in landform positions similar to Cowee soil and similar inclusions: 40 percent those of the Evard and Cowee soils Dissimilar soils: 5 percent Similar soils: Typical Profile • Soils that are similar to the Evard and Cowee soils but have a higher content of mica Evard • Soils that are similar to the Evard soil but have more Surface layer: clay in the subsoil 1 inch to 0—semi-decomposed deciduous litter • Soils that are similar to the Evard and Cowee soils 0 to 6 inches—reddish brown sandy loam but have brown subsoils Subsoil: Land Use 6 to 31 inches—red sandy clay loam Dominant Uses: Woodland 31 to 43 inches—red sandy clay loam Other Uses: Dwellings Underlying material: 43 to 61 inches—red sandy loam saprolite Agricultural Development Cowee Cropland Surface layer: Suitability: Poorly suited 0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 5 to 10 inches—strong brown gravelly sandy loam • The successful application of resource management 10 to 28 inches—red sandy clay loam systems which control erosion and maintain soil 28 to 35 inches—red sandy clay loam fertility is difficult on these soils. • Special equipment or planning may be needed to Bedrock: plant and harvest crops safely on these soils. 35 inches—soft gneiss Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture and hayland Depth class: Evard—very deep; Cowee—moderately Suitability for pasture: Suited deep Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Permeability: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Evard—moderate; Cowee— • Planting adapted species helps to ensure the low production of high-quality forage and reduce the Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet hazard of erosion. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Special care is needed when renovating pastures Slope class: Moderately steep and establishing seedbeds to prevent further soil Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the erosion. original surface layer has been removed • Special equipment or planning may be needed to Rock fragments on the surface: 0.01 to 0.1 percent harvest or maintain forages safely on these soils. coverage • Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams Extent of rock outcrops: Less than 0.1 percent surface and using pressure-fed watering tanks help to prevent coverage streambank caving, sedimentation, and water Potential frost action: Moderate contamination by animal waste. 46 Soil Survey

Woodland adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Suitability: Evard—well suited; Cowee—suited • Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible Management concerns: Evard—equipment use and after construction helps to stabilize the soil and erodibility; Cowee—equipment use, erodibility, and prevents excessive soil erosion. windthrow hazard • Using suitable subgrade or base material helps to Management measures and considerations: minimize damage caused by frost heaving. • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the contour helps to overcome the slope limitation. Interpretive Groups • Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts Land capability classification: 6e helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and Woodland ordination symbol: Based on eastern white landings. pine as the indicator species, 8R in areas of the • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses Evard soil and 3R in areas of the Cowee soil and legumes helps to prevent erosion. • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to minimize siltation and provides EvE—Evard-Cowee complex, 30 to 50 shade for the water surface. percent slopes, stony • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the Setting Cowee soil helps to increase productivity. Landscape: Mountains Urban Development Landform: Divides Landform position: Evard—the less stony, concave Dwellings areas on summits and side slopes; Cowee—the Suitability: Poorly suited more stony, convex areas on summits and side Management concerns: Evard—slope; Cowee—slope slopes and depth to rock Shape of areas: Irregular Management measures and considerations: Size of areas: 10 to 400 acres • Sites should be selected in areas where the slope is least restrictive to construction and equipment use. Composition • Designing structures so that they conform to the Note: Areas of Evard and Cowee soils are too small in natural slope helps to improve soil performance. size and too intricately mixed to be mapped • Special excavation equipment may be needed to separately. increase the depth of the Cowee soil. • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as Evard soil and similar inclusions: 70 percent possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain Cowee soil and similar inclusions: 20 percent soil stability and keep sediments on site. Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Septic tank absorption fields Typical Profile Suitability: Poorly suited Evard Management concerns: Evard—restricted permeability and slope; Cowee—restricted permeability, slope, Surface layer: and depth to rock 1 inch to 0—semi-decomposed deciduous litter Management measures and considerations: 0 to 6 inches—reddish brown sandy loam • Onsite waste disposal systems in areas of this map Subsoil: unit may require special design. The local Health 6 to 31 inches—red sandy clay loam Department should be contacted for additional 31 to 43 inches—red sandy clay loam guidance. Underlying material: Local roads and streets 43 to 61 inches—red sandy loam saprolite Suitability: Poorly suited Cowee Management concerns: Slope and frost action Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • Designing roads on the contour and providing 0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam Cleveland County, North Carolina 47

Subsoil: because of the slope. A site should be selected on 5 to 10 inches—strong brown gravelly sandy loam better suited soils. 10 to 28 inches—red sandy clay loam Pasture and hayland 28 to 35 inches—red sandy clay loam Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Bedrock: Suitability for hayland: Unsuited 35 inches—soft gneiss Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • Special equipment or planning may be needed to Depth class: Evard—very deep; Cowee—moderately harvest or maintain forages safely on these soils. deep • Application of lime, fertilizer, seed, and herbicides by Drainage class: Well drained hand helps to increase productivity in the steeper Permeability: Moderate areas. Available water capacity: Evard—moderate; Cowee— low Woodland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Suited Shrink-swell potential: Low Management concerns: Evard—equipment use and Slope class: Steep erodibility; Cowee—equipment use, erodibility, and Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the windthrow hazard original surface layer has been removed Management measures and considerations: Rock fragments on the surface: 0.01 to 0.1 percent • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the coverage contour helps to overcome the slope limitation. Extent of rock outcrops: Less than 0.1 percent surface • Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts coverage helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and Potential frost action: Moderate landings. Soil reaction: Evard—moderately acid to very strongly • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses acid; Cowee—strongly acid to extremely acid and legumes helps to prevent erosion. Depth to bedrock: Evard—more than 60 inches; • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result Cowee—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the typically 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock Cowee soil helps to increase productivity. Minor Components • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent to streams helps to minimize siltation and provides Dissimilar: shade for the water surface. • Randomly scattered areas of small rock outcrops • These soils are best reforested by managing for • Cliffield soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of natural regeneration of hardwoods. less than 40 inches; in landform positions similar to those of the Evard and Cowee soils Urban Development Similar: Dwellings • Soils that are similar to the Evard and Cowee soils but have a higher content of mica Suitability: Poorly suited • Soils that are similar to the Evard and Cowee soils Management concerns: Evard—slope; Cowee—slope but have brown subsoils and depth to rock • Soils that are similar to the Evard soil but have Management measures and considerations: clayey subsoils • Sites should be selected in areas where the slope is least restrictive to construction and equipment use. Land Use • The need for special design of dwellings or high Dominant Uses: Woodland excavation costs can be expected. • Special excavation equipment may be needed to Agricultural Development increase the depth of the Cowee soil. Cropland Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Unsuited Suitability: Evard—poorly suited; Cowee—unsuited Management concerns: Management concerns: Evard—slope; Cowee—slope • This map unit is severely limited for crop production and depth to rock 48 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: Cowee • The local Health Department should be contacted Surface layer: for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. 0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam Local roads and streets Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 5 to 10 inches—strong brown gravelly sandy loam Management concerns: Slope and frost action 10 to 28 inches—red sandy clay loam Management measures and considerations: 28 to 35 inches—red sandy clay loam • Designing roads on the contour and providing Bedrock: adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, 35 inches—soft gneiss help to maintain road stability. • Using suitable subgrade or base material helps to Soil Properties and Qualities minimize damage caused by frost heaving. Depth class: Evard—very deep; Cowee—moderately Interpretive Groups deep Drainage class: Well drained Land capability classification: 7e Permeability: Moderate Woodland ordination symbol: Based on eastern white Available water capacity: Evard—moderate; Cowee— pine as the indicator species, 8R in areas of the low Evard soil and 3R in areas of the Cowee soil Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Shrink-swell potential: Low EwF—Evard-Cowee complex, 50 to 85 Slope class: Very steep percent slopes, rocky Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed Rock fragments on the surface: 0.01 to 0.1 percent Setting coverage Landscape: Mountains Extent of rock outcrops: 1 to 3 percent surface Landform: Divides and escarpments coverage Landform position: Evard—the less rocky, concave Potential frost action: Moderate areas on side slopes; Cowee—the more rocky, Soil reaction: Evard—moderately acid to very strongly convex areas on side slopes acid; Cowee—strongly acid to extremely acid Shape of areas: Irregular Depth to bedrock: Evard—more than 60 inches; Size of areas: 10 to 1,000 acres Cowee—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and typically 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock Composition Note: Areas of Evard and Cowee soils are too small in Minor Components size and too intricately mixed to be mapped Dissimilar: separately. • Cliffield soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of Evard soil and similar soils: 60 percent less than 40 inches; in landform positions similar to Cowee soil and similar soils: 30 percent those of the Evard and Cowee soils Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Similar: Typical Profile • Soils that are similar to the Evard and Cowee soils but have a higher content of mica Evard • Soils that are similar to the Evard and Cowee soils Surface layer: but have brown subsoils 1 inch to 0—semi-decomposed deciduous litter Land Use 0 to 6 inches—reddish brown sandy loam Dominant Uses: Woodland Subsoil: 6 to 31 inches—red sandy clay loam Agricultural Development 31 to 43 inches—red sandy clay loam Cropland Underlying material: 43 to 61 inches—red sandy loam saprolite Suitability: Unsuited Cleveland County, North Carolina 49

Management concerns: Woodland ordination symbol: Based on eastern white • This map unit is severely limited for crop production pine as the indicator species, 8R in areas of the because of the slope and rockiness. A site should be Evard soil and 3R in areas of the Cowee soil selected on better suited soils. Pasture and hayland GrD—Grover gravelly sandy loam, 15 to Suitability: Unsuited 30 percent slopes, rocky Management concerns: • This map unit is severely limited for the production of Setting pasture and hay crops because of the slope and Landscape: Piedmont rockiness. A site should be selected on better suited Landform: Ridges soils. Landform position: Side slopes Woodland Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Size of areas: 15 to 75 acres Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Evard—equipment use, Composition rockiness, and erodibility; Cowee—equipment use, Grover soil and similar soils: 85 percent rockiness, erodibility, and windthrow hazard Dissimilar soils: 15 percent Management measures and considerations: • Using cable logging methods helps to overcome Typical Profile equipment limitations and prevents the acceleration of Surface layer: erosion caused by road construction and skid trails. 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result that has many flakes of mica from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the Cowee soil helps to increase productivity. Subsurface layer: • These soils are best reforested by managing for 5 to 13 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam that has natural regeneration of hardwoods. many flakes of mica Urban Development Subsoil: 13 to 27 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that Dwellings has many flakes of mica 27 to 35 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam that has Suitability: Unsuited many flakes of mica Management concerns: • This map unit is severely limited for dwellings. A site Underlying material: should be selected on better suited soils. 35 to 57 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam that has many flakes of mica Septic tank absorption fields 57 to 72 inches—very pale brown and brownish yellow Suitability: Unsuited loamy sand that has many flakes of mica Management concerns: Soil Properties and Qualities • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank absorption fields because of the slope and depth to Depth class: Very deep rock. The local Health Department should be Drainage class: Well drained contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate Local roads and streets Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Suitability: Unsuited Shrink-swell potential: Low Management concerns: Slope class: Moderately steep • This map unit is severely limited for local roads and Flooding: None streets because of the slope and rockiness. A site Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the should be selected on better suited soils. original surface layer has been removed Hazard of water erosion: Very severe Interpretive Groups Soil reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid Land capability classification: 7e Rock fragments on the surface: About 1 to 3 percent 50 Soil Survey

stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 14 Woodland inches in diameter and 15 to 25 feet apart Suitability: Suited Extent of rock outcrops: Few scattered rock outcrops Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use that are about 3 to 5 feet in length, 2 to 4 feet in Management measures and considerations: width, and 300 feet apart • Establishing permanent plant cover on roads and Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic landings after logging operations helps to minimize soil igneous rock with a high content of mica erosion and the siltation of streams. Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the contour helps to overcome the slope limitation. Minor Components • Roads and skid trails should be constructed on the Dissimilar: contour and around rock outcrops, where possible. • Madison soils that have moderately eroded surface • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended layers and clayey subsoils; on the outer edger of map by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity units and ensure planting success. • Saw soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches; near areas of rock outcrop Urban Development Similar: Dwellings • Random areas of Grover soils that have thicker subsoils Suitability: Poorly suited • Random areas of Hulett soils that have clayey Management concerns: Slope subsoils Management measures and considerations: • Designing structures on the contour with the natural Land Use slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to Dominant Uses: Woodland improve soil performance. Other Uses: Pasture and hayland Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Poorly suited Agricultural Development Management concerns: Slope Management measures and considerations: Cropland • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to Suitability: Unsuited improve the performance of septic tank absorption Management concerns: Equipment use fields. Management measures and considerations: • The Cleveland County Health Department should be • This map unit is severely limited for crop production contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. because of the slope and rockiness. A site should be Local roads and streets selected on better suited soils. Suitability: Poorly suited Pasture and hayland Management concerns: Slope and low strength Management measures and considerations: Suitability for pasture: Suited • Designing roads on the contour and providing Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Management concerns: Equipment use and soil help to maintain road stability. fertility • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil, Management measures and considerations: compacting roadbeds, and designing roads so that • The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas. they conform to the natural slope help to improve soil • This map unit is difficult to manage for pasture and strength. hayland because of the areas of rock outcrop. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Interpretive Groups recommendations based on soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and Land capability classification: 6e maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Woodland ordination symbol: 8R based on shortleaf or renovating hayland and pasture. pine as the indicator species Cleveland County, North Carolina 51

GvE—Grover gravelly sandy loam, 30 to Minor Components 60 percent slopes, very stony Dissimilar: • Randomly scattered areas of small rock outcrops • Ashlar soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of Setting less than 40 inches; in stony or bouldery areas or near Landscape: Piedmont small rock outcrops Landform: Divides • Bethlehem soils that have soft bedrock at a depth of Landform position: Side slopes less than 40 inches; in landform positions similar to Shape of areas: Irregular those of the Grover soil Size of areas: 15 to 100 acres Similar: • Soils that are similar to the Grover soil but have a Composition lower content of mica Grover soil and similar soils: 90 percent • Soils that are similar to the Grover soil but have Dissimilar soils: 10 percent clayey subsoils Land Use Typical Profile Dominant Uses: Woodland Surface layer: Other Uses: Pasture 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam that has many flakes of mica Agricultural Development Subsurface layer: 5 to 13 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam that has Cropland many flakes of mica Suitability: Unsuited Subsoil: Management concerns: 13 to 27 inches—strong brown sandy clay loam that • This map unit is severely limited for crop production has many flakes of mica because of the slope. A site should be selected on 27 to 35 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam that has better suited soils. many flakes of mica Pasture and hayland Underlying material: Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited 35 to 57 inches—brownish yellow sandy loam that has Suitability for hayland: Unsuited many flakes of mica Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use 57 to 72 inches—very pale brown and brownish yellow Management measures and considerations: loamy sand that has many flakes of mica • Special equipment or planning may be needed to harvest or maintain forages safely on this soil. Soil Properties and Qualities • Application of lime, fertilizer, seed, and herbicides by Depth class: Very deep hand helps to increase productivity in the steeper Drainage class: Well drained areas. Permeability: Moderate Woodland Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet Suitability: Suited Shrink-swell potential: Low Management concerns: Equipment use and erodibility Slope class: Steep Management measures and considerations: Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the original surface layer has been removed contour helps to overcome the slope limitation. Rock fragments on the surface: About 1 to 3 percent • Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 14 helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and inches in diameter and 10 to 25 feet apart landings. Potential frost action: Low • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses Soil reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid and legumes helps to prevent erosion. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches • Leaving a buffer zone of trees and shrubs adjacent 52 Soil Survey

to streams helps to minimize siltation and provides Subsurface layer: shade for the water surface. 7 to 14 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Urban Development Subsoil: 14 to 26 inches—light yellowish brown sandy clay that Dwellings has light brownish gray iron depletions and strong brown iron accumulations Suitability: Unsuited 26 to 50 inches—light yellowish brown clay that has Management concerns: light brownish gray iron depletions and strong • This map unit is severely limited for dwellings brown and red iron accumulations because of the slope. A site should be selected on 50 to 56 inches—light gray sandy clay that has strong better suited soils. brown iron accumulations Septic tank absorption fields 56 to 60 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has light yellowish brown and strong brown iron Suitability: Unsuited accumulations Management concerns: • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank Worsham absorption fields because of the slope. The local Surface layer: Health Department should be contacted for guidance 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam that in developing sanitary facilities. has yellowish red iron accumulations Local roads and streets 5 to 12 inches—grayish brown sandy loam that has yellowish red iron accumulations Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Subsoil: • This map unit is severely limited for roads and 12 to 20 inches—gray clay that has dark gray iron streets because of the slope and low strength. A site depletions and yellowish red iron accumulations should be selected on better suited soils. 20 to 55 inches—gray clay that has dark gray iron depletions and yellowish red iron accumulations Interpretive Groups 55 to 60 inches—gray sandy clay loam that has white Land capability classification: 7e and dark gray iron depletions Woodland ordination symbol: 8R based on shortleaf Soil Properties and Qualities pine as the indicator species Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Helena—moderately well drained; HeB—Helena-Worsham complex, 1 to 6 Worsham—poorly drained percent slopes Permeability: Helena—slow; Worsham—slow or very slow Setting Available water capacity: Helena—moderate or high; Worsham—high or very high Landscape: Piedmont Seasonal high water table (depth, period): Helena— Landform: Upland drainageways and the head of 1.5 to 2.5 feet from January through April; drains Worsham—0 to 1.0 foot from November through Landform position: Footslopes and toeslopes April Shape of areas: Elongated Shrink-swell potential: Helena—high; Worsham— Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres moderate Composition Slope class: Nearly level or gently sloping Flooding: None Helena soil and similar soils: 70 percent Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Worsham soil and similar soils: 25 percent original surface layer has been removed Dissimilar soils: 5 percent Hazard of water erosion: Helena—slight or moderate; Typical Profile Worsham—slight Soil reaction: Helena—extremely acid to strongly acid Helena throughout the profile, except where surface layers Surface layer: have been limed; Worsham—very strongly acid or 0 to 7 inches—brown sandy loam strongly acid throughout the profile Cleveland County, North Carolina 53

Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- undesirable plants; Worsham—equipment use, grade metamorphic or igneous rock seedling survival, and competition from Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches undesirable plants Management measures and considerations: Minor Components • Using low-pressure ground equipment helps to Dissimilar: prevent rutting of the soil surface and damage to tree • Well drained soils on the outer edge of map units roots due to soil compaction. • Maintaining drainageways and planting trees that Similar: are tolerant of wetness help to increase seedling • Random areas of somewhat poorly drained soils survival rates. • Random areas of soils that are similar to the Helena • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, soil but have less clay in the subsoil prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help Land Use to reduce competition from unwanted plants. • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Dominant Uses: Woodland by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity Other Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland and ensure planting success. Agricultural Development Urban Development Cropland Dwellings Suitability: Helena—well suited; Worsham—poorly Suitability: Poorly suited suited Management concerns: Helena—wetness, shrink- Management concerns: Wetness and soil fertility swell potential, and corrosivity; Worsham— Management measures and considerations: wetness and corrosivity • Planting wetness-tolerant species in undrained Management measures and considerations: areas helps to improve soil productivity. • Building structures on the highest part of the • Installing a drainage system that includes open landform and using artificial drainage systems help to ditches, perforated tile, or land shaping helps to reduce the risk of damage from wetness. increase soil productivity. • Reinforcing foundations or backfilling with coarse • Applying lime and fertilizer according to material helps to strengthen buildings and prevents recommendations based on soil tests helps to damage caused by shrinking and swelling. increase the availability of plant nutrients and • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce maximize crop productivity. the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Pasture and hayland Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Helena—well suited; Worsham—poorly suited Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Wetness and soil fertility Management concerns: Restricted permeability and Management measures and considerations: wetness • Preventing overgrazing or preventing grazing when Management measures and considerations: the soils are too wet helps to prevent soil compaction, • Using suitable fill material to raise the filter field a decreased productivity, and a rough soil surface. sufficient distance above the seasonal high water table • Applying lime and fertilizer according to helps to improve the performance of septic systems. recommendations based on soil tests helps to • Accessing public sewage system outlets eliminates increase the availability of plant nutrients and the need to use these severely limited soils for septic maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, tank systems. or renovating hayland and pasture. • The Cleveland County Health Department should be • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and Local roads and streets increase productivity. Suitability: Poorly suited Woodland Management concerns: Helena—shrink-swell Suitability: Helena—well suited; Worsham—suited potential, wetness, and low strength; Worsham— Management concerns: Helena—competition from wetness and low strength 54 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: 56 to 72 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam saprolite • Removing as much of the shrink-swell clay as that has red and strong brown iron accumulations possible and increasing the thickness of the base Soil Properties and Qualities aggravate help to improve soil performance. • Installing geotextile fabric between the base Depth class: Very deep aggravate and the final surface of the road helps to Drainage class: Well drained improve soil performance. Permeability: Moderate • Constructing roads on raised, well compacted fill Available water capacity: Moderate material helps to overcome the wetness limitation. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and Shrink-swell potential: Low compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Slope class: Gently sloping Flooding: None Interpretive Groups Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Land capability classification: Helena—2e; Worsham— original surface layer has been removed 4w Hazard of water erosion: Moderate Woodland ordination symbol: Helena—8A based on Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in loblolly pine as the indicator species; Worsham— the surface layer, except in limed areas, and very 9W based on yellow-poplar as the indicator strongly acid or strongly acid in the subsoil and species underlying material Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic igneous rock with a high content of mica HhB—Hulett gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 8 Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches percent slopes Minor Components Setting Dissimilar: Landscape: Piedmont • Madison soils that have moderately eroded surface Landform: Broad ridges layers and red subsoils; on the outer edge of map Landform position: Interfluves units Shape of areas: Irregular • Saw soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of less Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres than 40 inches; near small areas of rock outcrop Composition Similar: • Random areas of Hulett soils that have less gravel in Hulett soil and similar soils: 90 percent the surface layer Dissimilar soils: 10 percent • Random areas of Hulett soils that have thicker Typical Profile subsoils Surface layer: Land Use 0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Subsoil: Other Uses: Woodland 8 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish red and reddish yellow iron accumulations and Agricultural Development many flakes of mica 19 to 27 inches—yellowish red clay that has red, Cropland reddish yellow, and yellowish brown iron Suitability: Well suited accumulations and many flakes of mica Management concerns: Soil fertility 27 to 37 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has Management measures and considerations: reddish yellow, strong brown, and red iron • Using conservation tillage, winter cover crops, crop accumulations residue management, and crop rotations which Underlying material: include grasses and legumes helps to increase the 37 to 56 inches—reddish yellow sandy clay loam available water capacity and improve soil fertility. saprolite that has red and strong brown iron • Applying lime and fertilizer according to accumulations recommendations based on soil tests helps to Cleveland County, North Carolina 55

increase the availability of plant nutrients and Interpretive Groups maximize crop productivity. Land capability classification: 2e Pasture and hayland Woodland ordination symbol: 8A based on loblolly pine as the indicator species Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: Soil fertility Management measures and considerations: HtC—Hulett gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 • Applying lime and fertilizer according to percent slopes, stony recommendations based on soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and Setting maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating hayland and pasture. Landscape: Piedmont • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and Landform: Ridges harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes increase productivity. Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Woodland Composition Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: No significant limitations Hulett soil and similar soils: 90 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 10 percent • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Typical Profile by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity and ensure planting success. Surface layer: 0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Urban Development Subsoil: Dwellings 8 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish red and reddish yellow iron accumulations and Suitability: Well suited many flakes of mica Management concerns: Erodibility and corrosivity 19 to 27 inches—yellowish red clay that has red, Management measures and considerations: reddish yellow, and yellowish brown iron • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- accumulations and many flakes of mica control structures, such as sediment fences and catch 27 to 37 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. reddish yellow, strong brown, and red iron • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce accumulations the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Underlying material: Septic tank absorption fields 37 to 56 inches—reddish yellow sandy clay loam Suitability: Suited saprolite that has red and strong brown iron Management concerns: Restricted permeability accumulations Management measures and considerations: 56 to 72 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam saprolite • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to that has red and strong brown iron accumulations improve the performance of septic tanks. Soil Properties and Qualities • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems during periods when the soil is not wet helps to Depth class: Very deep prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. Drainage class: Well drained • The Cleveland County Health Department should be Permeability: Moderate contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Local roads and streets Shrink-swell potential: Low Suitability: Suited Slope class: Strongly sloping Management concerns: Low strength Flooding: None Management measures and considerations: Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and original surface layer has been removed compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Hazard of water erosion: Severe 56 Soil Survey

Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered Management measures and considerations: stones and cobbles that average about 8 to 14 • Removing the larger stones or limiting equipment inches in diameter and 30 to 60 feet apart use to the larger open areas may be needed. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper the surface layer, except in limed areas, and very areas when harvesting hay crops. strongly acid or strongly acid in the subsoil and • Applying lime and fertilizer according to underlying material recommendations based on soil tests helps to Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic increase the availability of plant nutrients and igneous rock with a high content of mica maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches or renovating hayland and pasture. • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and Minor Components harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and Dissimilar: increase productivity. • Random areas of moderately eroded Hulett soils Woodland that have surface layers of sandy clay loam Suitability: Well suited Similar: Management concerns: Equipment use • Random areas of Grover soils that have less clay in Management measures and considerations: the subsoil • Restricting logging operations to periods when the Land Use soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil surface and possible root damage from compaction. Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Other Uses: Woodland by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity and ensure planting success. Agricultural Development Urban Development Cropland Dwellings Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Suitability: Suited and soil fertility Management concerns: Erodibility, slope, and Management measures and considerations: corrosivity • Resource management systems that include Management measures and considerations: conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize soil stability and keep sediments on site. the infiltration of water. • Designing structures so that they conform to the • Removing the larger stones and limiting equipment natural slope helps to improve soil performance. use to the larger open areas help to improve • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce workability of this soil. the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. • Using resource management systems that Septic tank absorption fields emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to Suitability: Suited increase the available water capacity. Management concerns: Restricted permeability and • Applying lime and fertilizer according to slope recommendations based on soil tests helps to Management measures and considerations: increase the availability of plant nutrients and • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to maximize crop productivity. improve the performance of septic tanks. • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Pasture and hayland during periods when the soil is not wet helps to Suitability for pasture: Well suited prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. Suitability for hayland: Suited • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to Management concerns: Equipment use and soil improve the performance of septic tank absorption fertility fields. Cleveland County, North Carolina 57

• The Cleveland County Health Department should be 56 to 72 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam saprolite contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. that has red and strong brown iron accumulations Local roads and streets Saw Suitability: Suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Low strength and slope 0 to 5 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay loam Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and 5 to 21 inches—red clay compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. 21 to 31 inches—red clay loam that has yellowish red • Designing roads on the contour and providing iron accumulations adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Bedrock: 31 inches—unweathered, moderately fractured granite Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: 4e Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland ordination symbol: 8A based on loblolly pine Depth class: Hulett—very deep; Saw—moderately as the indicator species deep Drainage class: Well drained HuC—Hulett-Saw complex, 4 to 15 Permeability: Moderate percent slopes, very rocky Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Low Setting Slope class: Gently sloping or strongly sloping Landscape: Piedmont Flooding: None Landform: Ridges Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes original surface layer has been removed Shape of areas: Irregular Hazard of water erosion: Severe Size of areas: 10 to 30 acres Soil reaction: Hulett—very strongly acid to moderately acid in the A horizon and very strongly acid or Composition strongly acid in the B and C horizons; Saw—very Hulett soil and similar soils: 70 percent strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the Saw soil and similar soils: 20 percent profile, except where surface layers have been Dissimilar soils: 10 percent limed Extent of rock outcrops: About 5 percent rock outcrops Typical Profile on the soil surface that average about 4 feet in Hulett length, 3 feet in width, and 20 to 100 feet apart Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Surface layer: grade metamorphic and igneous rock 0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Depth to bedrock: Hulett—60 to more than 72 inches; Subsoil: Saw—20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock 8 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish Minor Components red and reddish yellow iron accumulations and many flakes of mica Dissimilar: 19 to 27 inches—yellowish red clay that has red, • Wake soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of less reddish yellow, and yellowish brown iron than 20 inches; near areas of rock outcrop accumulations and many flakes of mica • Bethlehem soils that have soft bedrock at a depth of 27 to 37 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has less than 40 inches; near areas underlain by high- reddish yellow, strong brown, and red iron grade metamorphic rock accumulations • Soils that have hard bedrock between depths of 40 and 60 inches Underlying material: 37 to 56 inches—reddish yellow sandy clay loam Similar: saprolite that has red and strong brown iron • Grover soils that have less clay in the subsoil than accumulations the Hulett and Saw soils 58 Soil Survey

• Soils that are similar to the Saw soil but have less Management measures and considerations: clay in the subsoil • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the Land Use Saw soil helps to increase productivity. Dominant Uses: Pasture, hayland, and woodland • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Other Uses: Cropland by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity and ensure planting success. Agricultural Development Urban Development Cropland Dwellings Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Suitability: Hulett—suited; Saw—poorly suited and soil fertility Management concerns: Hulett—erodibility, slope, and Management measures and considerations: corrosivity; Saw—erodibility, slope, depth to rock, • Resource management systems that include and corrosivity conservation tillage, crop residue management, Management measures and considerations: stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain the infiltration of water. soil stability and keep sediments on site. • This map unit is difficult to manage for cropland • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps because of the areas of rock outcrop. to reduce damage from surface water and prevents • Using resource management systems that soil erosion. emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be • Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to equipment is needed to increase the depth of the Saw increase the available water capacity. soil. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce recommendations based on soil tests helps to the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximize crop productivity. Septic tank absorption fields Pasture and hayland Suitability: Hulett—suited; Saw—poorly suited Management concerns: Hulett—restricted permeability Suitability for pasture: Well suited and slope; Saw—depth to rock and slope Suitability for hayland: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Equipment use and soil • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems fertility during periods when the soils are not wet helps to Management measures and considerations: prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper • Raking trench walls helps to reduce the sealing of areas when harvesting hay crops. soil pores which may occur during the excavation of • This map unit is difficult to manage for pasture and septic tank absorption fields. hayland because of the areas of rock outcrop. • Locating and using areas of the deeper Hulett soil • Applying lime and fertilizer according to may improve the performance of filter fields. recommendations based on soil tests helps to • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and improve the performance of septic tank absorption maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, fields. or renovating hayland and pasture. • The Cleveland County Health Department should be • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and increase productivity. Local roads and streets Woodland Suitability: Hulett—suited; Saw—poorly suited Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: Hulett—low strength and Management concerns: Hulett—no significant slope; Saw—depth to bedrock, low strength, and limitations; Saw—windthrow hazard slope Cleveland County, North Carolina 59

Management measures and considerations: Urban land • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and Urban land consists of areas that are covered by compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. streets, parking lots, driveways, or buildings. A typical • Designing roads on the contour and providing profile is not given. adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Soil Properties and Qualities • Blasting or special grading equipment may be of the Hulett Soil needed to construct roads in areas of the Saw soil. Depth class: Very deep Interpretive Groups Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Land capability classification: Hulett—4e; Saw—3e Available water capacity: Moderate Woodland ordination symbol: Hulett—8A based on Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet loblolly pine as the indicator species; Saw—6D Shrink-swell potential: Low based on shortleaf pine as the indicator species Slope class: Gently sloping Flooding: None HwB—Hulett-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the percent slopes original surface layer has been removed Hazard of water erosion: Moderate Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in Setting the surface layer, except in limed areas, and very Landscape: Piedmont strongly acid or strongly acid in the subsoil and Landform: Broad ridges underlying material Landform position: Interfluves Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic Shape of areas: Irregular igneous rock with a high content of mica Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Composition Minor Components Hulett soil and similar soils: 65 percent Dissimilar: Urban land: 25 percent • Cut and fill areas where the natural soils have been Dissimilar soils: 10 percent altered or covered and the slope modified • Random areas of Hulett soils that have a moderately Typical Profile eroded surface layer Hulett Similar: Surface layer: • Random areas of Hulett soils that have thicker 0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam subsoils Subsoil: Land Use 8 to 19 inches—strong brown clay that has yellowish Dominant Uses: Urban development red and reddish yellow iron accumulations and many flakes of mica Agricultural Development 19 to 27 inches—yellowish red clay that has red, reddish yellow, and yellowish brown iron Cropland accumulations and many flakes of mica Suitability: Poorly suited 27 to 37 inches—yellowish red clay loam that has Management concerns: Limited size of areas reddish yellow, strong brown, and red iron Management measures and considerations: accumulations • This map unit is difficult to manage for crop Underlying material: production because of the limited size of its areas, 37 to 56 inches—reddish yellow sandy clay loam intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly saprolite that has red and strong brown iron disturbed soils. accumulations Pasture and hayland 56 to 72 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam saprolite that has red and strong brown iron accumulations Suitability: Poorly suited 60 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Limited size of areas Local roads and streets Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Hulett—suited; Urban land—none assigned • This map unit is difficult to manage for the Management concerns: Low soil strength production of pasture and hay crops because of the Management measures and considerations: limited size of its areas, intermittent areas of urban • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and land, and areas of highly disturbed soils. compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Woodland Interpretive Groups Suitability: Poorly suited Land capability classification: Hulett—2e; Urban Management concerns: Limited size of areas land—none assigned Management measures and considerations: Woodland ordination symbol: Hulett—8A based on • This map unit is difficult to manage for timber loblolly pine as the indicator species; Urban land— production because of the limited size of its areas, none assigned intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly disturbed soils. • Although timber production is rarely feasible in this MaB2—Madison gravelly sandy clay loam, map unit, planting trees has aesthetic benefits. 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended eroded by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity and ensure planting success. Setting Urban Development Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Ridges Dwellings Landform position: Interfluves Suitability: Hulett—well suited; Urban land—variable Shape of areas: Irregular Management concerns: Hulett—erodibility and Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres corrosivity; Urban land—excessive surface water Composition runoff Management measures and considerations: Madison soil and similar soils: 85 percent • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- Dissimilar soils: 15 percent control structures, such as sediment fences and catch Typical Profile basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Surface layer: the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. 0 to 6 inches—strong brown gravelly sandy clay loam • Water-control structures, such as diversions and that has few flakes of mica storm drains, are needed to control the increased Subsoil: surface water runoff from Urban land. 6 to 24 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Septic tank absorption fields accumulations and common flakes of mica 24 to 37 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Suitability: Hulett—suited; Urban land—variable accumulations and many flakes of mica Management concerns: Restricted permeability in 37 to 50 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish areas of the Hulett soil yellow and reddish brown iron accumulations and Management measures and considerations: many flakes of mica • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to improve the performance of septic tanks. Underlying material: • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems 50 to 72 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam that has during periods when the soil is not wet helps to yellowish red, reddish brown, and brownish yellow prevent smearing and sealing of trench walls. iron accumulations and many flakes of mica • Onsite investigation is needed before planning the Soil Properties and Qualities use and management of this map unit for septic tank absorption fields. Depth class: Very deep • The Cleveland County Health Department should be Drainage class: Well drained contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Permeability: Moderate Cleveland County, North Carolina 61

Available water capacity: Moderate increase the availability of plant nutrients and Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet maximize crop productivity. Shrink-swell potential: Low Pasture and hayland Slope class: Gently sloping Flooding: None Suitability: Well suited Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility the original surface layer has been removed Management measures and considerations: Hazard of water erosion: Severe • Planting adapted species helps to ensure the Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid production of high-quality forage and reduce the throughout the profile, except where surface layers hazard of erosion. have been limed • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- recommendations based on soil tests helps to grade metamorphic or igneous rock with a high increase the availability of plant nutrients and content of mica maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches or renovating hayland and pasture. • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and Minor Components harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and Dissimilar: increase productivity. • Random areas of Cecil soils that have less mica in Woodland the subsoil than the Madison soil • Bethlehem soils that have soft bedrock at a depth of Suitability: Well suited less than 40 inches; on the outer edge of map units Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling survival Similar: Management measures and considerations: • Random areas of Madison soils that have less • Restricting logging operations to periods when the gravel in the surface layer soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil • Hulett soils which have yellow or brown subsoils; in surface and possible root damage from compaction. the slightly lower-lying positions • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and Land Use bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Other Uses: Woodland by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity and ensure planting success. Agricultural Development Urban Development Cropland Suitability: Well suited Dwellings Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Suitability: Well suited tilth, and soil fertility Management concerns: Erodibility and corrosivity Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Resource management systems that include • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, control structures, such as sediment fences and catch no-till farming, and crop residue management help to basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce the infiltration of rainfall. the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. • Using resource management systems that emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be Septic tank absorption fields considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to increase the available water capacity. Suitability: Suited • Incorporating crop residue into the soil or leaving Management concerns: Restricted permeability residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding Management measures and considerations: and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to • Applying lime and fertilizer according to improve the performance of septic tanks. recommendations based on soil tests helps to • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems 62 Soil Survey

during periods when the soil is not wet helps to Available water capacity: Moderate prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Low Local roads and streets Slope class: Strongly sloping Suitability: Suited Flooding: None Management concerns: Low strength Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of Management measures and considerations: the original surface layer has been removed • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and Hazard of water erosion: Very severe compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, except where surface layers Interpretive Groups have been limed Land capability classification: 3e Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered Woodland ordination symbol: 6C based on shortleaf stones and cobbles that average about 8 to 10 pine as the indicator species inches in diameter and 30 to 50 feet apart Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic rock with a high content of MaC2—Madison gravelly sandy clay loam, mica 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches eroded Minor Components Setting Dissimilar: • Random areas of Bethlehem soils that have soft Landscape: Piedmont bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches Landform: Ridges Landform position: Side slopes Similar: Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated • Hulett soils that have yellow or brown subsoils Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres • Grover soils that have yellow or brown subsoils and less clay in the subsoil than the Madison soil Composition Land Use Madison soil and similar soils: 95 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 percent Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Other Uses: Woodland Typical Profile Agricultural Development Surface layer: 0 to 6 inches—strong brown gravelly sandy clay loam Cropland that has few flakes of mica Suitability: Suited Subsoil: Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, 6 to 24 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron and soil fertility accumulations and common flakes of mica Management measures and considerations: 24 to 37 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron • Resource management systems that include accumulations and many flakes of mica conservation tillage, crop residue management, 37 to 50 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to reduce yellow and reddish brown iron accumulations and further soil erosion by stabilizing the soil, controlling many flakes of mica surface runoff, and maximizing the infiltration of water. Underlying material: • Removing the larger stones and limiting equipment 50 to 72 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam that has use to the larger open areas help to improve yellowish red, reddish brown, and brownish yellow workability of this soil. iron accumulations and many flakes of mica • Using resource management systems that emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be Soil Properties and Qualities considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to Depth class: Very deep increase the available water capacity. Drainage class: Well drained • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Permeability: Moderate recommendations based on soil tests helps to Cleveland County, North Carolina 63

increase the availability of plant nutrients and Septic tank absorption fields maximize crop productivity. Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Restricted permeability and Pasture and hayland slope Suitability for pasture: Well suited Management measures and considerations: Suitability for hayland: Suited • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, during periods when the soil is not wet helps to and soil fertility prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. Management measures and considerations: • Raking trench walls helps to reduce the sealing of • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the soil pores which may occur during the excavation of slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and septic tank absorption fields. increases germination. • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to • Removing the larger stones or limiting equipment improve the performance of septic tank absorption use to the larger open areas may be needed. fields. • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper • The Cleveland County Health Department should be areas when harvesting hay crops. contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Local roads and streets recommendations based on soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and Suitability: Suited maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Management concerns: Low strength and slope or renovating hayland and pasture. Management measures and considerations: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and Woodland compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. • Designing roads on the contour and providing Suitability: Suited adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling helps to maintain soil stability. survival Management measures and considerations: Interpretive Groups • Restricting logging operations to periods when the soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil Land capability classification: 4e surface and possible root damage from compaction. Woodland ordination symbol: 7A based on shortleaf • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and pine as the indicator species bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended MbB2—Madison-Bethlehem complex, 2 to by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity 8 percent slopes, stony, moderately and ensure planting success. eroded Urban Development Setting Dwellings Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Ridges Suitability: Suited Landform position: Madison—plane to slightly convex Management concerns: Erodibility, slope, and shoulder slopes and summits; Bethlehem—convex corrosivity summits Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Irregular • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as Size of areas: 15 to 300 acres possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain soil stability and keep sediments on site. Composition • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps to reduce damage from surface water and prevents Madison soil and similar soils: 70 percent soil erosion. Bethlehem soil and similar soils: 15 percent • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Dissimilar soils: 15 percent the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. 64 Soil Survey

Typical Profile grade metamorphic rock with a high content of mica Madison Depth to bedrock: Madison—more than 72 inches; Surface layer: Bethlehem—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock 0 to 6 inches—strong brown gravelly sandy clay loam Minor Components that has few flakes of mica Dissimilar: Subsoil: • Random areas of Grover soils that have less clay in 6 to 24 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron the subsoil than the Madison and Bethlehem soils accumulations and common flakes of mica • Random areas of Hulett soils that have yellow or 24 to 37 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron brown subsoils accumulations and many flakes of mica 37 to 50 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish Similar: yellow and reddish brown iron accumulations and • Eroded Madison soils many flakes of mica • Eroded Bethlehem soils Underlying material: Land Use 50 to 72 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam that has Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland yellowish red, reddish brown, and brownish yellow Other Uses: Woodland iron accumulations and many flakes of mica Agricultural Development Bethlehem Surface layer: Cropland 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam Suitability: Suited Subsoil: Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use 8 to 30 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Management measures and considerations: accumulations • Resource management systems that include 30 to 34 inches—red gravelly sandy clay loam that has terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, reddish yellow iron accumulations no-till farming, and crop residue management help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize Bedrock: the infiltration of rainfall. 34 to 45 inches—weathered mica schist • Removing the larger stones and limiting equipment 45 inches—unweathered mica schist use to the larger open areas helps to improve workability of these soils. Soil Properties and Qualities • Using resource management systems that Depth class: Madison—very deep; Bethlehem— emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be moderately deep considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to Drainage class: Well drained increase the available water capacity. Permeability: Moderate Pasture and hayland Available water capacity: Madison—moderate; Bethlehem—low Suitability: Well suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management concerns: Equipment use and soil Shrink-swell potential: Low fertility Slope class: Gently sloping Management measures and considerations: Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of • Removing the larger stones or limiting equipment the original surface layer has been removed use to the larger open areas may be needed. Hazard of water erosion: Severe • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid recommendations based on soil tests helps to throughout the profile, except where surface layers increase the availability of plant nutrients and have been limed maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered or renovating hayland and pasture. stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 12 Woodland inches in diameter and 30 to 50 feet apart Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Suitability: Suited Cleveland County, North Carolina 65

Management concerns: Madison—equipment use and Interpretive Groups seedling survival; Bethlehem—equipment use, Land capability classification: 3e seedling survival, and windthrow hazard Woodland ordination symbol: Based on shortleaf pine Management measures and considerations: as the indicator species, 6C in areas of the • Restricting logging operations to periods when the Madison soil and 7D in areas of the Bethlehem soils are not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil soil surface and possible root damage from compaction. • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces McC2—Madison-Bethlehem complex, 8 to mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. 15 percent slopes, very stony, • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result moderately eroded from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the Bethlehem soil helps to increase productivity. Setting Urban Development Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Ridges Dwellings Landform position: Side slopes Suitability for dwellings without basements: Well suited Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Suitability for dwellings with basements: Madison— Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres well suited; Bethlehem—suited Management concerns: Madison—erodibility and Composition corrosivity; Bethlehem—depth to rock, erodibility, Madison soil and similar soils: 60 percent and corrosivity Bethlehem soil and similar soils: 25 percent Management measures and considerations: Dissimilar soils: 15 percent • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- control structures, such as sediment fences and catch Typical Profile basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. • Because of the depth to weathered bedrock in the Madison Bethlehem soil, increased difficulty with excavation Surface layer: can be expected. 0 to 6 inches—strong brown gravelly sandy clay loam • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce that has few flakes of mica the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Subsoil: Septic tank absorption fields 6 to 24 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Suitability: Madison—suited; Bethlehem—poorly suited accumulations and common flakes of mica Management concerns: Madison—restricted 24 to 37 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron permeability; Bethlehem—depth to rock accumulations and many flakes of mica Management measures and considerations: 37 to 50 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to yellow and reddish brown iron accumulations and improve the performance of septic tanks. many flakes of mica • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Underlying material: during periods when the soils are not wet helps to 50 to 72 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam that has prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. yellowish red, reddish brown, and brownish yellow • Locating and using areas of the deeper Madison soil iron accumulations and many flakes of mica may improve the performance of filter fields. • The Cleveland County Health Department should be Bethlehem contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Surface layer: Local roads and streets 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam Suitability: Suited Subsoil: Management concerns: Low strength 8 to 30 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Management measures and considerations: accumulations • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and 30 to 34 inches—red gravelly sandy clay loam that has compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. reddish yellow iron accumulations 66 Soil Survey

Bedrock: further soil erosion by stabilizing the soil, controlling 34 to 45 inches—weathered mica schist surface runoff, and maximizing the infiltration of water. 45 inches—unweathered mica schist • Removing the larger stones and limiting equipment use to the larger open areas help to improve Soil Properties and Qualities workability of these soils. Depth class: Madison—very deep; Bethlehem— • Using resource management systems that moderately deep emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be Drainage class: Well drained considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to Permeability: Moderate increase the available water capacity. Available water capacity: Madison—moderate; Pasture and hayland Bethlehem—low Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Suitability for pasture: Well suited Shrink-swell potential: Low Suitability for hayland: Suited Slope class: Strongly sloping Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of and soil fertility the original surface layer has been removed Management measures and considerations: Hazard of water erosion: Very severe • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and throughout the profile, except where surface layers increases germination. have been limed • Removing the larger stones or limiting equipment Rock fragments on the surface: About 1 to 3 percent use to the larger open areas may be needed. stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 14 • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper inches in diameter and 15 to 25 feet apart areas when harvesting hay crops. Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- • Applying lime and fertilizer according to grade metamorphic rock with a high content of recommendations based on soil tests helps to mica increase the availability of plant nutrients and Depth to bedrock: Madison—more than 72 inches; maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Bethlehem—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock or renovating hayland and pasture. Minor Components Woodland Dissimilar: Suitability: Suited • Random areas of Hulett soils that have yellow or Management concerns: Madison—equipment use and brown subsoils; on the outer edge of map units seedling survival; Bethlehem—equipment use, • Random areas of Saw soils that have hard bedrock seedling survival, and windthrow hazard at a depth of less than 40 inches; on the outer edge of Management measures and considerations: map units • Restricting logging operations to periods when the soils are not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil Similar: surface and possible root damage from compaction. • Eroded Madison soils • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and • Eroded Bethlehem soils bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces Land Use mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the Other Uses: Woodland Bethlehem soil helps to increase productivity. Agricultural Development Urban Development

Cropland Dwellings Suitability: Suited Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Management concerns: Madison—slope, erodibility, Management measures and considerations: and corrosivity; Bethlehem—depth to rock, slope, • Resource management systems that include erodibility, and corrosivity conservation tillage, crop residue management, Management measures and considerations: stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to reduce • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Cleveland County, North Carolina 67

to reduce damage from surface water and prevents Landform position: Madison—plane interfluves; soil erosion. Bethlehem—convex interfluves and nose slopes; • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- Urban land—variable control structures, such as sediment fences and catch Shape of areas: Irregular basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres • Because of the depth to weathered bedrock in the Composition Bethlehem soil, increased difficulty with excavation can be expected. Madison soil and similar soils: 35 percent • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Bethlehem soil and similar soils: 30 percent the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Urban land: 25 percent Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Septic tank absorption fields Typical Profile Suitability: Madison—suited; Bethlehem—poorly suited Management concerns: Madison—restricted Madison permeability and slope; Bethlehem—depth to rock Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 6 inches—strong brown gravelly sandy clay loam • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to improve the performance of septic tanks. Subsoil: • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems 6 to 24 inches—red clay that has common flakes of during periods when the soils are not wet helps to mica prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. 24 to 37 inches—red clay that has many flakes of • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to mica improve the performance of septic tank absorption 37 to 50 inches—red sandy clay loam that has many fields. flakes of mica • Locating and using areas of the deeper Madison soil Underlying material: may improve the performance of filter fields. 50 to 72 inches—reddish yellow sandy loam that has • The Cleveland County Health Department should be many flakes of mica contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Bethlehem Local roads and streets Surface layer: Suitability: Suited 0 to 5 inches—reddish brown gravelly sandy clay loam Management concerns: Low strength and slope Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and 5 to 18 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow and compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. weak red iron accumulations • Designing roads on the contour and providing 18 to 27 inches—red clay that has weak red and adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, reddish yellow iron accumulations help to maintain soil stability. Bedrock: Interpretive Groups 27 to 60 inches—multicolored weathered mica schist 60 inches—unweathered mica schist Land capability classification: Madison—6e; Bethlehem—3e Urban land Woodland ordination symbol: Based on shortleaf pine Urban land consists of areas that are covered by as the indicator species, 6C in areas of the streets, parking lots, driveways, or buildings. A typical Madison soil and 7D in areas of the Bethlehem profile is not given. soil Soil Properties and Qualities of the Madison and Bethlehem Soils MnB—Madison-Bethlehem-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes Depth class: Madison—very deep; Bethlehem— moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Setting Permeability: Moderate Landscape: Piedmont Available water capacity: Madison—moderate; Landform: Ridges Bethlehem—low 68 Soil Survey

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management concerns: Limited size of areas Shrink-swell potential: Low Management measures and considerations: Slope class: Gently sloping • This map unit is difficult to manage for timber Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of production because of the limited size of its areas, the original surface layer has been removed intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly Hazard of water erosion: Severe disturbed soils. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid • Although timber production is rarely feasible in this throughout the profile, except where surface layers map unit, planting trees has aesthetic benefits. have been limed • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 12 and ensure planting success. inches in diameter and 30 to 50 feet apart Urban Development Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic rock with a high content of Dwellings mica Depth to bedrock: Madison—more than 72 inches; Suitability for dwellings without basements: Madison Bethlehem—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and Bethlehem—well suited; Urban land—none assigned Minor Components Suitability for dwellings with basements: Madison— Dissimilar: well suited; Bethlehem—suited; Urban land—none • Random areas of Udorthents in which the natural assigned soils have been greatly altered by excavation or Management concerns: Madison—erodibility and intensive grading or covered by earthy fill material corrosivity; Bethlehem—erodibility, depth to rock, • Random areas of soils that have soft bedrock and corrosivity; Urban land—excessive surface between depths of 40 and 60 inches water runoff Management measures and considerations: Similar: • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- • Slightly eroded Madison soils control structures, such as sediment fences and catch • Slightly eroded Bethlehem soils basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. Land Use • In areas of the Bethlehem soil, which is moderately deep to soft bedrock, increased difficulty with Dominant Uses: Urban development excavation can be expected when constructing Agricultural Development dwellings with basements. • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Cropland the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. • Water-control structures, such as diversions and Suitability: Poorly suited storm drains, are needed to control the increased Management concerns: Limited size of areas surface water runoff from Urban land. Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is difficult to manage for crop Septic tank absorption fields production because of the limited size of its areas, intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly Suitability: Madison—suited; Bethlehem—poorly disturbed soils. suited; Urban land—none assigned Management concerns: Restricted permeability in Pasture and hayland areas of the Madison soil and depth to rock and Suitability: Poorly suited restricted permeability in areas of the Bethlehem Management concerns: Limited size of areas soil Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is difficult to manage for the • Locating and using areas of the deeper Madison soil production of pasture and hay crops because of the may improve the performance of filter fields. small size of its areas. • Raking trench walls and installing distribution lines during periods when the soils are not wet help to Woodland reduce sealing of soil pores during excavation of Suitability: Poorly suited septic tank absorption fields. Cleveland County, North Carolina 69

• The Cleveland County Health Department should be Slope class: Steep contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Flooding: None Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Local roads and streets original surface layer has been removed Suitability: Madison and Bethlehem—suited; Urban Hazard of water erosion: Very severe land—none assigned Rock fragments on the surface: About 40 percent Management concerns: Low soil strength stones and cobbles that average about 18 to 21 Management measures and considerations: inches in diameter and 10 to 20 feet apart • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. except where surface layers have been limed Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- Interpretive Groups grained rocks Land capability classification: Madison and Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and Bethlehem—3e; Urban land—none assigned 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock Woodland ordination symbol: Based on shortleaf pine as the indicator species, 6C in areas of the Minor Components Madison soil and 7D in areas of the Bethlehem Dissimilar: soil; Urban land—none assigned • Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches MoE—Montonia very channery silt loam, • Soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of less than 25 to 60 percent slopes, very stony 20 inches; on the lower side slopes Similar: Setting • Random areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil than the Montonia soil Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Hillslopes Land Use Landform position: Summits and shoulder slopes Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Dominant Uses: Woodland Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres Other Uses: Pasture and hayland Composition Agricultural Development Montonia soil and similar soils: 80 percent Dissimilar soils: 20 percent Cropland Typical Profile Suitability: Unsuited Surface layer: Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt Management measures and considerations: loam • This map unit is severely limited for crop production 3 to 8 inches—strong brown channery silt loam because of the slope. A site should be selected on better suited soils. Subsoil: 8 to 19 inches—yellowish red channery clay loam Pasture and hayland 19 to 29 inches—yellowish red channery clay loam Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Bedrock: Suitability for hayland: Unsuited 29 to 42 inches—weathered sericite schist Management concerns: Equipment use 42 inches—unweathered sericite schist Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited for the production of Soil Properties and Qualities pasture and hay crops because of the slope. A site Depth class: Moderately deep should be selected on better suited soils. Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Low Suitability: Suited Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Shrink-swell potential: Low seedling survival, and windthrow hazard 70 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: PaC2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 • Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts percent slopes, moderately eroded helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and landings. • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses Setting and legumes helps to prevent erosion. Landscape: Piedmont • Using cable logging methods helps to overcome Landform: Ridges equipment limitations and prevents the acceleration of Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes erosion caused by road construction, use of skid trails, Shape of areas: Irregular and disturbance of the forest floor by heavy Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres machinery. • Maintaining surface litter helps to increase the Composition infiltration of water and reduces seedling mortality rates. Pacolet soil and similar soils: 90 percent • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result Dissimilar soils: 10 percent from high winds and a limited rooting depth helps to increase productivity. Typical Profile • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Surface layer: by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity 0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam and ensure planting success. Subsoil: Urban Development 7 to 28 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron accumulations Dwellings 28 to 44 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish yellow and pink iron accumulations Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Slope Underlying material: Management measures and considerations: 44 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite • This map unit is severely limited for dwellings that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown because of the slope. A site should be selected on iron accumulations better suited soils. 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown Septic tank absorption fields iron accumulations Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Slope Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank Depth class: Very deep absorption fields because of the slope. The local Drainage class: Well drained Health Department should be contacted for guidance Permeability: Moderate in developing sanitary facilities. Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Local roads and streets Shrink-swell potential: Low Suitability: Unsuited Slope class: Strongly sloping Management concerns: Slope Flooding: None Management measures and considerations: Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of • This map unit is severely limited for roads and the original surface layer has been removed streets because of the slope. A site should be selected Hazard of water erosion: Very severe on better suited soils. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface layer and very strongly acid to moderately Interpretive Groups acid in the subsoil and underlying material Land capability classification: 7e Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Woodland ordination symbol: 7R based on shortleaf grade metamorphic or igneous rock pine as the indicator species Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Cleveland County, North Carolina 71

Minor Components increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Dissimilar: or renovating hayland and pasture. • Bethlehem soils that have soft bedrock at a depth of • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and less than 40 inches; on the outer edge of map units harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and • Saw soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of less increase productivity. than 40 inches; on the outer edge of map units Woodland Similar: • Cecil soils that have thicker subsoils than the Suitability: Well suited Pacolet soil; on broad ridges Management concerns: Equipment use and seedling • Random areas of Madison soils that have more mica survival in the subsoil than the Pacolet soil Management measures and considerations: • Restricting logging operations to periods when the Land Use soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland surface and possible root damage from compaction. Other Uses: Woodland • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces Agricultural Development mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Cropland by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity and ensure planting success. Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil Urban Development fertility Management measures and considerations: Dwellings • Resource management systems that include conservation tillage, crop residue management, Suitability: Suited stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to Management concerns: Slope and corrosivity minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize Management measures and considerations: the infiltration of water. • Designing structures so that they conform to the • Incorporating crop residue into the soil or leaving natural slope helps to improve soil performance. residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. • Restricting tillage to periods when the soil is not wet Septic tank absorption fields helps to minimize clodding and crusting and increase the infiltration of water. Suitability: Suited • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Management concerns: Restricted permeability and recommendations based on soil tests helps to slope increase the availability of plant nutrients and Management measures and considerations: maximize crop productivity. • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to improve the performance of septic tanks. Pasture and hayland • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Suitability for pasture: Well suited during periods when the soil is not wet helps to Suitability for hayland: Suited prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to and soil fertility improve the performance of septic tank absorption Management measures and considerations: fields. • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Local roads and streets slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and increases germination. Suitability: Suited • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper Management concerns: Low strength and slope areas when harvesting hay crops. Management measures and considerations: • Applying lime and fertilizer according to • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and recommendations based on soil tests helps to compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. 72 Soil Survey

• Designing roads on the contour and providing Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, surface layer and very strongly acid to moderately help to maintain road stability. acid in the subsoil and underlying material Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Interpretive Groups grade metamorphic rock Land capability classification: 6e Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Woodland ordination symbol: 6C based on loblolly pine Minor Components as the indicator species Dissimilar: • Random areas of Saw soils that have hard bedrock PaD2—Pacolet sandy clay loam, 15 to 25 at a depth of less than 40 inches percent slopes, moderately eroded Similar: • Pacolet soils that have surface layers of sandy loam Setting • Pacolet soils that have surface layers of gravelly Landscape: Piedmont sandy loam Landform: Ridges • Madison soils that have more mica in the subsoil Landform position: Side slopes than the Pacolet soil Shape of areas: Elongated • Soils that are similar to the Pacolet soil but have Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres yellow or brown subsoils Composition Land Use Pacolet soil and similar soils: 90 percent Dominant Uses: Woodland Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Other Uses: Pasture and hayland Typical Profile Agricultural Development Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam Cropland Subsoil: Suitability: Poorly suited 7 to 28 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, accumulations and soil fertility 28 to 44 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish Management measures and considerations: yellow and pink iron accumulations • Resource management systems that include conservation tillage, crop residue management, Underlying material: stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to 44 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown the infiltration of water. iron accumulations • This map unit is difficult to manage for cultivated 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite crops because the slope limits equipment use. that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown • Incorporating crop residue into the soil or leaving iron accumulations residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. Soil Properties and Qualities • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Depth class: Very deep recommendations based on soil tests helps to Drainage class: Well drained increase the availability of plant nutrients and Permeability: Moderate maximize crop productivity. Available water capacity: Moderate Pasture and hayland Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Low Suitability for pasture: Suited Slope class: Moderately steep Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Flooding: None Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of and soil fertility the original surface layer has been removed Management measures and considerations: Hazard of water erosion: Very severe • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Cleveland County, North Carolina 73

slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and Septic tank absorption fields increases germination. Suitability: Poorly suited • The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas. Management concerns: Slope • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Management measures and considerations: recommendations based on soil tests helps to • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and improve the performance of septic tank absorption maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, fields. or renovating hayland and pasture. • The Cleveland County Health Department should be • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and increase productivity. Local roads and streets Suitability: Poorly suited Woodland Management concerns: Low strength, erodibility, and slope Suitability: Suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil, and seedling survival compacting roadbeds, and designing roads so that Management measures and considerations: they conform to the natural slope help to improve soil • Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts strength. helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and • Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible landings. after construction helps to stabilize the soil and • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses prevents excessive soil erosion. and legumes helps to prevent erosion. • Designing roads on the contour and providing • Reforesting immediately after harvest using minimal adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, site preparation and recommended tree species helps help to maintain road stability. to control erosion and the siltation of streams. • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the Interpretive Groups contour helps to overcome the slope limitation. Land capability classification: 7e • Restricting logging operations to periods when the Woodland ordination symbol: 6R based on loblolly pine soil is not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil as the indicator species surface and possible root damage from compaction. • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces PbB2—Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 2 to 8 mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. percent slopes, moderately eroded • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity Setting and ensure planting success. Landscape: Piedmont Urban Development Landform: Ridges Landform position: Pacolet—plane or slightly concave Dwellings interfluves; Bethlehem—convex interfluves and nose slopes Suitability: Poorly suited Shape of areas: Irregular Management concerns: Erodibility, slope, and Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres corrosivity Management measures and considerations: Composition • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as Pacolet soil and similar soils: 55 percent possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain Bethlehem soil and similar soils: 40 percent soil stability and keep sediments on site. Dissimilar soils: 5 percent • Designing structures on the contour with the natural slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to Typical Profile improve soil performance. Pacolet • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam 74 Soil Survey

Subsoil: • Random areas of soils that have soft bedrock 7 to 28 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron between depths of 40 and 60 inches accumulations • Random areas of Madison soils that have more mica 28 to 44 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish in the subsoil than the Pacolet and Bethlehem soils yellow and pink iron accumulations Similar: Underlying material: • Cecil soils that have thicker subsoils than the 44 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite Pacolet and Bethlehem soils that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown iron accumulations Land Use 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite Dominant Uses: Pasture and woodland that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown Other Uses: Cropland iron accumulations Bethlehem Agricultural Development Surface layer: Cropland 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam Suitability: Suited Subsoil: Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, 8 to 30 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron equipment use, tilth, and soil fertility; Bethlehem— accumulations erodibility, equipment use, tilth, rooting depth, and 30 to 34 inches—red gravelly sandy clay loam that has soil fertility reddish yellow iron accumulations Management measures and considerations: Bedrock: • Resource management systems that include 34 to 45 inches—weathered mica schist terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, 45 inches—unweathered mica schist no-till farming, and crop residue management help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize Soil Properties and Qualities the infiltration of rainfall. Depth class: Pacolet—very deep; Bethlehem— • Using resource management systems that moderately deep emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be Drainage class: Well drained considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to Permeability: Moderate increase the available water capacity. Available water capacity: Moderate • Incorporating crop residue into the soils or leaving Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding Shrink-swell potential: Low and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. Slope class: Gently sloping • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to Flooding: None improve the water-holding capacity, and planting Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the the original surface layer has been removed moderately deep rooting depth of the Bethlehem soil. Hazard of water erosion: Severe • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- recommendations based on soil tests helps to grade metamorphic rock increase the availability of plant nutrients and Soil reaction: Pacolet—very strongly acid to slightly maximize crop productivity. acid in the surface layer and very strongly acid to Pasture and hayland moderately acid in the subsoil and underlying material; Bethlehem—very strongly acid to Suitability: Well suited moderately acid, except in limed areas Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility and soil Depth to bedrock: Pacolet—60 to more than 72 inches; fertility; Bethlehem—erodibility, rooting depth, and Bethlehem—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and soil fertility 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock Management measures and considerations: • Planting adapted species helps to ensure the Minor Components production of high-quality forage and reduce the Dissimilar: hazard of erosion. • Random areas of soils that have soft bedrock at a • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to depth of less than 20 inches improve the water-holding capacity, and planting Cleveland County, North Carolina 75

shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the permeability; Bethlehem—depth to rock and moderately deep rooting depth of the Bethlehem soil. restricted permeability • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Management measures and considerations: recommendations based on soil tests helps to • Locating and using areas of the deeper Pacolet soil increase the availability of plant nutrients and may improve the performance of filter fields. maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, • Raking trench walls and installing distribution lines or renovating hayland and pasture. during periods when the soils are not wet help to • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and reduce sealing of soil pores during excavation of harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and septic tank absorption fields. increase productivity. • The Cleveland County Health Department should be contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Woodland Local roads and streets Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Pacolet—equipment use and Suitability: Suited seedling survival; Bethlehem—equipment use, Management concerns: Low strength seedling survival, and windthrow hazard Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and • Restricting logging operations to periods when the compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. soils are not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil surface and possible root damage from compaction. Interpretive Groups • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and Land capability classification: 3e bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces Woodland ordination symbol: Pacolet—6C based on mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. loblolly pine as the indicator species; Bethlehem— • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result 7D based on shortleaf pine as the indicator from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the species Bethlehem soil helps to increase productivity. • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity PbC2—Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 8 to and ensure planting success. 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded Urban Development Setting Dwellings Landscape: Piedmont Suitability for dwellings without basements: Well suited Landform: Ridges Suitability for dwellings with basements: Pacolet—well Landform position: Pacolet—plane or slightly concave suited; Bethlehem—suited interfluves and side slopes; Bethlehem—convex Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility and interfluves and side slopes corrosivity; Bethlehem—erodibility, depth to rock, Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular and corrosivity Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Management measures and considerations: Composition • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- control structures, such as sediment fences and catch Pacolet soil and similar soils: 55 percent basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. Bethlehem soil and similar soils: 40 percent • In areas of the Bethlehem soil, which is moderately Dissimilar soils: 5 percent deep to soft bedrock, increased difficulty with Typical Profile excavation can be expected when constructing dwellings with basements. Pacolet • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Surface layer: the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. 0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam Septic tank absorption fields Subsoil: Suitability: Pacolet—suited; Bethlehem—poorly suited 7 to 28 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Management concerns: Pacolet—restricted accumulations 76 Soil Survey

28 to 44 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish • Random areas of Madison soils that have more mica yellow and pink iron accumulations in the subsoil than the Pacolet and Bethlehem soils Underlying material: Similar: 44 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite • Cecil soils that have thicker subsoils than the that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown Pacolet and Bethlehem soils iron accumulations 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite Land Use that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown Dominant Uses: Pasture (fig. 9) and woodland iron accumulations Other Uses: Cropland Bethlehem Agricultural Development Surface layer: 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam Cropland Subsoil: Suitability: Suited 8 to 30 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, accumulations equipment use, tilth, and soil fertility; Bethlehem— 30 to 34 inches—red gravelly sandy clay loam that has erodibility, equipment use, tilth, rooting depth, and reddish yellow iron accumulations soil fertility Bedrock: Management measures and considerations: 34 to 45 inches—weathered mica schist • Resource management systems that include 45 inches—unweathered mica schist conservation tillage, crop residue management, stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to Soil Properties and Qualities minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize the infiltration of water. Depth class: Pacolet—very deep; Bethlehem— • Using resource management systems that moderately deep emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be Drainage class: Well drained considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to Permeability: Moderate increase the available water capacity. Available water capacity: Moderate • Incorporating crop residue into the soils or leaving Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding Shrink-swell potential: Low and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. Slope class: Strongly sloping • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to Flooding: None improve the water-holding capacity, and planting Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the the original surface layer has been removed moderately deep rooting depth of the Bethlehem soil. Hazard of water erosion: Very severe • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Soil reaction: Pacolet—very strongly acid to slightly recommendations based on soil tests helps to acid in the surface layer and very strongly acid to increase the availability of plant nutrients and moderately acid in the subsoil and underlying maximize crop productivity. material; Bethlehem—very strongly acid to moderately acid, except in limed areas Pasture and hayland Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic rock Suitability for pasture: Well suited Depth to bedrock: Pacolet—60 to more than 72 inches; Suitability for hayland: Suited Bethlehem—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock equipment use, and soil fertility; Bethlehem— erodibility, equipment use, rooting depth, and soil Minor Components fertility Dissimilar: Management measures and considerations: • Random areas of soils that have soft bedrock at a • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the depth of less than 20 inches slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and • Random areas of soils that have soft bedrock increases germination. between depths of 40 and 60 inches Cleveland County, North Carolina 77

Figure 9.—Cattle grazing on fescue pasture in an area of Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded.

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper Management measures and considerations: areas when harvesting hay crops. • Restricting logging operations to periods when the • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to soils are not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil improve the water-holding capacity, and planting surface and possible root damage from compaction. shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and moderately deep rooting depth of the Bethlehem soil. bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result increase productivity. from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Bethlehem soil helps to increase productivity. recommendations based on soil tests helps to • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended increase the availability of plant nutrients and by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, and ensure planting success. or renovating hayland and pasture. Urban Development Woodland Dwellings Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Pacolet—equipment use and Suitability: Suited seedling survival; Bethlehem—equipment use, Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, slope, seedling survival, and windthrow hazard 78 Soil Survey

and corrosivity; Bethlehem—erodibility, slope, PbD2—Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 15 to depth to rock, and corrosivity 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded Management measures and considerations: • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as Setting possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain soil stability and keep sediments on site. Landscape: Piedmont • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Landform: Ridges to reduce damage from surface water and prevents Landform position: Side slopes soil erosion. Shape of areas: Elongated • In areas of the Bethlehem soil, which is moderately Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres deep to soft bedrock, increased difficulty with Composition excavation can be expected when constructing dwellings with basements. Pacolet soil and similar soils: 50 percent • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Bethlehem soil and similar soils: 40 percent the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Typical Profile Septic tank absorption fields Pacolet Suitability: Pacolet—suited; Bethlehem—poorly suited Management concerns: Pacolet—restricted Surface layer: permeability and slope; Bethlehem—depth to rock 0 to 8 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay loam Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Locating and using areas of the deeper Pacolet soil 8 to 27 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron may improve the performance of filter fields. accumulations • Raking trench walls and installing distribution lines 27 to 50 inches—red clay loam that has reddish yellow during periods when the soils are not wet help to and pink iron accumulations reduce sealing of soil pores during excavation of septic tank absorption fields. Underlying material: • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to 50 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite improve the performance of septic tank absorption that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown fields. iron accumulations • The Cleveland County Health Department should be Bethlehem contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Surface layer: Local roads and streets 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam Suitability: Suited Subsoil: Management concerns: Low strength and slope 8 to 30 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Management measures and considerations: accumulations • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils, 30 to 34 inches—red gravelly sandy clay loam that has compacting roadbeds, and designing roads so that reddish yellow iron accumulations they conform to the natural slope help to improve soil Bedrock: strength. 34 to 45 inches—weathered mica schist • Designing roads on the contour and providing 45 inches—unweathered mica schist adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Soil Properties and Qualities Depth class: Pacolet—very deep; Bethlehem— Interpretive Groups moderately deep Land capability classification: Pacolet—6e; Drainage class: Well drained Bethlehem—4e Permeability: Moderate Woodland ordination symbol: Pacolet—6C based on Available water capacity: Moderate loblolly pine as the indicator species; Bethlehem— Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet 7D based on shortleaf pine as the indicator Shrink-swell potential: Low species Slope class: Moderately steep Flooding: None Cleveland County, North Carolina 79

Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of increase the availability of plant nutrients and the original surface layer has been removed maximize crop productivity. Hazard of water erosion: Very severe Pasture and hayland Soil reaction: Pacolet—very strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface layer and very strongly acid to Suitability for pasture: Suited moderately acid in the subsoil and underlying Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited material; Bethlehem—very strongly acid to Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, moderately acid, except in limed areas equipment use, and soil fertility; Bethlehem— Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- erodibility, equipment use, rooting depth, and soil grade metamorphic rock fertility Depth to bedrock: Pacolet—more than 60 inches; Management measures and considerations: Bethlehem—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and increase germination. Minor Components • The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas. • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to Dissimilar: improve the water-holding capacity, and planting • Cliffside soils that have more rock fragments in the shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the subsoil than the Pacolet and Bethlehem soils; on moderately deep rooting depth of the Bethlehem soil. shoulder slopes • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Similar: recommendations based on soil tests helps to • Cecil soils that have thicker subsoils than the increase the availability of plant nutrients and Pacolet and Bethlehem soils maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating hayland and pasture. Land Use • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and Dominant Uses: Woodland harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and Other Uses: Pasture and hayland increase productivity. Woodland Agricultural Development Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, Cropland equipment use, and seedling survival; Suitability: Poorly suited Bethlehem—erodibility, equipment use, seedling Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, survival, and windthrow hazard equipment use, tilth, and soil fertility; Bethlehem— Management measures and considerations: erodibility, equipment use, tilth, rooting depth, and • Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts soil fertility helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and Management measures and considerations: landings. • Resource management systems that include • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses conservation tillage, crop residue management, and legumes helps to prevent erosion. stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to • Reforesting immediately after harvest using minimal minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize site preparation and recommended tree species helps the infiltration of water. to control erosion and the siltation of streams. • This map unit is difficult to manage for cultivated • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the crops because the slope limits equipment use. contour helps to overcome the slope limitation. • Incorporating crop residue into the soils or leaving • Restricting logging operations to periods when the residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding soils are not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. surface and possible root damage from compaction. • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and improve the water-holding capacity, and planting bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. moderately deep rooting depth of the Bethlehem soil. • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result • Applying lime and fertilizer according to from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the recommendations based on soil tests helps to Bethlehem soil helps to increase productivity. 80 Soil Survey

• Planting the appropriate species, as recommended 7R based on shortleaf pine as the indicator by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity species and ensure planting success. Urban Development PeD—Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, stony Dwellings Suitability: Poorly suited Setting Management concerns: Erodibility, slope, and Landscape: Piedmont corrosivity Landform: Ridges Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Side slopes • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as Shape of areas: Elongated possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres soil stability and keep sediments on site. • Designing structures on the contour with the natural Composition slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to Pacolet soil and similar soils: 50 percent improve soil performance. Bethlehem soil and similar soils: 40 percent • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Dissimilar soils: 10 percent the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Typical Profile Septic tank absorption fields Pacolet Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Pacolet—slope; Bethlehem— Surface layer: depth to rock and slope 0 to 8 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay loam Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Locating and using areas of the deeper Pacolet soil 8 to 27 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron may improve the performance of filter fields. accumulations • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to 27 to 50 inches—red clay loam that has reddish yellow improve the performance of septic tank absorption and pink iron accumulations fields. • The Cleveland County Health Department should be Underlying material: contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. 50 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown Local roads and streets iron accumulations Suitability: Poorly suited Bethlehem Management concerns: Low strength, erodibility, and slope Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils, Subsoil: compacting roadbeds, and designing roads so that 8 to 30 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron they conform to the natural slope help to improve soil accumulations strength. 30 to 34 inches—red gravelly sandy clay loam that has • Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible reddish yellow iron accumulations after construction helps to stabilize the soils and prevents excessive soil erosion. Bedrock: • Designing roads on the contour and providing 34 to 45 inches—weathered mica schist adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, 45 inches—unweathered mica schist help to maintain road stability. Soil Properties and Qualities Interpretive Groups Depth class: Pacolet—very deep; Bethlehem— Land capability classification: Pacolet—7e; moderately deep Bethlehem—6e Drainage class: Well drained Woodland ordination symbol: Pacolet—6R based on Permeability: Moderate loblolly pine as the indicator species; Bethlehem— Available water capacity: Moderate Cleveland County, North Carolina 81

Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the Shrink-swell potential: Low moderately deep rooting depth of the Bethlehem soil. Slope class: Moderately steep • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Flooding: None recommendations based on soil tests helps to Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the increase the availability of plant nutrients and original surface layer has been removed maximize crop productivity. Hazard of water erosion: Very severe Pasture and hayland Soil reaction: Pacolet—very strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface layer and very strongly acid to Suitability for pasture: Suited moderately acid in the subsoil and underlying Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited material; Bethlehem—very strongly acid to Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, moderately acid, except in limed areas equipment use, and soil fertility; Bethlehem— Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered erodibility, equipment use, rooting depth, and soil stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 12 fertility inches in diameter and 50 feet apart Management measures and considerations: Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and grade metamorphic rock harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and Depth to bedrock: Pacolet—more than 60 inches; increase productivity. Bethlehem—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and Minor Components increases germination. • The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas. Dissimilar: • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to • Cliffside soils that have more rock fragments in the improve the water-holding capacity, and planting subsoil than the Pacolet and Bethlehem soils; on shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the shoulder slopes and on the outer edge of map units moderately deep rooting depth of the Bethlehem soil. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Similar: recommendations based on soil tests helps to • Cecil soils that have thicker subsoils than the increase the availability of plant nutrients and Pacolet and Bethlehem soils maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating hayland and pasture. Land Use Woodland Dominant Uses: Woodland Other Uses: Pasture and hayland Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility and equipment use; Bethlehem—erodibility, equipment Agricultural Development use, and windthrow hazard Management measures and considerations: Cropland • Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts Suitability: Poorly suited helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, landings. equipment use, tilth, and soil fertility; Bethlehem— • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses erodibility, equipment use, tilth, rooting depth, and and legumes helps to prevent erosion. soil fertility • Reforesting immediately after harvest using minimal Management measures and considerations: site preparation and recommended tree species helps • Resource management systems that include to control erosion and the siltation of streams. conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to contour helps to overcome the slope limitation. minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result the infiltration of water. from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the • This map unit is difficult to manage for cultivated Bethlehem soil helps to increase productivity. crops because the slope limits equipment use. • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity improve the water-holding capacity, and planting and ensure planting success. 82 Soil Survey

Urban Development PrB—Pacolet-Bethlehem-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes Dwellings Suitability: Poorly suited Setting Management concerns: Erodibility, slope, and Landscape: Piedmont corrosivity Landform: Ridges Management measures and considerations: Landform position: Pacolet—plane interfluves; • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as Bethlehem—convex interfluves and nose slopes; possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain Urban land—variable soil stability and keep sediments on site. Shape of areas: Irregular • Designing structures on the contour with the natural Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Composition • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Pacolet soil and similar soils: 35 percent the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Bethlehem soil and similar soils: 30 percent Urban land: 25 percent Septic tank absorption fields Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Suitability: Poorly suited Typical Profile Management concerns: Pacolet—restricted permeability and slope; Bethlehem—depth to rock, Pacolet restricted permeability, and slope Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam • Locating and using areas of the deeper included soils may improve the performance of filter fields. Subsoil: • Raking trench walls and installing distribution lines 7 to 28 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron during periods when the soils are not wet help to accumulations reduce sealing of soil pores during excavation of 28 to 44 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish septic tank absorption fields. yellow and pink iron accumulations • The Cleveland County Health Department should be Underlying material: contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. 44 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite Local roads and streets that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown iron accumulations Suitability: Poorly suited 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite Management concerns: Low strength, erodibility, and that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown slope iron accumulations Management measures and considerations: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils, Bethlehem compacting roadbeds, and designing roads so that Surface layer: they conform to the natural slope help to improve soil 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam strength. • Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible Subsoil: after construction helps to stabilize the soils and 8 to 30 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron prevents excessive soil erosion. accumulations • Designing roads on the contour and providing 30 to 34 inches—red gravelly sandy clay loam that has adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, reddish yellow iron accumulations help to maintain road stability. Bedrock: 34 to 45 inches—weathered mica schist Interpretive Groups 45 inches—unweathered mica schist Land capability classification: 6e Urban land Woodland ordination symbol: Pacolet—8R based on loblolly pine as the indicator species; Bethlehem— Urban land consists of areas that are covered by 7R based on shortleaf pine as the indicator streets, parking lots, driveways, or buildings. A typical species profile is not given. Cleveland County, North Carolina 83

Soil Properties and Qualities Management measures and considerations: of the Pacolet and Bethlehem Soils • This map unit is difficult to manage for the production of pasture and hay crops because of the Depth class: Pacolet—very deep; Bethlehem— small size of its areas. moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Woodland Permeability: Moderate Suitability: Poorly suited Available water capacity: Moderate Management concerns: Limited size of areas Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management measures and considerations: Shrink-swell potential: Low • This map unit is difficult to manage for timber Slope class: Gently sloping production because of the limited size of its areas, Flooding: None intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of disturbed soils. the original surface layer has been removed • Although timber production is rarely feasible in this Hazard of water erosion: Severe map unit, planting trees has aesthetic benefits. Soil reaction: Pacolet—very strongly acid to slightly • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended acid in the surface layer and very strongly acid to by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity moderately acid in the subsoil and underlying and ensure planting success. material; Bethlehem—very strongly acid to moderately acid, except in limed areas Urban Development Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic rock Dwellings Depth to bedrock: Pacolet—60 to more than 72 inches; Bethlehem—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and Suitability for dwellings without basements: Pacolet more than 40 inches to hard bedrock and Bethlehem—well suited; Urban land—none assigned Minor Components Suitability for dwellings with basements: Pacolet—well Dissimilar: suited; Bethlehem—suited; Urban land—none • Random areas of Udorthents in which the natural assigned soils have been greatly altered by excavation or Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility and intensive grading or covered by earthy fill material corrosivity; Bethlehem—erodibility, depth to rock, • Random areas of soils that have soft bedrock and corrosivity; Urban land—excessive surface between depths of 40 and 60 inches water runoff Management measures and considerations: Similar: • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- • Slightly eroded Pacolet soils control structures, such as sediment fences and catch • Slightly eroded Bethlehem soils basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. Land Use • In areas of the Bethlehem soil, which is moderately deep to soft bedrock, increased difficulty with Dominant Uses: Urban development excavation can be expected when constructing Agricultural Development dwellings with basements. • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Cropland the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. • Water-control structures, such as diversions and Suitability: Poorly suited storm drains, are needed to control the increased Management concerns: Limited size of areas surface water runoff from Urban land. Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is difficult to manage for crop Septic tank absorption fields production because of the limited size of its areas, intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly Suitability: Pacolet—suited; Bethlehem—poorly suited; disturbed soils. Urban land—none assigned Management concerns: Restricted permeability in Pasture and hayland areas of the Pacolet soil and depth to rock and Suitability: Poorly suited restricted permeability in areas of the Bethlehem Management concerns: Limited size of areas soil 84 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: 28 to 44 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish • Locating and using areas of the deeper Pacolet soil yellow and pink iron accumulations may improve the performance of filter fields. Underlying material: • Raking trench walls and installing distribution lines 44 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite during periods when the soils are not wet help to that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown reduce sealing of soil pores during excavation of iron accumulations septic tank absorption fields. 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite • The Cleveland County Health Department should be that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. iron accumulations Local roads and streets Bethlehem Suitability: Pacolet and Bethlehem—suited; Urban land—none assigned Surface layer: Management concerns: Low soil strength 0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and 8 to 30 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. accumulations Interpretive Groups 30 to 34 inches—red gravelly sandy clay loam that has reddish yellow iron accumulations Land capability classification: Pacolet and Bethlehem—3e; Urban land—none assigned Bedrock: Woodland ordination symbol: Pacolet—6C based on 34 to 45 inches—weathered mica schist loblolly pine as the indicator species; Bethlehem— 45 inches—unweathered mica schist 7D based on shortleaf pine as the indicator species; Urban land—none assigned Urban land Urban land consists of areas that are covered by PrC—Pacolet-Bethlehem-Urban land streets, parking lots, driveways, or buildings. A typical complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes profile is not given. Soil Properties and Qualities Setting of the Pacolet and Bethlehem Soils Landscape: Piedmont Depth class: Pacolet—very deep; Bethlehem— Landform: Ridges moderately deep Landform position: Pacolet—plane or slightly concave Drainage class: Well drained interfluves and side slopes; Bethlehem—convex Permeability: Moderate interfluves and side slopes; Urban land—variable Available water capacity: Moderate Shape of areas: Irregular Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Size of areas: 20 to 100 acres Shrink-swell potential: Low Slope class: Strongly sloping Composition Flooding: None Pacolet soil and similar soils: 35 percent Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of Bethlehem soil and similar soils: 30 percent the original surface layer has been removed Urban land: 25 percent Hazard of water erosion: Severe Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Soil reaction: Pacolet—very strongly acid to slightly acid in the surface layer and very strongly acid to Typical Profile moderately acid in the subsoil and underlying Pacolet material; Bethlehem—very strongly acid to moderately acid, except in limed areas Surface layer: Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- 0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam grade metamorphic rock Subsoil: Depth to bedrock: Pacolet—60 to more than 72 inches; 7 to 28 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Bethlehem—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and accumulations more than 40 inches to hard bedrock Cleveland County, North Carolina 85

Minor Components and corrosivity; Bethlehem—erodibility, slope, depth to rock, and corrosivity; Urban land— Dissimilar: excessive surface water runoff • Random areas of Udorthents in which the natural Management measures and considerations: soils have been greatly altered by excavation or • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- intensive grading or covered by earthy fill material control structures, such as sediment fences and catch • Random areas of soils that have soft bedrock basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. between depths of 40 and 60 inches • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Similar: to reduce damage from surface water and prevents • Slightly eroded Pacolet soils soil erosion. • Slightly eroded Bethlehem soils • In areas of the Bethlehem soil, which is moderately deep to soft bedrock, increased difficulty with Land Use excavation can be expected when constructing Dominant Uses: Urban development dwellings with basements. • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Agricultural Development the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. • Water-control structures, such as diversions and Cropland storm drains, are needed to control the increased Suitability: Poorly suited surface water runoff from Urban land. Management concerns: Limited size of areas Septic tank absorption fields Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is difficult to manage for crop Suitability: Pacolet—suited; Bethlehem—poorly suited; production because of the limited size of its areas, Urban land—none assigned intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly Management concerns: Restricted permeability in disturbed soils. areas of the Pacolet soil and depth to rock and restricted permeability in areas of the Bethlehem Pasture and hayland soil Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Limited size of areas • Locating and using areas of the deeper Pacolet soil Management measures and considerations: may improve the performance of filter fields. • This map unit is difficult to manage for production of • Raking trench walls and installing distribution lines pasture and hay crops because of the small size of its during periods when the soils are not wet help to areas. reduce sealing of soil pores during excavation of septic tank absorption fields. Woodland • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to Suitability: Poorly suited improve the performance of septic tank absorption Management concerns: Limited size of areas fields. Management measures and considerations: • The Cleveland County Health Department should be • This map unit is difficult to manage for timber contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. production because of the limited size of its areas, Local roads and streets intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly disturbed soils. Suitability: Pacolet and Bethlehem—suited; Urban • Although timber production is rarely feasible in this land—none assigned map unit, planting trees has aesthetic benefits. Management concerns: Low soil strength and slope • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Management measures and considerations: by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and and ensure planting success. compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. • Designing roads on the contour and providing Urban Development adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Dwellings Interpretive Groups Suitability: Pacolet—well suited; Bethlehem—suited; Urban land—none assigned Land capability classification: Pacolet—6e; Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, slope, Bethlehem—4e; Urban land—none assigned 86 Soil Survey

Woodland ordination symbol: Pacolet—6C based on Drainage class: Well drained loblolly pine as the indicator species; Bethlehem— Permeability: Moderate 7D based on shortleaf pine as the indicator Available water capacity: Moderate species; Urban land—none assigned Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Low Slope class: Gently sloping PsB2—Pacolet-Saw complex, 2 to 8 Flooding: None percent slopes, moderately eroded Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of the original surface layer has been removed Setting Hazard of water erosion: Severe Soil reaction: Pacolet—very strongly acid to slightly Landscape: Piedmont acid in the surface layer and very strongly acid to Landform: Ridges moderately acid in the subsoil and underlying Landform position: Interfluves material; Saw—very strongly acid to moderately Shape of areas: Irregular acid throughout the profile, except where surface Size of areas: 10 to 60 acres layers have been limed Composition Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic igneous rock Pacolet soil and similar soils: 60 percent Depth to bedrock: Pacolet—60 to more than 72 inches; Saw soil and similar soils: 30 percent Saw—20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Minor Components Typical Profile Dissimilar: Pacolet • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a Surface layer: depth of less than 60 inches 0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam • Bethlehem soils that have soft bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches; on the outer edge of the map unit Subsoil: 7 to 28 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Similar: accumulations • Random areas of Cecil soils that have thicker 28 to 44 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish subsoils than the Pacolet and Saw soils yellow and pink iron accumulations Land Use Underlying material: Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland 44 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite Other Uses: Woodland that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown iron accumulations Agricultural Development 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown Cropland iron accumulations Suitability: Suited Saw Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, tilth, and Surface layer: soil fertility; Saw—erodibility, tilth, rooting depth, 0 to 5 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay loam and soil fertility Management measures and considerations: Subsoil: • Resource management systems that include 5 to 21 inches—red clay conservation tillage, crop residue management, 21 to 31 inches—red clay loam that has yellowish red stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to reduce iron accumulations further soil erosion by stabilizing the soils, controlling Bedrock: surface runoff, and maximizing the infiltration of water. 31 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured granite • Incorporating crop residue into the soils or leaving residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding Soil Properties and Qualities and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. Depth class: Pacolet—very deep; Saw—moderately • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to deep improve the water-holding capacity, and planting Cleveland County, North Carolina 87

shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the Management measures and considerations: moderately deep rooting depth of the Saw soil. • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- • Applying lime and fertilizer according to control structures, such as sediment fences and catch recommendations based on soil tests helps to basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. increase the availability of plant nutrients and • Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving maximize crop productivity. equipment is needed to increase the depth of the Saw soil. Pasture and hayland • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Suitability: Well suited the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Management concerns: Pacolet—soil fertility; Saw— rooting depth and soil fertility Septic tank absorption fields Management measures and considerations: Suitability: Pacolet—suited; Saw—poorly suited • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Management concerns: Pacolet—restricted recommendations based on soil tests helps to permeability; Saw—restricted permeability and increase the availability of plant nutrients and depth to rock maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Management measures and considerations: or renovating hayland and pasture. • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to improve the performance of septic tanks. improve the water-holding capacity, and planting • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the during periods when the soils are not wet helps to moderately deep rooting depth of the Saw soil. prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and • Locating and using areas of the deeper Pacolet soil harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and may improve the performance of filter fields. increase productivity. • The Cleveland County Health Department should be Woodland contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Suitability: Pacolet—well suited; Saw—suited Local roads and streets Management concerns: Pacolet—equipment use and seedling survival; Saw—equipment use, seedling Suitability: Suited survival, and windthrow hazard Management concerns: Pacolet—low strength; Saw— Management measures and considerations: depth to rock and low strength • Restricting logging operations to periods when the Management measures and considerations: soils are not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and surface and possible root damage from compaction. compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and • Blasting or special grading equipment may be bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces needed to construct roads in areas of the Saw soil. mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result Interpretive Groups from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the Land capability classification: 3e Saw soil helps to increase productivity. Woodland ordination symbol: Pacolet—6C based on • Extra care is needed in the maintenance of roads loblolly pine as the indicator species; Saw—6D and fire lanes because of the windthrow potential in based on shortleaf pine as the indicator species areas of the Saw soil. Urban Development PsC2—Pacolet-Saw complex, 8 to 15 Dwellings percent slopes, moderately eroded Suitability for dwellings without basements: Pacolet— Setting well suited; Saw—suited Suitability for dwellings with basements: Pacolet—well Landscape: Piedmont suited; Saw—poorly suited Landform: Ridges Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility and Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes corrosivity; Saw—erodibility, depth to rock, and Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated corrosivity Size of areas: 10 to 60 acres 88 Soil Survey

Composition Depth to bedrock: Pacolet—60 to more than 72 inches; Saw—20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock Pacolet soil and similar soils: 60 percent Saw soil and similar soils: 30 percent Minor Components Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Dissimilar: Typical Profile • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of less than 60 inches Pacolet • Random areas of Wake soils that have soft bedrock Surface layer: at a depth of less than 20 inches 0 to 8 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay loam Similar: Subsoil: • Random areas of Cecil soils that have thicker 8 to 27 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron subsoils than the Pacolet and Saw soils accumulations Land Use 27 to 50 inches—red clay loam that has reddish yellow and pink iron accumulations Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Other Uses: Woodland Underlying material: 50 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite Agricultural Development that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown iron accumulations Cropland Saw Suitability: Suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, tilth, and 0 to 5 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay loam soil fertility; Saw—erodibility, tilth, rooting depth, and soil fertility Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 5 to 21 inches—red clay • Resource management systems that include 21 to 31 inches—red clay loam that has yellowish red conservation tillage, crop residue management, iron accumulations stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to Bedrock: minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize 31 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured granite the infiltration of water. • Incorporating crop residue into the soils or leaving Soil Properties and Qualities residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding Depth class: Pacolet—very deep; Saw—moderately and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. deep • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to Drainage class: Well drained improve the water-holding capacity, and planting Permeability: Moderate shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the Available water capacity: Moderate moderately deep rooting depth of the Saw soil. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Shrink-swell potential: Low recommendations based on soil tests helps to Slope class: Strongly sloping increase the availability of plant nutrients and Flooding: None maximize crop productivity. Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of Pasture and hayland the original surface layer has been removed Hazard of water erosion: Very severe Suitability for pasture: Well suited Soil reaction: Pacolet—very strongly acid to slightly Suitability for hayland: Suited acid in the surface layer and very strongly acid to Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, moderately acid in the subsoil and underlying equipment use, and soil fertility; Saw—erodibility, material; Saw—very strongly acid to moderately equipment use, rooting depth, and soil fertility acid throughout the profile, except where surface Management measures and considerations: layers have been limed • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic slope helps to minimize erosion and increases igneous rock germination. Cleveland County, North Carolina 89

• The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce areas when harvesting hay crops. the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to Septic tank absorption fields improve the water-holding capacity, and planting shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the Suitability: Pacolet—suited; Saw—poorly suited moderately deep rooting depth of the Saw soil. Management concerns: Pacolet—restricted • Applying lime and fertilizer according to permeability and slope; Saw—restricted recommendations based on soil tests helps to permeability, slope, and depth to rock increase the availability of plant nutrients and Management measures and considerations: maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to or renovating hayland and pasture. improve the performance of septic tanks. • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and during periods when the soils are not wet helps to increase productivity. prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to Woodland improve the performance of septic tank absorption Suitability: Pacolet—well suited; Saw—suited fields. Management concerns: Pacolet—equipment use and • Locating and using areas of the deeper Pacolet soils seedling survival; Saw—equipment use, seedling may improve the performance of filter fields. survival, and windthrow hazard • The Cleveland County Health Department should be Management measures and considerations: contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. • Restricting logging operations to periods when the soils are not wet helps to prevent rutting of the soil Local roads and streets surface and possible root damage from compaction. Suitability: Suited • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and Management concerns: Pacolet—low strength and bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces slope; Saw—low strength, depth to rock, and mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. slope • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result Management measures and considerations: from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and Saw soil helps to increase productivity. compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. • Extra care is needed in the maintenance of roads • Designing roads on the contour and providing and fire lanes because of the windthrow potential in adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, areas of the Saw soil. help to maintain road stability. • Blasting or special grading equipment may be Urban Development needed to construct roads in areas of the Saw soil. Dwellings Interpretive Groups Suitability for dwellings without basements: Suited Land capability classification: Pacolet—6e; Saw—4e Suitability for dwellings with basements: Pacolet— Woodland ordination symbol: Pacolet— 6C based on suited; Saw—poorly suited loblolly pine as the indicator species; Saw—6D Management concerns: Pacolet—slope, erodibility, based on shortleaf pine as the indicator species and corrosivity; Saw—slope, erodibility, depth to rock, and corrosivity Management measures and considerations: PtD—Pacolet-Saw complex, 15 to 25 • Designing structures on the contour with the natural percent slopes, stony slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to improve soil performance. Setting • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain Landscape: Piedmont soil stability and keep sediments on site. Landform: Ridges • Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving Landform position: Side slopes equipment is needed to increase the depth of the Saw Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular soil. Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres 90 Soil Survey

Composition moderately acid in the subsoil and underlying material; Saw—very strongly acid to moderately Pacolet soil and similar soils: 45 percent acid throughout the profile Saw soil and similar soils: 40 percent Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic Dissimilar soils: 15 percent igneous rock Typical Profile Depth to bedrock: Pacolet—60 to more than 72 inches; Saw—20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock Pacolet Minor Components Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam Dissimilar: • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a Subsoil: depth of less than 60 inches 7 to 28 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a accumulations depth of less than 20 inches 28 to 44 inches—red sandy clay loam that has reddish yellow and pink iron accumulations Similar: • Random areas of Rion soils that have less clay in Underlying material: the subsoil than the Pacolet and Saw soils 44 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite • Random areas of Grover soils that have more mica that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown in the subsoil than the Pacolet and Saw soils iron accumulations • Random areas of Pacolet and Saw soils that have 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite moderately eroded surface layers that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown iron accumulations Land Use Saw Dominant Uses: Woodland Other Uses: Pasture and hayland Surface layer: 0 to 5 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay loam Agricultural Development Subsoil: 5 to 21 inches—red clay Cropland 21 to 31 inches—red clay loam that has yellowish red Suitability: Poorly suited iron accumulations Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, Bedrock: equipment use, and soil fertility; Saw—erodibility, 31 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured granite equipment use, rooting depth, and soil fertility Management measures and considerations: Soil Properties and Qualities • Resource management systems that include Depth class: Pacolet—very deep; Saw—moderately conservation tillage, crop residue management, deep stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to Drainage class: Well drained minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize Permeability: Moderate the infiltration of water. Available water capacity: Moderate • This map unit is difficult to manage for cultivated Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet crops because the slope limits equipment use. Shrink-swell potential: Low • Removing the larger stones and limiting equipment Slope class: Moderately steep use to the larger open areas helps to improve Flooding: None workability of these soils. Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to original surface layer has been removed improve the water-holding capacity, and planting Hazard of water erosion: Very severe shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the Rock fragments on the surface: Widely scattered moderately deep rooting depth of the Saw soil. stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 18 • Applying lime and fertilizer according to inches in diameter and 25 to 50 feet apart recommendations based on soil tests helps to Soil reaction: Pacolet—very strongly acid to slightly increase the availability of plant nutrients and acid in the surface layer and very strongly acid to maximize crop productivity. Cleveland County, North Carolina 91

Pasture and hayland Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, slope, and corrosivity; Saw—erodibility, slope, corrosivity, Suitability for pasture: Suited and depth to rock Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as equipment use, soil fertility; Saw—erodibility, possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain equipment use, rooting depth, and soil fertility soil stability and keep sediments on site. Management measures and considerations: • Designing structures on the contour with the natural • Planting adapted species helps to ensure the slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to production of high-quality forage and reduce the improve soil performance. hazard of erosion. • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce • The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas. the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. • Removing the larger stones or limiting equipment • Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving use to the larger open areas may be needed. equipment is needed to increase the depth of the Saw • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to soil. improve the water-holding capacity, and planting shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the Septic tank absorption fields moderately deep rooting depth of the Saw soil. Suitability: Poorly suited • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Management concerns: Pacolet—slope; Saw—depth recommendations based on soil tests helps to to rock and slope increase the availability of plant nutrients and Management measures and considerations: maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to or renovating hayland and pasture. improve the performance of septic tank absorption • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and fields. harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and • Locating and using areas of the deeper Pacolet soil increase productivity. may improve the performance of filter fields. Woodland • The Cleveland County Health Department should be contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, Local roads and streets equipment use, and seedling survival; Saw— Suitability: Poorly suited erodibility, equipment use, seedling survival, and Management concerns: Slope windthrow hazard Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • Designing roads on the contour and providing • Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and help to maintain road stability. landings. • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses Interpretive Groups and legumes helps to prevent erosion. • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the Land capability classification: 6e contour helps to overcome the slope limitation. Woodland ordination symbol: Pacolet—8R based on • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and loblolly pine as the indicator species; Saw—6R bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces based on shortleaf pine as the indicator species mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the PuC—Pacolet-Urban land complex, 8 to Saw soil helps to increase productivity. 15 percent slopes • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity Setting and ensure planting success. Landscape: Piedmont Urban Development Landform: Ridges Landform position: Side slopes Dwellings Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Suitability: Poorly suited Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres 92 Soil Survey

Composition soils have been greatly altered by excavation or intensive grading or covered by earthy fill material Pacolet soil and similar soils: 65 percent Urban land: 25 percent Similar: Dissimilar soils: 10 percent • Cecil soils that have thicker subsoils than the Pacolet soil Typical Profile Land Use Pacolet Dominant Uses: Urban development Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—yellowish red sandy clay loam Agricultural Development Subsoil: 7 to 28 inches—red clay that has reddish yellow iron Cropland accumulations Suitability: Poorly suited 28 to 44 inches—red clay loam that has reddish yellow Management concerns: Limited size of areas and pink iron accumulations Management measures and considerations: Underlying material: • This map unit is difficult to manage for crop 44 to 60 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite production because of the limited size of its areas, that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly iron accumulations disturbed soils. 60 to 72 inches—yellowish red sandy loam saprolite Pasture and hayland that has reddish yellow and dark reddish brown iron accumulations Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Limited size of areas Urban land Management measures and considerations: Urban land consists of areas that are covered by • This map unit is difficult to manage for the streets, parking lots, driveways, buildings, or runways. production of pasture and hay crops because of the A typical profile is not given. limited size of its areas, intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly disturbed soils. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland of the Pacolet Soil Suitability: Poorly suited Depth class: Very deep Management concerns: Limited size of areas Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • This map unit is difficult to manage for timber Available water capacity: Moderate production because of the limited size of its areas, Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly Shrink-swell potential: Low disturbed soils. Slope class: Strongly sloping • Although timber production is rarely feasible in this Flooding: None map unit, planting trees has aesthetic benefits. Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of the original surface layer has been removed Urban Development Hazard of water erosion: Very severe Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the Dwellings surface layer and very strongly acid to moderately Suitability: Pacolet—well suited; Urban land—none acid in the subsoil and underlying material assigned Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- Management concerns: Pacolet—erodibility, slope, grade metamorphic or igneous rock and corrosivity; Urban land—excessive surface Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches water runoff Management measures and considerations: Minor Components • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- Dissimilar: control structures, such as sediment fences and catch • Random areas of Udorthents in which the natural basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. Cleveland County, North Carolina 93

• Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps Typical Pedon to reduce damage from surface water and prevents This map unit consists of open excavations from soil erosion. which the soil and commonly the underlying material • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce have been removed, exposing rock and other material the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. that supports little vegetation. A typical pedon is not • Water-control structures, such as diversions and given. storm drains, are needed to control the increased surface water runoff from Urban land. Minor Components Septic tank absorption fields Dissimilar: • Small areas of Udorthents or unexcavated soil Suitability: Pacolet—suited; Urban land—none material assigned Management concerns: Restricted permeability and Land Use slope in areas of the Pacolet soil Dominant Uses: Mining for mica, various minerals, Management measures and considerations: and construction aggregate • Raking trench walls and installing distribution lines during periods when the soil is not wet help to reduce Urban Development sealing of soil pores during excavation of septic tank absorption fields. Suitability: None assigned • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to Management concerns: Slope, stoniness, exposed improve the performance of septic tank absorption bedrock, and instability of pit walls fields. Management measures and considerations: • The Cleveland County Health Department should be • Onsite investigation is needed before planning the contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. use and management of this map unit for urban development. Local roads and streets Interpretive Groups Suitability: Pacolet—suited; Urban land—none assigned Land capability classification: 8s Management concerns: Low soil strength and slope Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned Management measures and considerations: • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. RaE—Rion-Ashlar complex, 25 to 60 • Designing roads on the contour and providing percent slopes, rocky adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, help to maintain road stability. Setting Interpretive Groups Landscape: Piedmont Land capability classification: Pacolet—6e; Urban Landform: Divides land—none assigned Landform position: Rion—the less stony, concave Woodland ordination symbol: Pacolet—6C based on areas on side slopes; Ashlar—the more stony or loblolly pine as the indicator species; Urban land— rocky areas on side slopes none assigned Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 15 to 200 acres

Pw—Pits, quarry Composition

Setting Note: Areas of Rion and Ashlar soils are too small in size and too intricately mixed to be mapped Landscape: Variable separately. Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Rion soil and similar soils: 45 percent Ashlar soil and similar soils: 35 percent Composition Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Pits, quarry: 95 percent Small areas of rock outcrop: 10 percent Dissimilar soils: 5 percent 94 Soil Survey

Typical Profile Minor Components Dissimilar soils: Rion • Soils that have hard bedrock at a depth of less than Surface layer: 20 inches; in areas adjacent to rock outcrops 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loamy • Cliffside soils that have more rock fragments in the sand subsoil than the Rion and Ashlar soils; in similar landform positions Subsoil: 8 to 22 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam Similar soils: 22 to 34 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay • Soils that are similar to the Rion and Ashlar soils but loam have a higher content of mica 34 to 44 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam that • Soils that are similar to the Rion soil but have more has reddish yellow iron accumulations clay in the subsoil Underlying material: Land Use 44 to 60 inches—strong brown gravelly sandy loam Dominant Uses: Woodland that has reddish yellow iron accumulations Agricultural Development Ashlar Cropland Surface layer: 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly sandy loam Suitability: Unsuited 3 to 6 inches—brown sandy loam Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use • This map unit is severely limited for crop production. Subsoil: A site should be selected on better suited soils. 6 to 18 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam that has a thin discontinuous interlayer of yellowish red Pasture and hayland loam in the lower part Suitability: Unsuited Bedrock: Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use 18 to 29 inches—soft, weathered granitic gneiss • This map unit is severely limited for the production of 29 inches—hard grantitic gneiss pasture and hay crops. A site should be selected on better suited soils. Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland Depth class: Rion—very deep; Ashlar—moderately Suitability: Suited deep Management concerns: Rion—erodibility and Drainage class: Rion—well drained; Ashlar— equipment use; Ashlar—erodibility, windthrow excessively drained hazard, and equipment use Permeability: Rion—moderate; Ashlar—moderately Management measures and considerations: rapid • Using cable logging methods helps to overcome Available water capacity: Rion—moderate; Ashlar— limited road and trail construction resulting from the low slope and the large amount of rock outcrops. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6 feet • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result Shrink-swell potential: Low from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the Slope class: Steep Ashlar soil helps to increase productivity. Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the • Roads and skid trails should be constructed on the original surface layer has been removed contour and around rock outcrops, where possible. Rock fragments on the surface: 0.01 to 0.1 percent coverage Urban Development Extent of rock outcrops: 15 percent surface coverage Potential frost action: Low Dwellings Soil reaction: Slightly acid to extremely acid Depth to bedrock: Rion—more than 60 inches; Suitability: Unsuited Ashlar—20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock Management concerns: Rion—slope; Ashlar—slope and depth to rock Cleveland County, North Carolina 95

• This map unit is severely limited for dwellings. A site Underlying material: should be selected on better suited soils. 44 to 60 inches—strong brown gravelly sandy loam that has reddish yellow iron accumulations Septic tank absorption fields Cliffside Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Rion—slope; Ashlar—slope Surface layer: and depth to rock 0 to 7 inches—brown very cobbly sandy loam • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank Subsurface layer: absorption fields. A site should be selected on better 7 to 16 inches—strong brown very gravelly sandy suited soils. loam Local roads and streets Subsoil: Suitability: Unsuited 16 to 30 inches—yellowish red very gravelly sandy Management concerns: Slope clay loam • This map unit is severely limited for roads and Bedrock: streets. A site should be selected on better suited 30 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured sillimanite soils. schist Interpretive Groups Soil Properties and Qualities Land capability classification: 7e Woodland ordination symbol: Based on shortleaf pine Depth class: Rion—very deep; Cliffside—moderately as the indicator species, 8R in areas of the Rion deep soil and 7R in areas of the Ashlar soil Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Rion—low; Cliffside—very RnE—Rion-Cliffside complex, 25 to 60 low percent slopes, very stony Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Low Setting Slope class: Steep Flooding: None Landscape: Piedmont Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Landform: Ridges original surface layer has been removed Landform position: Side slopes Hazard of water erosion: Very severe Shape of areas: Elongated Rock fragments on the surface: About 40 percent Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres stones and cobbles that average about 10 to 18 inches in diameter and 5 to 20 feet apart Composition Soil reaction: Rion—very strongly acid to slightly acid Rion soil and similar soils: 50 percent throughout the profile; Cliffside—very strongly acid Cliffside soil and similar soils: 40 percent or strongly acid Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- grade metamorphic rock Typical Profile Depth to bedrock: Rion—60 to more than 72 inches; Rion Cliffside—20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock Surface layer: Minor Components 0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loamy sand Dissimilar: • Random areas of soils that have hard bedrock at a Subsoil: depth of less than 60 inches 8 to 22 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam 22 to 34 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay Similar: loam • Random areas of soils that are similar to the 34 to 44 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam that Cliffside soil but have less rock fragments in the has reddish yellow iron accumulations subsoil 96 Soil Survey

Land Use Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited for dwellings Dominant Uses: Woodland because of the slope. A site should be selected on Other Uses: Pasture and hayland better suited soils. Agricultural Development Septic tank absorption fields Suitability: Unsuited Cropland Management concerns: Rion—slope; Cliffside—slope Suitability: Unsuited and depth to rock Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank • This map unit is severely limited for crop production absorption fields because of the slope. The local because of the slope. A site should be selected on Health Department should be contacted for guidance better suited soils. in developing sanitary facilities. Pasture and hayland Local roads and streets Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited Suitability: Unsuited Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Management concerns: Slope Management concerns: Erodibility and equipment use Management measures and considerations: Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited for roads and • Planting adapted species helps to ensure the streets because of the slope. A site should be selected production of high-quality forage and reduce the on better suited soils. hazard of erosion. Interpretive Groups • Constructing trails helps to encourage livestock to graze in areas where access is limited. Land capability classification: Rion—7e; Cliffside—7s • Application of lime, fertilizer, seed, and herbicides by Woodland ordination symbol: Rion—8R based on hand helps to increase productivity in the steeper shortleaf pine as the indicator species; Cliffside— areas. 6R based on chestnut oak as the indicator species Woodland Suitability: Suited SaC—Saw-Wake complex, 4 to 15 percent Management concerns: Rion—erodibility and slopes, very rocky equipment use; Cliffside—erodibility, equipment use, and windthrow hazard Setting Management measures and considerations: Landscape: Piedmont • Reforesting immediately after harvest using minimal Landform: Ridges site preparation and recommended tree species helps Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes to control erosion and the siltation of streams. Shape of areas: Irregular • Using cable logging methods helps to overcome Size of areas: 5 to 60 acres equipment limitations and prevents the acceleration of erosion caused by road construction, use of skid trails, Composition and disturbance of the forest floor by heavy Saw soil and similar soils: 60 percent machinery. Wake soil and similar soils: 30 percent • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result Dissimilar soils: 10 percent from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the Cliffside soil helps to increase productivity. Typical Profile Saw Urban Development Surface layer: Dwellings 0 to 5 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay loam Suitability: Unsuited Subsoil: Management concerns: Rion—slope; Cliffside—slope 5 to 21 inches—red clay and depth to rock 21 to 31 inches—red clay loam that has yellowish red iron accumulations Cleveland County, North Carolina 97

Bedrock: Agricultural Development 31 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured granite Cropland Wake Suitability: Saw—suited; Wake—poorly suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Saw—equipment use, rooting 0 to 7 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand depth, and soil fertility; Wake—equipment use, Underlying material: droughtiness, rooting depth, and nutrient leaching 7 to 14 inches—brownish yellow gravelly sandy loam Management measures and considerations: that has reddish yellow accumulations • Because of the areas of rock outcrop, this map unit is difficult to manage for cropland. Bedrock: • Areas of the Wake soil are difficult to manage for 14 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured granite economical crop production because of the shallow Soil Properties and Qualities rooting depth. • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to Depth class: Saw—moderately deep; Wake—shallow improve the water-holding capacity, and planting Drainage class: Saw—well drained; Wake— shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the excessively drained moderately deep rooting depth of the Saw soil. Permeability: Saw—moderate; Wake—rapid • Using split applications helps to increase the Available water capacity: Saw—moderate; Wake—very effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides. low • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet recommendations based on soil tests helps to Shrink-swell potential: Low increase the availability of plant nutrients and Slope class: Gently sloping or strongly sloping maximize crop productivity. Flooding: None Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Pasture and hayland original surface layer has been removed Suitability: Saw—well suited; Wake—suited Hazard of water erosion: Saw—moderate or severe; Management concerns: Saw—equipment use and soil Wake—slight or moderate fertility; Wake—equipment use, droughtiness, Extent of rock outcrops: Few scattered rock outcrops rooting depth, and nutrient leaching that are about 2 to 10 feet in length, 3 to 6 feet in Management measures and considerations: width, and 75 to 200 feet apart • Because of the areas of rock outcrop, this map unit Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid is difficult to manage for pasture and hayland. throughout the profile, except where surface layers • Areas of the Wake soil are difficult to manage for the have been limed economical production of pasture and hay crops Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic because of the shallow rooting depth. igneous rock • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Depth to bedrock: Saw—20 to 40 inches to hard recommendations based on soil tests helps to bedrock; Wake—11 to 20 inches to hard bedrock increase the availability of plant nutrients and maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Minor Components or renovating hayland and pasture. Dissimilar: • Using supplemental irrigation and crop varieties • Random areas of Pacolet soils that have hard adapted to droughty conditions helps to increase crop bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches production. • Using split applications helps to increase the Similar: effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides. • Random areas of soils that are similar to the Saw • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and soil but have less clay in the subsoil harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and • Random areas of soils that are similar to the Wake increase productivity. soil but have more clay in the subsoil Woodland Land Use Suitability: Saw—well suited; Wake—suited Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Management concerns: Saw—windthrow hazard; Other Uses: Woodland Wake—seedling survival and windthrow hazard 98 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: compacting roadbeds, and designing roads so that • Planting shallow-rooted trees, such as shortleaf pine they conform to the natural slope help to improve soil and Virginia pine, helps to increase plant survival strength. rates. Interpretive Groups • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result from high winds and a limited rooting depth helps to Land capability classification: Saw—3e; Wake—4s increase productivity. Woodland ordination symbol: Saw—6D based on • Maintaining surface litter helps to increase the shortleaf pine as the indicator species; Wake—5D infiltration of water and reduces seedling mortality based on loblolly pine as the indicator species rates. • Planting during wet periods or when the soils are moist for extended periods helps to increase seedling SaD—Saw-Wake complex, 15 to 30 survival rates. percent slopes, very rocky • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity Setting and ensure planting success. Landscape: Piedmont Urban Development Landform: Ridges Landform position: Side slopes Dwellings Shape of areas: Elongated Size of areas: 15 to 200 acres Suitability for dwellings without basements: Saw— suited; Wake—poorly suited Composition Suitability for dwellings with basements: Saw—poorly Saw soil and similar soils: 45 percent suited; Wake—unsuited Wake soil and similar soils: 40 percent Management concerns: Saw—erodibility, depth to Dissimilar soils: 15 percent rock, and slope; Wake—depth to rock Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- Saw control structures, such as sediment fences and catch basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. Surface layer: • Drilling and blasting of rock or special earthmoving 0 to 5 inches—yellowish red gravelly sandy clay loam equipment is needed to increase the depth of these Subsoil: soils. 5 to 21 inches—red clay • Designing structures on the contour with the natural 21 to 31 inches—red clay loam that has yellowish red slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to iron accumulations improve soil performance. Bedrock: Septic tank absorption fields 31 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured granite Suitability: Saw—poorly suited; Wake—unsuited Wake Management concerns: Depth to rock Management measures and considerations: Surface layer: • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank 0 to 7 inches—yellowish brown loamy sand absorption fields because of the depth to rock. The Underlying material: local Health Department should be contacted for 7 to 14 inches—brownish yellow gravelly sandy loam guidance in developing sanitary facilities. that has reddish yellow accumulations Local roads and streets Bedrock: Suitability: Saw—suited; Wake—poorly suited 14 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured granite Management concerns: Saw—depth to rock and low Soil Properties and Qualities strength; Wake—depth to rock Management measures and considerations: Depth class: Saw—moderately deep; Wake—shallow • Extensive blasting, shaping, and grading are needed Drainage class: Saw—well drained; Wake— if roads are to be constructed on the contour. excessively drained • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils, Permeability: Saw—moderate; Wake—rapid Cleveland County, North Carolina 99

Available water capacity: Saw—moderate; Wake—very use, and soil fertility; Wake—equipment use, low droughtiness, nutrient leaching, and rooting depth Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Management measures and considerations: Shrink-swell potential: Low • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the Slope class: Moderately steep slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and Flooding: None increases germination. Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the • The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas. original surface layer has been removed • Because of the areas of rock outcrop, this map unit Hazard of water erosion: Saw—very severe; Wake— is difficult to manage for pasture and hayland. moderate • Planting drought-tolerant species helps to increase Extent of rock outcrops: Few scattered rock outcrops productivity. that are about 2 to 10 feet in length, 3 to 6 feet in • Using split applications helps to increase the width, and 75 to 200 feet apart effectiveness of fertilizer and herbicides. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid • Areas of the Wake soil are difficult to manage for the throughout the profile, except where surface layers economical production of pasture and hay crops have been limed because of the shallow rooting depth. Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic Woodland igneous rock Depth to bedrock: Saw—20 to 40 inches to hard Suitability: Suited bedrock; Wake—11 to 20 inches to hard bedrock Management concerns: Saw—erodibility, equipment use, and windthrow hazard; Wake—erodibility, Minor Components equipment use, seedling survival, and windthrow Dissimilar: hazard • Random areas of Pacolet soils that have hard Management measures and considerations: bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches • Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and Similar: landings. • Random areas of soils that are similar to the Saw • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses soil but have less clay in the subsoil and legumes helps to prevent erosion. • Random areas of soils that are similar to the Wake • Roads and skid trails should be constructed on the soil but have more clay in the subsoil contour and around rock outcrops, where possible. Land Use • Planting during wet periods or when the soils are moist for extended periods helps to increase seedling Dominant Uses: Woodland survival rates. Other Uses: Pasture and hayland • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result from high winds and a limited rooting depth helps to Agricultural Development increase productivity. • Planting shallow-rooted trees, such as shortleaf pine Cropland and Virginia pine, helps to increase plant survival Suitability: Unsuited rates. Management concerns: Saw—erodibility, equipment • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended use, rooting depth, and soil fertility; Wake— by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity equipment use, droughtiness, nutrient leaching, and ensure planting success. and rooting depth Urban Development Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited for crop production. Dwellings A site should be selected on better suited soils. Suitability for dwellings without basements: Saw— Pasture and hayland poorly suited; Wake—unsuited Suitability for pasture: Saw—suited; Wake—poorly Suitability for dwellings with basements: Unsuited suited Management concerns: Saw—depth to rock and Suitability for hayland: Saw—poorly suited; Wake— slope; Wake—depth to rock unsuited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Saw—erodibility, equipment • This map unit is severely limited for dwellings 100 Soil Survey

because of the depth to rock and slope. A site should Underlying material: be selected on better suited soils. 42 to 54 inches—light reddish brown and yellowish red channery silt loam saprolite Septic tank absorption fields Bedrock: Suitability: Unsuited 54 to 62 inches—weathered fine-grained sericite Management concerns: Saw—depth to rock and schist slope; Wake—depth to rock 62 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured sericite Management measures and considerations: schist • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank absorption fields because of the depth to rock and Montonia slope. The local Health Department should be Surface layer: contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt Local roads and streets loam 3 to 8 inches—strong brown channery silt loam Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Saw—slope; Wake—depth to Subsoil: rock and slope 8 to 19 inches—yellowish red channery clay loam Management measures and considerations: 19 to 29 inches—yellowish red channery clay loam • This map unit is severely limited for roads and Bedrock: streets because of the depth to rock and slope. A site 29 to 42 inches—multicolored weathered sericite should be selected on better suited soils. schist Interpretive Groups 42 inches—unweathered sericite schist Land capability classification: Saw—6e; Wake—6s Soil Properties and Qualities Woodland ordination symbol: Saw—6R based on shortleaf pine as the indicator species; Wake—5D Depth class: Tatum—deep; Montonia—moderately based on loblolly pine as the indicator species deep Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate TaB—Tatum-Montonia complex, 2 to 8 Available water capacity: Moderate percent slopes Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Tatum—moderate; Montonia— Setting low Slope class: Gently sloping Landscape: Piedmont Flooding: None Landform: Ridges Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Landform position: Interfluves original surface layer has been removed Shape of areas: Irregular Hazard of water erosion: Moderate Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres Soil reaction: Tatum—very strongly acid or strongly Composition acid throughout the profile, except where surface layers have been limed; Montonia—very strongly Tatum soil and similar soils: 55 percent acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, Montonia soil and similar soils: 40 percent except where surface layers have been limed Dissimilar soils: 5 percent Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- Typical Profile grained rocks Depth to bedrock: Tatum—40 to 60 inches to soft Tatum bedrock and more than 60 inches to hard bedrock; Surface layer: Montonia—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and 40 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly silt loam to 60 inches to hard bedrock Subsoil: Minor Components 4 to 13 inches—yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam 13 to 31 inches—red silty clay loam Dissimilar: 31 to 42 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has • Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have soft red iron accumulations bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches Cleveland County, North Carolina 101

Similar: Woodland • Random areas of soils that are similar to the Suitability: Well suited Montonia soil but have more clay in the subsoil Management concerns: Tatum—competition from Land Use undesirable plants; Montonia—seedling survival and windthrow hazard Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Management measures and considerations: Other Uses: Woodland • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help Agricultural Development to reduce competition from unwanted plants. • Maintaining surface litter helps to increase the Cropland infiltration of water and reduces seedling mortality Suitability: Tatum—well suited; Montonia—suited rates. Management concerns: Tatum—equipment use, tilth, • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result and soil fertility; Montonia—equipment use, rooting from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the depth, tilth, and soil fertility Montonia soil helps to increase productivity. Management measures and considerations: • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended • Resource management systems that include by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity terraces and diversions, stripcropping, contour tillage, and ensure planting success. no-till farming, and crop residue management help to Urban Development minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize the infiltration of rainfall. Dwellings • Using resource management systems that emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be Suitability for dwellings without basements: Suited considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to Suitability for dwellings with basements: Tatum— increase the available water capacity. suited; Montonia—poorly suited • Incorporating crop residue into the soils or leaving Management concerns: Tatum—erodibility, shrink- residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding swell potential, and corrosivity; Montonia—depth and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. to rock and corrosivity • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to Management measures and considerations: improve the water-holding capacity, and planting • Vegetating disturbed areas and using erosion- shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the control structures, such as sediment fences and catch moderately deep rooting depth of the Montonia soil. basins, help to keep eroding soil on site. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to • Reinforcing foundations or backfilling with coarse recommendations based on soil tests helps to material helps to strengthen buildings and prevents increase the availability of plant nutrients and damage caused by shrinking and swelling. maximize crop productivity. • In areas of the Montonia soil, which is moderately deep to soft bedrock, increased difficulty with Pasture and hayland excavation can be expected when constructing Suitability: Well suited dwellings with basements. Management concerns: Tatum—soil fertility; • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Montonia—rooting depth and soil fertility the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Management measures and considerations: Septic tank absorption fields • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to improve the water-holding capacity, and planting Suitability: Tatum—suited; Montonia—poorly suited shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the Management concerns: Tatum—restricted moderately deep rooting depth of the Montonia soil. permeability; Montonia—depth to rock • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Management measures and considerations: recommendations based on soil tests helps to • Increasing the size of the absorption field helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and improve the performance of septic tanks. maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems or renovating hayland and pasture. during periods when the soils are not wet helps to • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and • Locating and using areas of the deeper Tatum soil increase productivity. may improve the performance of filter fields. 102 Soil Survey

• The Cleveland County Health Department should be Montonia contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Surface layer: Local roads and streets 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt loam Suitability: Tatum—suited; Montonia—well suited 3 to 8 inches—strong brown channery silt loam Management concerns: Tatum—low strength; Montonia—no significant limitations Subsoil: Management measures and considerations: 8 to 19 inches—yellowish red channery clay loam • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and 19 to 29 inches—yellowish red channery clay loam compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Bedrock: Interpretive Groups 29 to 42 inches—multicolored weathered sericite schist Land capability classification: Tatum—2e; Montonia— 42 inches—unweathered sericite schist 3s Woodland ordination symbol: Tatum—8A based on Soil Properties and Qualities loblolly pine as the indicator species; Montonia— Depth class: Tatum—deep; Montonia—moderately 8D based on shortleaf pine as the indicator deep species Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate TaC—Tatum-Montonia complex, 8 to 15 Available water capacity: Moderate percent slopes Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Tatum—moderate; Montonia— low Setting Slope class: Gently sloping Landscape: Piedmont Flooding: None Landform: Ridges Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes original surface layer has been removed Shape of areas: Irregular Hazard of water erosion: Severe Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres Soil reaction: Tatum—very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except where surface Composition layers have been limed; Montonia—very strongly Tatum soil and similar soils: 55 percent acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, Montonia soil and similar soils: 40 percent except where surface layers have been limed Dissimilar soils: 5 percent Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- grained rocks Typical Profile Depth to bedrock: Tatum—40 to 60 inches to soft Tatum bedrock and more than 60 inches to hard bedrock; Montonia—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and 40 Surface layer: to 60 inches to hard bedrock 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly silt loam Subsoil: Minor Components 4 to 13 inches—yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam Dissimilar: 13 to 31 inches—red silty clay loam • Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have soft 31 to 42 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches red iron accumulations • Random areas of soils that are similar to the Tatum Underlying material: soil but have moderately eroded surface layers of 42 to 54 inches—light reddish brown and yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam channery silt loam saprolite • Random areas of soils that are similar to the Montonia soil but have moderately eroded surface Bedrock: layers of channery silty clay loam 54 to 62 inches—weathered fine-grained sericite schist Similar: 62 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured sericite • Random areas of soils that are similar to the schist Montonia soil but have more clay in the subsoil Cleveland County, North Carolina 103

Land Use maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating hayland and pasture. Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and Other Uses: Woodland harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and increase productivity. Agricultural Development Woodland Cropland Suitability: Well suited Management concerns: Tatum—competition from Suitability: Suited undesirable plants; Montonia—seedling survival Management concerns: Tatum—erodibility, equipment and windthrow hazard use, tilth, and soil fertility; Montonia—erodibility, Management measures and considerations: equipment use, tilth, rooting depth, and soil fertility • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Management measures and considerations: prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help • Resource management systems that include to reduce competition from unwanted plants. conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Maintaining surface litter helps to increase the stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to infiltration of water and reduces seedling mortality minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize rates. the infiltration of water. • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result • Using resource management systems that from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be Montonia soil helps to increase productivity. considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended increase the available water capacity. by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity • Incorporating crop residue into the soils or leaving and ensure planting success. residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. Urban Development • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to improve the water-holding capacity, and planting Dwellings shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep rooting depth of the Montonia soil. Suitability for dwellings without basements: Suited • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Suitability for dwellings with basements: Tatum— recommendations based on soil tests helps to suited; Montonia—poorly suited increase the availability of plant nutrients and Management concerns: Tatum—erodibility, shrink- maximize crop productivity. swell potential, slope, and corrosivity; Montonia— depth to rock, slope, and corrosivity Pasture and hayland Management measures and considerations: Suitability for pasture: Well suited • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as Suitability for hayland: Suited possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain Management concerns: Tatum—erodibility, equipment soil stability and keep sediments on site. use, and soil fertility; Montonia—erodibility, • Designing structures so that they conform to the equipment use, rooting depth, and soil fertility natural slope helps to improve soil performance. Management measures and considerations: • Reinforcing basements or backfilling with coarse • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the material helps to strengthen foundations and prevents slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and damage caused by shrinking and swelling. increases germination. • In areas of the Montonia soil, which is moderately • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper deep to soft bedrock, increased difficulty with areas when harvesting hay crops. excavation can be expected when constructing • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to dwellings with basements. improve the water-holding capacity, and planting • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. moderately deep rooting depth of the Montonia soil. Septic tank absorption fields • Applying lime and fertilizer according to recommendations based on soil tests helps to Suitability: Tatum—suited; Montonia—poorly suited increase the availability of plant nutrients and Management concerns: Tatum—restricted 104 Soil Survey

permeability and slope; Montonia—depth to rock 13 to 31 inches—red silty clay loam and slope 31 to 42 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has Management measures and considerations: red iron accumulations • Increasing the size of the absorption field and Underlying material: placing distribution lines on the contour help to 42 to 54 inches—light reddish brown and yellowish red improve the performance of septic tanks. channery silt loam saprolite • Locating and using areas of the deeper Tatum soil may improve the performance of filter fields. Bedrock: • The Cleveland County Health Department should be 54 to 62 inches—weathered fine-grained sericite contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. schist 62 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured sericite Local roads and streets schist Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Tatum—low strength and Montonia slope; Montonia—slope Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and loam compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. 3 to 8 inches—strong brown channery silt loam • Designing roads on the contour and providing adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, Subsoil: help to maintain road stability. 8 to 19 inches—yellowish red channery clay loam 19 to 29 inches—yellowish red channery clay loam Interpretive Groups Bedrock: Land capability classification: Tatum—3e; Montonia— 29 to 42 inches—multicolored weathered sericite 4e schist Woodland ordination symbol: Tatum—8A based on 42 inches—unweathered sericite schist loblolly pine as the indicator species; Montonia— 8D based on shortleaf pine as the indicator Soil Properties and Qualities species Depth class: Tatum—deep; Montonia—moderately TaD—Tatum-Montonia complex, 15 to 30 deep percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Moderate Setting Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Landscape: Piedmont Shrink-swell potential: Tatum—moderate; Montonia— Landform: Ridges low Landform position: Side slopes Slope class: Moderately steep Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Flooding: None Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the original surface layer has been removed Composition Hazard of water erosion: Very severe Tatum soil and similar soils: 50 percent Soil reaction: Tatum—very strongly acid or strongly Montonia soil and similar soils: 45 percent acid throughout the profile, except where surface Dissimilar soils: 5 percent layers have been limed; Montonia—very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, Typical Profile except where surface layers have been limed Tatum Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- grained rocks Surface layer: Depth to bedrock: Tatum—40 to 60 inches to soft 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam bedrock and more than 60 inches to hard bedrock; Subsoil: Montonia—20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and 40 4 to 13 inches—yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam to 60 inches to hard bedrock Cleveland County, North Carolina 105

Minor Components • Applying lime and fertilizer according to recommendations based on soil tests helps to Dissimilar: increase the availability of plant nutrients and • Random areas of Uwharrie soils that have soft maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, bedrock at a depth of more than 60 inches or renovating hayland and pasture. Similar: • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and • Random areas of soils that are similar to the Tatum harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and soil but have less gravel in the surface layer increase productivity. Woodland Land Use Suitability: Tatum—well suited; Montonia—suited Dominant Uses: Woodland Management concerns: Tatum—erodibility and Other Uses: Pasture and hayland equipment use; Montonia—erodibility, equipment use, and windthrow hazard Agricultural Development Management measures and considerations: • Installing broad-based dips, water bars, and culverts Cropland helps to stabilize logging roads, skid trails, and Suitability: Poorly suited landings. Management concerns: Tatum—erodibility, equipment • Reseeding all disturbed areas with adapted grasses use, and soil fertility; Montonia—erodibility, and legumes helps to prevent erosion. equipment use, rooting depth, and soil fertility • Constructing roads, fire lanes, and skid trails on the Management measures and considerations: contour helps to overcome the slope limitation. • Resource management systems that include • Periodically harvesting windthrown trees that result conservation tillage, crop residue management, from high winds and the limited rooting depth of the stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to Montonia soil helps to increase productivity. minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended the infiltration of water. by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity • This map unit is difficult to manage for cultivated and ensure planting success. crops because the slope limits equipment use. Urban Development • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to improve the water-holding capacity, and planting Dwellings shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the moderately deep rooting depth. Suitability: Poorly suited • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Management concerns: Erodibility, slope, and recommendations based on soil tests helps to corrosivity increase the availability of plant nutrients and Management measures and considerations: maximize crop productivity. • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain Pasture and hayland soil stability and keep sediments on site. Suitability for pasture: Suited • Designing structures on the contour with the natural Suitability for hayland: Poorly suited slope or building in the less sloping areas helps to Management concerns: Tatum—erodibility, equipment improve soil performance. use, and soil fertility; Montonia—erodibility, • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce equipment use, rooting depth, and soil fertility the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Management measures and considerations: Septic tank absorption fields • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and Suitability: Poorly suited increases germination. Management concerns: Tatum—slope; Montonia— • The slope limits equipment use in the steeper areas. depth to rock and slope • Incorporating plant residue into the soils helps to Management measures and considerations: improve the water-holding capacity, and planting • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to shallow-rooted crops helps to overcome the improve the performance of septic tank absorption moderately deep rooting depth of the Montonia soil. fields. 106 Soil Survey

• Locating and using areas of the deeper Tatum soil Drainage class: Well drained may improve the performance of filter fields. Permeability: Moderately rapid • The Cleveland County Health Department should be Available water capacity: Low or moderate contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Seasonal high water table (depth, period): 2.5 to 5.0 feet from December through April Local roads and streets Shrink-swell potential: Low Suitability: Poorly suited Slope class: Nearly level Management concerns: Tatum—low strength and Flooding (frequency, period, duration): Occasional slope; Montonia—slope from December through April for 2 to 7 days Management measures and considerations: Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and original surface layer has been removed compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Hazard of water erosion: Slight • Designing roads on the contour and providing Soil reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid throughout adequate water-control structures, such as culverts, the profile help to maintain road stability. Parent material: Alluvium derived mainly from felsic high-grade metamorphic or igneous rock Interpretive Groups Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Land capability classification: Tatum—4e; Montonia— 6e Minor Components Woodland ordination symbol: Tatum—6R based on Dissimilar: loblolly pine as the indicator species; Montonia— • Somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils in the 8R based on shortleaf pine as the indicator slightly lower-lying positions or in depressional areas species • Excessively drained Buncombe soils in the slightly higher positions adjacent to streams ToA—Toccoa loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, Similar: occasionally flooded • Random areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil than the Toccoa soil Setting Land Use Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Flood plains Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Landform position: Planar to slightly convex slopes Other Uses: Woodland Shape of areas: Elongated Size of areas: 10 to 250 acres Agricultural Development Composition Cropland Toccoa soil and similar soils: 90 percent Suitability: Suited Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Management concerns: Flooding Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is difficult to manage for cropland Surface layer: because of the potential for flooding during the 0 to 7 inches—brown loam growing season. Underlying material: Pasture and hayland 7 to 17 inches—strong brown sandy loam 17 to 28 inches—strong brown loamy sand Suitability: Poorly suited 28 to 38 inches—strong brown sandy loam that has Management concerns: Flooding and droughtiness brown iron accumulations Management measures and considerations: 38 to 46 inches—brown loamy sand • Flooding may pose a hazard to livestock. 46 to 60 inches—pale brown silt loam that has reddish • Harvesting hay crops as soon as possible helps to brown and strong brown iron accumulations reduce the risk of damage from flooding. • Rotational grazing and a well planned clipping and Soil Properties and Qualities harvesting schedule help to maintain pastures and Depth class: Very deep increase productivity. Cleveland County, North Carolina 107

Woodland Composition Suitability: Well suited Udorthents: 85 percent Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Dissimilar soils: 15 percent plants Typical Profile Management measures and considerations: • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, This map unit consists of areas where natural soil prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help properties and qualities have been greatly altered by to reduce competition from unwanted plants. excavation or intensive grading or the natural soils • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended have been covered by earthy fill material. Udorthents by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity are variable in color and depth and have and ensure planting success. predominantly loamy textures. A typical profile is not given. Urban Development Soil Properties and Qualities Dwellings Depth class: Shallow to very deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained to Suitability: Unsuited somewhat poorly drained Management concerns: Flooding Permeability: Very slow to moderately rapid Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Very low to moderate • This map unit is severely limited for urban Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet development because of the flooding. A site should be Shrink-swell potential: Low or moderate selected on better suited soils. Flooding: None Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of Septic tank absorption fields the original surface layer has been removed Suitability: Unsuited Hazard of water erosion: Severe Management concerns: Flooding Soil reaction: Extremely acid to slightly acid Management measures and considerations: Parent material: Variable • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank Depth to bedrock: Variable absorption fields because of the flooding. The local Minor Components Health Department should be contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Dissimilar: • Areas of exposed or excavated bedrock Local roads and streets • Soils that have not been greatly altered by excavation or grading Suitability: Unsuited • Areas of Urban land where the surface has been Management concerns: Flooding covered by streets, parking lots, driveways, or Management measures and considerations: buildings • This map unit is severely limited for roads and streets because of the flooding. A site should be Land Use selected on better suited soils. Dominant Uses: Landfills, cut and fill areas, and urban development Interpretive Groups Agricultural Development Land capability classification: 2w Woodland ordination symbol: 9A based on yellow- Cropland poplar as the indicator species Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Variable soil properties UdC—Udorthents, loamy Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited for crop production because of variable soil properties. A site should be Setting selected on better suited soils. Landscape: Variable Pasture and hayland Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres Suitability: Unsuited 108 Soil Survey

Management concerns: Variable soil properties Ur—Urban land Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is severely limited for the production of Setting pasture and hay crops because of variable soil properties. A site should be selected on better suited Landscape: Variable soils. Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres Woodland Composition Suitability: Suited Urban land: 90 percent Management concerns: Variable soil properties and Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent limited size of areas Management measures and considerations: Typical Profile • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended This map unit consists of areas that are covered by by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity streets, parking lots, driveways, or buildings. A typical and ensure planting success. profile is not given. • This map unit is difficult to manage for timber production because of the limited size of its areas and Minor Components areas of highly disturbed soils. Dissimilar: • Random areas of Udorthents where natural soil Urban Development properties and qualities have been greatly altered by excavation or intensive grading or the natural soils Dwellings have been covered by earthy fill material Suitability: Poorly suited • Areas of natural soils that have not been greatly Management concerns: Variable soil properties and altered by excavation or grading or covered by earthy differential settling fill material Management measures and considerations: Land Use • This map unit has severe limitations affecting dwellings and small commercial buildings because of Dominant Uses: Urban development highly variable soil properties. • Because soils in this map unit were created from cut Urban Development and fill material, they are subject to uneven settling Dwellings and may be unstable if not properly compacted. Suitability: None assigned Septic tank absorption fields Management concerns: Excessive surface water runoff Suitability: Poorly suited Management measures and considerations: Management concerns: Variable soil properties • Water-control structures, such as diversions and Management measures and considerations: storm drains, are needed to control the increased • The Cleveland County Health Department should be surface water runoff. contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Interpretive Groups Local roads and streets Land capability classification: None assigned Suitability: Poorly suited Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned Management concerns: Variable soil properties Management measures and considerations: • This map unit has severe limitations affecting roads UtB—Uwharrie silt loam, 2 to 8 percent and streets because of highly variable soil properties. slopes

Interpretive Groups Setting Land capability classification: None assigned Landscape: Piedmont Woodland ordination symbol: None assigned Landform: Broad ridges Landform position: Interfluves Cleveland County, North Carolina 109

Shape of areas: Irregular Land Use Size of areas: 10 to 200 acres Dominant Uses: Woodland Composition Other Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Uwharrie soil and similar soils: 90 percent Agricultural Development Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Cropland Typical Profile Suitability: Well suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Management measures and considerations: 5 to 8 inches—reddish yellow silt loam • Resource management systems that include Subsoil: conservation tillage, crop residue management, 8 to 15 inches—red silty clay loam stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to 15 to 36 inches—red silty clay minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize 36 to 50 inches—red silty clay loam that has very pale the infiltration of water. brown iron accumulations • Applying lime and fertilizer according to recommendations based on soil tests helps to Underlying material: increase the availability of plant nutrients and 50 to 72 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite maximize crop productivity. Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture and hayland Depth class: Very deep Suitability: Well suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility Permeability: Moderate Management measures and considerations: Available water capacity: Moderate • Because of the high potential erodibility of this soil, Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet special care is needed when renovating pastures and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate establishing seedbeds to prevent soil erosion. Slope class: Gently sloping • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Flooding: None recommendations based on soil tests helps to Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the increase the availability of plant nutrients and original surface layer has been removed maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Hazard of water erosion: Severe or renovating hayland and pasture. Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Woodland throughout the profile, except where surface layers have been limed Suitability: Well suited Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- Management concerns: Competition from undesirable grained rocks plants Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Management measures and considerations: • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Minor Components prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help to reduce competition from unwanted plants. Dissimilar: • Random areas of Tatum soils that have soft bedrock Urban Development between depths of 40 and 60 inches • Montonia soils that have soft bedrock at a depth of Dwellings less than 40 inches; on the outer edge of map units Suitability: Suited • Random areas of moderately eroded Uwharrie soils Management concerns: Erodibility, shrink-swell that have surface layers of silty clay loam potential, and corrosivity Similar: Management measures and considerations: • Soils that are similar to the Uwharrie soil but have • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as yellow or brown subsoils possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain • Soils that are similar to the Uwharrie soil but have soil stability and keep sediments on site. less clay in the subsoil • Reinforcing basements or backfilling with coarse 110 Soil Survey

material helps to strengthen foundations and prevents Soil Properties and Qualities damage caused by shrinking and swelling. Depth class: Very deep • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Drainage class: Well drained the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. Permeability: Moderate Septic tank absorption fields Available water capacity: Moderate Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Suitability: Suited Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Management concerns: Restricted permeability Slope class: Gently sloping Management measures and considerations: Flooding: None • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of during periods when the soil is not wet helps to the original surface layer has been removed prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. Hazard of water erosion: Very severe • Raking trench walls helps to reduce the sealing of Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid soil pores which may occur during the excavation of throughout the profile, except where surface layers septic tank absorption fields. have been limed Local roads and streets Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- grained rocks Suitability: Suited Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Management concerns: Low strength Management measures and considerations: Minor Components • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Dissimilar: • Random areas of Tatum soils that have soft bedrock Interpretive Groups between depths of 40 and 60 inches Land capability classification: 2e Similar: Woodland ordination symbol: 8A based on yellow- • Slightly eroded Uwharrie soils that have surface poplar as the indicator species layers of silt loam Land Use UuB2—Uwharrie silty clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded Dominant Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland Other Uses: Woodland Setting Agricultural Development Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Ridges Cropland Landform position: Interfluves Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability: Well suited Size of areas: 15 to 150 acres Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil fertility Composition Management measures and considerations: Uwharrie soil and similar soils: 90 percent • Resource management systems that include Dissimilar soils: 10 percent terraces and diversions, conservation tillage, stripcropping, contour farming, crop residue Typical Profile management, and rotations of soil-conserving crops Surface layer: help to minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and 0 to 4 inches—reddish brown silty clay loam maximize the infiltration of rainfall. • Incorporating crop residue into the soil or leaving Subsoil: residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding 4 to 13 inches—red silty clay loam and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. 13 to 39 inches—red silty clay • Applying lime and fertilizer according to 39 to 58 inches—red silty clay loam recommendations based on soil tests helps to Underlying material: increase the availability of plant nutrients and 58 to 72 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite maximize crop productivity. Cleveland County, North Carolina 111

Pasture and hayland Interpretive Groups Suitability: Well suited Land capability classification: 3e Management concerns: Erodibility and soil fertility Woodland ordination symbol: 6C based on yellow- Management measures and considerations: poplar as the indicator species • Because of the high erodibility of this soil, special care is needed when renovating pastures and establishing seedbeds to prevent further soil erosion. UvC—Uwharrie-Tatum complex, 8 to 15 • Applying lime and fertilizer according to percent slopes recommendations based on soil tests helps to increase the availability of plant nutrients and Setting maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, or renovating hayland and pasture. Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Ridges Woodland Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes Suitability: Well suited Shape of areas: Irregular Management concerns: Seedling survival Size of areas: 10 to 75 acres Management measures and considerations: • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and Composition bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces Uwharrie soil and similar soils: 75 percent mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. Tatum soil and similar soils: 15 percent Urban Development Dissimilar soils: 10 percent

Dwellings Typical Profile Suitability: Suited Uwharrie Management concerns: Erodibility, shrink-swell Surface layer: potential, and corrosivity 0 to 5 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Management measures and considerations: 5 to 8 inches—reddish yellow silt loam • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain Subsoil: soil stability and keep sediments on site. 8 to 15 inches—red silty clay loam • Reinforcing basements or backfilling with coarse 15 to 36 inches—red silty clay material helps to strengthen foundations and prevents 36 to 50 inches—red silty clay loam that has very pale damage caused by shrinking and swelling. brown iron accumulations • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Underlying material: the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. 50 to 72 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite Septic tank absorption fields Tatum Suitability: Suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Restricted permeability 0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam Management measures and considerations: • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Subsoil: during periods when the soil is not wet helps to 4 to 13 inches—yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. 13 to 31 inches—red silty clay loam • Raking trench walls helps to reduce the sealing of 31 to 42 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has soil pores which may occur during the excavation of red iron accumulations septic tank absorption fields. Underlying material: Local roads and streets 42 to 54 inches—light reddish brown and yellowish red channery silt loam saprolite Suitability: Suited Management concerns: Low strength Bedrock: Management measures and considerations: 54 to 62 inches—weathered sericite schist • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and 62 inches—unweathered, slightly fractured sericite compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. schist 112 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities • Using resource management systems that emphasize minimum tillage or no-till should be Depth class: Uwharrie—very deep; Tatum—deep considered to reduce equipment deterioration and to Drainage class: Well drained increase the available water capacity. Permeability: Moderate • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Available water capacity: Moderate recommendations based on soil tests helps to Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet increase the availability of plant nutrients and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate maximize crop productivity. Slope class: Strongly sloping Flooding: None Pasture and hayland Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the Suitability for pasture: Well suited original surface layer has been removed Suitability for hayland: Suited Hazard of water erosion: Severe Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, Soil reaction: Uwharrie—very strongly acid to and soil fertility moderately acid throughout the profile, except Management measures and considerations: where surface layers have been limed; Tatum— • Preparing seedbeds on the contour or across the very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the slope helps to reduce the hazard of erosion and profile, except where surface layers have been increases germination. limed • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- areas when harvesting hay crops. grained rocks • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Depth to bedrock: Uwharrie—60 to more than 72 recommendations based on soil tests helps to inches; Tatum—40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock increase the availability of plant nutrients and and more than 60 inches to hard bedrock maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Minor Components or renovating hayland and pasture. Dissimilar: Woodland • Random areas of Montonia soils that have soft Suitability: Well suited bedrock between depths of 40 and 60 inches Management concerns: Competition from undesirable Similar: plants • Soils that are similar to the Uwharrie and Tatum soils Management measures and considerations: but have less gravel in the surface layer • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, • Soils that are similar to the Uwharrie soil but have prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help yellow or brown subsoils to reduce competition from unwanted plants. • Soils that are similar to the Uwharrie soil but have Urban Development less clay in the subsoil Dwellings Land Use Suitability: Suited Dominant Uses: Woodland Management concerns: Shrink-swell potential and Other Uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland corrosivity Management measures and considerations: Agricultural Development • Reinforcing basements or backfilling with coarse material helps to strengthen foundations and prevents Cropland damage caused by shrinking and swelling. Suitability: Suited • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. and soil fertility Septic tank absorption fields Management measures and considerations: • Resource management systems that include Suitability: Suited conservation tillage, crop residue management, Management concerns: Restricted permeability and stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to slope minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize Management measures and considerations: the infiltration of water. • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Cleveland County, North Carolina 113

during periods when the soils are not wet helps to Subsoil: prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. 4 to 14 inches—red clay • Raking trench walls helps to reduce the sealing of 14 to 36 inches—red silty clay loam soil pores which may occur during the excavation of Underlying material: septic tank absorption fields. 36 to 47 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to improve the performance of septic tank absorption Bedrock: fields. 47 to 60 inches—weathered sericite schist Local roads and streets Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability: Suited Depth class: Uwharrie—very deep; Tatum—deep Management concerns: Low strength Drainage class: Well drained Management measures and considerations: Permeability: Moderate • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and Available water capacity: Moderate compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Interpretive Groups Slope class: Strongly sloping Land capability classification: 3e Flooding: None Woodland ordination symbol: Uwharrie—8A based on Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of yellow-poplar as the indicator species; Tatum—8A the original surface layer has been removed based on loblolly pine as the indicator species Hazard of water erosion: Very severe Soil reaction: Uwharrie—very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, except UwC2—Uwharrie-Tatum complex, 8 to 15 where surface layers have been limed; Tatum— percent slopes, moderately eroded very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except where surface layers have been Setting limed Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- Landscape: Piedmont grained rocks Landform: Ridges Depth to bedrock: Uwharrie—60 to more than 72 Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes inches; Tatum—40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock Shape of areas: Irregular and more than 60 inches to hard bedrock Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Minor Components Composition Dissimilar: Uwharrie soil and similar soils: 65 percent • Random areas of Montonia soils that have soft Tatum soil and similar soils: 30 percent bedrock between depths of 40 and 60 inches Dissimilar soils: 5 percent Similar: Typical Profile • Slightly eroded soils that are similar to the Uwharrie Uwharrie and Tatum soils but have surface layers of silt loam • Soils that are similar to the Uwharrie and Tatum soils Surface layer: but have less gravel in the surface layer 0 to 4 inches—reddish brown silty clay loam Land Use Subsoil: 4 to 13 inches—red silty clay loam Dominant Uses: Cropland 13 to 39 inches—red silty clay Other Uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland 39 to 58 inches—red silty clay loam Agricultural Development Underlying material: 58 to 72 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite Cropland Tatum Suitability: Suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Erodibility, tilth, and soil 0 to 4 inches—red silty clay loam fertility 114 Soil Survey

Management measures and considerations: possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain • Resource management systems that include soil stability and keep sediments on site. conservation tillage, crop residue management, • Reinforcing basements or backfilling with coarse stripcropping, and sod-based rotations help to material helps to strengthen foundations and prevents minimize erosion, control surface runoff, and maximize damage caused by shrinking and swelling. the infiltration of water. • Grading or shaping land prior to construction helps • Incorporating crop residue into the soils or leaving to reduce damage from surface water and prevents residue on the soil surface helps to minimize clodding soil erosion. and crusting and maximize the infiltration of water. • Using corrosion-resistant materials helps to reduce • Restricting tillage to periods when the soils are not the risk of damage to uncoated steel and concrete. wet helps to minimize clodding and crusting and Septic tank absorption fields increase the infiltration of water. • Applying lime and fertilizer according to Suitability: Suited recommendations based on soil tests helps to Management concerns: Restricted permeability and increase the availability of plant nutrients and slope maximize crop productivity. Management measures and considerations: • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems Pasture and hayland during periods when the soils are not wet helps to Suitability for pasture: Well suited prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. Suitability for hayland: Suited • Raking trench walls helps to reduce the sealing of Management concerns: Erodibility, equipment use, soil pores which may occur during the excavation of and soil fertility septic tank absorption fields. Management measures and considerations: • Installing distribution lines on the contour helps to • Because of the high erodibility of these soils, special improve the performance of septic tank absorption care is needed when renovating pastures and fields. establishing seedbeds to prevent further soil erosion. • The Cleveland County Health Department should be • The slope may limit equipment use in the steeper contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. areas when harvesting hay crops. Local roads and streets • Applying lime and fertilizer according to recommendations based on soil tests helps to Suitability: Suited increase the availability of plant nutrients and Management concerns: Erodibility and low strength maximizes productivity when establishing, maintaining, Management measures and considerations: or renovating hayland and pasture. • Vegetating cut and fill slopes as soon as possible after construction helps to stabilize the soils and Woodland prevents excessive soil erosion. Suitability: Well suited • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soils and Management concerns: Seedling survival and compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. competition from undesirable plants Interpretive Groups Management measures and considerations: • Special site preparation, such as harrowing and Land capability classification: 4e bedding, helps to establish seedlings, reduces Woodland ordination symbol: Uwharrie—6C based on mortality rates, and increases early seedling growth. yellow-poplar as the indicator species; Tatum—8A • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, based on loblolly pine as the indicator species prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help to reduce competition from unwanted plants. UxB—Uwharrie-Urban land complex, 2 to Urban Development 8 percent slopes

Dwellings Setting Suitability: Suited Landscape: Piedmont Management concerns: Erodibility, shrink-swell Landform: Ridges potential, slope, and corrosivity Landform position: Interfluves Management measures and considerations: Shape of areas: Irregular • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as Size of areas: 50 to 300 acres Cleveland County, North Carolina 115

Composition Land Use Uwharrie soil and similar soils: 65 percent Dominant Uses: Urban development Urban land: 25 percent Dissimilar soils: 10 percent Agricultural Development

Typical Profile Cropland Uwharrie Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Limited size of areas Surface layer: Management measures and considerations: 0 to 4 inches—reddish brown silty clay loam • This map unit is difficult to manage for crop Subsoil: production because of the limited size of its areas, 4 to 13 inches—red silty clay loam intermittent areas of urban land, and areas of highly 13 to 39 inches—red silty clay disturbed soils. 39 to 58 inches—red silty clay loam Pasture and hayland Underlying material: 58 to 72 inches—multicolored silt loam saprolite Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Limited size of areas Urban land Management measures and considerations: • This map unit is difficult to manage for the Urban land consists of areas that are covered by production of pasture and hay crops because of the streets, parking lots, driveways, or buildings. A typical small size of its areas. profile is not given. Woodland Soil Properties and Qualities of the Uwharrie Soil Suitability: Poorly suited Management concerns: Limited size of areas Depth class: Very deep Management measures and considerations: Drainage class: Well drained • Although timber production is rarely feasible in this Permeability: Moderate map unit because of the limited size of the areas and Available water capacity: Moderate intermittent areas of urban land, planting trees has Depth to seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet aesthetic benefits. Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Planting the appropriate species, as recommended Slope class: Gently sloping by a forester, helps to achieve maximum productivity Flooding: None and ensure planting success. Extent of erosion: Moderate, about 25 to 75 percent of the original surface layer has been removed Urban Development Hazard of water erosion: Severe Soil reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Dwellings throughout the profile, except where surface layers have been limed Suitability: Uwharrie—suited; Urban land—none Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- assigned grained rocks Management concerns: Erodibility, shrink-swell Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches potential, and excessive surface water runoff Management measures and considerations: Minor Components • Vegetating cleared and graded areas as soon as possible or constructing silt fences helps to maintain Dissimilar: soil stability and keep sediments on site. • Random areas of Tatum soils that have soft bedrock • Reinforcing basements or backfilling with coarse between depths of 40 and 60 inches material helps to strengthen foundations and prevents • Areas of Udorthents where the natural soils have damage caused by shrinking and swelling. been altered or covered and the slope modified • Water-control structures, such as diversions and Similar: storm drains, are needed to control the increased • Slightly eroded Uwharrie soils which have a silt loam surface water runoff. surface layer 116 Soil Survey

Septic tank absorption fields Typical Profile Suitability: Uwharrie—suited; Urban land—none Surface layer: assigned 0 to 6 inches—dark gray loam Management concerns: Restricted permeability in Subsoil: areas of the Uwharrie soil 6 to 22 inches—gray silty clay loam that has red and Management measures and considerations: brown iron accumulations • Installing the distribution lines of septic systems 22 to 35 inches—gray loam that has red and brown during periods when the soil is not wet helps to iron accumulations prevent the smearing and sealing of trench walls. • Raking trench walls helps to reduce the sealing of Underlying material: soil pores which may occur during the excavation of 35 to 50 inches—olive gray sandy loam septic tank absorption fields. 50 to 61 inches—dark gray sandy loam • The Cleveland County Health Department should be Soil Properties and Qualities contacted for guidance in developing sanitary facilities. Depth class: Very deep Local roads and streets Drainage class: Poorly drained or very poorly drained Suitability: Uwharrie—suited; Urban land—none General texture class: Loamy assigned Permeability: Moderate Management concerns: Low soil strength Available water capacity: High Management measures and considerations: Seasonal high water table (depth, period): 0 to 1.0 foot • Incorporating sand and gravel into the soil and from November through May compacting roadbeds help to improve soil strength. Shrink-swell potential: Low Slope class: Nearly level Interpretive Groups Flooding (frequency, period, duration): Frequent from November through June for 7 to 30 days Land capability classification: Uwharrie—3e; Urban Extent of erosion: Slight, less than 25 percent of the land—none assigned original surface layer has been removed Woodland ordination symbol: Uwharrie—6C based on Potential frost action: Low yellow-poplar as the indicator species; Urban Soil reaction: Slightly acid to very strongly acid land—none assigned Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Minor Components W—Water Dissimilar: This map unit includes streams, lakes, ponds, and • Somewhat poorly drained Chewacla soils in estuaries that in most years are covered with water at landform positions similar to those of the Wehadkee least during the period warm enough for plants to soil grow; many areas are covered throughout the year. Similar: • Poorly drained soils that are more sandy or more WeA—Wehadkee loam, 0 to 2 percent silty than the Wehadkee soil slopes, frequently flooded Land use Dominant Uses: Woodland Setting Other Uses: Pasture Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Flood plains Agricultural Development Landform position: Slightly concave slopes Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Cropland Size of areas: 4 to 130 acres Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Composition • This map unit is severely limited for crop production Wehadkee soil and similar soils: 70 percent because of the flooding and wetness. A site should be Dissimilar soils: 30 percent selected on better suited soils. Cleveland County, North Carolina 117

Pasture and hayland • Federal and State wetland protection regulations may restrict the use of some woodland management Suitability for pasture: Poorly suited measures and other land alterations in areas of Suitability for hayland: Unsuited Wehadkee soils. Management concerns: Flooding and wetness Management measures and considerations: Urban Development • Unless drainage systems are used, management should include selecting forages that are tolerant of Dwellings excessive wetness. Suitability: Unsuited • Fencing livestock away from creeks and streams Management concerns: and using pressure-fed watering tanks help to prevent • This map unit is severely limited for dwellings streambank caving, sedimentation, and water because of the flooding and wetness. A site should be contamination by animal waste. selected on better suited soils. • Federal and State wetland protection regulations may restrict the use of drainage systems and other Septic tank absorption fields land alterations in areas of Wehadkee soils. Suitability: Unsuited Management concerns: Woodland • This map unit is severely limited for septic tank Suitability: Suited absorption fields because of the flooding and wetness. Management concerns: Equipment use and plant A site should be selected on better suited soils. competition Local roads and streets Management measures and considerations: • Using low-pressure ground equipment helps to Suitability: Unsuited prevent rutting of the soil surface and damage to tree Management concerns: roots due to soil compaction. • This map unit is severely limited for roads and • Harvesting timber during summer helps to reduce streets because of the flooding and wetness. A site the risk of damage from flooding. should be selected on better suited soils. • Site preparation practices, such as chopping, Interpretive Groups prescribed burning, and applications of herbicide, help to reduce competition from unwanted plants. Land capability classification: 6w • Trees that are tolerant of wetness should be Woodland ordination symbol: 8W based on yellow- selected for management. poplar as the indicator species

119

Use and Management of Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of Crops and Pasture the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural Ben Robinson, District Conservationist, Natural Resources resources and the environment. It can also help to Conservation Service, helped prepare this section. prevent soil-related failures in land uses. General management needed for crops and pasture In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, is suggested in this section. The crops or pasture conservationists, engineers, and others collect plants best suited to the soils are identified; the system extensive field data about the nature and behavioral of land capability classification used by the Natural characteristics of the soils. They collect data on Resources Conservation Service is explained; the erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that estimated yields of the main crops are listed for each affect various soil uses and management. Field soil; and prime farmland is described. In this section, experience and collected data on soil properties and the estimated acreages of crops and land use and the performance are used as a basis for predicting soil livestock numbers are based on data from the 1997 behavior. Census of Agriculture. Information in this section can be used to plan the Planners of management systems for individual use and management of soils for crops and pasture; fields or farms should consider the detailed as forestland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities, information given in the description of each soil under highways and other transportation systems, and parks the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in the and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat. tables. Specific information can be obtained from the It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations local office of the Natural Resources Conservation of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent Service, the Soil and Water Conservation District, or construction failures caused by unfavorable soil the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. properties. Federal and State regulations require that any area Generally, except for the soils that flood, the soils in designated as wetlands cannot be altered without prior Cleveland County that are well suited to crops are also approval. Contact the local office of the Natural well suited to urban uses. The data concerning specific Resources Conservation Service for identification of soils in the county can be used in planning future land hydric soils and potential wetlands. use patterns. The potential for farming should be In 1997, approximately 29,500 acres of Cleveland considered relative to any soil limitations and the County was harvested for cropland. Approximately potential for nonfarm development. 13,400 acres was used for row crops and 5,950 acres Planners and others using soil survey information for small grains. Some cropland acreage was used for can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on orchards, vegetables, berries, and other specialty productivity and on the environment in all or part of the crops. Additional cropland was idle, in conservation survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain use, or used for miscellaneous purposes. or create a land use pattern in harmony with the Approximately 40,900 acres of the county was used natural soil. for pasture. Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use Primary Field Crops it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. The soils and climate of Cleveland County are Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and suitable for numerous crops grown for grain, hay, others may also find this survey useful. The survey silage, and lint. Soybeans are the most widely planted can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and annual crop in the county. In 1997, about 7,900 acres locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, of soybeans were harvested for beans. Additional playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. 120 Soil Survey

acres of soybeans were also harvested for hay. Much Orchards of the soybean acreage is double cropped after small Conditions in Cleveland County are favorable for grain, with wheat being the most widely planted small apple and peach production (fig. 10). In 1997, the grain. In 1997, about 3,700 acres of wheat grown for county had 22 farms with orchards covering a total of grain was harvested along with 850 acres of barley 565 acres, 460 acres of which were apple orchards. and 220 acres of oats. Small grains were also planted Apples are grown on both piedmont and mountain and harvested for hay and silage. Corn was harvested soils. Peaches grow best on the warmer piedmont for grain on approximately 1,500 acres and for silage soils. The establishment and management of orchard on approximately 1,000 acres. lands requires careful site selection and orchard layout Cotton has been a very important crop for and maintenance planning. The fruit is grown for the agriculture in Cleveland County. In 1909, almost fresh market and the juice market. Many growers sell 39,000 acres of cotton was harvested in the county. As at their own roadside stands. late as the 1940’s, Cleveland County was the largest Apple and peach trees require deep, well drained cotton-producing county in North Carolina. In 1997, soils and landforms that offer protection from early about 2,900 acres was harvested. Although the season freezing. Other management considerations acreage has declined significantly during the past should be the potential for water storage and site century, cotton remains an important crop for maintenance costs. Topography can affect the degree agriculture in the county. Two cotton gins still operate of freeze and wind damage, subsurface drainage, and in the county. orchard layout. Mountain landscapes have colder Many hay and silage crops are grown in the county. climates which hinder peach production. In both These forages include tall fescue, orchardgrass, piedmont and mountain areas, cold air generally bermudagrass, alfalfa, lespedezas, sorghums, clovers, moves from the higher, more sloping areas and small grains, corn, and soybeans. Tall fescue is also collects on the lower, flatter areas. Most severe crop harvested for seed on several farms. losses are caused by early season freezing, which damages buds and flowers. Orchards should be Vegetables, Melons, Berries, and Nursery and located on sloping soils that have uniform air Greenhouse Crops movement with few obstructions so that cold air The soils and climate of Cleveland County support pockets do not form. Cold air settles on the lower-lying a variety of crops other than the more widely planted stream terraces and flood plains, such as in areas of crops that are grown for grain, hay, silage, and lint. Dogue and Toccoa soils, and damages buds and Although the total acreage is relatively small, there are flowers. Other flood plain soils, such as Chewacla numerous farms and fields throughout the county soils, have wetness associated with a high water table. where vegetables, melons, berries, and nursery and On piedmont divides, soils such as Cecil, Pacolet, greenhouse crops are grown. Deep soils that have and Madison, are commonly used for orchards. good drainage and that warm up early in spring are Bethlehem soils are also used; however, they tend to especially well suited to many vegetables, melons, and be droughty and their moderate depth to bedrock can berries. limit tree roots. Rion and Grover soils on piedmont In 1997, vegetables and melons were grown on 330 side slopes have good air movement, but their steep acres in Cleveland County. Squash was the main slopes can limit orchard layout, maintenance of vegetable grown, by acreage, with 130 acres planted. access roads, and equipment use. Cliffside soils are Sweet corn was the widest grown, by number of very stony and can limit tree rooting depth and farms, with it being planted on 12 farms. Other equipment use. vegetables and melons include tomatoes, pumpkins, Aspect and susceptibility to wind damage are watermelons, snap beans, cucumbers and pickles, landform considerations in mountain areas. Southern and cantaloupes. aspects may encourage premature bud development The main berry grown in the county is the and increase the risk of freeze damage. Cellular strawberry. In 1997, strawberries were grown on 21 damage to tree trunks may also occur on southern farms, on a total of 43 acres. The operations are aspects during winter. Some soils on high mountain mostly pick-your-own, which are very popular with ridges, such as Cliffield and Pigeonroost soils, are area residents. In 1997, nursery and greenhouse droughty, limit tree rooting depth, and often leave trees crops were grown on 21 farms in the county. These and flowers exposed to excessive wind and ice operations are important to the local economy. They damage. generated almost 5 million dollars in sales in 1997. Orchard layout and maintenance includes careful Cleveland County, North Carolina 121

Figure 10.—Apple trees require deep, well drained soils. They are grown on piedmont and mountain soils. tree selection, row spacing, planning of access roads, productivity. The majority of the cropland in the erosion control, and a soil fertility program. Tree size uplands consists of moderately eroded soils that have and variety can affect the cost of maintenance, tree lost 25 to 75 percent of the topsoil. density, and pollination success. Smaller trees are Critical eroding areas, such as gullies and steep generally easier to maintain, and they permit closer banks, are high sediment-producing areas in the row spacing. Tree variety factors, such as fruit county. Many of the gullies are along the edge of fields marketability, time of bloom, and disease resistance, and began as unprotected terrace outlets. Active affect maintenance costs and fruit quality. gullies occur throughout the county, and stabilizing The local office of the Natural Resources these gullies can be very expensive. Many roadside Conservation Service, the Soil and Water ditches and banks, as well as streambanks, also Conservation District, or the North Carolina produce large amounts of sediment. Cooperative Extension Service can provide additional Erosion is especially damaging to soils that have a information about the establishment and management clayey subsoil, such as Cecil, Pacolet, Appling, and of orchard lands in Cleveland County. Madison soils. As subsoil material is incorporated into the surface layer, the available water capacity Cropland Management decreases, the need for lime and fertilizer increases, Erosion is the main management concern affecting and soil porosity decreases. These soils also tend to sustained, productive farming in the county. Because crust, especially in severely eroded areas. If crusting of the rolling topography of the county, most of the occurs soon after planting, it may impede crop soils in the uplands are steep enough that intense emergence. Crusting reduces water infiltration, conservation practices are required to maintain resulting in rapid surface runoff and thus an increased 122 Soil Survey

hazard of further erosion. In addition, soils such as Pasture and Hayland Management Bethlehem and Saw have a layer in or below the subsoil that limits the depth of the root zone and can In 1997, according to the Census of Agriculture, be severely damaged by erosion. Cleveland County had about 22,700 beef and dairy Many sloping areas have clayey spots where tilling cattle. Most of the cattle were in pastures, and the rest or preparing a good seedbed is difficult because were on feedlots. In 1997, the county also had erosion has removed the original friable surface layer. approximately 900 horses and 500 sheep. Because of Such spots are common in areas of moderately the large number of livestock, pasture and hayland eroded soils, such as Cecil, Pacolet, and Bethlehem. management is very important for agriculture in the A resource management system that provides a county. The major pasture and hay plants are tall protective surface cover helps to control runoff, fescue and white clover. Other perennial forages used increases the rate of water infiltration, and reduces the for pasture or hay, or both, are common hazard of erosion. A cropping system that maintains bermudagrass, hybrid bermudagrass, orchardgrass, plant cover or plant residue cover for extended periods and alfalfa. Switchgrass has good potential as a forage can keep erosion to a rate that does not reduce the in the county, although it has not been readily productive capacity of the soil. Crop residue accepted. management and the inclusion of grasses and Producers of livestock need to plant a combination legumes in the cropping system help to control erosion of forage species that are best adapted to the soils and improve soil tilth. and that best serve their management needs. Growing Since the early 1900’s, terraces have been a major a good selection of forage species as well as using conservation practice in the county. Terraces are still good management techniques, such as proper used today; however, because of larger tractors and fertilization, pest control, and grazing systems that machinery, terraces can sometimes be a hindrance to best utilize the available forage, are needed for equipment use or terraces can be lowered to the point pasture and hayland management. Overgrazing is a that they lose much of their capacity to intercept and common problem in the county. Overgrazed forages divert runoff. In addition, terraces do little to improve cannot survive periods of drought nor do they respond the tilth of the soil. In the 1960’s, no-till planting, or as well to fertilization. Where pastures are located on conservation tillage, was first used in Cleveland soils too steep for conventional farm equipment, County. It involves planting a crop in the previous fertilization and pest control are difficult. crop’s residue, in a cover crop, or in a sod, with Selected forage species should provide maximum minimal tillage or soil disturbance. Today, it is the most quality and versatility in the forage program. Legumes important component in resource management produce high-quality feed and can fix nitrogen from the systems for cropland in the county. air. White clovers such as ladino are commonly used Conservation tillage effectively reduces the hazard for pasture. Alfalfa and red clover are generally used of erosion and conserves soil moisture, and it can for hay. Tall fescue grass is the most important forage improve soil structure and soil tilth for better rainfall of the county. It is suited to a wide range of conditions infiltration and less crusting. It is practical and and used for both pasture and hay. This grass and economical and can improve soil quality, thus allowing orchardgrass are cool-season grasses as their main higher yields at a lower cost. Conservation tillage does growing periods are spring and fall. Fertilization should require a higher level of management but has been be done in late winter and late summer to best utilize readily adopted by most farmers in the county. With the nutrients for their growing periods. better equipment, weed control, cost savings, and Warm-season grasses, such as common awareness of the soil quality benefits, long-term no-till bermudagrass, hybrid bermudagrass, and is being utilized by more and more farmers. switchgrass, grow primarily during summer, from mid- Other cropland conservation practices include June to September. Although these grasses can be utilizing grasses and legumes in rotation with row grazed, they are best suited for hay production. These crops, stripcropping, seeding cover crops after low forages can provide feed when the growth of the cool- residue-producing crops, constructing diversions for season grasses has slowed during summer. intercepting excess runoff, and establishing grassed Annuals such as sorghums, soybeans, and small waterways for the safe disposal of runoff in areas of grains are also planted for hay, but perennials are the field where runoff concentrates or at the outlets of normally preferred in forage programs for beef cattle terraces and diversions. Field borders of grass also because of lower production costs. Corn silage is serve to control erosion or intercept sediment before it extensively used for dairy cattle and, to a lesser can leave the field. degree, for beef cattle. In 1997, according to the Cleveland County, North Carolina 123

Census of Agriculture, approximately 13,700 acres of regulations influencing wetlands many require special hay and silage was harvested in the county. The permits and extra planning. The local office of the majority of this acreage was tall fescue hay. Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Soil Approximately 1,000 acres was corn silage, and 1,500 and Water Conservation District should be contacted acres was small grain hay. for identification of hydric soils and potential wetlands. Fencing is a management tool that can be utilized in Retaining soil moisture for crop production is a pastures for better management and resource management concern on most soils in the county. protection. Dividing large pastures into smaller units Buncombe soils are severely limited for crop can result in increased production. Moving cows from production because of droughtiness. Soils such as one area to another at the proper times better utilizes Cecil and Pacolet can become droughty, especially the forage and prevents overgrazing. Fencing is also during summer. Certain specialty crops are best grown increasingly used to exclude livestock from streams utilizing irrigation; however, most field crops cannot and creeks. Excluding cattle from streams and creeks currently be grown economically using irrigation. improves water quality and fish and wildlife habitat. Additions of organic matter, crop residue management These fencing systems, however, do require that provides soil cover, cover crops, and conservation alternative sources of water, such as watering tanks tillage can help offset the effects of little rainfall and supplied by wells, municipal water, or water piped from potentially droughty conditions. These practices streams or springs on the farm. increase water infiltration and the water-holding capacity of the soil and decrease evaporation rates. Water Management Soil Fertility Water management involves controlling flood damage, improving subsurface drainage, and retaining The soils in Cleveland County are naturally acid soil moisture. All flood plain soils have some degree of and low in natural fertility. Additions of lime and flooding hazard. Flooding occurs from streambank fertilizer are needed for the production of most kinds of overflow and runoff from adjacent slopes. Flooding can crops. result in crop damage and in delays of harvesting or Liming requirements are a major concern on planting due to inaccessibility of equipment. Wehadkee cropland and pasture. The acidity level in the soil soils flood frequently. Soils such as Chewacla, Toccoa, affects the availability of many nutrients to plants and and Buncombe flood occasionally but are commonly the activity of beneficial bacteria. Lime also neutralizes used for crops and pasture. Dogue soils are rarely exchangeable aluminum in the soil and thus flooded. counteracts the adverse effects that high levels of Wetness due to a high water table is very common aluminum have on many crops. Liming adds calcium on flood plain soils, such as Wehadkee and Chewacla (from calcitic lime) or calcium and magnesium (from soils. Wetness is not a limitation on Toccoa and dolomitic lime) to the soil. Buncombe soils. Upland soils, such as Worsham and A soil test is a guide to what amount and kind of Helena soils, that are in drainageways also have lime should be used. The desired pH levels may differ, wetness as a limitation and are generally not used for depending on the soil properties and the crop to be cropland. Intensive networks of ditches and tiles have grown. been used on many flood plain soils to make the soils Nitrogen fertilizer is required for most crops. It is suitable for farming. Installation of a tile drainage generally not required or needed at lesser amounts, system is difficult in some areas because of a lack of however, for legumes such as clover, alfalfa, and suitable outlets and a high content of clay in the soybeans. A reliable soil test is not available for subsoil. Soils that have seasonal high water tables and predicting nitrogen requirements. Nitrogen application no artificial drainage system can limit equipment use is discussed in the section “Yields per Acre.” and crop selection. These soils are generally slow to Soil tests can indicate the need for phosphorus and warm in spring and are poorly aerated, and the crops potassium fertilizer and other micronutrients. They are are often susceptible to disease and pest needed because phosphorus and potassium tend to management problems. Crops that are more tolerant build up in the soil. Soil tests can also be used to of wetness, such as corn, are often planted on these identify specific deficiencies or excesses that are soils. Many flood plains, however, that were once used interfering with optimal plant growth. for annually planted crops have been converted to Pest Management pasture and trees due to the management problems associated with flooding and wetness. Pest management systems are necessary to Management of drainage in conformance with maximize economic returns for crops grown on soils in 124 Soil Survey

Cleveland County. Pest management systems strive to nitrogen application than clayey soils. The application balance economics, desired effects, and of nitrogen at rates in excess of what is required for environmental risks. Pests may include weeds, potential yields is an unnecessary expense and insects, diseases, and/or animals. Pest management causes a hazard of water pollution. for a particular crop may include the use of cultural, The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity mechanical, chemical, or biological control. Soil types of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are are important especially when considering likely to increase as new production technology is environmental effects, such as potential leaching and developed. The productivity of a given soil compared runoff if chemical pesticides are to be applied. The with that of other soils, however, is not likely to amount of organic matter and surface layer texture change. also influence the recommended application rate of Many crops other than those shown in table 5 are chemical pesticides. grown in the county, but estimated yields are not listed Certain crops require more intensive pest because the acreage of such crops is small. The local management than others. For example, cotton, an office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, annual crop, and alfalfa, a perennial crop, require the Soil and Water Conservation District, or the considerable use of pest management systems. Cooperative Extension Service can provide Orchards also require an intensive system of pest information about the management and productivity of control with fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides. the soils for those crops. Pastures of tall fescue can benefit from a good pest Land Capability Classification management system but generally require fewer economic inputs for pest control. Land capability classification shows, in a general way, the suitability of soils for use as cropland. Crops Yields per Acre that require special management are excluded. The The average yields per acre that can be expected soils are grouped according to their limitations for field of the principle crops under a high level of crops, the risk of damage if they are used for crops, management are shown in table 5. In any given year, and the way they respond to management. The criteria yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in used in grouping the soils do not include major and the table because of variations in rainfall and other generally expensive landforming that would change climatic factors. The land capability classification of slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils nor each map unit is also shown in the table. do they include possible but unlikely major reclamation The yields are based mainly on the experience and projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for records of farmers, conservationists, and extension interpretations designed to show suitability and personnel. Available yield data from nearby counties limitations of groups of soils for woodland and for and results of field trails and demonstrations also are engineering purposes. considered. In the capability system, soils are generally grouped The management needed to obtain the indicated at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit. yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil Only class and subclass are used in this survey. and the crop. Management can include drainage, Capability classes, the broadest groups, are erosion control, and protection from flooding; the designated by numbers 1 through 8. The numbers proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; choices for practical use. The classes are defined as control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; follows: favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, Class 1 soils have few limitations that restrict their phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each use. crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, Class 2 soils have moderate limitations that reduce and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures the choice of plants or that require moderate the smallest possible loss. conservation practices. A high level of management includes maintaining Class 3 soils have severe limitations that reduce the proper soil reaction and fertility levels as indicated by choice of plants or that require special conservation standard soil tests and nutrient management plans. practices, or both. The application of nitrogen should be based on the Class 4 soils have very severe limitations that potential yield of different soils or actual yield data and reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful the texture of the soil. Sandy soils have a higher management, or both. nitrogen leaching potential and generally require more Class 5 soils are not likely to erode, but they have Cleveland County, North Carolina 125

other limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and use. growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an Class 6 soils have severe limitations that make acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no them generally unsuitable for cultivation. rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not Class 7 soils have very severe limitations that make excessively erodible or saturated with water for long them unsuitable for cultivation. periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have the growing season or is protected from flooding. The limitations that nearly preclude their use for slope ranges mainly from 0 to 8 percent. More detailed commercial crop production. information about the criteria for prime farmland is Capability subclasses are soil groups within one available at the local office of the Natural Resources class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, Conservation Service. w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The About 114,608 acres in the survey area, or about letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of 32 percent of the total acreage, meets the soil erosion unless a close-growing plant cover is requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil this land are throughout the county, but most are in the interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils Cecil-Pacolet and Hulett-Madison-Grover general soil the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial map units, which are described in the section “General drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly Soil Map Units.” The crops grown on this land include because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used corn, soybeans, small grains, vegetables, hay, and in only some parts of the United States, shows that the pasture. chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. A recent trend in land use in some parts of the In class 1 there are no subclasses because the survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland soils of this class have few limitations. In class 5 the to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime soils are subject to little or no erosion but have other farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal limitations that restrict their use to pasture, woodland, lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, wildlife habitat, or recreation. Class 5 contains only the and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. subclasses indicated by w, s, or c. The map units in the survey area that are The capability classification of each map unit is considered prime farmland are listed in table 6. This given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in list does not constitute a recommendation for a table 5. particular land use. On some soils included in the list, measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such Prime Farmland as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by farmland defined by the U.S. Department of corrective measures. The extent of each listed map Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the unit is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is and management are described under the heading limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes “Detailed Soil Map Units.” that responsible levels of government, as well as individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation’s prime farmland. Forestland Management and Productivity Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department Albert Coffey, Forester, Natural Resources Conservation of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of Service, helped prepare this section. physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is Owners of forestland in Cleveland County have available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, many objectives. These objectives include producing pastureland, forestland, or other land, but it is not timber; conserving wildlife, soil, and water; preserving urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, esthetic values; and providing opportunities for growing season, and moisture supply are those recreational activities, such as commercial hunting. needed for the soil to economically produce sustained Public demand for clean water and recreational areas high yields of crops when proper management, creates pressures and opportunities for owners of including water management, and acceptable farming forestland. methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has The landowner interested in timber production is an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from faced with the challenge of producing greater yields 126 Soil Survey

from smaller areas. Meeting this challenge requires forest manager to estimate future wood supplies. intensive management and silvicultural practices. These estimates are the basis of realistic decisions Many modern silvicultural techniques resemble those concerning expenses and profits associated with long practiced in agriculture. They include establishing, intensive forest management, land acquisition, or weeding, and thinning a desirable young stand; industrial investments. propagating the more productive species and genetic The productive capacity of forestland in Cleveland varieties; providing short rotations and complete fiber County depends on physiography, soil properties, utilization; controlling insects, diseases, and weeds; climate, and the effects of past management, including and improving tree growth by applications of fertilizer. erosion. Specific soil properties and site Even though timber crops require decades to grow, characteristics, including soil depth, texture, structure, the goal of intensive management is similar to the goal and depth to the water table, affect forest productivity of intensive agriculture. This goal is to produce the primarily by influencing available water capacity, greatest yield of the most valuable crop as quickly as aeration, and root development. The net effects of the possible. interaction of these soil properties and site Commercial forests cover about 138,801 acres, or characteristics determine the potential site about 46 percent of the land area of Cleveland County productivity. (4, 14). According to the North Carolina Forest Other site factors are also important. The steepness Service, private landowners own 121,162 acres; the and length of slopes affect water movement and forest industry and corporations, 16,461 acres; and availability. The amount of rainfall and length of the state and public organisations, 668 acres. growing season influence site productivity. Commercial forest is land that is producing or is A knowledge of soils helps to provide a basic capable of producing crops of industrial wood and that understanding of the distribution and growth of tree has not been withdrawn from timber production. In species on the landscape. For example, yellow-poplar Cleveland County, landowners are often encouraged grows well on deep or very deep, moist soils and to manage for pine instead of hardwoods on sites scarlet oak or pine is common where the rooting depth suited to pine. Quality pine can be produced more is restricted or the moisture supply is limited. rapidly and in greater volume than quality hardwoods. Availability of water and nutrients and landform Local markets for pulpwood also help to increase the position largely determine which tree species grow on demand for quality pine. Loblolly pine does not grow a particular soil. For example, yellow-poplar grows on naturally in Cleveland County; however, it is the most soils that have a high moisture content, whereas important timber species in the Piedmont part of the chestnut oak grows on soils that have low fertility and county because it grows fast, is adapted to the soil a low moisture content. Pitch pine grows on soils that and climate, and is easy to establish and manage. have a very low moisture content. For purposes of forest inventory, the predominant Soil serves as a reservoir for moisture, provides an forest types identified in Cleveland County are as anchor for roots, and supplies most of the available described in the following paragraphs (4, 14). nutrients. These three qualities are directly or indirectly Loblolly-shortleaf. This forest type covers 37,318 affected by organic matter content, reaction, fertility, acres. It is predominantly loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, drainage, texture, structure, depth, and landform or Virginia pine. Commonly included trees are oak, position. hickory, and gum. The ability of a soil to serve as a reservoir for Oak-pine. This forest type covers 34,765 acres. It is moisture, as measured by the available water capacity, predominantly hardwoods, usually upland oaks. Pine is primarily influenced by texture, organic matter species may make up 25 to 50 percent of the stand. content, rooting depth, and content of rock fragments. Commonly included trees are gum, hickory, maple, Because of the fairly even and abundant summer and yellow-poplar. rainfall in the survey area, available water capacity is a Oak-hickory. This forest type covers 66,718 acres. It limitation affecting tree growth mainly in the upland is predominantly upland oaks or hickory, or both. soils that contain large amounts of rock fragments or Commonly included trees are yellow-poplar, gum, and have bedrock near the surface, such as Cliffield, maple. Cliffside, and Ashlar soils. One of the first steps in planning intensive forest The available supply of nutrients for tree growth is management is to determine the potential productivity affected by several soil properties. Mineral horizons in of the soil for several alternative tree species. The the soil are important. Mineralization of humus most productive and valued trees are then selected for releases nitrogen and other nutrients to plants. each soil type. Site and yield information enables a Calcium, magnesium, and potassium are held within Cleveland County, North Carolina 127

the humus. Very small amounts of these nutrients are no particular preventive measures are needed under made available by the weathering of clay and silt ordinary conditions; moderate if erosion-control particles. Most of the soils in the uplands have been measures are needed for particular silvicultural leached and contain only small amounts of nutrients activities; and severe if special precautions are needed below the surface layer. to control erosion for most silvicultural activities. The living plant community is part of the nutrient Ratings of moderate or severe indicate the need for reservoir. The decomposition of leaves, stems, and construction of higher standard roads, additional other organic material recycles the nutrients that have maintenance of roads, additional care in planning accumulated in the forest ecosystem. Fire, excessive harvesting and reforestation activities, or the use of trampling by livestock, and erosion can result in the special equipment. loss of these nutrients. Forest management should Ratings of equipment limitation indicate limits on the include prevention of wildfires and protection from use of forest management equipment, year-round or overgrazing. seasonal, because of such soil characteristics as This soil survey can be used by forest managers slope, wetness, stoniness, and susceptibility of the planning ways to increase the productivity of surface layer to compaction. As slope gradient and forestland. Some soils are more susceptible to erosion length increase, the use of wheeled equipment after roads are built and timber is harvested. Some becomes more difficult. On the steeper slopes, tracked soils require special reforestation efforts. In the section equipment is needed. On the steepest slopes, even “Detailed Soil Map Units,” the description of each map tracked equipment cannot be operated and more unit in the survey area suitable for timber includes sophisticated systems, such as high-lead cable information about productivity and management logging, are needed. The rating is slight if equipment concerns in producing timber. Table 7 summarizes this use is restricted by wetness for less than 2 months forestry information and rates the soils for a number of and if special equipment is not needed. The rating is factors to be considered in management. Slight, moderate if slopes are so steep that wheeled moderate, and severe are used to indicate the degree equipment cannot be operated safely across the of the major soil limitations. slope, if wetness restricts equipment use from 2 to 6 Table 7 lists the ordination symbol for each soil. The months per year, if stoniness restricts the use of first part of the ordination symbol, a number, indicates ground-based equipment, or if special equipment is the potential productivity of a soil for the indicator needed to prevent or minimize compaction. The rating species (first tree listed under common trees) in cubic is severe if slopes are so steep that tracked equipment feet per hectare per year. The larger the number, the cannot be operated safely across the slope, if wetness greater the potential productivity. Potential productivity restricts equipment use for more than 6 months per is based on the site index and the point where mean year, if stoniness restricts the use of ground-based annual increment is the greatest. equipment, or if special equipment is needed to The second part of the ordination symbol, a letter, prevent or minimize soil compaction. Ratings of indicates the major kind of soil limitation affecting use moderate or severe indicate a need to choose the best and management. The letter R indicates a soil that has suited equipment and to carefully plan the timing of a significant limitation because of the slope. The letter harvesting and other management activities. W indicates a soil in which excessive water, either Ratings of seedling mortality refer to the probability seasonal or year-round, causes a significant limitation. of the death of the naturally occurring or properly The letter D indicates a soil that has a limitation planted seedlings of good stock in periods of normal because of a restricted rooting depth, such as a rainfall, as influenced by kinds of soil or topographic shallow soil that is underlain by hard bedrock, a features. Seedling mortality is caused primarily by too hardpan, or other layers that restrict roots. The letter C much water or too little water. The factors used in indicates a soil that has a limitation because of the rating a soil for seedling mortality are texture of the kind or amount of clay in the upper part of the profile. surface layer, depth to a high water table and the The letter S indicates a dry, sandy soil. The letter A length of the period when the water table is high, rock indicates a soil having no significant limitations that fragments in the surface layer, rooting depth, and the affect forest use and management. If a soil has more aspect of the slope. The mortality rate generally is than one limitation, the priority is as follows: R, W, D, highest on soils that have a sandy or clayey surface C, and S. layer. The risk is slight if, after site preparation, Ratings of erosion hazard indicate the probability expected mortality is less than 25 percent; moderate if that damage may occur if site preparation or expected mortality is between 25 and 50 percent; and harvesting activities expose the soil. The risk is slight if severe if expected mortality exceeds 50 percent. 128 Soil Survey

Ratings of moderate or severe indicate that it may be indicator species is a tree that is common in the area necessary to use containerized or larger than usual and that is generally the most productive on a given planting stock or to make special site preparations. soil. Reinforcement planting is often needed if the risk is For soils that are commonly used for timber moderate or severe. production, the yield is predicted in cubic feet per acre Ratings of windthrow hazard indicate the likelihood per year. It is predicted at the point where mean that trees will be uprooted by the wind. A restricted annual increment culminates. The estimates of the rooting depth is the main reason for windthrow. The productivity of the soils in this survey are based mainly rooting depth can be restricted by a high water table, on loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, and yellow-poplar (3, by bedrock, or by a combination of such factors as soil 6). Productivity is also based on site index data from wetness, texture, structure, and depth. The risk is chestnut oak and scarlet oak (11). slight if strong winds break trees but do not uproot The site index is determined by taking height them; moderate if strong winds blow a few trees over measurements and determining the age of selected and break many trees; and severe if moderate or dominant or codominant trees within stands of a given strong winds commonly blow trees over. Ratings of species. This index is the average height, in feet, that moderate or severe indicate that care is needed in the trees attain in a specified number of years (50 thinning or that the stand should not be thinned at all. years in this survey). This index applies to fully Special equipment may be needed to prevent damage stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands. Productivity to shallow root systems in partial cutting operations. A of a site can be improved through management plan for the periodic removal of windthrown trees and practices, such as ditching and planting genetically the maintenance of a road and trail system may be improved species. needed. The volume is the yield likely to be produced by the The susceptibility to windthrow, or the uprooting of most important trees, expressed in cubic feet per acre trees by the wind, is a problem on some soils in the per year. Cubic feet per acre can be converted to survey area. These soils have a root-limiting layer cubic meters per hectare by dividing by 14.3. It can be within 40 inches of the surface or a seasonal high converted to board feet by multiplying by a factor of water table. These soils include Ashlar, Bethlehem, about 5. For example, a productivity class of 8 means Chewacla, Cliffield, Cliffside, Cowee, and Wehadkee that the soil can be expected to produce about 114 soils. cubic feet per acre per year at the point where mean Ratings of plant competition indicate the likelihood annual increment culminates, or about 570 board feet of the growth or invasion of undesirable plants. Plant per acre per year. competition is more severe on the more productive Trees to manage are those that are used for soils, on poorly drained soils, and on soils having a reforestation or, under suitable conditions, natural restricted root zone that holds moisture. The risk is regeneration. They are suited to the soils and can slight if competition from undesirable plants hinders produce a commercial wood crop. The desired adequate natural or artificial reforestation but does not product, topographic position (such as a low, wet necessitate intensive site preparation and area), and personal preference are three factors maintenance. The risk is moderate if competition from among many that can influence the choice of trees for undesirable plants hinders natural or artificial use in reforestation. reforestation to the extent that intensive site preparation and maintenance are needed. The risk is Recreation severe if competition from undesirable plants prevents adequate natural or artificial reforestation unless the Cleveland County offers a wide variety of outdoor site is intensively prepared and maintained. A recreational opportunities. Developed facilities are moderate or severe rating indicates the need for site scattered throughout the county and include ball fields, preparation to ensure the development of an golf courses, parks, swimming pools, and camp sites. adequately stocked stand. Managers should plan site There are numerous areas suitable for hunting, preparation measures to ensure timely reforestation. fishing, and horseback riding as well. A portion of The potential productivity of common trees on a soil South Mountain State Park is located in Cleveland is expressed as a site index and a volume number. County and offers several recreational activities. The predominant common trees are listed in table 7 in The soils of the survey area are rated in table 8 the order of their observed occurrence. Generally, only according to the limitations that affect their suitability two or three tree species dominate. The first tree listed for recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil for each soil is the indicator species for that soil. An features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the Cleveland County, North Carolina 129

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry. If grading is Not considered in the ratings, but important in needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock should be evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of considered. the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water should require little or no cutting and filling. The best impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also once a year during the period of use. They have important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on recreational uses by the duration and intensity of the surface. flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are flooding is essential. User safety in flood-prone areas firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not is of the utmost importance. subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use. In table 8, the degree of soil limitation is expressed They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or properties are generally favorable and that limitations greens is not considered in rating the soils. are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance. Severe means that Wildlife Habitat soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can Fred Weisbecker, North Carolina Wildlife Officer, North Carolina be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special Wildlife Resources Commission, helped prepare this section. design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a combination of these measures. The soils of Cleveland County support a wide The information in table 8 can be supplemented by variety of vegetative communities and wildlife habitat. other information in this survey, for example, Existing land use patterns and water bodies support interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table many species, such as dove, quail, crow, white-tailed 11 and interpretations for dwellings without basements deer, squirrel, fox, raccoon, rabbit, mink, otter, and for local roads and streets in table 10. muskrat, beaver, opossum, coyotes, and groundhog. Camp areas require site preparation, such as Wild turkey and otter have been reintroduced into the shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, county. The interspersing of cropland, idle fields, utility stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and right-of-ways, and borders of hardwood-pine forest installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp provides abundant edge areas, which are important to areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some many wildlife species. vehicular traffic. The best soils have gentle slopes and The county has several lakes, ponds, creeks, and are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of rivers which provide a wide variety of fish, including use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders, such warm-water species as bass, bluegill, and absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not catfish. dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders Wehadkee and Worsham soils support wetland can greatly increase the cost of constructing vegetation and are very important to a wide variety of campsites. amphibian, reptile, and mammal species. Management Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most of small wetlands helps to maintain adequate vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and populations of the species which use them. parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm Wildlife populations in Cleveland County are when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to currently high and should remain so as long as current flooding during the period of use, and do not have land use patterns are not drastically altered. Because slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of most of the land in Cleveland County is privately shaping sites or of building access roads and parking owned, much of the initiative for management and areas. improvement of wildlife habitat depends on private Playgrounds require soils that can withstand individuals. The North Carolina Wildlife Resources intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level Commission can be contacted for additional and are not wet or subject to flooding during the period information and guidance. of use. The surface is free of stones and boulders, is Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that 130 Soil Survey

is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also legumes are fescue, lovegrass, bromegrass, clover, affect the construction of water impoundments. The and alfalfa. kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting properties and features that affect the growth of these appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, of desirable plants. surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and In table 9, the soils in the survey area are rated soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild according to their potential for providing habitat for herbaceous plants are goldenrod, beggarweed, various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used ragweed, and pokeberry. in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, Hardwood trees and woody understory produce and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and that are suitable for establishing, improving, or foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the determining the intensity of management needed for root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. each element of the habitat. The ratings in table 9 are Examples of these plants are oak, yellow-poplar, black intended to be used as a guide and are not site cherry, sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, and specific. Onsite investigation is needed for individual hickory. Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are management plans. suitable for planting on soils rated good are blackberry, The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or blueberry, and crabapple. very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or properties and features that affect the growth of maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of of the root zone, available water capacity, and fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine, established, improved, or maintained in most places. hemlock, and cedar. Moderately intensive management is required for Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. limitations are severe for the designated element or Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants maintained in most places, but management is difficult are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are plants are smartweed, ferns, arrow-arum, wetland very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be grasses, cattail, rushes, sedges, and reeds. expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat Shallow water areas have an average depth of less is impractical or impossible. than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the created by dams, levees, or other water-control following paragraphs. structures. Soil properties and features affecting Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples and features that affect the growth of grain and seed of shallow water areas are waterfowl feeding areas crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface and ponds. layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil in the following paragraphs. moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland, and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley. pasture, and areas that are overgrown with grasses, Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas produce grain grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and and seed crops, grasses and legumes, and wild features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, include bobwhite quail, meadowlark, field sparrow, available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, cottontail rabbit, and red fox. flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of are also considerations. Examples of grasses and deciduous plants or coniferous plants, or both, and Cleveland County, North Carolina 131

associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous This information can be used to evaluate the plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild potential of areas for residential, commercial, turkey, woodcock, thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels, industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary gray fox, raccoon, and white-tailed deer. estimates of construction conditions; evaluate Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank muskrat, mink, and beaver. absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate Engineering potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, This section provides information for planning land terraces, and other structures for soil and water uses related to urban development and to water conservation; and predict performance of proposed management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the small structures and pavements by comparing the most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given performance of existing similar structures on the same for building site development, sanitary facilities, or similar soils. construction materials, and water management. The The information in the tables, along with the soil ratings are based on observed performance of the maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in soils and on the estimated data and test data in the this survey, can be used to make additional “Soil Properties” section. interpretations. Information in this section is intended for land use Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for special meaning in soil science and are defined in the planning site investigations prior to design and Glossary. construction. The information, however, has limitations. Building Site Development For example, estimates and other data generally apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil Because of the map scale, small areas of different limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings soils may be included within the mapped areas of a with and without basements, small commercial specific soil. buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and The information is not site specific and does not landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils soil properties and site features are generally or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in favorable for the indicated use and limitations are the design and construction of engineering works. minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties Government ordinances and regulations that or site features are not favorable for the indicated use restrict certain land uses or impose specific design and special planning, design, or maintenance is criteria were not considered in preparing the needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and information in this section. Local ordinances and severe if soil properties or site features are so regulations should be considered in planning, in site unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special selection, and in design. design, significant increases in construction costs, and Soil properties, site features, and observed possibly increased maintenance are required. Special performance were considered in determining the feasibility studies may be required where the soil ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil limitations are severe. survey, determinations were made about grain-size Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a high water ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure observed performance of the soils. The ease of aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand to bedrock or a very firm, dense layer; stone content; and silt fractions, and the kind of adsorbed cations. soil texture; and slope. The time of the year that Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability, excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water high water table and the susceptibility of the soil to capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls or engineering uses. 132 Soil Survey

banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture are generally favorable for the indicated use and and depth to the water table. limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if Dwellings and small commercial buildings are soil properties or site features are not favorable for the structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed indicated use and special planning, design, or soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features made for small commercial buildings without are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that basements, for dwellings with basements, and for special design, significant increases in construction dwellings without basements. The ratings are based costs, and possibly increased maintenance are on soil properties, site features, and observed required. performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, Table 11 also shows the suitability of the soils for shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good the movement of footings. Depth to a high water table, indicates that soil properties and site features are depth to bedrock, large stones, and flooding affect the favorable for the use and that good performance and ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping and low maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 soil properties and site features are moderately feet are not considered. favorable for the use and one or more soil properties Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface or site features make the soil less desirable than the and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. soils rated good; and poor indicates that one or more They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base soil properties or site features are unfavorable for the of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and use and overcoming the unfavorable properties a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally requires special design, extra maintenance, or costly limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on alteration. soil properties, site features, and observed Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, depth to a effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil high water table, flooding, large stones, and slope through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that affect the ease of excavating and grading. Soil part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is strength (as inferred from the engineering evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost site features, and observed performance of the soils. action potential, and depth to a high water table affect Permeability, depth to a high water table, depth to the traffic-supporting capacity. bedrock, and flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf Large stones and bedrock interfere with installation. and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank and maintained. The ratings are based on soil absorption fields, including excessively slow properties, site features, and observed performance of absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside the soils. Soil reaction, depth to a high water table, seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can depth to bedrock, and the available water capacity in be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or the upper 40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding, fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the clay, or organic matter in the surface layer affect water table is near the surface. There must be trafficability after vegetation is established. Soil tests unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field are essential to determine liming and fertilizer needs. to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances Help in making soil tests or in deciding what soil require that this material be of a certain thickness. additive, if any, should be used can be obtained from Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to the local office of the North Carolina Cooperative hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the Extension Service or the Cleveland Soil and Water solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly Conservation District. level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to Sanitary Facilities hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly Table 11 shows the degree and the kind of soil impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, is required to minimize seepage and contamination of sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations ground water. The animal waste lagoons commonly are considered slight if soil properties and site features used in farming operations are not considered in the Cleveland County, North Carolina 133

ratings. They are generally deeper than the lagoons are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best referred to in the table and rely on anaerobic bacteria cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy to decompose waste materials. and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to Table 11 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes soil blowing. up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 After soil material has been removed, the soil or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are material remaining in the borrow area must be thick excavated to provide material for the embankments. enough over bedrock or the water table to permit The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, revegetation. The soil material used as final cover for a and observed performance of the soils. Considered in landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface layer the ratings are slope, permeability, depth to a high generally has the best workability, more organic water table, depth to bedrock, flooding, large stones, matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from and content of organic matter. the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the Excessive seepage resulting from rapid final cover. permeability in the soil or a water table that is high Construction Materials enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution Table 12 gives information about the soils as a results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope or bedrock source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on can cause construction problems, and large stones soil properties and site features that affect the removal can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is compaction, minor processing, and other standard disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of construction practices are assumed. Each soil is landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the place and used in road embankments in another site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin feet high and less exacting in design than higher layer of soil from a source away from the site. embankments. Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy The ratings are for the soil material below the vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and should be considered. spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting The ratings in table 11 are based on soil properties, suitability within their profile. The table showing site features, and observed performance of the soils. engineering index properties provides detailed Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water table, information about each soil layer. This information can slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill. Texture, help determine the suitability of each layer for use as stones and boulders, highly organic layers, soil roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized reaction, and content of salts and sodium affect trench with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply The ratings are based on soil properties, site only to that part of the soil within a depth of about 6 features, and observed performance of the soils. The feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. moderate may not be valid. Onsite investigation is The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, needed. depth to a high water table, and slope. How well the Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is soil performs in place after it has been compacted and used to cover compacted solid waste in an area drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, the engineering classification of the soil) and shrink- transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. swell potential. Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope Soils rated good contain significant amounts of affect the ease of removing and spreading the material sand or gravel, or both. They have at least 5 feet of during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few 134 Soil Survey

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. respond well to fertilizer and are not so wet that Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils excavation is difficult. rated fair have more than 35 percent silt- and clay- Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that sized particles and have a plasticity index of less than have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have 10. They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that slopes of 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to have an appreciable amount of gravel or stones, or the water table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils are plasticity index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell not so wet that excavation is difficult. potential, many stones, or slopes of more than 25 Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less percent. They are wet and have a water table at a than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large depth of less than 1 foot. They may have layers of amount of gravel or stones, have slopes of more than suitable material, but the material is less than 3 feet 15 percent, or have a high water table at or near the thick. surface. Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for The surface layer of most soils is generally commercial use with a minimum of processing. They preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications content. Organic matter greatly increases the for each use vary widely. In table 12, only the absorption and retention of moisture and releases a probability of finding material in suitable quantity is variety of plant nutrients as it decomposes. evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific Water Management purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect excavation of the material. Table 13 gives information on the soil properties The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source and site features that affect water management. The of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), reservoir areas and for embankments, dikes, and the thickness of suitable material, and the content of levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification properties and site features are generally favorable for are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of the indicated use and limitations are minor and are grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site properties. features are not favorable for the indicated use and A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at properties or site features are so unfavorable or so least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, difficult to overcome that special design, significant large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable increase in construction costs, and possibly increased source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as maintenance are required. shale, siltstone, and weathered granite saprolite, are This table also gives the restrictive features that not considered to be sand and gravel. affect each soil for drainage, irrigation, terraces and Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation diversions, and grassed waterways. can be established and maintained. The upper 40 Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The area. seepage potential is determined by the permeability of Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other such properties as soil reaction, available water permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, storage capacity of the reservoir area. Ponds that are and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a less than about 2 acres in size are not shown on the water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable maps because of the scale of mapping. material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet toxic material. high, constructed to impound water or to protect land Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones source of material for embankment fill. The ratings and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a of less than 8 percent. They are naturally fertile or depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will Cleveland County, North Carolina 135

be uniformly mixed and compacted during Drainage may be a major management construction. consideration in some areas. Management of drainage The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural in conformance with regulations influencing wetlands soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a may require special permits and extra planning. The depth greater than the height of the embankment can local office of the Natural Resources Conservation affect performance and safety of the embankment. Service should be contacted for identification of hydric Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to soils and potential wetlands. determine these properties. Irrigation is the controlled application of water to Soil material in embankments must be resistant to supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable design and management of an irrigation system are compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features affected by depth to the water table, the need for include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake content of stones or boulders, organic matter, and rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The mica. Depth to a high water table affects the amount of construction of a system is affected by large stones usable material. It also affects trafficability. and depth to bedrock. The performance of a system is Soils that have a high content of mica, such as affected by the availability of suitable irrigation water, Grover and Madison soils, are poorly suited to use in the depth of the root zone, and soil reaction. the construction of embankments. The problems Terraces and diversions are embankments or a resulting from the high content of mica include combination of channels and ridges constructed difficulty in compaction, poor trafficability, susceptibility across a slope to control erosion and conserve to erosion, and low shear strength. Also, piping moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large commonly is a problem if the soil material is used to stones, and depth to bedrock affect the construction of impound water. terraces and diversions. Maintenance of terraces and Drainage is the removal of excess surface and diversions is adversely affected by a restricted rooting subsurface water from the soil. How easily and depth, a severe hazard of soil blowing or water effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and restricted bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water permeability. movement, permeability, depth to a high water table or Grassed waterways are natural or constructed depth of standing water if the soil is subject to channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct ponding, slope, susceptibility to flooding, and the surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of bedrock, large stones, slope, and the hazard of soil blowing, low available water capacity, restricted cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after rooting depth, and restricted permeability adversely drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity. affect the growth and maintenance of the grass after Availability of drainage outlets is not considered in the construction. ratings.

137

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during 2 millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil the course of the soil survey. The data and the that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles are explained on the following pages. coarser than sand is as much as 15 percent, by Soil properties are determined by field examination volume, an appropriate modifier is added, for example, of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some “gravelly.” Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are Classification of the soils is determined according to followed (16). During the survey, many shallow borings the Unified soil classification system (2) and the are made and examined to identify and classify the system adopted by the American Association of State soils and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples Highway and Transportation Officials (1). are taken from some typical profiles and tested in the The Unified system classifies soils according to laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, properties that affect their use as construction plasticity, and compaction characteristics. These material. Soils are classified according to grain-size results are reported in table 18. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, SP-SM. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 14 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and soils have layers of contrasting properties within the A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, upper 5 or 6 feet. A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as layer is indicated. The range in depth and information subgrade material can be indicated by a group index on other properties of each layer are given for each number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their best subgrade material to 20, or higher, for the Morphology.” poorest. Texture is given in the standard terms used by the Rock fragments larger than 10 inches in diameter U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are and 3 to 10 inches in diameter are indicated as a defined according to percentages, by weight, of sand, percentage of the total soil on a dry-weight basis. The silt, and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than percentages are estimates determined mainly by 138 Soil Survey

converting volume percentage in the field to weight water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density percentage. is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated matter, and soil structure. sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 Permeability (Ksat ) refers to the ability of a soil to inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The transmit water or air. The term “permeability,” as used sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard in soil surveys, indicates saturated hydraulic

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 conductivity (Ksat ). The estimates in the table indicate millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on the rate of water movement, in inches per hour, when laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area the soil is saturated. They are based on soil and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the characteristics observed in the field, particularly field. structure, porosity, and texture. Permeability is Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) considered in the design of soil drainage systems and indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The septic tank absorption fields. estimates are based on test data from the survey area Available water capacity refers to the quantity of or from nearby areas and on field examination. water that the soil is capable of storing for use by plants. The capacity for water storage is given in Physical and Chemical Properties inches of water per inch of soil for each soil layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties that Table 15 shows estimates of some physical and affect retention of water. The most important chemical characteristics and features that affect soil properties are the content of organic matter, soil behavior. These estimates are given for the layers of texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water each soil in the survey area. The estimates are based capacity is an important factor in the choice of plants on field observations and on test data for these and or crops to be grown and in the design and similar soils. management of irrigation systems. Available water Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water layer is indicated. actually available to plants at any given time. Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil Linear extensibility refers to the change in length of particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of from a moist to a dry state. It is an expression of the each soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of volume change between the water content of the clod 1 1 the soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in at /3- or /10-bar tension (33kPa or 10kPa tension) and diameter. oven dryness. The volume change is reported in the The amount and kind of clay affect the fertility and table as percent change for the whole soil. Volume physical condition of the soil and the ability of the soil change is influenced by the amount and type of clay to adsorb cations and to retain moisture. They minerals in the soil. influence shrink-swell potential, permeability, plasticity, Linear extensibility is used to determine the shrink- the ease of soil dispersion, and other soil properties. swell potential of soils. The shrink-swell potential is low The amount and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage if the soil has a linear extensibility of less than 3 and earthmoving operations. percent; moderate if 3 to 6 percent; high if 6 to 9 Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per percent; and very high if more than 9 percent. If the unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at linear extensibility is more than 3, shrinking and field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads, and 1 1 /3- or /10-bar (33kPa or 10kPa) moisture tension. other structures and to plant roots. Special design Weight is determined after the soil is dried at 105 commonly is needed. degrees C. In the table, the estimated moist bulk Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in density of each soil horizon is expressed in grams per the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table cubic centimeter of soil material that is less than 2 15, the estimated content of organic matter is millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil compute shrink-swell potential, available water material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. The content of organic matter in a soil can be The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore maintained by returning crop residue to the soil. space available for water and roots. Depending on soil Organic matter has a positive effect on available water texture, a bulk density of more than 1.4 can restrict capacity, water infiltration, soil organism activity, and Cleveland County, North Carolina 139

tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and other nutrients for because of coarse fragments on the surface or crops and soil organisms. because of surface wetness. Erosion factors are shown in table 15 as the K Wind erodibility index is a numerical value indicating factor (Kw and Kf) and the T factor. Erosion factor K the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion, or the tons indicates the susceptibility of a soil to sheet and rill per acre per year that can be expected to be lost to erosion by water. Factor K is one of several factors wind erosion. There is a close correlation between used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and wind erosion and the texture of the surface layer, the the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to size and durability of surface clods, rock fragments, predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet organic matter, and a calcareous reaction. Soil and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The moisture and frozen soil layers also influence wind estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, erosion. sand, and organic matter and on soil structure and Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and permeability. Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.69. is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH Other factors being equal, the higher the value, the of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by many soils, values have been verified by laboratory water. analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops Erosion factor Kw indicates the erodibility of the and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for whole soil. The estimates are modified by the fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of presence of rock fragments. corrosion. Erosion factor Kf indicates the erodibility of the fine- earth fraction, or the material less than 2 millimeters in Water Features size. Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum Table 16 gives estimates of various water features. average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water The estimates are used in land use planning that that can occur without affecting crop productivity over involves engineering considerations. a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of year. runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that groups according to the rate of water infiltration when have similar properties affecting their susceptibility to the soils are not protected by vegetation, are wind erosion in cultivated areas. The soils assigned to thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- group 1 are the most susceptible to wind erosion, and duration storms. those assigned to group 8 are the least susceptible. The four hydrologic soil groups are: The groups are as follows: Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist sands. mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric of water transmission. soil material. Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate 3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of loams, and very fine sandy loams. moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or 4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to silty clay loams. moderately coarse texture. These soils have a 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, moderate rate of water transmission. and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when clay. thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a 5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are layer that impedes the downward movement of water less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. clays, and hemic soil material. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. 6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These loams that are less than 35 percent clay. consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, 8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious 140 Soil Survey

material. These soils have a very slow rate of water Soil Features transmission. The months in the table indicate the portion of the Table 17 gives estimates of various soil features. year in which the feature is most likely to be a The estimates are used in land use planning that concern. involves engineering considerations. Water table refers to a saturated zone in the soil. A restrictive layer is a nearly continuous layer that Table 16 indicates, by month, depth to the top (upper has one or more physical, chemical, or thermal limit) and base (lower limit) of the saturated zone in properties that significantly impede the movement of most years. Estimates of the upper and lower limits water and air through the soil or that restrict roots or are based mainly on observations of the water table at otherwise provide an unfavorable root environment. selected sites and on evidence of a saturated zone, Examples are bedrock, cemented layers, dense namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic layers, and frozen layers. The table indicates the features) in the soil. A saturated zone that lasts for hardness and thickness of the restrictive layer, both of less than a month is not considered a water table. which significantly affect the ease of excavation. Depth Flooding is the temporary inundation of an area to top is the vertical distance from the soil surface to caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from the upper boundary of the restrictive layer. adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short Potential for frost action is the likelihood of upward periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered or lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the is considered ponding rather than flooding. subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on Duration and frequency are estimated. Duration is thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves expressed as extremely brief if 0.1 hour to 4 hours, into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, very brief if 4 hours to 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long density, permeability, content of organic matter, and if 7 to 30 days, and very long if more than 30 days. depth to the water table are the most important factors Frequency is expressed as none, very rare, rare, considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It occasional, frequent, and very frequent. None means is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation that flooding is not probable; very rare that it is very or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly unlikely but possible under extremely unusual weather structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in conditions (the chance of flooding is less than 1 winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well percent in any year); rare that it is unlikely but possible drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least under unusual weather conditions (the chance of susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during flooding is 1 to 5 percent in any year); occasional that thawing cause damage to pavements and other rigid it occurs infrequently under normal weather conditions structures. (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year); Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced frequent that it is likely to occur often under normal electrochemical or chemical action that corrodes or weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of than 50 percent in any year but is less than 50 percent corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors in all months in any year); and very frequent that it is as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and likely to occur very often under normal weather electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion conditions (the chance of flooding is more than 50 of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium percent in all months of any year). content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the The information is based on evidence in the soil soil. Special site examination and design may be profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay needed if the combination of factors results in a severe deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic hazard of corrosion. The steel or concrete in matter content with increasing depth; and little or no installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers horizon development. is more susceptible to corrosion than the steel or Also considered are local information about the concrete in installations that are entirely within one extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each kind of soil or within one soil layer. soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed the extent of flooding based on soil data is less as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage specific than that provided by detailed engineering class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation flood frequency levels. extract. Cleveland County, North Carolina 141

For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed The testing methods generally are those of the as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, American Association of State Highway and acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation Transportation Officials (AASHTO) or the American extract. Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The tests and methods are Unified classification—D Engineering Index Test Data 2487 (ASTM); AASHTO classification—M 145 (AASHTO), D 3282 (ASTM); Mechanical analysis—T Table 18 shows laboratory test data for several 88 (AASHTO), D 422 (ASTM), D 2217 (ASTM); Liquid pedons sampled at carefully selected sites in the limit—T 89 (AASHTO), D 4318 (ASTM); Plasticity survey area. Most of the pedons are typical of the index—T 90 (AASHTO), D 4318 (ASTM); Moisture series and are described in the section “Soil Series density—T 99 (AASHTO), D 698 (ASTM); and Specific and Their Morphology.” The soil samples were tested gravity—T 100 (AASHTO), D 854 (ASTM). by the Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Fort Worth, Texas.

143

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the on the basis of physical and chemical properties and National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories other characteristics that affect management. (17). Beginning with the broadest, these categories Generally, the properties are those of horizons below are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, plow depth where there is much biological activity. and series. Classification is based on soil properties Among the properties and characteristics considered observed in the field or inferred from those are particle-size class, mineral content, temperature observations or on laboratory measurements. Table 19 regime, depth of the root zone, consistence, moisture shows the classification of the soils in the survey area. equivalent, slope, and permanent cracks. A family The categories are defined in the following name consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by paragraphs. terms that indicate soil properties. An example is fine- ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The loamy, micaceous, thermic Typic Hapludults. differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- SERIES. The series consists of soils that have forming processes and the degree of soil formation. similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An similar in color, texture, structure, reaction, example is Ultisol. consistence, mineral and chemical composition, and SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders, arrangement in the profile. There can be some primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil variation in the texture of the surface layer or of the genesis and are important to plant growth or underlying material within a series. properties that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a Soil Series and Their Morphology suborder indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, meaning humid climate, plus ult, from Ultisol). In this section, each soil series recognized in the GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great survey area is described. The descriptions are groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, arranged in alphabetic order. arrangement, and degree of development of Characteristics of the soil and the material in which pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature it formed are identified for each series. A pedon, a regimes; and base status. Each great group is small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix the series in the survey area is described. The location that indicates a property of the soil. An example is of the typical pedon is described, and coordinates Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal horizon generally are identified by the State plane grid system development, plus udult, the suborder of the Ultisols or by longitude and latitude. The detailed description of that occurs in humid climates). each soil horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic Manual” (18). Many of the technical terms used in the subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (17) and in extragrades. The typic is the central concept of the “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (19). Unless otherwise stated, great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive. colors in the descriptions are for moist soil. Following Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, the pedon description is the range of important or great groups. Extragrades have some properties characteristics of the soils in the series. that are not representative of the great group but do The map units of each soil series are described in not indicate transitions to any other known kind of soil. the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives preceding the name of the great group. The adjective Appling Series Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great group. An example is Typic Hapludults. Depth class: Very deep FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup Drainage class: Well drained 144 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderate Content of mica flakes: Few or common throughout Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- the profile grade metamorphic or igneous rock Content and size of rock fragments: Less than 15 Landscape: Piedmont percent throughout the profile Landform: Broad ridges Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Landform position: Interfluves throughout the profile, except where surface layers Slope range: 1 to 12 percent have been limed Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic A or Ap horizon: Kanhapludults Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Typical Pedon of 3 or 4 Texture—sandy loam Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes; 0.8 mile north of the South Carolina State line on Secondary BA horizon (if it occurs): Road 1209, about 500 feet east on a farm road, 600 Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma southeast in a field; USGS Chesnee topographic of 4 or 6 quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 11 minutes 22 seconds N. Texture—sandy loam or sandy clay loam and long. 81 degrees 45 minutes 15 seconds W. E horizon (if it occurs): Ap—0 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma loam; weak medium granular structure; very of 4 or 6 friable; many fine and medium roots; 5 percent Texture—sandy loam or loamy sand quartz pebbles; moderately acid; abrupt smooth Bt horizon: boundary. Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and Bt1—9 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; chroma of 6 or 8 moderate medium granular structure; firm; sticky; Texture—clay plastic; few fine distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) Iron accumulations—shades of red, yellow, or iron accumulations; few faint clay films on faces of brown peds; few fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. BC horizon: Bt2—29 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay; Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5, and moderate medium subangular blocky structure; chroma of 6 or 8 firm; sticky; plastic; common medium distinct Texture—sandy clay loam reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and common medium Iron accumulations—shades of red, yellow, brown, prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) iron or pink accumulations; common distinct clay films on C horizon: faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica; very Color—horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 5, and chroma of 6 or 8 or is multicolored in BC—37 to 56 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and shades of red, yellow, brown, and white yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy clay loam; weak Texture—loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam medium subangular blocky structure; friable; saprolite slightly sticky; slightly plastic; common fine distinct reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) and pink (5YR 7/3) iron accumulations; few fine flakes of mica; strongly Ashlar Series acid; gradual wavy boundary. C—56 to 72 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and Depth class: Moderately deep reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) loam saprolite; massive; Drainage class: Excessively drained very friable; many medium prominent strong brown Permeability: Moderately rapid (7.5YR 5/6) and pink (5YR 7/3) iron accumulations; Parent material: Residuum and soil creep that few fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid. weathered mainly from intrusive and high-grade metamorphic rocks, such as metamorphosed Range in Characteristics granite, migmatitic gneiss, biotite gneiss, and Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches porphyroblastic gneiss Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches, commonly Landscape: Piedmont more than 72 inches Landform: Divides Cleveland County, North Carolina 145

Landform position: Side slopes adjacent to rock Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam outcrops E horizon (if it occurs): Slope range: 25 to 60 percent Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, chroma of 2 to 4 thermic, shallow Typic Dystrudepts Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loamy coarse sand, Typical Pedon coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Ashlar gravelly sandy loam in an area of Rion-Ashlar complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, rocky; about 3.2 miles Bw horizon: north of Shelby on Secondary Road 1005 to Secondary Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and Road 1839, about 0.1 mile west on Secondary Road chroma of 4 to 8 1839, about 1,100 feet west-southwest in a woodland Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, fine near the First Broad River; at an elevation of 760 feet; sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam USGS Shelby NC topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 C horizon (if it occurs): degrees 20 minutes 15.45 seconds N. and long. 81 Color—similar to Bw horizon or multicolored degrees 32 minutes 42.87 seconds W. Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam saprolite Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed deciduous and coniferous litter. Cr layer: A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Type of bedrock—soft, weathered granitic gneiss gravelly sandy loam; weak medium granular or metamorphosed granite that can be dug with structure; very friable; many fine, common difficulty using hand tools medium, and few coarse roots; 15 percent gravel, R layer: by volume; few fine flakes of mica; very strongly Type of bedrock—hard granitic gneiss or acid; clear wavy boundary. metamorphosed granite that cannot be dug A2—3 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; using hand tools weak medium granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium and few coarse roots; Ashlar soils in Cleveland County are considered 10 percent gravel, by volume; few fine flakes of taxadjuncts to the series because they are shallower mica; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. than is defined in the official series. Bw—6 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam with a thin discontinuous interlayer of yellowish red (5YR 4/6) loam in the lower part; weak medium granular structure; very friable; few Bethlehem Series fine and medium roots; few medium distinct strong Depth class: Moderately deep brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron accumulations; common fine Drainage class: Well drained flakes of mica; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderate Cr—18 to 29 inches; weathered granitic gneiss that is Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- multicolored in shades of brown, white, yellow, and grade metamorphic rock black; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Landscape: Piedmont R—29 inches; hard granitic gneiss bedrock. Landform: Ridges Range in Characteristics Landform position: Convex interfluves and side slopes Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Thickness of solum: 10 to 38 inches Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock Kanhapludults Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent, by volume, in the A horizon and 0 to 30 percent in Typical Pedon the lower horizons; dominantly gravel Bethlehem gravelly sandy clay loam in an area of Reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid in the Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, A and E horizons and strongly acid to extremely moderately eroded; 0.5 mile south of the First Broad acid in the B and C horizons River bridge on Secondary Road 1140 to Secondary A horizon: Road 1141, about 250 feet east on Secondary Road Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and 1141 to Secondary Road 2500, about 0.3 mile on chroma of 2 to 4 Secondary Road 2500, about 75 feet northeast in a 146 Soil Survey

field; USGS Blacksburg North topographic quadrangle; BC horizon: lat. 35 degrees 12 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 81 Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and degrees 36 minutes 42 seconds W. chroma of 6 or 8 Texture—sandy clay loam or clay loam Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy Iron accumulations—shades of red or yellow clay loam; moderate medium granular structure; very friable; many very fine and fine roots; 20 C horizon (if it occurs): percent, by volume, mica schist pebbles; few fine Color—multicolored in shades of red, yellow, and flakes of mica; neutral; clear smooth boundary. brown Bt—8 to 30 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) clay; moderate Texture—sandy loam or loam saprolite medium subangular blocky structure; firm; sticky; Cr layer: plastic; common very fine and fine roots; few fine Type of bedrock—weathered, moderately prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) iron fractured or highly fractured high-grade accumulations; few distinct clay films on faces of metamorphic rock that can be dug with difficulty peds; few fine flakes of mica; 5 percent, by with a spade volume, mica schist gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. R layer: BC—30 to 34 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) gravelly sandy Type of bedrock—unweathered, moderately clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky fractured or highly fractured high-grade structure; friable; slightly sticky; slightly plastic; few metamorphic rock fine roots; common fine prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) iron accumulations; common fine flakes of mica; 15 percent, by volume, mica schist Buncombe Series pebbles; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep Cr—34 to 45 inches; weathered, highly fractured mica Drainage class: Excessively drained (fig. 12) schist bedrock that can be dug with difficulty with Permeability: Rapid a spade; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Parent material: Alluvium derived mainly from felsic R—45 inches; unweathered, highly fractured mica high-grade metamorphic or igneous rock schist. Landscape: Piedmont Range in Characteristics Landform: Flood plains Landform position: Planar to slightly convex slopes Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock Taxonomic class: Mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments (fig. 11) and 40 to more than 60 inches to hard bedrock Typical Pedon Content of mica flakes: Few or common in the A Buncombe loamy sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes, rarely horizon; few to many in the B horizon and the C flooded; 2.0 miles south of Boiling Springs on North horizon, where present Carolina Highway 150 to Secondary Road 1146, about Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to less than 35 0.6 mile on Secondary Road 1146 to Secondary Road percent in the A horizon and less than 15 percent 1145, about 2.0 miles on Secondary Road 1145 to an in the B horizon; mostly pebbles unpaved road, about 0.6 mile on the unpaved road to Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid a pasture gate, 675 feet southwest of the gate, in throughout the profile, except where surface layers pasture; USGS Boiling Springs South topographic have been limed quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 11 minutes 39 seconds N. A or Ap horizon: and long. 81 degrees 37 minutes 32 seconds W. Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) chroma of 4 or 6 loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy clay loam friable; common fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; Bt horizon: slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and Bw1—4 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) chroma of 6 or 8 sand; single grained; loose; few fine roots; Texture—clay common fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; clear Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of red smooth boundary. or yellow Bw2—10 to 29 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Cleveland County, North Carolina 147

6/4) sand; single grained; loose; few fine roots; Permeability: Moderate common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- wavy boundary. grade metamorphic or igneous rock Bw3—29 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Landscape: Piedmont 4/6) loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very Landform: Ridges friable; common fine flakes of mica; moderately Landform position: Interfluves acid; clear wavy boundary. Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Bw4—43 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic 4/6) sand; single grained; loose; common fine Kanhapludults distinct very pale brown (10YR 7/3) iron depletions; common fine flakes of mica; Typical Pedon moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. C—60 to 72 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, sandy loam; massive; very friable; few fine distinct moderately eroded; on U.S. Highway 74 west of very pale brown (10YR 7/3) iron depletions; Shelby, 0.9 mile west of the Brushy Creek bridge, 125 common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid. feet north of U.S. Highway 74 in a cultivated field; USGS Shelby topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees Range in Characteristics 17 minutes 39 seconds N. and long. 81 degrees 35 Depth to contrasting soil material: 40 to more than 60 minutes 32 seconds W. inches to loamy material Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches, commonly Ap—0 to 6 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy clay more than 10 feet loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; Content of mica flakes: Few to many throughout the few fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; moderately profile acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Content and size of rock fragments: Less than 15 Bt—6 to 39 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate percent throughout the profile; mostly pebbles medium subangular blocky structure; firm; sticky; Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid, except plastic; few fine roots; few fine distinct reddish where surface layers have been limed yellow (5YR 6/6) iron accumulations; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine flakes A or Ap horizon: of mica; 5 percent quartz and feldspar fragments; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4, and chroma of 4 strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. or 6 BC—39 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; Texture—loamy sand or sand weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; AB horizon (if it occurs): slightly sticky; slightly plastic; common fine distinct Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) iron accumulations; few chroma of 3 to 6 faint clay films on faces of peds; common fine Texture—loamy sand or sand flakes of mica; 5 percent quartz and feldspar fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw horizon: C—65 to 72 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy loam; Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and massive; friable; many fine distinct reddish yellow chroma of 4 or 6 (5YR 6/6) and reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) iron Texture—loamy sand or sand accumulations; common fine flakes of mica; Iron accumulations—shades of brown strongly acid. C horizon: Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma Range in Characteristics of 4 to 8 Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches Texture—sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Iron accumulations—shades of brown Content of mica flakes: Few or common throughout the profile Cecil Series Content and size of rock fragments: Less than 15 percent throughout the profile; mostly pebbles Depth class: Very deep (fig. 13) Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid, except Drainage class: Well drained where surface layers have been limed 148 Soil Survey

A or Ap horizon: clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and friable; few fine roots; few fine prominent light chroma of 4 or 6 brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped iron Texture—sandy clay loam depletions with clear boundaries in the matrix; many fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; abrupt Bt horizon: wavy boundary. Color—hue of 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Bw3—19 to 39 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR of 6 or 8 4/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky Texture—clay structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine faint Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) irregularly shaped yellow or brown iron depletions with clear boundaries in the matrix; BC horizon: few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and irregularly shaped iron accumulations with diffuse chroma of 6 or 8 boundaries throughout; many fine flakes of mica; Texture—sandy clay loam or clay loam strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Iron accumulations—shades of yellow or brown BCg—39 to 50 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; C horizon: common fine prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) and Color—horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of reddish brown (5YR 4/4) irregularly shaped iron 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 or 8 or is multicolored accumulations with diffuse boundaries throughout; in shades of red, yellow, and brown many fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear wavy Texture—sandy loam or loam saprolite boundary. Cg—50 to 72 inches; light gray (10YR 6/1) sandy Chewacla Series loam; massive; loose; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) irregularly Depth class: Very deep shaped iron accumulations with diffuse Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained boundaries throughout; many fine flakes of mica; Permeability: Moderate strongly acid. Parent material: Recent alluvium Landscape: Piedmont Range in Characteristics Landform: Flood plains Thickness of solum: 15 to 70 inches Landform position: Planar to slightly concave slopes Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches, commonly Slope range: 0 to 2 percent more than 72 inches Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Content of mica flakes: Few to many throughout the Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts profile Typical Pedon Content and size of rock fragments: Less than 15 percent; mostly pebbles Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid throughout flooded; 0.75 mile on Secondary Road 2012 from its the profile, except where surface layers have been intersection with Secondary Road 1001 to the south limed end of Muddy Fork bridge, 275 feet southeast in woods; USGS Waco topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 A or Ap horizon: degrees 17 minutes 42 seconds N. and long. 81 Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and degrees 25 minutes 40 seconds W. chroma of 2 to 6 A—0 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Texture—loam or clay loam loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium and few coarse Bw horizon: roots; many fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and abrupt wavy boundary. chroma of 3 to 6 Bw1—6 to 15 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, loam, sandy clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; clay loam, sandy loam, or clay loam friable; few fine and medium roots; many fine Redoximorphic features—iron or clay depletions in flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. shades of brown or gray and iron Bw2—15 to 19 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty accumulations in shades of yellow or red Cleveland County, North Carolina 149

Bg horizon (if it occurs): very cobbly sandy loam; weak fine granular Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma structure; very friable; many fine and medium and of 1 or 2 few coarse roots; few fine flakes of mica; 25 Texture—clay loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, percent gravel, 15 percent cobbles, and 5 percent loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam stones, by volume; strongly acid; clear smooth Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in boundary. shades of yellow or red Bt1—4 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky BCg horizon: structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma few fine flakes of mica; 35 percent gravel, 15 of 1 or 2 percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones, by volume; Texture—loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. silty clay loam Bt2—16 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) very Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in cobbly loam; weak fine subangular blocky shades of yellow or red structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; Cg horizon: few fine flakes of mica; 35 percent gravel, 25 Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones, by volume; of 1 or 2 strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Texture—sandy loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, R—30 inches; unweathered, slightly fractured loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam sillimanite schist. Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in shades of yellow or red Range in Characteristics Ab horizon (if it occurs): Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches chroma of 1 or 2 Content of mica flakes: Few or common throughout Texture—clay loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, the profile loam, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to less than 60 Redoximorphic features (if they occur)—iron percent, by volume, in the A horizon and 35 to accumulations in shades of yellow or red less than 60 percent in the B horizon Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile Cliffield Series A horizon: Depth class: Moderately deep Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Drainage class: Well drained of 3 to 6 Permeability: Moderate Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam or loam Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- BA horizon (if it occurs): grade metamorphic rock Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and value and Landscape: Mountains chroma of 4 to 6 Landform: Ridges Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam or loam Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes Slope range: 15 to 95 percent Bt horizon: Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, subactive, Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and mesic Typic Hapludults chroma of 4 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loam or clay loam Typical Pedon R layer: Cliffield very cobbly sandy loam in an area of Cliffield- Type of bedrock—unweathered, slightly fractured Pigeonroost complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, very to highly fractured felsic metamorphic rock stony; 0.4 mile east of South Mountain State Park gate below Benn Knob on a private road, 160 feet south of the road; USGS Benn Knob topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 33 minutes 40 seconds N. and long. 81 Cliffside Series degrees 38 minutes 56 seconds W. Depth class: Moderately deep A—0 to 4 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Drainage class: Well drained 150 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderate than 60 percent in the B horizon; ranging from Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- pebbles to stones grade metamorphic rock Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid Landscape: Piedmont throughout the profile Landform: Ridges A horizon: Landform position: Side slopes Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Slope range: 25 to 60 percent of 3 to 6 Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam thermic Typic Hapludults AB or BA horizon: Typical Pedon Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Cliffside very cobbly sandy loam in an area of Rion- chroma of 4 or 6 Cliffside complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very stony; Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam 4.9 miles south of Boiling Springs on N.C. Highway Bt horizon: 150 to Secondary Road 1200, about 0.5 mile east on Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and Secondary Road 1200 to Secondary Road 1199, chroma of 6 or 8 about 0.4 mile north on Secondary Road 1199 to Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy clay loam, Secondary Road 1198, about 0.8 mile on Secondary clay loam, or loam Road 1198 to Secondary Road 1197, about 1.0 mile north on Secondary Road 1197 to an unpaved road, R layer: 0.1 mile north on the unpaved road, 240 feet east in Type of bedrock—unweathered, slightly fractured woods; USGS Boiling Spring South topographic to highly fractured felsic high-grade quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 11 minutes 34 seconds N. metamorphic rock and long. 81 degrees 37 minutes 54 seconds W. Oe—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaves and Cowee Series twigs. A—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very cobbly sandy Depth class: Moderately deep loam; weak medium granular structure; very Drainage class: Well drained friable; common fine and medium roots; 20 Permeability: Moderate percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles, by volume; Parent material: Residuum and soil creep that few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; abrupt weathered mainly from high-grade metamorphic smooth boundary. rocks, such as sillimanite-mica schist, biotite AB—7 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) very gneiss, and migmatitic gneiss (fig. 14) gravelly sandy loam; moderate medium granular Landscape: Mountains structure; very friable; common fine roots; 25 Landform: Divides percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles, by volume; Landform position: Convex summits and side slopes common fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; Slope range: 15 to 85 percent clear wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, parasesquic, mesic Bt—16 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very Typic Hapludults gravelly sandy clay loam; weak fine subangular Typical Pedon blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 40 percent gravel, by volume; common fine flakes of mica; Cowee gravelly sandy loam in an area of Evard- very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Cowee complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, stony; about R—30 inches; unweathered, moderately fractured 1.2 miles north of New Home on Secondary Road mica schist. 1529, about 2.0 miles west on Secondary Road 1536, about 1.6 miles north on Secondary Road 1535, about Range in Characteristics 250 feet north along a jeep trail, 15 feet east in woodland; at an elevation of 1,329 feet; USGS Benn Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches Knob NC topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 32 Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock minutes 36.13 seconds N. and long. 81 degrees 40 Content of mica flakes: Few or common throughout minutes 48.98 seconds W. the profile Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to less than 60 Oi—1 inch to 0; semi-decomposed deciduous litter. percent in the A and AB horizons and 35 to less A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly Cleveland County, North Carolina 151

sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy clay loam, friable; many fine and medium and few coarse sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam roots; 20 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles, by C horizon (if it occurs): volume; few fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; Color—similar to BC horizon or multicolored clear smooth boundary. Texture—loamy saprolite BA—5 to 10 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) gravelly sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky Cr layer: structure; very friable; common fine and medium Type of bedrock—soft, weathered schist or gneiss and few coarse roots; 15 percent gravel and 5 rock that can be dug with difficulty using hand percent cobbles, by volume; few fine flakes of tools mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt—10 to 28 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Dogue Series slightly sticky; slightly plastic; few faint clay films Depth class: Very deep on faces of peds; common fine, medium, and Drainage class: Moderately well drained coarse roots; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent Permeability: Moderately slow cobbles, by volume; few fine flakes of mica; very Parent material: Old alluvium from mixed geologic strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. sources BC—28 to 35 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; Landscape: Piedmont weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Landform: Low stream terraces few fine and medium and common coarse roots; 5 Landform position: Planar to slightly concave percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles, by volume; toeslopes few fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; gradual Slope range: 2 to 8 percent wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Cr—35 inches; soft, weathered gneiss bedrock. Aquic Hapludults Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Thickness of solum: 15 to 39 inches Dogue sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, rarely Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and flooded; about 3.5 miles southeast of Patterson typically 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock Springs on N.C. Highway 226, about 0.7 mile west on Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to 35 percent, Secondary Road 2228, about 1,000 feet west- by volume, in the A horizon and 5 to 35 percent in northwest in a pasture on the stream terrace; at an the lower horizons; dominantly gravel elevation of 620 feet; USGS Grover NC topographic Reaction: Strongly acid to extremely acid quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 11 minutes 26.96 seconds A horizon: N. and long. 81 degrees 29 minutes 33.89 seconds W. Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and A—0 to 4 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) chroma of 2 to 8 sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt wavy BA horizon: boundary. Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and E—4 to 7 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) sandy chroma of 4 to 8 loam; weak medium granular structure; very Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loam, sandy loam, or friable; many fine roots; slightly acid; clear wavy fine sandy loam boundary. Bt1—7 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay Bt horizon: loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR (7.5YR in structure; firm; sticky; plastic; common fine roots; subhorizons), value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 few medium prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) to 8 iron depletions in the matrix; common distinct clay Texture—sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy loam, films on faces of peds; moderately acid; gradual fine sandy loam, or loam wavy boundary. BC horizon: Bt2—25 to 36 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, loam; moderate medium subangular blocky and chroma of 4 to 8 structure; firm; sticky; plastic; few fine roots; 152 Soil Survey

common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay loam, sandy 5/6) irregular iron accumulations and common fine clay, sandy clay loam, or clay prominent light gray (2.5Y 7/2) iron depletions in Redoximorphic features—iron or clay depletions in the matrix; few fine flakes of mica; common shades of gray and iron accumulations in distinct clay films on faces of peds; very strongly shades of red or brown acid; gradual wavy boundary. BC horizon: BC—36 to 50 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 or is mottled structure; friable; common coarse distinct strong Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay loam, sandy brown (7.5YR 5/8) irregular iron accumulations clay loam, sandy clay, or clay and common fine prominent light gray (2.5Y 7/2) Redoximorphic features (if they occur)—iron or iron depletions in the matrix; few fine flakes of clay depletions in shades of gray and iron mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. accumulations in shades of red or brown C—50 to 60 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) coarse sandy loam; massive; very friable; very BCg horizon (if it occurs): strongly acid. Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 2 Range in Characteristics Texture (fine-earth fraction)—same as BC horizon Thickness of solum: 40 to 60 inches or more C horizon: Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches Color—horizon is neutral in hue or has hue of Content of mica flakes: Few or common in the B and C 7.5YR to 2.5Y, has value of 4 to 7, and has horizons chroma of 3 to 8, or it is mottled Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent rounded or Texture (fine-earth fraction)—stratified sand to water-worn rock fragments in the solum and 0 to sandy clay loam 25 percent in the C horizon Cg horizon (if it occurs): Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout Color—horizon is neutral in hue or has hue of the profile, except where the surface layers have 7.5YR to 2.5Y, has value of 4 to 7, and has been limed chroma of 0 to 2, or it is mottled Texture (fine-earth fraction)—stratified sand to A horizon: sandy clay loam Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam Evard Series Ap horizon (if it occurs): Depth class: Very deep Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and Drainage class: Well drained chroma of 2 to 4 Permeability: Moderate Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loam, fine sandy Parent material: Residuum and soil creep that loam, sandy loam, or very fine sandy loam weathered mainly from high-grade metamorphic E horizon: rock, such as biotite gneiss (fig. 15) Color—hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and Landscape: Mountains chroma of 3 to 6 Landform: Divides Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, fine Landform position: Concave summits and side slopes sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam Slope range: 15 to 85 percent Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, parasesquic, mesic BE or BA horizon (if it occurs): Typic Hapludults Color—hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8 Typical Pedon Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loam, sandy clay Evard sandy loam in an area of Evard-Cowee loam, or clay loam complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, stony; about 1.2 Bt horizon: miles north of New Home on Secondary Road 1529, Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of about 2.0 miles west on Secondary Road 1536, about 4 to 6 in the upper part and 4 to 7 in the lower 1.6 miles north on Secondary Road 1535, about 450 part, and chroma of 0 to 8, or it is mottled feet north along a jeep trail, in woodland; at an Cleveland County, North Carolina 153

elevation of 1,330 feet; USGS Benn Knob NC Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy clay loam, fine topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 32 minutes sandy loam, loam, sandy loam, or clay loam 38.51 seconds N. and long. 81 degrees 40 minutes Iron accumulations (if they occur)—few or 48.15 seconds W. common in shades of red, brown, or yellow Oi—1 inch to 0; semi-decomposed deciduous litter. C horizon: A—0 to 6 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sandy Color—similar to BC horizon or multicolored loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; Texture—saprolite in variable textures ranging many fine and medium and few coarse roots; 10 from loam to loamy sand percent gravel, by volume; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bt—6 to 31 inches; red (2.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; Grover Series weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Depth class: Very deep common fine and medium roots; few faint clay Drainage class: Well drained films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel and 5 Permeability: Moderate percent cobbles, by volume; few fine flakes of Parent material: Residuum weathered from granite mica; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. pegmatite BC—31 to 43 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam; Landscape: Piedmont weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Landform: Ridges few fine and medium roots; 5 percent gravel and 5 Landform position: Side slopes percent cobbles, by volume; few fine flakes of Slope range: 15 to 60 percent mica; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, micaceous, thermic C—43 to 61 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy loam Typic Hapludults saprolite; massive; very friable; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles, by volume; few fine flakes Typical Pedon of mica; extremely acid. Grover gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes, Range in Characteristics rocky; from U.S. Highway 74 East, 5.9 miles on Secondary Road 2238 to Secondary Road 2276, Thickness of solum: 20 to more than 40 inches about 0.5 mile north on Secondary Road 2276 to a Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches farm road, 0.5 mile north on the farm road, 500 feet Content and size of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent, north of the end of the road; USGS Grover by volume, throughout the profile; dominantly topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 12 minutes 04 gravel seconds N. and long. 81 degrees 25 minutes 46 Reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid seconds W. A horizon: Oe—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaves and Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and twigs. chroma of 3 to 6 A—0 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very BA horizon (if it occurs): friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR and value and throughout horizon; many fine flakes of mica; 20 chroma of 4 to 8 percent, by volume, granite and quartz pebbles; Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy clay loam, moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or clay E—5 to 13 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy loam loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots throughout Bt horizon: horizon; many fine flakes of mica; very strongly Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR (7.5YR in acid; clear wavy boundary. subhorizons), value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 Bt—13 to 27 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy to 8 clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Texture (fine-earth fraction)—clay loam, sandy structure; friable; few fine roots throughout horizon; clay loam, or loam few faint clay films on faces of peds; many fine and BC horizon: medium flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, wavy boundary. and chroma of 6 or 8 BC—27 to 35 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) 154 Soil Survey

sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky Helena Series structure; very friable; many fine and medium flakes of mica; many fine to coarse dark grayish Depth class: Very deep brown (10YR 4/2) irregularly shaped bodies of Drainage class: Moderately well drained biotite; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Permeability: Slow C1—35 to 57 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- sandy loam; massive; very friable; 10 percent, by grade metamorphic or igneous rock volume, granite and quartz pebbles; many fine and Landscape: Piedmont medium flakes of mica; many fine to coarse dark Landform: Upland drainageways and heads of drains grayish brown (10YR 4/2) irregularly shaped Landform position: Head slopes and side slopes bodies of biotite; very strongly acid; gradual wavy Slope range: 1 to 6 percent boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic C2—57 to 72 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) and Aquic Hapludults brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) loamy sand; massive; Typical Pedon very friable; many fine and medium flakes of mica; many fine to coarse dark grayish brown (10YR Helena sandy loam in an area of Helena-Worsham 4/2) irregularly shaped bodies of biotite; very complex, 1 to 6 percent slopes; 2.4 miles north of strongly acid. Waco on Secondary Road 1001, about 750 feet east in pasture; USGS Cherryville topographic quadrangle; Range in Characteristics lat. 35 degrees 23 minutes 26 seconds N. and long. 81 Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches degrees 26 minutes 55 seconds W. Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; Content of mica flakes: Common or many in the A and moderate fine granular structure; friable; common E horizons and many in the B and C horizons fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to less than 35 abrupt smooth boundary. percent, by volume, in the A horizon and less than BA—7 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy 15 percent in the E, B, and C horizons; mostly loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; pebbles slightly sticky; slightly plastic; few fine roots; few Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear wavy and E horizon and very strongly acid to boundary. moderately acid in the B and C horizons Bt1—14 to 26 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) A horizon: sandy clay; moderate medium subangular blocky Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5, and chroma of 3 structure; firm; sticky; plastic; few fine roots; or 4 common fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam 6/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions with clear boundaries in the matrix; common fine prominent E horizon: strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) irregularly shaped iron Color—hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma accumulations with clear boundaries throughout; of 6 or 8 few distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine Texture—sandy loam flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt horizon: Bt2—26 to 50 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and clay; moderate medium subangular blocky chroma of 4 to 8 structure; firm; sticky; plastic; many fine and Texture—sandy clay loam or loam medium distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) irregularly shaped iron depletions with clear BC horizon: boundaries in the matrix; many fine and medium Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few fine chroma of 4 to 8 prominent red (2.5YR 5/8) irregularly shaped iron Texture—sandy loam or loam accumulations with clear boundaries throughout; C horizon: few distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine Color—horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 6 or 7, flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy and chroma of 3 to 6 or is multicolored in boundary. shades of yellow and brown BCg1—50 to 56 inches; light gray (10YR 6/1) sandy Texture—sandy loam or loamy sand saprolite clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Cleveland County, North Carolina 155

Figure 11.—Profile of a Bethlehem soil. Bethlehem soils are moderately deep. They formed from high-grade metamorphic rocks, such as mica schist and phyllite schist. Depth to weathered bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The scale is in inches. 156 Soil Survey

Figure 12.—Profile of Buncombe loamy sand. Buncombe soils Figure 13.—Profile of Cecil sandy clay loam. Cecil soils are are very deep, excessively drained sandy soils occurring very deep and have a red subsoil which extends below a on flood plains. Below a depth of 40 inches, textures depth of 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 range from sand to loam or are stratified. The scale is in inches. The scale is in inches. inches. Cleveland County, North Carolina 157

Figure 14.—Profile of Cowee gravelly sandy loam. Cowee soils Figure 15.—Profile of an Evard soil. Evard soils are very deep formed in place from soft, weathered bedrock that can be and may be affected by soil creep in the upper part. Depth dug with difficulty with hand tools. The scale is in feet. to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The scale is in centimeters. 158 Soil Survey

Figure 16.—Profile of a Wake soil. Wake soils are excessively drained, shallow, and sandy. They occur in the uplands of the Southern Piedmont area. Depth to hard bedrock ranges from 11 to 20 inches. The scale is in centimeters. Cleveland County, North Carolina 159

firm; sticky; plastic; many fine and medium shades of gray and iron accumulations in prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8 and 5/6) shades of red or brown irregularly shaped iron accumulations throughout; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Hulett Series BCg2—56 to 60 inches; gray (N 6/0) sandy clay loam; Depth class: Very deep weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; Drainage class: Well drained sticky; plastic; many medium and coarse distinct Permeability: Moderate light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) and few fine and Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) grade metamorphic or igneous rock with a high irregularly shaped iron accumulations throughout; content of mica few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid. Landscape: Piedmont Range in Characteristics Landform: Ridges Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Content of mica flakes: Few or common throughout Hapludults the profile Content and size of rock fragments: Less than 15 Typical Pedon percent throughout the profile; mostly pebbles Hulett gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes; 3.4 Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except miles north of the intersection of U.S. Highway 74 where surface layers have been limed Bypass in Kings Mountain on N.C. Highway 216, about A or Ap horizon: 0.6 mile east on a farm road, 75 feet east in a Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and cultivated field; USGS Bessemer City topographic chroma of 3 to 6 quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 17 minutes 45 seconds N. Texture—sandy loam or loam and long. 81 degrees 22 minutes 02 seconds W. BA horizon (if it occurs): Ap—0 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very chroma of 4 to 8 friable; common fine roots throughout horizon; 15 Texture—sandy loam or loam percent, by volume, quartz and granitic pebbles; Bt horizon: common fine and medium flakes of mica; strongly Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and acid; abrupt smooth boundary. chroma of 4 to 8 Bt1—8 to 19 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; Texture—sandy clay or clay moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Redoximorphic features—iron or clay depletions in firm; moderately sticky; moderately plastic; shades of gray and iron accumulations in common fine roots between peds; common fine shades of red or brown and medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and few fine faint reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) iron BCg horizon: accumulations; common distinct clay films on Color—horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5YR, value faces of peds; many fine and medium flakes of of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 2 or is neutral in mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. hue and has value of 6 Bt2—19 to 27 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay; Texture—sandy clay loam, sandy clay, or clay moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Redoximorphic features—iron or clay depletions in firm; moderately sticky; moderately plastic; few fine shades of gray and iron accumulations in roots between peds; common fine and medium shades of red or brown distinct red (2.5YR 5/8) and reddish yellow (7.5YR Cg horizon (if it occurs): 7/6) and few fine and medium prominent yellowish Color—hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and brown (10YR 5/4) iron accumulations; common chroma of 0 to 2 distinct clay films on faces of peds; many fine and Color (upon exposure to air)—hue of 10YR or medium flakes of mica; extremely acid; clear wavy 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6 boundary. Texture—sandy loam or loam BC—27 to 37 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay Redoximorphic features—iron or clay depletions in loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; 160 Soil Survey

friable; slightly sticky; slightly plastic; few very fine and chroma of 3 to 8 or is multicolored in roots between peds; many medium and coarse shades of red, yellow, and brown prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6) and Texture—sandy loam or sandy clay loam saprolite common fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and red (2.5YR 5/8) iron accumulations; many fine and medium flakes of Madison Series mica; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep C1—37 to 56 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6) Drainage class: Well drained sandy clay loam saprolite; massive; very friable; Permeability: Moderate many fine and medium prominent red (2.5YR 5/8) Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- and common fine and medium distinct strong grade metamorphic or igneous rock with a high brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron accumulations; many fine content of mica and medium flakes of mica; extremely acid; Landscape: Piedmont gradual irregular boundary. Landform: Ridges C2—56 to 72 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6) Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes sandy loam saprolite; massive; very friable; many Slope range: 2 to 15 percent fine and medium red (2.5YR 5/8) and strong Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron accumulations; many fine Kanhapludults and medium flakes of mica; extremely acid. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Madison gravelly sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent Thickness of solum: 20 to more than 40 inches slopes, moderately eroded; 4.5 miles north of the Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches, commonly intersection of U.S. Highway 74 Bypass in Kings more than 72 inches Mountain on N.C. Highway 216, about 200 feet east in Content of mica flakes: Few or common in the A an idle field; USGS Bessemer City topographic horizon, common or many in the upper part of the quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 18 minutes 27 seconds N. B horizon, and many in the lower part of the B and long. 81 degrees 21 minutes 51 seconds W. horizon and in the C horizon Content of rock fragments: 15 to less than 35 percent Ap—0 to 6 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) gravelly in the A horizon and less than 15 percent in the B sandy clay loam; moderate medium granular and C horizons structure; friable; common fine roots; few fine Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid in the flakes of mica; 17 percent, by volume, quartz A horizon and very strongly acid or strongly acid in fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth the B and C horizons boundary. Bt1—6 to 24 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate A or Ap horizon: medium subangular blocky structure; firm; sticky; Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma plastic; few fine distinct reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) of 3 or 4 iron accumulations; common distinct clay films on Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam faces of peds; common fine flakes of mica; Bt horizon: strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and Bt2—24 to 37 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate chroma of 4 to 8 medium subangular blocky structure; firm; sticky; Texture—clay plastic; few fine distinct reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) Iron accumulations—shades of red, brown, or and few fine prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) yellow iron accumulations; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; many fine flakes of mica; strongly BC horizon: acid; clear wavy boundary. Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and BC—37 to 50 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam; chroma of 4 to 8 weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Texture—clay loam or loam slightly sticky; slightly plastic; few fine distinct Iron accumulations—shades of red, brown, or reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) and reddish brown yellow (2.5YR 4/4) and few fine prominent reddish yellow C horizon: (7.5YR 6/8) iron accumulations; many fine flakes Color—horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 6 to 8, of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Cleveland County, North Carolina 161

C—50 to 72 inches; reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) sandy Landform: Ridges loam; massive; very friable; many fine distinct Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and reddish brown (2.5YR Slope range: 2 to 60 percent 4/4) and many fine prominent brownish yellow Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, (10YR 6/8) iron accumulations; many fine and thermic Typic Hapludults medium flakes of mica; strongly acid. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Montonia very channery silt loam, 25 to 60 percent Thickness of solum: 20 to 50 inches slopes, very stony; 1.9 miles south of Kings Mountain Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches on N.C. Highway 161, about 1.3 miles on Secondary Content of mica flakes: Few to many in the A horizon, Road 2289, about 100 feet southeast in woods; USGS common or many in the upper part of the B Kings Mountain topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 horizon, and many in the lower part of the B degrees 12 minutes 04 seconds N. and long. 81 horizon and in the C horizon degrees 21 minutes 13 seconds W. Content of rock fragments: 15 to less than 35 percent Oi—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaves and in the A horizon and less than 15 percent in the B twigs. and C horizons A—0 to 3 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure; throughout the profile, except where surface layers very friable; many fine, medium, and coarse roots; have been limed 45 percent channers and 5 percent flagstones, by A or Ap horizon: volume; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and AB—3 to 8 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) channery chroma of 4 or 6 silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy clay loam friable; many fine and medium roots; 25 percent channers, by volume; very strongly acid; clear Bt horizon: wavy boundary. Color—hue of 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Bt—8 to 19 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) channery of 6 or 8 clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky Texture—clay structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of on faces of peds; 15 percent channers, by volume; yellow or brown strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. BC horizon: BC—19 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and channery clay loam; weak medium subangular chroma of 6 or 8 blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few distinct Texture—sandy clay loam or clay loam clay films on faces of peds; 30 percent channers, Iron accumulations—shades of red, yellow, or by volume; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. brown Cr—29 to 42 inches; weathered, highly fractured quartz-sericite schist that can be dug with difficulty C horizon: with a spade; strongly acid; clear smooth Color—horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value boundary. of 4 to 6, and chroma of 6 to 8 or is multicolored R—42 inches; unweathered, moderately fractured in shades of red, yellow, and brown quartz-sericite schist. Texture—sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam saprolite Range in Characteristics Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches Montonia Series Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Content of mica flakes: None or few throughout the Drainage class: Well drained profile Permeability: Moderate Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to less than 60 Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- percent in the A and AB horizons, less than 35 grained felsic high-grade metamorphic rock percent in the B horizon, and 15 to less than 60 Landscape: Piedmont percent in the BC and C horizons; mostly channers and flagstones 162 Soil Survey

Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Slope range: 2 to 30 percent throughout the profile, except where surface layers Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic have been limed Kanhapludults A or Ap horizon: Typical Pedon Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, chroma of 3 to 6 moderately eroded; 1.0 mile north of Fallston on Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or loam Secondary Road 1650 to Secondary Road 1637, AB horizon: about 2.8 miles on Secondary Road 1637, about 200 Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and feet southwest in a field; USGS Lawndale topographic chroma of 3 to 6 quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 26 minutes 58 seconds N. Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or loam and long. 81 degrees 33 minutes 11 seconds W. Bt horizon: Ap—0 to 7 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy clay Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 6, loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; and chroma of 6 or 8 many fine roots; few fine flakes of mica; slightly Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay loam or acid; clear smooth boundary. clay loam Bt—7 to 28 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of red, medium subangular blocky structure; firm; sticky; yellow, or brown plastic; few fine roots; few fine distinct reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) iron accumulations; common BC horizon: distinct clay films on faces of peds; common fine Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, flakes of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy and chroma of 6 or 8 boundary. Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay loam or BC—28 to 44 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; clay loam weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of red, slightly sticky; slightly plastic; few fine roots; yellow, or brown common fine distinct reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) and C horizon (if it occurs): common fine prominent pink (5YR 8/3) iron Color—horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of accumulations; common fine flakes of mica; 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6 or is multicolored in strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. shades of red, yellow, and brown C1—44 to 60 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or loam loam saprolite; massive; very friable; few fine distinct reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) and dark reddish Cr layer: brown (5YR 3/3) iron accumulations; many fine Type of bedrock—weathered, moderately flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. fractured or highly fractured high-grade C2—60 to 72 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy metamorphic rock that can be dug with difficulty loam saprolite; massive; very friable; many with a spade moderately distinct reddish yellow (5YR 6/8), dark R layer: reddish brown (5YR 3/3), and reddish yellow (5YR Type of bedrock—unweathered, slightly fractured 7/8) iron accumulations; many fine flakes of mica; to highly fractured high-grade metamorphic strongly acid. rock Range in Characteristics Pacolet Series Thickness of solum: 20 to more than 40 inches Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Depth class: Very deep Content of mica flakes: Few or common in the A and B Drainage class: Well drained horizons and common or many in the C horizon Permeability: Moderate Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent in the Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- A horizon and less than 15 percent in the B and C grade metamorphic or igneous rock horizons Landscape: Piedmont Reaction: Slightly acid to very strongly acid in the A Landform: Ridges horizon and very strongly acid to moderately acid Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes throughout the rest of the profile Cleveland County, North Carolina 163

A or Ap horizon: pebbles, by volume; very strongly acid; clear Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and smooth boundary. chroma of 4 or 6 BA—5 to 10 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam or sandy loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; clay loam in eroded areas many fine and medium and few coarse roots; few fine flakes of mica; 20 percent schist pebbles, by Bt horizon: volume; very strongly acid; clear smooth Color—hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and boundary. chroma of 6 or 8 Bt—10 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) gravelly Texture—clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of friable; common fine and medium roots; few fine yellow or brown flakes of mica; 20 percent schist pebbles, by BC horizon: volume; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Color—hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and Cr—24 to 43 inches; weathered, highly fractured chroma of 6 or 8 sillimanite schist that can be dug with difficulty with Texture—clay loam or sandy clay loam a spade; few fine roots in fractures; very strongly Iron accumulations—shades of yellow or brown acid; clear smooth boundary. R—43 inches; unweathered, slightly fractured C horizon: sillimanite schist. Color—horizon has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 or 8, or it does not have a Range in Characteristics dominant color and is in shades of red, yellow, Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches and brown Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and Texture—sandy loam or loam 40 to 60 inches to hard bedrock Content of mica flakes: Few or common throughout Pigeonroost Series the profile Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to less than 35 Depth class: Moderately deep percent throughout the profile; mostly pebbles Drainage class: Well drained Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Permeability: Moderate throughout the profile Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- A horizon: grade metamorphic rock Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma Landscape: Mountains of 3 or 4 Landform: Ridges Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam or loam Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes Slope range: 15 to 50 percent AB or BA horizon: Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Typic Hapludults chroma of 4 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam or loam Typical Pedon Bt horizon: Pigeonroost gravelly sandy loam in an area of Cliffield- Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Pigeonroost complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, very chroma of 4 to 8 stony; 1.1 miles west of the South Mountain State Park Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loam, sandy clay gate below Benn Knob on an unpaved road to USGS loam, or clay loam Benchmark, 140 feet southwest of the benchmark; USGS Benn Knob topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 BC horizon (if it occurs): degrees 34 minutes 07 seconds N. and long. 81 Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and degrees 40 minutes 29 seconds W. chroma of 4 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loam, sandy clay Oe—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaves and loam, or clay loam twigs. A—0 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly C horizon (if it occurs): sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very Color—horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value friable; many fine and medium and few coarse of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8 or is roots; few fine flakes of mica; 25 percent schist multicolored in shades of red and yellow 164 Soil Survey

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—commonly coarse by volume; common fine flakes of mica; very sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. loam; including sandy clay loam and clay loam BC—34 to 44 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly clay loam; weak medium subangular Cr layer: blocky structure; friable; few fine distinct reddish Type of bedrock—weathered, slightly fractured to yellow (7.5YR 7/8) iron accumulations; 15 percent highly fractured high-grade metamorphic rock gravel, by volume; common fine flakes of mica; that can be dug with difficulty with a spade very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. R layer: C—44 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) gravelly Type of bedrock—unweathered, slightly fractured sandy loam; massive; very friable; common fine or moderately fractured high-grade distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/8) iron metamorphic rock accumulations; 15 percent gravel, by volume; common fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid. Rion Series Range in Characteristics Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches Depth class: Very deep Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches, commonly Drainage class: Well drained more than 72 inches Permeability: Moderate Content of mica flakes: Few or common throughout Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- the profile grade metamorphic or igneous rock Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to less than 35 Landscape: Piedmont percent throughout the profile; mostly pebbles or Landform: Ridges cobbles Landform position: Side slopes and nose slopes Reaction: Very strongly acid to slightly acid throughout Slope range: 25 to 60 percent the profile Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults A horizon: Color—hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 4 or Typical Pedon 6 Rion gravelly loamy sand in an area of Rion-Ashlar Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loamy sand or sandy complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, rocky; 0.1 mile loam south of the Broad River on N.C. Highway 150, about AB or BA horizon (if it occurs): 600 feet east on N.C. Highway 150, about 180 feet Color—hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 4 or south in woods; USGS Boiling Springs South 6 topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 11 minutes 56 Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loamy sand or sandy seconds N. and long. 81 degrees 39 minutes 54 loam seconds W. Bt horizon: Oe—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaves and Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and twigs. chroma of 4 to 8 A—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy clay loam or gravelly loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; clay loam very friable; many fine and medium and few Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of red, coarse roots; 20 percent gravel, by volume; yellow, or brown common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; abrupt BC horizon: smooth boundary. Color—hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and Bt1—8 to 22 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) gravelly sandy chroma of 4 to 8 clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy clay loam, structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; clay loam, or sandy loam 18 percent gravel, by volume; common fine flakes Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of red, of mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. yellow, or brown Bt2—22 to 34 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) gravelly sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky C horizon: structure; friable; few fine roots; 15 percent gravel, Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 Cleveland County, North Carolina 165

Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam percent in the A horizon and less than 15 percent Iron accumulations—shades of red, yellow, or in the B and C horizons; mostly pebbles brown Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, except where surface layers have been limed Saw Series A or Ap horizon: Depth class: Moderately deep Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR and value and Drainage class: Well drained chroma of 4 or 6 Permeability: Moderate Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam or sandy Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic clay loam in eroded areas igneous rock Bt horizon: Landscape: Piedmont Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, Landform: Ridges and chroma of 6 or 8 Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes Texture—clay Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of red, Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic yellow, or brown Kanhapludults BC horizon: Typical Pedon Color—hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, Saw gravelly sandy clay loam in an area of Pacolet- and chroma of 6 or 8 Saw complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately Texture—sandy clay loam eroded; 5.7 miles north of Fallston on N.C. Highway 18 Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of red, to Secondary Road 1619, about 0.65 mile west on yellow, or brown Secondary Road 1619, about 50 feet north of the road C horizon (if it occurs): in an idle field; USGS Casar topographic quadrangle; Color—horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value lat. 36 degrees 30 minutes 45 seconds N. and long. 81 of 4 to 6, and chroma of 6 or 8, or it does not degrees 31 minutes 24 seconds W. have a dominant color and is in shades of red, Ap—0 to 5 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly yellow, and brown sandy clay loam; moderate medium granular Texture—sandy loam saprolite structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; few R layer: fine flakes of mica; 15 percent, by volume, quartz Type of bedrock—unweathered, slightly fractured pebbles; moderately acid; abrupt smooth to highly fractured felsic igneous rock boundary. Bt—5 to 21 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; sticky; Tatum Series plastic; few fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of mica; Depth class: Deep moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained BC—21 to 31 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay loam; weak Permeability: Moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Parent material: Fine-grained, high-grade slightly sticky; slightly plastic; few fine distinct metamorphic rock yellowish red (5YR 5/8) iron accumulations; Landscape: Piedmont common fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; abrupt Landform: Ridges smooth boundary. Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes R—31 inches; unweathered, moderately fractured Slope range: 8 to 30 percent granite. Taxonomic class: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Thickness of solum: 20 to 40 inches Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to hard bedrock Tatum gravelly silt loam in an area of Tatum-Montonia Content of mica flakes: Few or common in the A complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes; 3.0 miles south of horizon and few to many in the B and C horizons Kings Mountain on N.C. Highway 161 to Secondary Content and size of rock fragments: 15 to less than 35 Road 2289, about 1.2 miles on Secondary Road 2289, 166 Soil Survey

about 50 feet east to a creek, 450 feet northeast in A or Ap horizon: woods; USGS Kings Mountain topographic Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 11 minutes 30 seconds N. chroma of 4 to 8 and long. 81 degrees 21 minutes 30 seconds W. Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or silty clay loam in eroded areas Oe—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed evergreen leaf litter and twigs. Bt horizon: A—0 to 4 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly silt loam; Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and weak medium granular structure; very friable; chroma of 6 or 8 many fine and medium and few coarse roots; 25 Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay loam or percent quartz pebbles and sericite schist silty clay channers and 5 percent cobbles, by volume; very BC horizon: strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Color—hue of 5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of Bt1—4 to 13 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly 6 or 8 silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silty clay loam structure; friable; slightly sticky; slightly plastic; Iron accumulations—shades of red or yellow common fine and medium and few coarse roots; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; 18 percent C horizon: quartz pebbles and sericite schist channers, by Color—hue of 5YR, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of volume; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 2 to 8 Bt2—13 to 31 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam; Texture (fine-earth fraction)—silt loam or loam moderate medium subangular blocky structure; saprolite firm; sticky; plastic; few fine roots; common distinct Iron accumulations—shades of red, yellow, or clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent quartz brown pebbles and sericite schist channers, by volume; Cr layer: strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Type of bedrock—weathered, moderately BC—31 to 42 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) silty clay fractured or highly fractured high-grade loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; metamorphic rock that can be dug with difficulty friable; slightly sticky; slightly plastic; few fine with a spade distinct red (2.5YR 5/8) iron accumulations; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. R layer: C—42 to 54 inches; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) and Type of bedrock—unweathered, slightly fractured yellowish red (5YR 5/8) channery silt loam to highly fractured high-grade metamorphic saprolite; massive; very friable; common fine rock distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/8) iron accumulations; 20 percent sericite schist channers, by volume; strongly acid; clear wavy Toccoa Series boundary. Depth class: Very deep Cr—54 to 62 inches; weathered, highly fractured Drainage class: Well drained sericite schist that can be dug with difficulty with a Permeability: Moderately rapid spade; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Parent material: Alluvium derived mainly from felsic R—62 inches; unweathered, slightly fractured sericite high-grade metamorphic or igneous rock schist. Landscape: Piedmont Range in Characteristics Landform: Flood plains Landform position: Planar to slightly convex slopes Thickness of solum: 30 to 60 inches Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock and Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, more than 60 inches to hard bedrock nonacid, thermic Typic Udifluvents Content of mica flakes: None or few Content and size of rock fragments: Less than 35 Typical Pedon percent throughout the profile; mostly pebbles and channers Toccoa loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid flooded; 0.8 mile northeast of N.C. Highway 150 South throughout the profile, except where surface layers on Secondary Road 1123, about 0.3 mile west on a have been limed farm road to the edge of a flood plain, 150 feet west; Cleveland County, North Carolina 167

USGS Boiling Springs North topographic quadrangle; Udorthents lat. 35 degrees 15 minutes 39 seconds N. and long. 81 degrees 37 minutes 32 seconds W. Depth class: Shallow to very deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained to Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; somewhat poorly drained weak medium granular structure; very friable; Permeability: Very slow to moderately rapid many fine roots throughout; common fine flakes of Parent material: Variable mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Landscape: Piedmont C1—7 to 17 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy Landform: Areas where the natural soil properties and loam; massive; very friable; common fine roots qualities have been greatly altered by excavation throughout; common fine flakes of mica; or intensive grading or covered by earthy fill moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. material C2—17 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loamy Slope range: 2 to 15 percent sand; massive; very friable; common fine roots Typical Pedon throughout; common fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. A typical pedon is not given for these soils because C3—28 to 38 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy of their variability. These soils consist of excavated, loam; massive; very friable; few fine faint brown filled, or highly disturbed areas. The excavated areas (7.5YR 5/4) iron accumulations; few fine roots are mainly borrow pits from which the soil has been throughout; common fine flakes of mica; removed and used as foundation material for roads or moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. buildings or as topsoil. The fill areas are sites where at C4—38 to 46 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) loamy sand; least 20 inches of loamy material covers borrow pits, massive; very friable; few fine flakes of mica; landfills, natural drainageways, or flood plains. moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Udorthents are in shades of red, brown, yellow, and C5—46 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam; gray. The texture is variable but typically loamy. massive; very friable; common medium prominent Landfills have layers of material other than soil reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) and common medium covered with loamy material. distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) iron Range in Characteristics accumulations; few fine flakes of mica; moderately acid. Depth to bedrock: Variable Content and size of rock fragments: Variable, Range in Characteristics averaging 0 to 35 percent, by volume, to a depth of 40 inches; ranging from pebbles to stones Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Reaction: Extremely acid to slightly acid Content of mica flakes: Few to many in all horizons Rock fragments: Gravelly horizons or gravelly strata may occur, usually in the lower part of the profile Uwharrie Series Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly acid throughout the profile Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Ap or A horizon: Permeability: Moderate Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and Parent material: Residuum weathered from fine- chroma of 3 to 6 grained felsic high-grade metamorphic rock Texture—loam, sandy loam, or silt loam Landscape: Piedmont Landform: Ridges C horizon: Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes Color—horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of Slope range: 2 to 15 percent 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6 or is multicolored in Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic shades of red, yellow, and brown Typic Hapludults Texture—loam, silt loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand Typical Pedon Redoximorphic features (if they occur)—iron or clay depletions in shades of gray; iron Uwharrie silt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes; 1,100 feet accumulations in shades of red or brown north of the South Carolina State line on N.C. Highway 161, about 125 feet west of the road in woods; USGS 168 Soil Survey

Kings Mountain topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 Bt horizon: degrees 09 minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 81 Color—hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and degrees 19 minutes 42 seconds W. chroma of 6 or 8 Texture—silty clay loam or silty clay Oe—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed leaves and twigs. BC horizon: A—0 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; Color—hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and weak fine granular structure; very friable; many chroma of 6 or 8 fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt Texture—silty clay loam smooth boundary. Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of red, AB—5 to 8 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) silt yellow, or brown loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; C horizon: many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; Color—horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value abrupt smooth boundary. of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6, or it does not Bt1—8 to 15 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) silty clay loam; have a dominant color and is in shades of red, weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; yellow, and brown slightly sticky; slightly plastic; few fine roots; few Texture—silt loam or loam saprolite faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent quartz pebbles, by volume; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Wake Series Bt2—15 to 36 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Shallow (fig. 16) firm; sticky; plastic; few fine roots; common distinct Drainage class: Excessively drained clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear Permeability: Rapid smooth boundary. Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic BC—36 to 50 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) silty clay loam; igneous rock weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; Landscape: Piedmont slightly sticky; slightly plastic; few fine prominent Landform: Ridges very pale brown (10YR 8/3) iron accumulations; Landform position: Interfluves and side slopes very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Slope range: 4 to 30 percent C—50 to 72 inches; multicolored silt loam saprolite; Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, thermic Lithic massive; very friable; very strongly acid. Udorthents Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches Wake loamy sand in an area of Saw-Wake complex, 4 Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches to 15 percent slopes, very rocky; 7.1 miles north of Content of mica flakes: None or few throughout the Fallston on N.C. Highway 18 to Secondary Road 1601, profile about 0.1 mile west on Secondary Road 1601 to Content and size of rock fragments: Less than 35 Secondary Road 1602, about 0.5 mile on Secondary percent in the A horizon and less than 15 percent Road 1602, about 175 feet west on an unpaved road, in the B and C horizons; mostly pebbles 130 feet south in a peach orchard; USGS Casar Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid topographic quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 31 minutes 33 throughout the profile, except where surface layers seconds N. and long. 81 degrees 31 minutes 14 have been limed seconds W. A or Ap horizon: Ap—0 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy Color—hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and sand; single grained; loose; many fine roots; 5 to chroma of 3 to 6 10 percent gravel, by volume; few fine flakes of Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam in eroded mica; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. areas C—7 to 14 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) AB or BA horizon (if it occurs): gravelly sandy loam; weak medium granular Color—hue of 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma structure; very friable; common fine roots; few fine of 4 or 6 distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) iron Texture—silt loam accumulations; 18 percent igneous pebbles and Cleveland County, North Carolina 169

feldspar, by volume; few fine flakes of mica; Springs on N.C. Highway 226, about 0.4 mile west on moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Secondary Road 2228, about 1,400 feet west- R—14 inches; unweathered, slightly fractured granite. northwest in pasture on the flood plain; at an elevation of 610 feet; USGS Grover NC topographic quadrangle; Range in Characteristics lat. 35 degrees 11 minutes 36.82 seconds N. and long. 81 degrees 29 minutes 20.82 seconds W. Thickness of solum: Less than 20 inches Depth to bedrock: Less than 20 inches A—0 to 6 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) loam; weak Content of mica flakes: Few or common throughout medium granular structure; very friable; slightly the profile sticky; many fine and medium roots; few fine Content of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent flakes of mica; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth throughout the profile boundary. Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid Bg1—6 to 22 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay loam; throughout the profile, except where surface layers weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; have been limed sticky; slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots; common medium prominent soft iron A or Ap horizon: accumulations in shades of red and brown; few Color—hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; clear smooth of 2 to 4 boundary. Texture (fine-earth fraction)—loamy sand or loamy Bg2—22 to 35 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) loam; weak coarse sand medium subangular blocky structure; friable; C horizon: slightly sticky; few fine and medium roots; common Color—hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and fine prominent soft iron accumulations in shades chroma of 4 to 8 of red and brown; few fine flakes of mica; Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam or sandy moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. clay loam saprolite Cg—35 to 50 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) sandy loam; Iron accumulations (if they occur)—shades of red, massive; nonsticky; few fine roots; few fine flakes yellow, or brown of mica; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Ab—50 to 61 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) sandy loam; R layer: weak medium granular structure; nonsticky; 5 Type of bedrock—unweathered, slightly fractured percent wood fragments, by volume; few fine or moderately fractured felsic igneous rock flakes of mica; slightly acid. The Wake soils in Cleveland County are considered Range in Characteristics taxadjuncts to the series because the subsurface layers are loamier than is defined as the range of the Thickness of solum: 20 to more than 60 inches official series. Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches Content and size of rock fragments: Less than 5 percent, by volume, in horizons to a depth of 40 Wehadkee Series inches and 0 to 35 percent in horizons below a depth of 40 inches; dominantly gravel Depth class: Very deep Reaction: Neutral to very strongly acid throughout the Drainage class: Poorly drained or very poorly drained profile; neutral to moderately acid in some part Permeability: Moderate between depths of 10 and 40 inches Parent material: Recent alluvium from mixed geologic A horizon: sources Color—horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is Landscape: Piedmont neutral in hue, has value of 4 to 6, and has Landform: Flood plains chroma of 0 to 4 Landform position: Slightly concave slopes Redoximorphic features (if they occur)—few or Slope range: 0 to 2 percent common in shades of brown Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Texture—loam Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts Bg horizon: Typical Pedon Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is Wehadkee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently neutral in hue, has value of 4 to 6, and has flooded; about 3.5 miles southeast of Patterson chroma of 0 to 2 170 Soil Survey

Redoximorphic features—iron accumulations in prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) irregularly shades of red, yellow, or brown shaped iron accumulations with clear boundaries Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay throughout; few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; loam, loam, or clay loam clear smooth boundary. A—5 to 12 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy Cg horizon: loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; Color—horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y or is friable; few fine roots; common medium prominent neutral in hue, has value of 4 to 7, and has yellowish red (5YR 5/8) irregularly shaped iron chroma of 0 to 2 accumulations with clear boundaries throughout; Redoximorphic features (if they occur)—iron few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear smooth accumulations in shades of red, yellow, or boundary. brown Btg1—12 to 20 inches; gray (N 5/0) clay; moderate Texture—horizon is loam or sandy loam or is medium subangular blocky structure; firm; sticky; stratified with layers of silty clay loam, loamy plastic; few fine distinct dark gray (5Y 4/1) sand, sandy clay loam, clay loam, sand, or irregularly shaped iron depletions with clear gravel boundaries on faces of peds and in pores; Ab horizon: common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR Color—horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is 5/8) irregularly shaped iron accumulations with neutral in hue, has value of 4 to 6, and has clear boundaries throughout; few fine flakes of chroma of 0 to 4 mica; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Texture—fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, Btg2—20 to 55 inches; gray (N 5/0) clay; moderate loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, or silt loam medium subangular blocky structure; firm; sticky; Redoximorphic features (if they occur)—few or plastic; common medium distinct dark gray (5Y common in shades of brown 4/1) irregularly shaped iron depletions with clear boundaries on faces of peds and in pores; common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR Worsham Series 5/8) irregularly shaped iron accumulations with clear boundaries throughout; few fine flakes of Depth class: Very deep mica; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Drainage class: Poorly drained Cg—55 to 60 inches; gray (N 6/0) sandy clay loam; Permeability: Very slow or slow weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; Parent material: Residuum weathered from felsic high- slightly sticky; slightly plastic; many medium grade metamorphic or igneous rock distinct white (5Y 8/1) and common medium Landscape: Piedmont distinct dark gray (5Y 4/1) irregularly shaped iron Landform: Upland drainageways and the head of depletions with clear boundaries throughout; drains strongly acid. Landform position: Head slopes and toeslopes Slope range: 1 to 6 percent Range in Characteristics Taxonomic class: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Endoaquults Thickness of solum: 40 to more than 60 inches Typical Pedon Depth to bedrock: 60 to more than 72 inches Content of mica flakes: Few or common throughout Worsham loam in an area of Helena-Worsham the profile complex, 1 to 6 percent slopes; 2.5 miles north of Content and size of rock fragments: Less than 15 Waco on Secondary Road 1001 to Secondary Road percent throughout the profile; mostly pebbles 1908, about 0.2 mile on Secondary Road 1908 to a Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid farm road, 700 feet south on the farm road, 125 feet throughout the profile, except where surface layers east in a field; USGS Cherryville topographic have been limed quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 23 minutes 22 seconds N. and long. 81 degrees 27 minutes 20 seconds W. A or Ap horizon: Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Color—hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky of 2 or 3 structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium Texture—sandy loam or loam Cleveland County, North Carolina 171

Btg horizon: Cg horizon: Color—horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of Color—horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5, and chroma of 0 to 2 or is neutral in hue and 5 or 6, and chroma of 0 to 2 or is neutral in hue has value of 5 or 6 and has value of 5 or 6 Texture—clay Texture—sandy clay loam or clay loam Redoximorphic features—iron or clay depletions in Redoximorphic features—iron or clay depletions in shades of gray and iron accumulations in shades of gray and iron accumulations in shades of red or yellow shades of red or yellow

173

Formation of the Soils

This section describes the factors of soil formation residual soils derived mainly from two types of rock: and relates them to the soils in Cleveland County. It felsic (acid) igneous rock, chiefly granite, and high- also discusses the processes of horizon differentiation grade metamorphic rock, such as biotite gneiss, mica and the geology and mineralogy of the survey area. schist, and sericite schist. The resulting soils are More specific information on parent material and generally characterized by having a low pH and low landform position for individual soils is available in the natural fertility. Most of these soils have a kaolinitic sections “Classification of the Soils” and “Detailed Soil clay mineralogy. Soils such as Cecil, Pacolet, and Map Units.” The soils in Cleveland County have been Appling may occur over both igneous and grouped according to parent material, landform metamorphic parent material. However, soils such as position, and some important soil properties. Hulett and Bethlehem only occur over one type of parent material. Factors of Soil Formation Another soil property that is affected by parent material is texture. Texture influences such soil Soils are formed by processes of the environment properties as permeability and available water acting upon geologic material, such as metamorphic, capacity. In Cleveland County, most soils have a igneous, and sedimentary rocks, and fluvial stream clayey subsoil because the parent material contained sediments. The combined influence of parent material, relatively high amounts of minerals that weathered to relief, climate, living organisms, and time determines clay. Soils that formed from material weathered from the characteristics of a soil. These five factors are sericite schist, such as Uwharrie and Montonia soils, responsible for the profile development and chemical have a high content of silt. In contrast, soils that properties that differentiate soils. Figure 17 illustrates formed from material weathered from granite, such as variations in profile development caused by different Saw and Wake soils, have a relatively low content of combinations of soil-forming factors, such as parent silt. material, topography, and time, in piedmont soils, and Alluvial soils formed in transported upland soil figure 18 illustrates these variations in mountain soils. material. This material has been changed very little by the soil-forming processes. Buncombe, Chewacla, Parent Material Toccoa, and Wehadkee soils formed in alluvium. They are on flood plains along large and small streams. Parent material is largely responsible for the physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition of Relief the soils in Cleveland County. Major differences among the soils in the county can be attributed to a Relief has a major effect on soil formation. It large degree to variations in parent material. Obvious influences such soil properties as drainage, surface differences, such as texture, are easily observed in the water runoff, and the extent of erosion. In Cleveland field. Less distinct differences, such as mineralogical County, relief is influenced by geology and the composition, can be determined only by careful dissection of the landscape by streams. laboratory analysis. Relief determines soil drainage. In Cleveland The parent material in Cleveland County can be County, drainageways have entrenched the uplands to grouped into two broad classes: residuum and the extent that most of the soils are well drained. alluvium. Residual material was produced by the However, soils that are moderately well drained to weathering of underlying rock. Alluvial material is poorly drained occur along intermittent drainageways material that was removed and transported by water in the uplands or on flood plains. A high water table is from soils or rocks and is related directly to them. generally related to nearly level or depressional areas. In Cleveland County, the parent material of the Soils in these lower landform positions are less sloping 174 Soil Survey

Figure 17.—Comparison between three piedmont upland soils showing depth and clay content. Cecil soils are very deep to bedrock and have clayey textures that extend below a depth of 30 inches. Pacolet soils are very deep to bedrock and do not have clayey textures below a depth of 30 inches. Bethlehem soils are moderately deep to soft bedrock and, like Pacolet soils, do not have clayey textures below a depth of 30 inches.

and receive runoff from the adjacent higher areas. The very steep soils are in the South Mountains, where the runoff water accumulates faster than it can drain rate of geologic erosion is greatest. through the soil profile. Relief also affects the degree of profile development Climate and depth of soils. Relief influences the rate of surface water runoff as well as the movement of water through Climate, particularly temperature and precipitation, the soil profile. The degree of soil profile development affects the physical, chemical, and biological is influenced by chemical reactions and the leaching of relationships in the soil. Temperature and rainfall minerals as water moves through the soil. Slopes in influence the rate of weathering of rock and the the county range from 0 to 95 percent. On the more decomposition of organic matter. Climate also affects stable upland ridgetops in the Piedmont that are least the plants and animals that live in an area. dissected by drainageways, the gently sloping Cecil Temperature influences the kinds of organisms in the and Appling soils have very deep, well developed soil and their growth. It also influences the rate of profiles. On the more dissected ridgetops and side chemical and biological activity in the soil. The amount slopes, soils such as Pacolet and Bethlehem have of leaching in soils is related to the amount of less developed profiles or are not as deep. As the precipitation and the rate of water movement through steepness of slope increases, the rate of geologic the soil. erosion increases and soil material is removed almost Cleveland County has a warm, humid climate. as fast as it forms. Cliffield and Pigeonroost soils are Summers are hot, and winters are mild. Rainfall is both moderately deep to bedrock. These steep and distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. This Cleveland County, North Carolina 175

Figure 18.—Comparison between three mountain upland soils showing depth and content of rock fragments. Cliffield soils are moderately deep to hard bedrock and have an average of 35 percent rock fragments, by volume, in the subsoil. Cowee soils are moderately deep to soft bedrock. They have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil that the Cliffield soils. Evard soils are very deep to bedrock and have the least amount of rock fragments.

climate is favorable to rapid chemical and biological material, relief, and age of the soil. Bacteria, fungi, and processes that result in the decomposition of organic other micro-organisms aid in the weathering of rocks matter and the weathering of rocks. and in the decomposition of organic matter. The plants The soils of the county reflect the effects of climate. and animals that live on the soil are the primary The mild temperatures and abundant rainfall have source of organic material. depleted the organic matter and considerably leached Plants largely determine the kinds and amounts of the soluble bases from the soils, leaving them acid. organic matter that are added to the soil under normal Clay and less soluble colloids have been transported conditions and the way in which the organic matter is and have accumulated in the subsoil. In most areas of added. They also are important for the changes in the county, the combined effect of temperature and base status and for the leaching process of the soil rainfall has produced a clayey subsoil below a loamy through the nutrient cycle. topsoil. Living organisms contribute to the chemical environment within the soil profile. Old roots leave Living Organisms channels for air and water. Decaying plants release nutrients and organic acids. Living roots absorb water Plants and animals influence the formation and and nutrients, raise the level of carbon dioxide, lower differentiation of soil horizons. The type and number of the level of oxygen, and increase acidity. Nutrients are organisms in the soil and on the surface are absorbed by deep tree roots before they are leached determined partly by climate and partly by the soil past the root zone and later deposited in leaves on the 176 Soil Survey

soil surface. Animals convert complex compounds into of geologic erosion also partly accounts for the simpler forms and add their own bodies to the organic shallowness to bedrock. matter. Most of the organic material accumulates on the surface where it is acted upon by micro- organisms, fungi, earthworms, and other forms of life Processes of Horizon and by chemical reaction. The organic material is then Differentiation mixed in the uppermost mineral part of the soil by the activities of earthworms and other small invertebrates. One or more soil-forming processes are involved in In Cleveland County, not enough bases are brought the formation of soil horizons. These processes are to the surface by plants to counteract the effects of the accumulation of organic matter; the leaching of leaching. Generally, the soils of the county developed carbonates and other soluble material; the chemical under hardwood forest. Trees took up elements from weathering, mainly by hydrolysis, of primary minerals the subsoil and added organic matter to the soil by into silicate clay minerals; the translocation of silicate depositing leaves, roots, twigs, and other plant clay and some silt-sized particles from one horizon to remains on the surface. The material deposited on the another; and the reduction and transfer of iron. surface was acted upon by organisms and underwent Several of these processes have been active in the chemical reaction. formation of most of the soils in Cleveland County. All Organic material decomposes very rapidly in the five processes have probably been active in the soils of the county because of the moderate formation of the moderately well drained Dogue soils. temperatures, the abundant moisture supply, and the Some organic matter has accumulated in all of the character of the organic material. As a result, little soils in the survey area. Most of the soils contain organic matter accumulates in the soil. moderate amounts of organic matter in the surface layer. The content of organic matter ranges from low, Time as in Appling soils, to high, as in Wehadkee soils. Most of the soils in the survey area are acid in the The length of time that soil material has been upper layers, unless the surface layers have been exposed to the soil-forming processes accounts for limed. Most of the soils formed in material that has a some differences between soils. The formation of a low content of bases, and most of the bases released well defined soil profile, however, also depends on by weathering have been leached out of the soils. other factors. Less time is required for a profile to The translocation of clay minerals is an important develop in coarse-textured material than in similar but process in the development of many soils in the finer textured material, even if the environment is the survey area. As clay minerals are removed from the same for both materials. Less time is required for a soil surface horizon, they accumulate as clay films on the profile to develop in an area, such as Cleveland faces of peds, in pores, and in root channels in the County, that is warm and humid and has a dense plant subsoil. cover than in a cold, dry area that has a sparse plant As silicate clay forms from primary minerals, some cover. iron is commonly released as hydrated oxides. These Soils vary considerably in age. The length of time oxides are generally red. Even if they occur in small that a soil has been forming is generally reflected in amounts, they give the soil material a brownish color. the profile. Old soils generally have better defined They are largely responsible for the red to brown horizons than young soils. In Cleveland County, the colors that are dominant in the subsoil of many soils in effects of time as a soil-forming factor are more the survey area. apparent in the older soils, such as Cecil and Appling The reduction and transfer of iron has occurred in soils, which are in the broader parts of the Piedmont all of the soils that are not characterized by good uplands. These soils have more distinct horizons than natural drainage. This process, known as gleying, is Chewacla soils, which formed in alluvium and are still evidenced by a gray matrix color and by iron or clay acquiring new deposits from the uplands. depletions. Some of the iron may be reoxidized and Chewacla soils and other soils on flood plains have segregated and thus form yellow, brown, red, or other not been in place long enough to have well developed brightly colored iron accumulations in an essentially profiles and are considered young soils. Other soils in gray matrix in the subsoil. Nodules or concretions of the county are considered young because of their iron or manganese also commonly form as a result of landform position. Cliffside soils, for example, are not this process. Soil features associated with chemically well developed because they are steep and geologic reduced iron are referred to as “redoximorphic erosion has kept pace with soil development. The rate features” (20). Cleveland County, North Carolina 177

Geology and Mineralogy formation that occupies most of the area east of Buffalo Creek and Moss Lake to Grover and Kings The rocks that underlie the survey area are Mountain. The distinct characteristic of this formation represented by two distinct geologic belts: the Kings is the abundance of granite pegmatite, another felsic Mountain Belt, in the southeastern part of the county, igneous rock associated with granite. Granite which has its western boundary extending pegmatite formed from very rapid crystallization of approximately along Interstate 85 and the Inner minerals from residual fluids and gases escaping from Piedmont Belt which underlies the remainder of the the cooling and thickening of granitic magma (5). In county. this very coarse-grained rock, the mica content is very The Kings Mountain Belt in Cleveland County is high and grain size of the mica is highly variable. Soils mainly composed of sericite schist and phyllite, which that formed from granite pegmatite are highly are felsic (acid), fine-grained metamorphic rocks. weathered and very deep except on the steepest These rocks formed mainly from the metamorphism slopes. Hulett and Madison soils contain many mica resulting from the alteration of sedimentary and flakes throughout, especially in the lower subsoil and igneous rocks by intense heat and pressure (8). The in the saprolite. soils that formed from these fine-grained rocks, such Because of the abundance and variety of mineral as Uwharrie, Montonia, and Tatum soils, have a higher resources in Cleveland County, the mining industry is silt content than soils occurring in other areas of the a major employer. The primary location for mining county. activity in the county lies within a narrow, northeast- The Inner Piedmont Belt in Cleveland County trending zone of rocks called the Tin-spodumene Belt. consists primarily of thinly layered mica schist and This belt lies along the boundary of the Cherryville biotite gneiss, which are felsic metamorphic rocks. Granite and the Kings Mountain Belt, extending from These rocks formed mainly from the metamorphism of the North Carolina-South Carolina State line near sedimentary rocks and, to a lesser degree, igneous Grover into Gaston and Lincoln Counties. It consists of rocks (8). Although the soils that formed from these pegmatite dikes that contain large amounts of metamorphic rocks are highly weathered and contain spodumene, a major source of lithium. kaolinitic clay in the subsoil, soil depth and profile Lithium is the county’s most important mineral development are variable. Bethlehem soils, which resource. The belt of spodumene pegmatite contains formed from mica schist, are not as deep as Cecil the largest developed reserve of lithium in the world. soils, which formed from biotite gneiss, and do not Lithium compounds are used in ceramics and glasses have the high degree of profile development of these to improve resistance to rapid temperature changes. It latter soils. is also used in lubricating greases, refrigerants, and Also within the Inner Piedmont Belt are two distinct pharmaceuticals, as a catalyst in the manufacture of masses of granitic rock. Granite, which is a felsic synthetic rubber, and in nonrechargeable batteries. igneous rock, formed from the slow cooling and Potential uses for lithium in rechargeable batteries and solidification of magma underground. The main body in the development of nuclear fusion as an energy of the Toluca Granite formation occupies much of the source may greatly increase its consumption in the area that extends from north and west of Belwood future. The by-products of spodumene mining are also southward to Fallston. Other smaller masses of the of high economic value. Feldspathic sand is produced Toluca Granite, such as the one near the Shelby for use in ceramics and glass. Crushed stone is used airport, are scattered widely throughout the county. for roadbase and construction material (9). Although the soils that formed from this granitic The saprolite deposits that formed from granite formation are highly weathered and contain kaolinitic pegmatite are an important mineral resource. clay in the subsoil, they vary in depth and profile Cleveland County is an important producer of mica, development. Saw soils are not as deep as Pacolet feldspar, and clay. Mica is used in roofing, paints, soils and do not have the degree of profile and electronics. Feldspar is used in ceramics and development of these latter soils. glass making. The clay mined in the county is used for The Cherryville Granite is a northeast-trending brick (7).

179

References

(1) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

(2) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(3) Beck, Donald E. 1962. Yellow-poplar site index curves. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Res. Note 180.

(4) Brown, Mark J. 1991. Forest statistics for the Piedmont of North Carolina. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn., Res. Bull. SE-117, p. 53.

(5) Chesterman, Charles W. 1978. The Audubon Society field guide to North American rocks and minerals. pp. 696-698.

(6) Coile, T.S., and F.X. Schumacher. 1953. Site index of young stands of loblolly and shortleaf pines in the Piedmont Plateau Region. J. For. 51: 432-435.

(7) Gair, Jacob E., John P. D’Agostino, Patricia J. Loferski, and Jesse W. Whitlow. 1989. Saprolite deposits. In Mineral resources of the Charlotte quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina (Jacob E. Gair, ed.). U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1462, pp. 73-81.

(8) Goldsmith, Richard, Daniel J. Milton, and J. Wright Horton, Jr. 1988. Geologic map of the Charlotte quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Ser. Map I-1251-E, scale 1:250,000.

(9) Horton, J. Wright, Jr., and Jacob E. Gair. 1989. Spodumene in lithium-rich pegmatites of Mississippian age in the Inner Piedmont Belt. In Mineral resources of the Charlotte quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina (Jacob E. Gair, ed.). U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1462, pp. 97-101.

(10) LeGrande, H.E., and J.J. Munborf. 1952. Geology and groundwater in the Charlotte area, North Carolina. U.S. Dep. Interior Bull. 63, pp. 38-41.

(11) Olson, D.J. 1959. Site index curves for upland oak in the Southeast. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Res. Note 125.

(12) Shelby Daily Star. 1976. Our heritage—A history of Cleveland County.

(13) United States Department of Agriculture. 1916. Soil survey of Cleveland County, North Carolina. 180

(14) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1991. Forest statistics for North Carolina, 1990. Southeast. Forest Exp. Stn. Resour. Bull. SE-120.

(15) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1996. National soil survey handbook. Soil Surv. Staff, title 430-VI. (Available in the State Office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service at Raleigh, North Carolina)

(16) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1996. Soil survey laboratory methods manual. Soil Surv. Invest. Rep. 42.

(17) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(18) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

(19) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Keys to soil taxonomy. 6th ed. Soil Surv. Staff, Soil Manage. Support Serv. Tech. Monogr. 19.

(20) Vepraskas, Michael J. 1992. Redoximorphic features for identifying aquic conditions. N.C. State Univ., N.C. Agric. Res. Serv. Bull. 301.

(21) Weathers, Lee B. 1956. The living past of Cleveland County. 181

Glossary

Access road. A road constructed to facilitate the use available for use by most plants. It is commonly and management of the land. Access roads are defined as the difference between the amount of designed for limited traffic and typically consist of soil water at field moisture capacity and the a cut slope, a roadbed, and a fill outslope. amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a expressed as: poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in Very low ...... 0 to 3 carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. Low ...... 3 to 6 Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single Moderate ...... 6 to 9 mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as High ...... 9 to 12 granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods Very high ...... more than 12 are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, Base saturation. The degree to which material having deposited on land by streams. cation-exchange properties is saturated with Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), required by one mature cow of approximately expressed as a percentage of the total cation- 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 exchange capacity. month. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic the surface. features. Biotite. A common rock-forming mineral consisting Aquifer. A water-bearing bed or stratum of permeable primarily of ferromagnesian silicate minerals. Color rock, sand, or gravel capable of fielding ranges from dark brown to green in thin section. considerable quantities of water to wells or Biotite is commonly referred to as “black mica” springs. because of the natural black color. Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim Borrow areas. A small area (usually less than 3 after the removal of soil for construction and other acres) where soil materials have been removed. uses. Revegetation and erosion control are These areas support few or no plants without extremely difficult. major reclamation. Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by Borrow pit. An open excavation from which the soil an accumulation of illuvial clay. and underlying material have been removed, Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces. generally for use in road construction. Borrow pits Generally, cool aspects are north- to east-facing support few or no plants without major and warm aspects are south- to west-facing. reclamation. Areas identified on the detailed soil Atterberg limits. Atterberg limits are measured for maps by a special symbol typically are less than 2 soil materials passing the No. 40 sieve. They acres in size. include the liquid limit (LL), which is the moisture Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 content at which the soil passes from a plastic to a centimeters) in diameter. liquid state, and the plasticity index (PI), which is Broad-based dips. Short sections of access road the water content corresponding to an arbitrary having a reverse grade to intercept storm water limit between the plastic and semisolid states of and divert it off the roadbed. Dips are spaced consistency of a soil. about 200 feet apart and placed to divert water Available water capacity (available moisture away from stream crossings or steep grades. capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a 182 Soil Survey

nearby central area for transport to a processing Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement centimeters) in diameter. similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 the entire log is suspended. centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. is 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, extremely cobbly soil material is more than 60 magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. percent. Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of Colluvial fan. A fan-shaped area of soils deposited by exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, mass-wasting (direct gravitational action) and local expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 unconcentrated runoff on and at the base of grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some steeper hillslopes. other stated pH value. The term, as applied to Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity moved by creep, slide, or local wash and but is more precise in meaning. deposited at the base of steep slopes. Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, or so small in area that it is not practical to map less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 them separately at the selected scale of mapping. percent silt. The pattern and proportion of the soils or Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all content of iron, manganese, and clay because of areas. the chemical reduction of iron and manganese Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a type of redoximorphic depletion. plane that typically takes the form of concentric Clayey. A general textural term that includes sandy layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, clay, silty clay, and clay. According to family level iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a specific compounds making up concretions. If formed in textural name referring to fine earth (particles less place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese than 2 millimeters in size) containing 35 percent or oxide are generally considered a type of more clay, by weight, within the control section. redoximorphic concentration. The content of rock fragments is less than 35 Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in percent, by volume. combination with needed cultural and Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the management practices. In a good conservation surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root cropping system, the soil-improving crops and channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. practices more than offset the effects of the soil- Clod. See Aggregate, soil. depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems CMAI (cumulative mean annual increment). The are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving age or rotation at which growing stock of a forest practices in a conservation cropping system produces the greatest annual growth (for that time include the use of rotations that contain grasses period). It is the age at which periodic annual and legumes and the return of crop residue to the growth and mean annual growth are equal. soil. Other practices include the use of green Coarse fragments. If round, mineral or rock particles manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper 2 millimeters to 25 centimeters (10 inches) in tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest diameter; if flat, mineral or rock particles control. (flagstone) 15 to 38 centimeters (6 to 15 inches) Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not long. invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount Coarse-loamy. According to family level criteria in the of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. soil taxonomic system, soil containing less than 18 Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion percent, by weight, clay and 15 percent or more and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to fine sand or coarser material. deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. resistance of soil material to rupture and to Cleveland County, North Carolina 183

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of Delineation. The process of drawing or plotting puddled soil material; and the manner in which the features on a map with lines and symbols. soil material behaves when subject to Depression (depressional area). A portion of land compression. Terms describing consistence are surrounded on all sides by higher land. These defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” areas generally do not have outlets for drainage. Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that Depth class. Refers to the depth to a root-restricting follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing layer. Unless otherwise stated, this layer is crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled understood to be consolidated bedrock. The depth crops or summer fallow. classes in this survey are: Control section. The part of the soil on which Shallow ...... 10 to 20 inches classification is based. The thickness varies Moderately deep ...... 20 to 40 inches among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that Deep ...... 40 to 60 inches part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches Very deep ...... more than 60 inches and 40 or 80 inches. Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over action that dissolves or weakens concrete or bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches uncoated steel. deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; Cove. The steep or very steep, concave colluvial moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to area at the head of drainageways in Piedmont 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. and mountainous areas. These areas commonly Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the have higher tree site indexes than surrounding surface for the specified use. slopes. Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to generally a terrace, built to protect downslope improve and protect the soil between periods of areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. regular crop production, or a crop grown between Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. duration of wet periods under conditions similar to Cropping system. Growing crops according to a those under which the soil formed. Alterations of planned system of rotation and management the water regime by human activities, either practices. through drainage or irrigation, are not a Crop residue management. Returning crop residue consideration unless they have significantly to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, changed the morphology of the soil. Seven organic matter content, and fertility and helps to classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— control erosion. excessively drained, somewhat excessively Crust. A thin, hard layer of soil material that forms on drained, well drained, moderately well drained, the surface of cultivated areas as the result of fine somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and soil material settling out of ponding. very poorly drained. These classes are defined in Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI). the “Soil Survey Manual.” The average annual increase per acre in the Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total from an area. volume of the stand by its age. As the stand Drainageway. A narrow, gently sloping to very steep, increases in age, the mean annual increment concave colluvial area along an intermittent or continues to increase until mortality begins to perennial stream. reduce the rate of increase. The point where the Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth or colloidal suspension from one place to another is called the culmination of the mean annual within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material increment. through eluviation are eluvial; those that have Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations received material are illuvial. tend to cave in or slough. Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in Dbh (diameter at breast height). The diameter of a which all horizons between the upper boundary of tree at 4.5 feet above the ground level on the uphill saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. side. Engineering index test data. Laboratory test and Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting mechanical analysis of selected soils in the grazing land for a prescribed period. county. 184 Soil Survey

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a only in spots. Some areas may be smooth, but perched water table in a soil in which saturated most have an intricate pattern of gullies. layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated Erosion hazard. Terms describing the potential for layers within 2 meters of the surface. future erosion, inherent in the soil itself, in Eroded (soil phase). Because of erosion, these soils inadequately protected areas. The following have lost an average of 25 to 75 percent of the definitions are based on estimated annual soil loss original A horizon or the uppermost 2 to 6 inches if in metric tons per hectare (values determined by the original A horizon was less than 8 inches thick. the Universal Soil Loss Equation assuming bare Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by soil conditions and using rainfall and climate water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by factors for North Carolina): such processes as gravitational creep. 0 tons per hectare ...... none Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic Less than 2.5 tons per hectare ...... slight processes acting over long geologic periods and 2.5 to 10 tons per hectare ...... moderate resulting in the wearing away of mountains and 10 to 25 tons per hectare ...... severe the building up of such landscape features as More than 25 tons per hectare ...... very severe flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural erosion. Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid or cliff breaking the general continuity of more than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. such as a fire, that exposes the surface. Evapotranspiration. The combined loss of water from Erosion classes. Classes based on estimates of past a given area through surface evaporation and erosion. The classes are as follows: through transpiration by plants during a specified Class 1.—Soils that have lost some of the original period. A horizon but on the average less than 25 percent Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the of the original A horizon or of the uppermost 8 soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel inches (if the original A horizon was less than 8 or sand for construction purposes. inches thick). Throughout most of the area, the Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water thickness of the surface layer is within the normal into the soil. range of variability of the uneroded soil. Class 1 Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide erosion typically is not designated in the name of plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper the map unit or in the map symbol. balance, for the growth of specified plants when Class 2.—Soils that have lost an average of 25 to light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth 75 percent of the original A horizon or of the factors are favorable. uppermost 8 inches (if the original A horizon was Field border. A strip of perennial vegetation (trees, less than 8 inches thick). Throughout most shrubs, or herbaceous plants) established on the cultivated areas of class 2 erosion, the surface edge of a field to control erosion, provide travel layer consists of a mixture of the original A horizon lanes for farm machinery, control competition from and material from below. Some areas may have adjacent woodland, or provide food and cover for intricate patterns ranging from uneroded spots to wildlife. spots where all of the original A horizon has been Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a removed. soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry Class 3.—Soils that have lost an average of 75 weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has percent or more of the original A horizon or of the drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 uppermost 8 inches (if the original A horizon was days after a soaking rain; also called normal field less than 8 inches thick). In most cultivated areas capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary of class 3 erosion, material that was below the capacity. original A horizon is exposed. The plow layer Fine-loamy. According to family level criteria in the soil consists entirely or largely of this material. taxonomic system, soil containing 18 to 35 Class 4.—Soils that have lost all of the original A percent, by weight, clay and 15 percent or more horizon or of the uppermost 8 inches (if the fine sand or coarser material. original A horizon was less than 8 inches thick) Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. plus some or all of the deeper horizons throughout Flooding. The temporary covering of the soil surface most of the area. The original soil can be identified by flowing water from any source, such as Cleveland County, North Carolina 185

overflowing streams, runoff from adjacent or resulting in the reduction of iron and other surrounding slopes, and inflow from high tides. elements in the profile and in gray colors. The frequency of flooding generally is expressed Gneiss. A coarse-grained metamorphic rock in which as none, rare, occasional, or frequent. None bands rich in granular minerals alternate with means that flooding is not probable. Rare means bands in which schistose minerals predominate. that flooding is unlikely but possible under unusual Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed weather conditions (the chance of flooding is waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year). grass as protection against erosion. Conducts Occasional means that flooding occurs surface water away from cropland. infrequently under normal weather conditions (the Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year). much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 Frequent means that flooding occurs often under centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a normal weather conditions (the chance of flooding pebble. is more than 50 percent in any year). The duration Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 of flooding is expressed as very brief (less than 2 percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock days), brief (2 to 7 days), long (7 days to 1 month), fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as and very long (more than 1 month). 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a Gravelly spot. An area where the content of rock stream and is subject to flooding unless protected fragments that are mostly less than 3 inches in artificially. diameter is more than 15 percent, by volume, in Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river the surface layer in a map unit in which the action, as a fluvial plain. surface layer of the dominant soil or soils has less Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as than 15 percent gravel. Areas identified on the much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a detailed soil maps by a special symbol typically mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. are less than 2 acres in size. Footslope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. the material below the water table. Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition Gully. A very small channel with steep sides cut by and development because of given physical and running water and through which water ordinarily biological factors by which it may be differentiated runs only after rainfall, icemelt, or snowmelt. A from other stands. gully generally is an obstacle to wheeled vehicles General texture class. A broad textural grouping that and is too deep to be obliterated by ordinary describes the dominant fine-earth fraction tillage. Areas identified on the detailed soil maps (particles less than 2 millimeters in size) of the by a special symbol typically are less than 2 acres subsoil or layers beneath the surface layer to a in size. depth of about one meter or to bedrock if the soil Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated is shallower than one meter. except by blasting or by the use of special Clayey.—A general texture term that includes equipment that is not commonly used in sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. construction. Loamy.—A general texture term that includes very High-grade metamorphic rocks. Highly coarse sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, sandy metamorphosed rocks, such as gneiss and schist. loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, High stream terrace. A terrace, commonly 20 feet or loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam. higher in elevation than the adjacent flood plain, Sandy.—A general texture term that includes that is no longer subject to flooding. coarse sand, sand, fine sand, very fine sand, High water table. The highest level of a saturated loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, zone (the apparent or perched water table) over a or loamy very fine sand. continuous period of more than 2 weeks in most Silty.—A general texture term that includes silt, silt years, but not a permanent water table. loam, or silty clay loam. Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers the surface, having distinct characteristics especially to the processes or soil-forming factors produced by soil-forming processes. In the responsible for the formation of the solum, or true identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. represents the major horizons. Numbers or Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, lowercase letters that follow represent 186 Soil Survey

subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey material is removed from an upper horizon and Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as deposited in a lower horizon. follows: Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is decaying plant residue. absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the surface in which an accumulation of humified immediate surface of soil or other material, as organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. contrasted with percolation, which is movement of Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was water through soil layers or material. originally part of a B horizon. Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or conditions. some combination of these. Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be transition from the overlying A to the underlying C limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive rate at which water is applied at the surface. characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soil sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate; (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or the rate decreases with application time. browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a a combination of these. constant but is a variable depending on the net C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected inches per hour, is expressed as follows: by soil-forming processes and does not have the Less than 0.2 ...... very low properties typical of the overlying soil material. 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low The material of a C horizon may be either like or 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low unlike that in which the solum formed. If the 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate material is known to differ from that in the solum, 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high letter C. More than 2.5 ...... very high Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. that flows for prolonged periods only when it The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but receives ground-water discharge or long, it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. continued contributions from melting snow or other Hornblende. A rock-forming ferromagnesian silicate surface and shallow subsurface sources. mineral of the amphibole group. Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable content of iron and manganese oxide because of part of the organic matter in mineral soils. chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A according to their runoff potential. The soil type of redoximorphic depletion. properties that influence this potential are those Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and when the soil is not frozen. These properties are under low pressure to the surface of the soil or depth to a high water table, the infiltration rate and into the soil through such applicators as emitters, permeability after prolonged wetting, and depth to porous tubing, or perforated pipe. a very slowly permeable layer. The slope and the Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface kind of plant cover are not considered but are through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. separate factors in predicting runoff. Kaolinite. An aluminosilicate clay mineral with a 1:1 Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one layer structure; that is, a silicon tetrahedral sheet Cleveland County, North Carolina 187

alternating with an aluminum octahedral sheet. Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to Little or no expansion occurs when water mixes support loads. with the clay. Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil Landfill. An area of accumulated waste products from matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary human habitat. Landfill areas can be above or with the surrounding soil material and cannot be below the natural ground level. Areas identified on removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds the detailed soil maps by a special symbol making up masses are calcium carbonate, typically are less than 2 acres in size. gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and Landform. The description of a given terrain based on manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide position and configuration. Examples are flood or manganese oxide generally are considered a plain, stream terrace, fan, mountain slope, and type of redoximorphic concentration. ridge. Mean annual increment. The average yearly volume Landform position. A particular place within a of a stand of trees from the year of origin to the landform. Examples are summit of a ridge, age under consideration. shoulder of a ridge, nose slope, side slope, Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, backslope, and footslope. silt loam, or silt. Landscape. A collection of related, natural landforms; Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in usually the land surface which can be seen in a mineralogical composition, chemical composition, single view. or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. Land shaping. The practice of scraping higher convex Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. areas into lower concave areas to make the field Micas. A group of silicate minerals characterized by nearly level and reduce ponding. sheet or scale cleavage. Biotite is the Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of ferromagnesian black mica. Muscovite is the soil and loose rock, generally when wet or potassic white mica. saturated. The speed and distance of movement, Microrelief. The concave to convex changes in the as well as the amount of soil and rock material, land surface occurring over a relatively short vary greatly. distance or small area such as one acre. Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches Migmatite. A rock composed of igneous or igneous- (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones appearing material and/or metamorphic material. adversely affect the specified use of the soil. Mine or quarry (map symbol). An open excavation Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or from which the soil and underlying material have other material by percolating water. been removed, exposing bedrock, or the surface Levees. Small dikes, generally less than 50 feet wide opening to underground mines. Areas identified on and several hundred feet in length, used to hold the detailed soil maps by a special symbol back water. typically are less than 2 acres in size. Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and passes from a plastic to a liquid state. low in organic material. Its bulk density is more Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay than that of organic soil. particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop than 52 percent sand particles. production and prevention of soil damage. Loamy. A general textural term that includes coarse Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, clay loam, Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam. According to loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. family level criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay specific textural name referring to fine earth loam, or silty clay loam. (particles less than 2 millimeters in size) of loamy Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, very fine sand or finer textured material that including the texture, structure, porosity, contains less than 35 percent clay, by weight, consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, within the control section. The content of rock and biological properties of the various horizons, fragments is less than 35 percent, by volume. and the thickness and arrangement of those Low stream terrace. A terrace in an area that floods, horizons in the soil profile. commonly 3 to 10 feet higher in elevation than the Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that adjacent flood plain. vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as 188 Soil Survey

follows: abundance—few, common, and many; Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— mineral material in which soil forms. faint, distinct, and prominent. The size Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a measurements are of the diameter along the granule, a prism, or a block. greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, square meters), depending on the variability of the rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding soil. lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area Percolation. The downward movement of water (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep through the soil. sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water mass or in a group forming a chain or range. through the soil adversely affects the specified Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees use. of three simple variables—hue, value, and Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a or air to move downward through the profile. The color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is 4. accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil Muscovite. A nonferromagnesian rock-forming silicate physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated mineral with its tetrahedra arranged in sheets. hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil Commonly called “white mica” and sometimes Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in called potassic mica. the engineering profession and with traditional Native pasture. Pasture that has seeded naturally in usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow native grasses. It is on slopes too steep to continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Ter ms manage with modern machinery. describing permeability, measured in inches per Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. hour, are as follows: (See Reaction, soil.) Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch manganese oxide are common compounds Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches types of redoximorphic concentrations. Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches No-till planting. A method of planting crops in which Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches there is virtually no seedbed preparation. A thin slice of the soil is opened, and the seed is planted Perennial water. An area that generally provides at the desired depth. water for human or livestock consumption, Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant commonly a lake, pond, river, or stream. Areas essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly identified on the detailed soil maps by a special nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, symbol typically are less than 2 acres in size. magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, features that affect its use and management. For hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and example, slope, stoniness, and flooding. water. pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) various stages of decomposition. The content of Piedmont. The physiographic region of central North organic matter in the surface layer is described as Carolina characterized by rolling landscapes follows: formed from the weathering of residual rock Low ...... 0.5 to 2.0 percent material. Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent Pits, quarry (mine or quarry). A small borrow area or Cleveland County, North Carolina 189

pit (usually less than 5 acres) where soil, gravel, standards; soil conditions are generally or stone has been removed. unfavorable and management costs are usually Plant competition. The likelihood of invasion or very high in relation to the expected yields. growth of undesirable species when openings are Very low.—Productivity is much below local made in the canopy. standards; soil conditions are unfavorable and Plasticity index. The numerical difference between management costs usually exceed economic the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of returns. moisture content within which the soil remains Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for plastic. specific management purposes, under the Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil appropriate conditions of weather and soil changes from semisolid to plastic. moisture and at the proper time of day. Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for depressions. Unless the soils are artificially producing a specified plant or sequence of plants drained, the water can be removed only by under specific management. percolation or evapotranspiration. Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid through all its horizons and into the parent permeability, the soil may not adequately filter material. effluent from a waste disposal system. Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse-grained soil or soil soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH material consisting mainly of particles of nearly 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction the same size. Because there is little difference in because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The size of the particles, density can be increased only degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH slightly by compaction. values, are: Porphyroblast. A large crystal developed in Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 metamorphic rock by recrystallization. Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 no properties restricting the penetration of roots to Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 this depth. Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 Potential productivity. Relative terms assigned to Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 classes to indicate the potential of a soil for Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 agricultural use compared with that of other soils Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 in the survey area. The same soil in a different Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher survey area may have a different rating for a given use. In this survey area six classes are used for Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, comparative ratings of soil potential. They are as concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other follows: features resulting from the accumulation of iron or Very high.—Productivity is well above local manganese oxide. An indication of chemical standards because soil conditions are reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. exceptionally favorable and management costs Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from are low in relation to the expected yields. which iron and manganese oxide or a combination High.—Productivity is above local standards; soil of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been conditions are favorable and management costs removed. These zones are indications of the are relatively low in relation to the expected yields. chemical reduction of iron resulting from Moderately high.—Productivity is at or slightly saturation. above local standards; soil conditions are Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic generally favorable, but management costs are concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced moderate in relation to the expected yields. matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alpha- Moderate.—Productivity is at or slightly below dipyridyl, and other features indicating the local standards; soil conditions are marginal and chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and management costs are usually high in relation to manganese compounds resulting from saturation. the expected yields. Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, Low.—Productivity is significantly below local considered collectively. 190 Soil Survey

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, passes through the soil, is used by plants, or weathered or partly weathered mineral material evaporates. The soils are commonly level or nearly that accumulated as consolidated rock level or are very porous. disintegrated in place. Slow.—Surface water flows away so slowly that Ridge. A long, narrow elevation of the land surface, free water stands on the surface for moderate usually having a sharp crest and steep sides. periods or enters the soil rapidly. Most of the water Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated passes through the soil, is used by plants, or erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and evaporates. The soils are nearly level or very not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm gently sloping, or they are steeper but absorb machinery. precipitation very rapidly. Rippable. Rippable bedrock or hardpan can be Medium.—Surface water flows away so rapidly excavated using a single-tooth ripping attachment that free water stands on the surface for only short mounted on a tractor with a 200-300 drawbar periods. Part of the precipitation enters the soil horsepower rating. and is used by plants, is lost by evaporation, or Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical moves into underground channels. The soils are means during road construction. It is commonly on nearly level or gently sloping and absorb the uphill side of the road. precipitation at a moderate rate, or they are Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a steeper but absorb water rapidly. diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, Rapid.—Surface water flows away so rapidly that pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. the period of concentration is brief and free water Rock outcrop. An area of exposed bedrock in a map does not stand on the surface. Only a small part of unit that has less than 0.1 percent exposed the water enters the soil. The soils are mainly bedrock. Areas identified on the detailed soil maps moderately steep or steep and have moderate or by a special symbol typically are less than 2 acres slow rates of absorption. in size. Very rapid.—Surface water flows away so rapidly Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil that the period of concentration is very brief and is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. free water does not stand on the surface. Only a Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated small part of the water enters the soil. The soils by plant roots. are mainly steep or very steep and absorb Rotational grazing. Moving livestock from one precipitation slowly. grazing area to another to maintain optimum Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral forage height and pasture productivity. fragments ranging from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream millimeters in diameter. Most sand grains consist channels from an area. The water that flows off the of quartz. As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 surface of the land without sinking into the soil is percent or more sand and not more than 10 called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil percent clay. before reaching surface streams is called ground- Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. sand-sized particles. Runoff class (surface). Refers to the rate at which Sandy. A general textural term that includes coarse water flows away from the soil over the surface sand, sand, fine sand, very fine sand, loamy without infiltrating. Six classes of rate of runoff are coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, and recognized: loamy very fine sand. According to family level Ponded.—Little of the precipitation and water that criteria in the soil taxonomic system, a specific runs onto the soil escapes as runoff, and free textural name referring to fine earth (particles less water stands on the surface for significant periods. than 2 millimeters in size) of sand or loamy sand The amount of water that is removed from ponded that contains less than 50 percent very fine sand, areas by movement through the soil, by plants, or by weight, within the control section. The content by evaporation is usually greater than the total of rock fragments is less than 35 percent, by rainfall. Ponding normally occurs on level and volume. nearly level soils in depressions. The water depth Sandy spot. An area where the surface layer is sandy may fluctuate greatly. (loamy sand or sand) in a map unit in which the Very slow.—Surface water flows away slowly, and dominant soil or soils have a loamy, silty, or clayey free water stands on the surface for long periods surface layer. Excluded are areas where the or immediately enters the soil. Most of the water Cleveland County, North Carolina 191

textural classes are adjoining, such as an area of foundations, and other structures. It can also loamy sand in a map unit in which the dominant damage plant roots. soil or soils have a surface layer of sandy loam. Side slope. The landform position that is just below Areas identified on the detailed soil maps by a the shoulder and just above the toeslope, special symbol typically are less than 2 acres in occupying most of the mountainside or hillside. size. Sillimanite. An orthorhombic mineral that occurs in Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material underlying long, slender crystals, often as fibrous aggregates the genetically developed soil and grading to in schists. bedrock below. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Saprolite instability. A property of highly micaceous that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay saprolite that makes it very susceptible to piping, (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine erosion, slumping, and failure to support loads. sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of percent clay. saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic into an unlined auger hole. criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, Schist. A metamorphic rock dominated by fibrous or and have similar conservation needs or platy minerals. It has schistose cleavage and is a management requirements for the major land uses product of regional metamorphism. in the survey area. Sedimentation. The deposit or accumulation of Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site sediment consisting of soil material, nutrients, and based on the height of the dominant stand at an chemicals transported by surface waters. arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average Seep. A small area on the landscape where water height attained by dominant and codominant trees oozes through the soil and causes the surface to in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is remain wet. The water does not flow on the 75 feet, the site index is 75. surface. Skidding. A method of moving felled trees to a nearby Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through central area for transport to a processing facility. the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified Most systems involve pulling the trees with wire use. cables attached to a bulldozer or rubber-tired Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are tractor. Generally, felled trees are skidded or almost alike, except for differences in texture of pulled with one end lifted to reduce friction and soil the surface layer. All the soils of a series have disturbance. horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, Skid trails. The paths left from skidding logs and the and arrangement. bulldozer or tractor used to pull them. Severely eroded spot. An area of soil that has lost an Slide or slip. A prominent landform scar or ridge average of 75 percent or more of the original caused by fairly recent mass movement (descent surface layer because of accelerated erosion in a of earthy material resulting from failure of earth or map unit in which the dominant soil or soils have rock under shear stress) along one or several lost less than 25 percent of the original surface surfaces. Areas identified on the detailed soil layer. Areas identified on the detailed soil maps by maps by a special symbol typically are less than a special symbol typically are less than 2 acres in 15 acres in size. size. Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical soil material from the land surface by the action of distance divided by horizontal distance, then rainfall and surface runoff. multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a Short, steep slope. An area where the soil is at least drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In two slope classes steeper than the surrounding this survey, classes for simple slopes are as named map unit. Areas identified on the detailed follows: soil maps by a special symbol typically are long, Nearly level ...... 0 to 3 percent narrow bands that are less than 2 acres in size. Gently sloping ...... 2 to 8 percent (See Slope.) Strongly sloping ...... 8 to 15 percent Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when Moderately steep ...... 15 to 30 percent dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and Steep ...... 25 to 60 percent swelling can damage roads, dams, building Very steep ...... 45 percent and higher 192 Soil Survey

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special the material in these horizons are unlike those of practices are required to ensure satisfactory the material below the solum. The living roots and performance of the soil for a specific use. plant and animal activities are largely confined to Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, the solum. resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. Specialty crop. Crops, such as Fraser fir grown for Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 use as Christmas trees, that require intensive inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones management and a specific combination of soils adversely affect the specified use of the soil. and climate. Soft, weathered bedrock. Bedrock that can be Spring. A small area on the landscape where water excavated with trenching machines, backhoes, flows naturally through the soil onto the surface. small rippers, and other equipment commonly Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 used in construction. centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers properties resulting from the integrated effect of that interfere with or prevent tillage. climate and living matter acting on earthy parent Stony spot. An area where 0.01 to 0.1 percent of the material, as conditioned by relief over periods of surface is covered by rock fragments that are time. more than about 10 inches in diameter. Areas Soil compaction. An alteration of soil structure that identified on the detailed soil maps by a special ultimately can affect the biological and chemical symbol typically are less than 2 acres in size. properties of the soil. Compaction decreases the Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic extent of voids and increases bulk density. arrangement of strips or bands that provide Soil creep. The slow mass movement of soil and soil vegetative barriers to soil blowing and water materials downslope, primarily under the influence erosion. of gravity, facilitated by water saturation and by Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil alternating freezing and thawing. particles into compound particles or aggregates. Soil map unit. A kind of soil or miscellaneous area or The principal forms of soil structure are—platy a combination of two or more soils or one or more (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates soils and one or more miscellaneous areas that longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with can be shown at the scale of mapping for the rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), defined purposes and objectives of the soil survey. and granular. Structureless soils are either single They are generally designed to reflect significant grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or differences in use and management. massive (the particles adhering without any Soil sample site (map symbol). The location of a regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). typifying pedon in the survey area. Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 the solum below plow depth. millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, between specified size limits. The names and or EB) below the surface layer. sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in Suitability ratings. Ratings for the degree of the United States are as follows: suitability of soils for pasture, crops, forestland, Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 and engineering uses. The ratings and the general Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 criteria used for their selection are as follows: Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 Well suited.—The intended use may be initiated Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 and maintained by using only the standard Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 materials and methods typically required for that Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 use. Good results can be expected. Clay ...... less than 0.002 Moderately suited.—The limitations affecting the intended use make special planning, design, or Soil strength. Load-supporting capacity of a soil at maintenance necessary. specific moisture and density conditions. Poorly suited.—The intended use is difficult or Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C costly to initiate and maintain because of certain horizon, in which the processes of soil formation soil properties, such as steep slopes, a severe are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, hazard of erosion, a high water table, low fertility, and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of and a hazard of flooding. Major soil reclamation, Cleveland County, North Carolina 193

special design, or intensive management practices Sandy loams (coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, are needed. fine sandy loam, and very fine sandy loam).—Soil Unsuited.—The intended use is very difficult or material in which the content of clay is 20 percent costly to initiate and maintain, and thus it generally or less, the percentage of silt plus twice the should not be undertaken. percentage of clay exceeds 30, and the content of Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or sand is 52 percent or more or soil material in its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth which the content of clay is less than 7 percent, from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). the content of silt is less than 50 percent, and the Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the content of sand is 43 to 52 percent. “Ap horizon.” Loam.—Soil material that contains 7 to 27 percent Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 series recognized in the classification system. percent sand. Such soils are named for a series they strongly Silt loam.—Soil material that contains 50 percent resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to or more silt and 12 to 27 percent clay or 50 to 80 that series because they differ in ways too small to percent silt and less than 12 percent clay. be of consequence in interpreting their use and Silt.—Soil material that contains 80 percent or behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only more silt and less than 12 percent clay. when one or more of their characteristics are Sandy clay loam.—Soil material that contains 20 slightly outside the range defined for the family of to 35 percent clay, less than 28 percent silt, and the series for which the soils are named. 45 percent or more sand. Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed Clay loam.—Soil material that contains 27 to 40 across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight percent clay and 20 to 45 percent sand. angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts Silty clay loam.—Soil material that contains 27 to surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or 40 percent clay and less than 20 percent sand. flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a Sandy clay.—Soil material that contains 35 field generally is built so that the field can be percent or more clay and 45 percent or more farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage sand. has a deep channel that is maintained in Silty clay.—Soil material that contains 40 percent permanent sod. or more clay and 40 percent or more silt. Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat Clay.—Soil material that contains 40 percent or or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, than 40 percent silt. and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material textural classes, in order of increasing proportion that is too thin for the specified use. of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and emergence, and root penetration. clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam Topography. The relative positions and elevations of classes may be further divided by specifying the natural or manmade features of an area that “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” The textural classes describe the configuration of its surface. are defined as follows: Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most Sands (coarse sand, sand, fine sand, and very favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily fine sand).—Soil material in which the content of rich in organic matter and is used to topdress sand is 85 percent or more and the percentage of roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. 1 silt plus 1 /2 times the percentage of clay does not Underlying material. Technically the C horizon; the exceed 15. part of the soil below the biologically altered A and Loamy sands (loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, B horizons. loamy fine sand, and loamy very fine sand).—Soil Understory. The trees and other woody species material in which, at the upper limit, the content of growing under a more or less continuous cover of sand is 85 to 90 percent and the percentage of silt branches and foliage formed collectively by the 1 plus 1 /2 times the percentage of clay is not less upper portions of adjacent trees and other woody than 15; at the lower limit, the content of sand is growth. 70 to 85 percent and the percentage of silt plus Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than twice the percentage of clay does not exceed 30. 194

the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the Water table (perched). A saturated zone of water in lowlands along streams. the soil standing above an unsaturated zone. Very bouldery spot. An area where 0.1 to 3 percent Water table (seasonal high). The highest level of a of the surface is covered by rock fragments that saturated zone in the soil (the apparent or perched are more than 24 inches in diameter. Areas water table) over a continuous period of more than identified on the detailed soil maps by a special 2 weeks in most years, but not a permanent water symbol typically are less than 2 acres in size. table. Very stony spot. An area where 0.1 to 3 percent of Weathering. All physical and chemical changes the surface is covered by rock fragments that are produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the more than about 10 inches in diameter. Areas earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These identified on the detailed soil maps by a special changes result in disintegration and symbol typically are less than 2 acres in size. decomposition of the material. Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional Wetness. A general term applied to soils that hold areas that are excavated at an angle across a water at or near the surface long enough to be a sloping road. They are used to reduce the common management problem. downward velocity of water and divert it off and Wet spot. An area of somewhat poorly drained to very away from the road surface. Water bars can easily poorly drained soils that are at least two drainage be driven over if constructed properly. classes wetter than the named soils in the Water table (apparent). A thick zone of free water in surrounding map unit. Areas identified on the the soil. The apparent water table is indicated by detailed soil maps by a special symbol typically the level at which water stands in an uncased are less than 2 acres in size. (See Drainage borehole after adequate time is allowed for class.) adjustment in the surrounding soil. Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by the wind. 195

Tables 196 Soil Survey

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Shelby, North Carolina)

______| | | Temperature | Precipitation |______| | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | |______10 will have-- | Average | |______will have-- | Average |Average Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number of |snowfall | daily | daily | | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with | |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch | | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more | ______| | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | | o | o | o | o | o | | | | | | | _F | _F | _F | _F | _F | _____Units | __In | __In | __In | | __In | | | | | | | | | | | January-----| 50.4 | 27.6 | 39.0 | 72 | 2 | 19 | 3.89 | 2.08| 5.48| 6 | 3.8 | | | | | | | | | | | February----| 54.7 | 30.4 | 42.5 | 76 | 8 | 36 | 4.12 | 2.39| 5.66| 6 | 2.0 | | | | | | | | | | | March------| 63.8 | 37.8 | 50.8 | 83 | 17 | 125 | 4.80 | 2.89| 6.52| 7 | 1.1 | | | | | | | | | | | April------| 72.4 | 45.5 | 58.9 | 89 | 26 | 285 | 3.31 | 1.50| 4.86| 5 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 79.3 | 54.0 | 66.7 | 92 | 35 | 518 | 4.42 | 2.11| 6.42| 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | June------| 85.5 | 61.8 | 73.6 | 97 | 45 | 709 | 4.38 | 2.34| 6.44| 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | July------| 88.3 | 65.6 | 76.9 | 99 | 54 | 835 | 4.21 | 1.69| 6.34| 7 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | August------| 87.1 | 64.9 | 76.0 | 97 | 52 | 798 | 4.21 | 2.01| 6.12| 6 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | September---| 81.4 | 58.3 | 69.8 | 93 | 40 | 593 | 3.57 | 1.24| 5.50| 4 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | October-----| 72.1 | 45.7 | 58.9 | 87 | 26 | 290 | 3.72 | 1.02| 5.88| 4 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | November----| 63.2 | 38.0 | 50.6 | 80 | 17 | 111 | 3.47 | 1.72| 4.99| 5 | 0.0 | | | | | | | | | | | December----| 53.2 | 30.6 | 41.9 | 72 | 8 | 33 | 3.99 | 1.70| 5.93| 6 | 0.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 71.0 | 46.7 | 58.8 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme---| 105 | -11 | --- | 99 | 1 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4,352 | 48.09 | 35.98| 53.61| 69 | 7.3 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F). Cleveland County, North Carolina 197

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Shelby, North Carolina)

______| |______| Temperature Probability | | | | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 30 | Apr. 17 | Apr. 28 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 23 | Apr. 11 | Apr. 23 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Mar. 10 | Mar. 31 | Apr. 14 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 2 | Oct. 12 | Oct. 10 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 8 | Oct. 19 | Oct. 14 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Nov. 19 | Nov. 1 | Oct. 22 ______| | |

Table 3.—Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Shelby, North Carolina)

______| | Daily minimum temperature | during growing season |______Probability | | | | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| | | | ____Days | ____Days | ____Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 226 | 186 | 172 | | | 8 years in 10 | 235 | 196 | 178 | | | 5 years in 10 | 253 | 213 | 190 | | | 2 years in 10 | 271 | 231 | 203 | | | 1 year in 10 | 280 | 240 | 209 ______| | | 198 Soil Survey

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol | | | | | | ApB |Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes------| 4,852 | 1.6 ApC |Appling sandy loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes------| 1,376 | 0.5 BuB |Buncombe loamy sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 918 | 0.3 CaB2 |Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded------| 46,778 | 15.6 CeB |Cecil-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes------| 4,105 | 1.4 ChA |Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 13,263 | 4.4 CpD |Cliffield-Pigenroost complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, very stony------| 227 | * CpE |Cliffield-Pigenroost complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, very stony------| 508 | 0.2 CrF |Cliffield-Rock outcrop complex, 50 to 95 percent slopes------| 1,339 | 0.4 DAM |Dam------| 40 | * DoB |Dogue sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 688 | 0.2 EvD |Evard-Cowee complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, stony------| 1,088 | 0.4 EvE |Evard-Cowee complex, 30 to 50 percent slopes, stony------| 3,007 | 1.0 EwF |Evard-Cowee complex, 50 to 85 percent slopes, rocky------| 738 | 0.2 GrD |Grover gravelly sandy loam, 15 to 30 percent slopes, rocky------| 5,934 | 2.0 GvE |Grover gravelly sandy loam, 30 to 60 percent slopes, very stony------| 182 | * HeB |Helena-Worsham complex, 1 to 6 percent slopes------| 2,061 | 0.7 HhB |Hulett gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes------| 12,050 | 4.0 HtC |Hulett gravelly sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, stony------| 9,591 | 3.2 HuC |Hulett-Saw complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky------| 786 | 0.3 HwB |Hulett-Urban land compex, 2 to 8 percent slopes------| 446 | 0.1 MaB2 |Madison gravelly sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded-| 2,989 | 1.0 MaC2 |Madison gravelly sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded| 1,819 | 0.6 MbB2 |Madison-Bethlehem complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes, stony, moderately eroded-| 5,142 | 1.7 McC2 |Madison-Bethlehem complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony, moderately | | | eroded------| 4,787 | 1.6 MnB |Madison-Bethlehem-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,674 | 0.6 MoE |Montonia very channery silt loam, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very stony------| 1,104 | 0.4 PaC2 |Pacolet sandy clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded------| 10,517 | 3.5 PaD2 |Pacolet sandy clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded------| 35,956 | 12.0 PbB2 |Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded------| 20,271 | 6.8 PbC2 |Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded------| 29,361 | 9.8 PbD2 |Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, moderately eroded------| 7,503 | 2.5 PeD |Pacolet-Bethlehem complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, stony------| 5,253 | 1.8 PrB |Pacolet-Bethlehem-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,523 | 0.5 PrC |Pacolet-Bethlehem-Urban land complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 704 | 0.2 PsB2 |Pacolet-Saw complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded------| 5,874 | 2.0 PsC2 |Pacolet-Saw complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded------| 14,291 | 4.8 PtD |Pacolet-Saw complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, stony------| 17,180 | 5.7 PuC |Pacolet-Urban land complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 472 | 0.2 Pw |Pits, quarry------| 186 | * RaE |Rion-Ashlar complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, rocky------| 817 | 0.3 RnE |Rion-Cliffside complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes, very stony------| 1,632 | 0.5 SaC |Saw-Wake complex, 4 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky------| 139 | * SaD |Saw-Wake complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes, very rocky------| 645 | 0.2 TaB |Tatum-Montonia complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes------| 380 | 0.1 TaC |Tatum-Montonia complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 751 | 0.3 TaD |Tatum-Montonia complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes------| 1,390 | 0.5 ToA |Toccoa loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded------| 4,601 | 1.5 UdC |Udorthents, loamy------| 2,828 | 0.9 Ur |Urban land------| 1,328 | 0.4 UtB |Uwharrie silt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,273 | 0.4 UuB2 |Uwharrie silty clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded------| 1,351 | 0.5 UvC |Uwharrie-Tatum complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes------| 1,206 | 0.4 UwC2 |Uwharrie-Tatum complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes, moderately eroded------| 395 | 0.1 UxB |Uwharrie-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes------| 1,156 | 0.4 W |Water------| 2,779 | 0.9 WeA |Wehadkee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded------| 515 | 0.2 | |______|______| Total------| 299,769 | 100.0 ______| | |

* Less than 0.1 percent; collectively making up 0.2 percent of the county. Cleveland County, North Carolina 199

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. They are for nonirrigated areas. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Cotton lint | Grass hay | Wheat and soil name | capability | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ___Lbs | ____Tons | __Bu | | | | | | ApB: | | | | | | Appling------| 2e | 100 | 17 | 650 | 4.00 | 60 | | | | | | ApC: | | | | | | Appling------| 3e | 90 | 15 | 600 | 3.75 | 55 | | | | | | BuB: | | | | | | Buncombe------| 3s | 60 | 9 | 400 | 2.00 | 30 | | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | | Cecil------| 3e | 95 | 16 | 600 | 3.75 | 55 | | | | | | CeB: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Cecil------| 3e | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | | Chewacla------| 3w | 105 | 18 | 650 | 4.00 | 55 | | | | | | CpD: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Cliffield------| 6s | | | | | Pigeonroost------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | CpE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Cliffield------| 7s | | | | | Pigeonroost------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | CrF: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Cliffield------| 7s | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | DAM. | | | | | | Dam | | | | | | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | | Dogue------| 2e | 120 | 21 | 700 | 4.50 | 70 | | | | | | EvD: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Evard------| 6e | | | | | Cowee------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | EvE, EwF: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Evard------| 7e | | | | | Cowee------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | GrD: | | | | | | Grover------| 6e | --- | --- | --- | 2.75 | --- | | | | | | GvE: | | | | | | Grover------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | HeB: | | 85 | 14 | 550 | 3.25 | 45 Helena------| 2e | | | | | Worsham------| 4w | | | | | | | | | | | 200 Soil Survey

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Cotton lint | Grass hay | Wheat and soil name | capability | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ___Lbs | ____Tons | __Bu | | | | | | HhB: | | | | | | Hulett------| 2e | 90 | 15 | 575 | 3.50 | 50 | | | | | | HtC: | | | | | | Hulett------| 4e | 80 | 13 | 525 | 3.25 | 45 | | | | | | HuC: | | 80 | 13 | 525 | 3.25 | 45 Hulett------| 4e | | | | | Saw------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | HwB: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Hulett------| 2e | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | MaB2: | | | | | | Madison------| 3e | 85 | 14 | 550 | 3.25 | 45 | | | | | | MaC2: | | | | | | Madison------| 4e | 75 | 12 | 500 | 3.00 | 40 | | | | | | MbB2: | | 85 | 14 | 550 | 3.25 | 45 Madison------| 3e | | | | | Bethlehem------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | McC2: | | 75 | 12 | 500 | 3.00 | 40 Madison------| 6e | | | | | Bethlehem------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | MnB: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Madison------| 3e | | | | | Bethlehem------| 3e | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | | Montonia------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | PaC2: | | | | | | Pacolet------| 6e | 80 | 13 | 525 | 3.25 | 45 | | | | | | PaD2: | | | | | | Pacolet------| 7e | --- | --- | --- | 2.75 | --- | | | | | | PbB2: | | 85 | 14 | 550 | 3.25 | 45 Pacolet------| 3e | | | | | Bethlehem------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | PbC2: | | 75 | 12 | 500 | 3.00 | 40 Pacolet------| 6e | | | | | Bethlehem------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | PbD2: | | --- | --- | --- | 2.50 | --- Pacolet------| 7e | | | | | Bethlehem------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | PeD: | | --- | --- | --- | 2.60 | --- Pacolet------| 6e | | | | | Bethlehem------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 201

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Cotton lint | Grass hay | Wheat and soil name | capability | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ___Lbs | ____Tons | __Bu | | | | | | PrB: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pacolet------| 3e | | | | | Bethlehem------| 3e | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | PrC: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pacolet------| 6e | | | | | Bethlehem------| 4e | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | PsB2: | | 85 | 14 | 550 | 3.25 | 45 Pacolet------| 3e | | | | | Saw------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | PsC2: | | 75 | 12 | 500 | 3.00 | 40 Pacolet------| 6e | | | | | Saw------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | PtD: | | --- | --- | --- | 2.75 | --- Pacolet------| 6e | | | | | Saw------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | PuC: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Pacolet------| 6e | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | Pw: | | | | | | Pits------| 8s | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | RaE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Rion------| 7e | | | | | Ashlar------| 7e | | | | | | | | | | | RnE: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Rion------| 7e | | | | | Cliffside------| 7s | | | | | | | | | | | SaC: | | 70 | 14 | 475 | 2.75 | 40 Saw------| 3e | | | | | Wake------| 4s | | | | | | | | | | | SaD: | | --- | --- | --- | 2.75 | --- Saw------| 6e | | | | | Wake------| 6s | | | | | | | | | | | TaB: | | 85 | 15 | 575 | 3.25 | 50 Tatum------| 2e | | | | | Montonia------| 3s | | | | | | | | | | | TaC: | | 80 | 12 | 500 | 3.00 | 45 Tatum------| 3e | | | | | Montonia------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | TaD: | | --- | --- | --- | 2.25 | 25 Tatum------| 4e | | | | | Montonia------| 6e | | | | | | | | | | | ToA: | | | | | | Toccoa------| 2w | 110 | 19 | 675 | 4.25 | 65 | | | | | | 202 Soil Survey

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Land | Corn |Corn silage |Cotton lint | Grass hay | Wheat and soil name | capability | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | __Bu | ____Tons | ___Lbs | ____Tons | __Bu | | | | | | UdC. | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | UtB: | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 2e | 100 | 17 | 650 | 4.00 | 60 | | | | | | UuB2: | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 3e | 95 | 16 | 600 | 3.75 | 55 | | | | | | UvC: | | 90 | 15 | 600 | 3.50 | 55 Uwharrie------| 3e | | | | | Tatum------| 3e | | | | | | | | | | | UwC2: | | 85 | 14 | 550 | 3.25 | 50 Uwharrie------| 4e | | | | | Tatum------| 4e | | | | | | | | | | | UxB: | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Uwharrie------| 3e | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | | Wehadkee------| 6w | --- | --- | --- | 2.00 | --- | | | | | | ______| | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 203

Table 6.—Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the conditions are specified in parentheses after the soil name)

______Map | symbol | Soil name ______| | ApB |Appling sandy loam, 1 to 6 percent slopes CaB2 |Cecil sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded ChA |Chewacla loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded (in drained areas) DoB |Dogue sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, rarely flooded HhB |Hulett gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes MaB2 |Madison gravelly sandy clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded MbB2 |Madison-Bethlehem complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes, stony, moderately eroded ToA |Toccoa loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded UtB |Uwharrie silt loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes UuB2 |Uwharrie silty clay loam, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded ______| 204 Soil Survey

Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Map symbol and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to manage |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | | | | | | | | | |cu______ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | ApB, ApC: | | | | | | | | | | Appling------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| 84 | 118 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 77 | 118 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 81 | 73 | | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 63 | 95 | | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | BuB: | | | | | | | | | | Buncombe------| 9S |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Yellow-poplar-----| 106 | 117 |American sycamore, | | | | | | |River birch------| --- | --- | eastern white | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | pine, yellow- | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | poplar. | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |American sycamore-| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Elm------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | | | | | | Cecil------| 7C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| 83 | 116 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 67 | 103 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | 110 | | | | | | | |White oak------| 78 | 60 | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| 81 | 63 | | | | | | | | | | | CeB: | | | | | | | | | | Cecil------| 7C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| 83 | 116 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 67 | 103 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | 110 | | | | | | | |White oak------| 78 | 60 | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| 81 | 63 | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | | | | | | Chewacla------| 7W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Severe |Yellow-poplar-----| 96 | 100 |American sycamore, | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| 95 | 142 | loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 100 | 128 | sweetgum, yellow- | | | | | | |Water oak------| 90 | 86 | poplar. | | | | | | |Green ash------| 78 | 46 | | | | | | | |Willow oak------| 90 | --- | | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Blackgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 205

Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Map symbol and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to manage |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | | | | | | | | | |cu______ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | CpD: | | | | | | | | | | Cliffield------| 2R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Scarlet oak------| 50 | 34 |Chestnut oak, | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 50 | 34 | scarlet oak, | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Pitch pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black locust------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Pigeonroost----| 12R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Chestnut oak------| 55 | 38 |Chestnut oak, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 80 | 71 | Fraser fir, | | | | | | |Eastern white pine| 78 | 139 | Norway spruce, | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| 54 | 38 | Scotch pine, | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | eastern white | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | pine, flowering | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | dogwood, scarlet | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | oak, white oak, | | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | | CpE: | | | | | | | | | | Cliffield------| 2R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Scarlet oak------| 50 | 34 |Chestnut oak, | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 50 | 34 | scarlet oak, | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Pitch pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black locust------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Pigeonroost----| 12R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Chestnut oak------| 55 | 38 |Fraser fir, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 80 | 71 | Norway spruce, | | | | | | |Eastern white pine| 78 | 139 | Scotch pine, | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| 54 | 38 | chestnut oak, | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | eastern white | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | pine, flowering | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | dogwood, scarlet | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | oak, white oak, | | | | | | | | | | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | | CrF: | | | | | | | | | | Cliffield------| 2R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Scarlet oak------| 50 | 34 |Chestnut oak, | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 50 | 34 | scarlet oak, | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Pitch pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black locust------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DAM. | | | | | | | | | | Dam | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 206 Soil Survey

Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Map symbol and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to manage |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | | | | | | | | | |cu______ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | | | | | | Dogue------| 9A |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| 95 | 142 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | EvD: | | | | | | | | | | Evard------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Eastern white pine| 91 | 168 |Eastern white | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 95 | 98 | pine, shortleaf | | | | | | |White oak------| 75 | 57 | pine, yellow- | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 70 | 109 | poplar. | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 73 | 116 | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | 57 | | | | | | | |Pitch pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Cowee------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Eastern white pine| 78 | 139 |Eastern white | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 80 | 71 | pine, shortleaf | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 55 | 38 | pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 63 | 96 | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| 54 | 38 | | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | EvE, EwF: | | | | | | | | | | Evard------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Eastern white pine| 91 | 168 |Eastern white | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 95 | 98 | pine, shortleaf | | | | | | |White oak------| 75 | 57 | pine, yellow- | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 70 | 109 | poplar. | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 73 | 116 | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | 57 | | | | | | | |Pitch pine------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Cowee------| 3R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Eastern white pine| 78 | 139 |Eastern white | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 80 | 71 | pine, shortleaf | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 55 | 38 | pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 63 | 96 | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| 54 | 38 | | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 207

Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Map symbol and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to manage |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | | | | | | | | | |cu______ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | GrD: | | | | | | | | | | Grover------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 67 | 103 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GvE: | | | | | | | | | | Grover------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 67 | 103 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | yellow-poplar, | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | HeB: | | | | | | | | | | Helena------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Loblolly pine-----| 84 | 118 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 66 | 101 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Worsham------| 9W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Slight |Severe |Yellow-poplar-----| 93 | 95 |Eastern white | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | pine, loblolly | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | pine, yellow- | | | | | | |Pin oak------| --- | --- | poplar. | | | | | | | | | | HhB, HtC: | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- |Shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | loblolly pine, | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | | HuC: | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- |Shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | loblolly pine, | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 6D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Post oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | 208 Soil Survey

Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Map symbol and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to manage |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | | | | | | | | | |cu______ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | HwB: | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- |Shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | loblolly pine, | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaB2: | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 63 | 95 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | 110 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | MaC2: | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 7A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Shortleaf pine----| 63 | 95 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | 110 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | MbB2, McC2: | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 63 | 95 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | 110 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 7D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 67 | 103 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 76 | 117 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| 73 | 55 | | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 64 | 47 | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 63 | 95 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | 110 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 7D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 67 | 103 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 76 | 117 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| 73 | 55 | | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 64 | 47 | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------| 7R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Shortleaf pine----| 66 | 101 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |White oak------| 70 | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 209

Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Map symbol and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to manage |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | | | | | | | | | |cu______ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | PaC2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 79 | 108 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 68 | 106 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 90 | 90 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | PaD2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 6R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 79 | 108 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 68 | 106 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 90 | 90 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | PbB2, PbC2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 79 | 108 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 68 | 106 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 90 | 90 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 7D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 67 | 103 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 76 | 117 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| 73 | 55 | | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 64 | 47 | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | PbD2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 6R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 79 | 108 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 68 | 106 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 90 | 90 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 7R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 67 | 103 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 76 | 117 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| 73 | 55 | | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 64 | 47 | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | PeD: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 79 | 108 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 68 | 106 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 90 | 90 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 7R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 67 | 103 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 76 | 117 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| 73 | 55 | | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 64 | 47 | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | 210 Soil Survey

Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Map symbol and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to manage |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | | | | | | | | | |cu______ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | PrB, PrC: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 79 | 108 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 68 | 106 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 90 | 90 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 7D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 67 | 103 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 76 | 117 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| 73 | 55 | | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 64 | 47 | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Black oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PsB2, PsC2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 79 | 108 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 68 | 106 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 90 | 90 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 6D |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Post oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | PtD: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 79 | 108 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 68 | 106 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 90 | 90 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 6R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Post oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | PuC: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 6C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 79 | 108 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 68 | 106 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 90 | 90 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pw. | | | | | | | | | | Pits | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 211

Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Map symbol and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to manage |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | | | | | | | | | |cu______ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | RaE: | | | | | | | | | | Rion------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Shortleaf pine----| 75 | 114 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 98 | 86 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 78 | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | 86 | | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | 114 | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | 57 | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | 57 | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Ashlar------| 7R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Shortleaf pine----| --- | 86 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | 100 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | 86 | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | 43 | | | | | | | | | | | RnE: | | | | | | | | | | Rion------| 8R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Shortleaf pine----| 75 | 114 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| 98 | 86 | shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| 78 | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | 86 | | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | 114 | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | 57 | | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | 57 | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Cliffside------| 6R |Severe |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Chestnut oak------| --- | 43 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | 86 | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 6D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Post oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Wake------| 5D |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 69 | 91 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Post oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | SaD: | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 6R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |White oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Northern red oak--| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Post oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | 212 Soil Survey

Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Map symbol and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to manage |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | | | | | | | | | |cu______ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | SaD: | | | | | | | | | | Wake------| 5D |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Loblolly pine-----| 69 | 91 |Loblolly pine. | | | | | | |Hickory------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Post oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | TaB, TaC: | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 72 | 114 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------| 8D |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 66 | 101 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |White oak------| 70 | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | TaD: | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------| 6R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 72 | 114 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------| 8R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Moderate|Shortleaf pine----| 66 | 101 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |White oak------| 70 | --- | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Chestnut oak------| 71 | --- | | | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Scarlet oak------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Red maple------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | ToA: | | | | | | | | | | Toccoa------| 9A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar-----| --- | --- |American sycamore, | | | | | | |Loblolly pine-----| --- | --- | loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Southern red oak--| --- | --- | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | UdC. | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UtB: | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar-----| 100 | 107 |Shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 97 | 128 | loblolly pine. | | | | | | |Water oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Willow oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Green ash------| 89 | 64 | | | | | | | |White ash------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |River birch------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |American sycamore-| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 213

Table 7.—Forestland Management and Productivity—Continued ______| |______Management concerns | Potential productivity | Map symbol and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | | soil name |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling| Wind- | Plant | Common trees |Site | Volume | Trees to manage |symbol| hazard |limita- |mortal- | throw |competi-| |index|of wood | ______| | | tion | ity | hazard | tion | | | fiber | | | | | | | | | |cu______ft/ac| | | | | | | | | | | UuB2: | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 6C |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar-----| 100 | 107 |Shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 97 | 128 | loblolly pine. | | | | | | |Water oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Willow oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Green ash------| 89 | 64 | | | | | | | |White ash------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |River birch------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |American sycamore-| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | UvC: | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar-----| 100 | 107 |Shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 97 | 128 | loblolly pine. | | | | | | |Water oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Willow oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Green ash------| 89 | 64 | | | | | | | |White ash------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |River birch------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |American sycamore-| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 72 | 114 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | UwC2: | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 6C |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar-----| 100 | 107 |Shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 97 | 128 | loblolly pine. | | | | | | |Water oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Willow oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Green ash------| 89 | 64 | | | | | | | |White ash------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |River birch------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |American sycamore-| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------| 8A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Loblolly pine-----| 82 | 114 |Loblolly pine, | | | | | | |Shortleaf pine----| 72 | 114 | shortleaf pine. | | | | | | |Virginia pine-----| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | UxB: | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 6C |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Yellow-poplar-----| 100 | 107 |Shortleaf pine, | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 97 | 128 | loblolly pine. | | | | | | |Water oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Willow oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Green ash------| 89 | 64 | | | | | | | |White ash------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |River birch------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |American sycamore-| --- | --- | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------| 8W |Slight |Severe |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Yellow-poplar-----| 100 | 107 |Green ash, | | | | | | |Sweetgum------| 97 | 128 | sweetgum, | | | | | | |Water oak------| 94 | 91 | yellow-poplar. | | | | | | |Willow oak------| 94 | 91 | | | | | | | |Green ash------| 89 | 64 | | | | | | | |White ash------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |River birch------| --- | --- | | | | | | | |American sycamore-| --- | --- | ______| | | | | | | | | | 214 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | ApB: | | | | | Appling------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | ApC: | | | | | Appling------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | BuB: | | | | | Buncombe------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding. | too sandy. | too sandy. | too sandy. | droughty. | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | Cecil------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | CeB: | | | | | Cecil------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | Chewacla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | CpD: | | | | | Cliffield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | too acid. | too acid. | small stones. | | too acid. | | | | | Pigeonroost------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | too acid. | too acid. | small stones, | | too acid. | | | too acid. | | | | | | | CpE: | | | | | Cliffield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope. | large stones, | slope, | slope, | slope, | | slope, | too acid. | too acid. | small stones. | | too acid. | | | | | Pigeonroost------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | too acid. | too acid. | small stones, | | too acid. | | | too acid. | | | | | | | CrF: | | | | | Cliffield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | slope. | large stones, | slope, | slope, | slope, | | slope, | too acid. | too acid. | small stones. | | too acid. | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 215

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | DAM. | | | | | Dam | | | | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | Dogue------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | flooding, | too acid. | too acid. | wetness. | too acid. | too acid. | | | | | | | | | EvD: | | | | | Evard------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Cowee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | too acid. | too acid. | small stones, | | | | | too acid. | | | | | | | EvE: | | | | | Evard------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | large stones, | slope. | slope. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Cowee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | too acid. | too acid. | small stones, | | | | | too acid. | | | | | | | EwF: | | | | | Evard------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Cowee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope. | too acid. | too acid. | small stones, | | | | | too acid. | | | | | | | GrD: | | | | | Grover------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | GvE: | | | | | Grover------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | HeB: | | | | | Helena------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | too acid. | too acid. | too acid. | wetness. | too acid. | | | | | Worsham------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | HhB: | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | small stones. | | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | | | | 216 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | HtC: | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | slope, | | slope, | slope, | slope, | small stones. | | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | | | | HuC: | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | slope, | | slope, | slope, | slope, | small stones. | | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | | | | Saw------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | slope, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | HwB: | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | small stones. | | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | MaB2: | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | MaC2: | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | MbB2: | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | McC2: | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | large stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | MnB: | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | Montonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 217

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | PaC2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | PaD2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | PbB2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Severe: | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | | small stones. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | PbC2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope, | | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | | small stones. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | PbD2, PeD: | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | PrB: | | | | | Pacolet------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | PrC: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope, | | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Severe: | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | | small stones. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | PsB2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | | | slope, | | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Saw------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | | | slope, | | depth to rock. | | | small stones, | | | | | depth to rock.| | 218 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | PsC2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope, | | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Saw------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | PtD: | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | PuC: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope. | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | Pw: | | | | | Pits------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | depth to rock. | | | | | RaE: | | | | | Rion------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Ashlar------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | RnE: | | | | | Rion------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Cliffside------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | large stones, | slope. | slope. | | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | Saw------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | SaC: | | | | | Wake------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | small stones, | small stones, | slope, | too sandy. | small stones, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| small stones, | | droughty. | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 219

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | SaD: | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Wake------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | small stones, | small stones, | small stones, | too sandy. | small stones, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | droughty. | | | | | TaB: | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | Montonia------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones, | | | | | small stones, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | TaC: | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | slope, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | Montonia------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | large stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | TaD: | | | | | Tatum------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | | Montonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | large stones, | | | small stones. | | small stones, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | ToA: | | | | | Toccoa------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | UdC. | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | UtB, UuB2: | | | | | Uwharrie------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | erodes easily.| | | | | | UvC: | | | | | Uwharrie------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | large stones, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: | slope, | slope, | slope, | | slope, | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones. | | | | | 220 Soil Survey

Table 8.—Recreational Development—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and | Golf fairways and soil name | | | | trails | ______| | | | | | | | | | UwC2: | | | | | Uwharrie------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily.| slope. | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily.| slope. | | | | | UxB: | | | | | Uwharrie------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | erodes easily.| | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | Wehadkee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | flooding, | wetness. | flooding, | wetness. | | wetness. | | wetness. ______| | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 221

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | ApB: | | | | | | | | | | Appling------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ApC: | | | | | | | | | | Appling------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | BuB: | | | | | | | | | | Buncombe------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | | | | | | Cecil------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CeB: | | | | | | | | | | Cecil------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | | | | | | Chewacla------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair | | | | | | | | | | CpD: | | | | | | | | | | Cliffield------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Pigeonroost-----|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CpE: | | | | | | | | | | Cliffield------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Pigeonroost-----|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | CrF: | | | | | | | | | | Cliffield------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DAM. | | | | | | | | | | Dam | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | | | | | | Dogue------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | EvD: | | | | | | | | | | Evard------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | 222 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | EvD: | | | | | | | | | | Cowee------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | EvE, EwF: | | | | | | | | | | Evard------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cowee------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | GrD, GvE: | | | | | | | | | | Grover------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HeB: | | | | | | | | | | Helena------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Worsham------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HhB, HtC: | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HuC: | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Saw------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | HwB: | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaB2: | | | | | | | | | | Madison------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | MaC2: | | | | | | | | | | Madison------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | MbB2: | | | | | | | | | | Madison------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | McC2: | | | | | | | | | | Madison------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 223

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | | | | | Madison------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PaC2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor. | | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PaD2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PbB2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PbC2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PbD2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PeD: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PrB: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 224 Soil Survey

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | PrC: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PsB2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Saw------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PsC2: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Saw------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PtD: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Saw------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | PuC: | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------|Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor. | | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pw: | | | | | | | | | | Pits------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | | RaE: | | | | | | | | | | Rion------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Ashlar------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | RnE: | | | | | | | | | | Rion------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | RnE: | | | | | | | | | | Cliffside------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | | | | | | Saw------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Wake------|Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 225

Table 9.—Wildlife Habitat—Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- Map symbol | Grain | | Wild | | | | | Open- | Wood- |Wetland and soil name | and |Grasses|herba- | Hard- |Conif- |Wetland|Shallow| land | land | wild- | seed | and | ceous | wood | erous |plants | water | wild- | wild- | life ______| crops |legumes|plants | trees |plants | | areas | life | life | | | | | | | | | | | SaD: | | | | | | | | | | Saw------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Wake------|Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | TaB: | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | TaC: | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | TaD: | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | ToA: | | | | | | | | | | Toccoa------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | UdC. | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UtB, UuB2: | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | UvC, UwC2: | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | UxB: | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------|Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair | poor. | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | 226 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Building Site Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | ApB: | | | | | | Appling------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | too clayey. | | | | low strength. | | | | | | | ApC: | | | | | | Appling------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | too clayey. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | BuB: | | | | | | Buncombe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty. | | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | | Cecil------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | CeB: | | | | | | Cecil------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | | Chewacla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | CpD, CpE: | | | | | | Cliffield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | large stones, | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | slope, | | | | | | too acid. | | | | | | Pigeonroost------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | | | | | | too acid. | | | | | | CrF: | | | | | | Cliffield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | large stones, | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | slope, | | | | | | too acid. | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | DAM. | | | | | | Dam | | | | | | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | | Dogue------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength. | too acid. | cutbanks cave.| | wetness. | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 227

Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | EvD, EvE, EwF: | | | | | | Evard------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | cutbanks cave.| | | | | | | | | | | Cowee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | GrD, GvE: | | | | | | Grover------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | HeB: | | | | | | Helena------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell. | low strength, | too acid. | | | wetness. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Worsham------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | HhB: | | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | small stones. | | | | | | HtC: | | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope, | too clayey. | | | | slope. | small stones. | | | | | | HuC: | | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope, | too clayey. | | | | slope. | small stones. | | | | | | HuC: | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength, | slope, | | depth to rock.| | | slope, | small stones. | | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | HwB: | | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | small stones. | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | MaB2: | | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | large stones, | | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | MaC2: | | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | too clayey. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | MbB2: | | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | large stones, | | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | 228 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | MbB2: | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | too clayey, | | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength. | small stones. | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | McC2: | | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | large stones, | too clayey. | | | | slope. | slope, | | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | too clayey, | | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength. | small stones. | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | large stones, | | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | too clayey, | | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength. | small stones. | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | | Montonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | large stones, | | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | PaC2: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | too clayey. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | PaD2: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | PbB2: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | too clayey, | | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength. | small stones. | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | PbC2: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | too clayey. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | low strength, | small stones. | too clayey. | | depth to rock.| | slope. | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 229

Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | PbD2, PeD: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | PrB: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | too clayey, | | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength. | small stones. | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | PrC: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | too clayey. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | low strength, | small stones. | too clayey, | | depth to rock.| | slope. | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | PsB2: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | low strength, | depth to rock. | | | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | | | | | PsC2: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | too clayey. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength, | slope, | | depth to rock.| | | slope, | depth to rock. | | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | PtD: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | PuC: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | too clayey. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | 230 Soil Survey

Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | Pw: | | | | | | Pits------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | | RaE: | | | | | | Rion------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | cutbanks cave.| | | | | | | | | | | Ashlar------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | RnE: | | | | | | Rion------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | cutbanks cave.| | | | | | | | | | | Cliffside------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | SaC: | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength, | slope, | | depth to rock.| | | slope, | depth to rock. | | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | Wake------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| small stones, | | | | depth to rock.| | droughty. | | | | | | SaD: | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope. | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | Wake------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| small stones, | | | | | | droughty. | | | | | | TaB: | | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | small stones. | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Montonia------|Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | | large stones, | | | | | | small stones, | | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | TaC: | | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope. | low strength. | slope, | too clayey. | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | Montonia------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | large stones, | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | small stones, | | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 231

Table 10.—Building Site Development—Continued ______| | | | | | Map symbol | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and and soil name | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | | | TaD: | | | | | | Tatum------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | Montonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | large stones, | | | | | | small stones, | | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | | ToA: | | | | | | Toccoa------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | | UdC. | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | UtB, UuB2: | | | | | | Uwharrie------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | UvC: | | | | | | Uwharrie------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope. | low strength. | large stones, | too clayey. | slope. | slope. | | | slope, | | | | | | small stones. | | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope. | low strength. | slope, | too clayey. | slope. | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | | UwC2: | | | | | | Uwharrie------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope. | low strength. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | UxB: | | | | | | Uwharrie------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | | Wehadkee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness. | | | | | wetness. | ______| | | | | | 232 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | ApB: | | | | | Appling------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | slope. | | | too clayey. | | | | | ApC: | | | | | Appling------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | | too clayey. | | slope, | | | | | too clayey. | | | | | BuB: | | | | | Buncombe------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | Cecil------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | slope. | | | too clayey. | | | | | CeB: | | | | | Cecil------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | slope. | | | too clayey. | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | Chewacla------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | CpD, CpE: | | | | | Cliffield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | large stones, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| slope, | too acid, | depth to rock.| small stones, | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | depth to rock. | | | | | Pigeonroost------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| too acid, | depth to rock.| too acid, | | | depth to rock.| | depth to rock. | | | | | CrF: | | | | | Cliffield------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | large stones, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| slope, | too acid, | depth to rock.| small stones, | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | depth to rock. | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | DAM. | | | | | Dam | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 233

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | Dogue------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | seepage. | seepage, | wetness. | hard to pack, | wetness. | | wetness. | | too clayey, | | | | | too acid. | | | | | EvD, EvE, EwF: | | | | | Evard------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Cowee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| too acid, | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | GrD, GvE: | | | | | Grover------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | HeB: | | | | | Helena------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | too clayey, | wetness. | hard to pack, | wetness. | | wetness, | | too clayey, | | | too acid. | | too acid. | | | | | Worsham------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | too clayey, | wetness. | hard to pack, | wetness. | | wetness. | | too clayey, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | HhB: | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | HtC: | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | | | | | too clayey. | | | | | HuC: | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | | | | | too clayey. | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | depth to rock. | | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | HwB: | | | | | Hulett------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | MaB2: | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | 234 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | MaC2: | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | | | | | | | | | MbB2: | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | McC2: | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | MnB: | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | Montonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| small stones, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | PaC2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | too clayey. | | | | | PaD2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | PbB2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | PbC2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | small stones. | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 235

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | PbD2, PeD: | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | PrB: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | PrC: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | small stones. | | | | | Bethlehem------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | PsB2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | small stones. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | depth to rock. | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | | | | PsC2: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | small stones. | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | depth to rock. | | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | PtD: | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope, | depth to rock.| slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock. | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | | | | PuC: | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | too clayey. | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | 236 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | Pw: | | | | | Pits------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | RaE: | | | | | Rion------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Ashlar------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope, | depth to rock.| slope, | slope, | slope, | small stones, | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | RnE: | | | | | Rion------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | RnE: | | | | | Cliffside------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | seepage, | large stones, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| small stones, | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | depth to rock. | | | | | SaC: | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | depth to rock. | | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Wake------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| seepage, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| seepage, | | slope, | | | small stones, | | depth to rock.| | | depth to rock. | | | | | SaD: | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope, | depth to rock.| slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock. | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | | | | Wake------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | seepage, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| small stones, | | depth to rock.| | | depth to rock. | | | | | TaB: | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly, | seepage, | too clayey, | depth to rock.| hard to pack, | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| | small stones, | | depth to rock.| | | too clayey. | | | | | Montonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| small stones, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | TaC: | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | too clayey, | slope, | hard to pack, | slope, | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| small stones, | depth to rock.| | | | too clayey. | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 237

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | TaC: | | | | | Montonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| small stones, | | depth to rock.| | | depth to rock. | | | | | TaD: | | | | | Tatum------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | hard to pack, | | | too clayey, | | small stones, | | | depth to rock.| | too clayey. | | | | | Montonia------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| small stones, | | | | | depth to rock. | | | | | ToA: | | | | | Toccoa------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | | wetness. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | UdC. | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | UtB, UuB2: | | | | | Uwharrie------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | slope. | | | too clayey. | | | | | UvC: | | | | | Uwharrie------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | | | | too clayey. | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | too clayey, | slope, | hard to pack, | slope, | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| small stones, | depth to rock.| | | | too clayey. | | | | | UwC2: | | | | | Uwharrie------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | | | | too clayey. | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | too clayey, | slope, | hard to pack, | slope, | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| too clayey. | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | UxB: | | | | | Uwharrie------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | slope. | | | too clayey. | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | 238 Soil Survey

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities—Continued ______| | | | | Map symbol | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and soil name | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | Wehadkee------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. ______| | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 239

Table 12.—Construction Materials

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | ApB, ApC: | | | | Appling------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | BuB: | | | | Buncombe------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | | | too sandy. | too sandy. | | | | CaB2: | | | | Cecil------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | CeB: | | | | Cecil------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | Chewacla------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | CpD: | | | | Cliffield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones. | | | | Pigeonroost------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones, | | | | too acid. | | | | CpE: | | | | Cliffield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | depth to rock. | | | small stones. | | | | Pigeonroost------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | depth to rock. | | | small stones, | | | | too acid. | | | | CrF: | | | | Cliffield------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | depth to rock. | | | small stones. | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | DAM. | | | | Dam | | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | Dogue------|Fair: |Probable------|Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | | too sandy. | too clayey, | | | | too acid. | | | | 240 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | EvD: | | | | Evard------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones. | | | | Cowee------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones, | | | | too acid. | | | | EvE, EwF: | | | | Evard------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones. | | | | Cowee------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | depth to rock. | | | small stones, | | | | too acid. | | | | GrD: | | | | Grover------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | GvE: | | | | Grover------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | HeB: | | | | Helena------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | | | too acid. | | | | Worsham------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | HhB, HtC: | | | | Hulett------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | HuC: | | | | Hulett------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Saw------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | HwB: | | | | Hulett------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | MaB2: | | | | Madison------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 241

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | MaC2: | | | | Madison------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | MbB2, McC2: | | | | Madison------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Bethlehem------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | MnB: | | | | Madison------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Bethlehem------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | Montonia------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | depth to rock. | | | small stones. | | | | PaC2: | | | | Pacolet------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | PaD2: | | | | Pacolet------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | too clayey. | | | | PbB2, PbC2: | | | | Pacolet------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Bethlehem------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | PbD2, PeD: | | | | Pacolet------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | Bethlehem------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | PrB, PrC: | | | | Pacolet------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Bethlehem------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | 242 Soil Survey

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | PsB2, PsC2: | | | | Pacolet------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Saw------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | PtD: | | | | Pacolet------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | Saw------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | PuC: | | | | Pacolet------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | Pw: | | | | Pits------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | depth to rock. | | | | RaE: | | | | Rion------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | slope. | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope, | | | | small stones. | | | | Ashlar------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | depth to rock. | | | small stones. | | | | RnE: | | | | Rion------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | slope. | | | area reclaim, | | | | slope, | | | | small stones. | | | | Cliffside------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | depth to rock. | | | small stones. | | | | SaC: | | | | Saw------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Wake------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones, | | | | depth to rock. | | | | SaD: | | | | Saw------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 243

Table 12.—Construction Materials—Continued ______| | | | Map symbol | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and soil name | | | | | | | | SaD: | | | | Wake------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones, | | | | depth to rock. | | | | TaB, TaC: | | | | Tatum------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Montonia------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | TaD: | | | | Tatum------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | Montonia------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope, | | | | small stones. | | | | ToA: | | | | Toccoa------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | UdC. | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | UtB, UuB2: | | | | Uwharrie------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | UvC, UwC2: | | | | Uwharrie------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Tatum------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim, | | | | small stones, | | | | too clayey. | | | | UxB: | | | | Uwharrie------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | W. | | | | Water | | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | Wehadkee------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | ______| | | | 244 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Water Management

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Map symbol | Pond reservoir| Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and soil name| areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | ApB: | | | | | | Appling------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable. | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope. | soil blowing. | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | ApC: | | | | | | Appling------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope. | slope, | slope. | | | | | soil blowing. | | | | | | | BuB: | | | | | | Buncombe-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage. | seepage, | deep to water.| fast intake, | too sandy, | rooting depth, | | piping. | | slope, | soil blowing. | droughty. | | | | droughty. | | | | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | | Cecil------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage, | hard to pack,| deep to water.| slope. | | | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | CeB: | | | | | | Cecil------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage, | hard to pack,| deep to water.| slope. | | | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | | Chewacla-----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage. | hard to pack,| flooding. | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | | piping, | | wetness. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | CpD, CpE: | | | | | | Cliffield----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | | | | slope, | slope, | slope, | | | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | Pigeonroost--|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope, | large stones, | large stones, | | | | too acid, | slope, | slope, | | | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | | CrF: | | | | | | Cliffield----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | | | | slope, | slope, | slope, | | | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | Rock outcrop.| | | | | | | | | | | | DAM. | | | | | | Dam | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 245

Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Map symbol | Pond reservoir| Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and soil name| areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | | Dogue------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable. | seepage. | wetness. | slope, | slope, | wetness. | | | | too acid. | wetness, | | | | | | soil blowing. | | | | | | | | EvD, EvE, EwF:| | | | | | Evard------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | seepage, | deep to water.| slope. | slope, | slope. | | piping. | | | too sandy. | | | | | | | Cowee------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping, | deep to water.| slope, | slope, | slope, | | thin layer. | | too acid, | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | GrD, GvE: | | | | | | Grover------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope, | slope, | slope. | | | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | | | | | | | HeB: | | | | | | Helena------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack.| percs slowly, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | percs slowly. | | | slope, | slope, | wetness. | | | | too acid. | wetness. | | | | | | | | Worsham------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | wetness. | percs slowly, | slope, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | | | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | | | soil blowing. | | | | | | | | HhB: | | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack,| deep to water.| percs slowly, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope. | piping. | | slope. | | | | | | | | HtC: | | | | | | Hulett------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack,| deep to water.| percs slowly, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | | piping. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | HuC: | | | | | | Hulett------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack,| deep to water.| percs slowly, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | | piping. | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | | | depth to rock,| soil blowing, | depth to rock, | | | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | HwB: | | | | | | Hulett------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack,| deep to water.| percs slowly, | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope. | piping. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | MaB2: | | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | 246 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Map symbol | Pond reservoir| Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and soil name| areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | MaC2: | | | | | | Madison------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack,| deep to water.| slope. | erodes easily,| erodes easily, | | piping. | | | slope. | slope. | | | | | | MbB2: | | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | | soil blowing, | soil blowing, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.| | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | McC2: | | | | | | Madison------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | erodes easily,| erodes easily, | | | | | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Bethlehem----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | | soil blowing, | soil blowing, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.| | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | Madison------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | | soil blowing, | soil blowing, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.| | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | | Montonia-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope, | large stones, | large stones, | | | | depth to rock.| slope, | slope. | | | | | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | | PaC2, PaD2: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | PbB2: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage, | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | | soil blowing, | soil blowing, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.| | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 247

Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Map symbol | Pond reservoir| Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and soil name| areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | PbC2, PbD2, | | | | | | PeD: | | | | | | Pacolet-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Bethlehem---|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | large stones, | large stones, | | | | soil blowing, | slope, | slope, | | | | droughty. | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | | PrB: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage, | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | | soil blowing, | soil blowing, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.| | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | PrC: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Bethlehem----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | large stones, | large stones, | | | | soil blowing, | slope, | slope, | | | | droughty. | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | PsB2: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage, | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage. | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | PsC2: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | | PtD: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | | | depth to rock,| soil blowing, | depth to rock, | | | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | 248 Soil Survey

Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Map symbol | Pond reservoir| Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and soil name| areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | PuC: | | | | | | Pacolet------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | Pw: | | | | | | Pits------|Severe: |Slight------|Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope, | | deep to water.| slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | | RaE: | | | | | | Rion------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | piping. | deep to water.| fast intake, | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | slope, | | droughty. | | | | droughty. | | | | | | | | Ashlar------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | seepage, | deep to water.| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | piping. | | soil blowing, | soil blowing, | depth to rock, | | | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | RnE: | | | | | | Rion------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | piping. | deep to water.| fast intake, | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | slope, | | droughty. | | | | droughty. | | | | | | | | Cliffside----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | large stones,| deep to water.| large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | | seepage. | | slope, | slope, | slope, | | | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | SaC, SaD: | | | | | | Saw------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | | | depth to rock,| soil blowing, | depth to rock, | | | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | Wake------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope, | seepage. | deep to water.| fast intake, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock.| | | slope, | too sandy, | depth to rock, | | | | droughty. | depth to rock.| droughty. | | | | | | TaB: | | | | | | Tatum------|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable. | seepage, | hard to pack,| deep to water.| slope. | soil blowing. | | slope, | piping. | | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | Montonia-----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | piping. | deep to water.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock. | slope, | | | depth to rock.| | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | TaC, TaD: | | | | | | Tatum------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack,| deep to water.| slope. | slope, | slope. | | piping. | | | soil blowing. | | | | | | | Montonia-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | piping. | deep to water.| slope, | slope, | slope, | | | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 249

Table 13.—Water Management—Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Map symbol | Pond reservoir| Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and soil name| areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | ToA: | | | | | | Toccoa------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage. | piping. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | | | | UdC. | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | UtB, UuB2: | | | | | | Uwharrie-----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| erodes easily,| erodes easily.| erodes easily. | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | UvC: | | | | | | Uwharrie-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack.| deep to water.| slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Tatum------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack,| deep to water.| slope. | slope, | slope. | | piping. | | | soil blowing. | | | | | | | UwC2: | | | | | | Uwharrie-----|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack.| deep to water.| erodes easily,| erodes easily,| erodes easily, | | | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Tatum------|Severe: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | slope. | hard to pack.| deep to water.| erodes easily,| erodes easily,| erodes easily, | | | | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | UxB: | | | | | | Uwharrie-----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage, | hard to pack.| deep to water.| erodes easily,| erodes easily.| erodes easily. | slope. | | | slope. | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | | Wehadkee-----|Moderate: |Severe: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: |Limitation: | seepage. | piping, | flooding. | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | | wetness. | | wetness, | soil blowing. | | | | | soil blowing. | | ______| | | | | | 250 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties

(Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated. The symbol > means greater than; < means less than)

______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | ApB, ApC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Appling------| 0-9 |Sandy loam-----|SC-SM, SM |A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |86-100|80-100|55-91 |15-35 |15-35 |NP-7 | 9-29|Sandy clay, |CL, MH, ML |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|70-95 |51-80 |41-74 |15-30 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |29-37|Sandy clay, |CL, MH, ML |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|70-95 |51-80 |41-74 |15-30 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |37-56|Sandy clay, |CL, SC |A-6, A-4, | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|70-90 |40-75 |30-50 | 8-22 | | clay loam, | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |56-72|Variable------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | BuB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Buncombe------| 0-4 |Loamy sand-----|SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 |98-100|98-100|90-97 | 7-32 |10-20 | NP | 4-10|Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 |98-100|98-100|98-100| 7-32 |10-20 | NP | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sand, sand. | | | | | | | | | | |10-29|Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 |98-100|98-100|98-100| 7-32 |10-20 | NP | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sand, sand. | | | | | | | | | | |29-43|Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 |98-100|98-100|98-100| 7-32 |10-20 | NP | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sand, sand. | | | | | | | | | | |43-60|Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 |98-100|98-100|98-100| 7-32 |10-20 | NP | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sand, sand. | | | | | | | | | | |60-72|Sandy loam, |ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|30-55 | 0-30 |NP-4 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Cecil------| 0-6 |Sandy clay loam|ML, SC, CL,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|75-100|68-95 |38-81 |21-40 | 3-17 | | | SM | | | | | | | | | | 6-39|Clay, clay loam|MH, CH, ML |A-5, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |97-100|92-100|72-100|55-95 |41-80 | 9-37 |39-65|Sandy clay, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6, | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|70-90 |40-75 |30-50 | 8-22 | | clay loam, | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |65-72|Sandy loam, |ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|30-55 | 0-30 |NP-4 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CeB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Cecil------| 0-6 |Sandy clay loam|ML, CL, SC,|A-6, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |75-100|75-100|68-95 |38-81 |21-40 | 3-17 | | | SM | | | | | | | | | | 6-39|Clay, clay loam|CH, MH, ML |A-5, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |97-100|92-100|72-100|55-95 |41-80 | 9-37 |39-65|Sandy clay, |CL, SC |A-4, A-7, | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|70-90 |40-75 |30-50 | 8-22 | | clay loam, | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |65-72|Sandy loam, |ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|30-55 | 0-30 |NP-4 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 251

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Chewacla------| 0-6 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML, |A-4, A-6, | 0 | 0 |98-100|95-100|70-100|55-90 |25-49 | 4-20 | | | ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | | 6-15|Silt loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-7, | 0 | 0 |96-100|95-100|80-100|51-98 |30-49 | 4-22 | | silty clay | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |15-19|Silt loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-7, | 0 | 0 |96-100|95-100|80-100|51-98 |30-49 | 4-22 | | silty clay | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |19-39|Silt loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6, | 0 | 0 |96-100|95-100|80-100|51-98 |30-49 | 4-22 | | silty clay | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |39-50|Sandy clay |CL, ML, SM,|A-4, A-6, | 0 | 0 |96-100|95-100|60-100|36-70 |20-45 | 2-15 | | loam, loam, | SC-SM | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |50-72|Sandy clay |SM, ML, |A-4, A-6, | 0 | 0 |96-100|95-100|60-100|36-70 |20-45 | 2-15 | | loam, loam, | SC-SM, CL | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CpD, CpE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Cliffield------| 0-4 |Very cobbly |SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 5-20 |20-40 |70-85 |55-80 |50-60 |25-45 |20-35 |NP-10 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 4-16|Very gravelly |ML, GM, SM,|A-4, A-6, | 5-20 |20-40 |70-85 |50-75 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 |NP-15 | | sandy clay | CL | A-2, A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | cobbly clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam.| | | | | | | | | | |16-30|Very gravelly |GM, ML, CL,|A-4, A-2, | 5-20 |20-40 |70-85 |50-75 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 |NP-15 | | sandy clay | SM | A-6, A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | cobbly clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | cobbly loam. | | | | | | | | | | |30-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pigeonroost-----| 0-5 |Gravelly sandy |ML, CL, SC,|A-2, A-4 | 0-1 | 5-25 |70-95 |60-90 |40-75 |25-70 |20-30 |NP-10 | | loam. | SM | | | | | | | | | | 5-10|Gravelly sandy |ML, SC, CL,|A-2, A-4 | 0-1 | 5-25 |70-95 |60-90 |40-75 |25-70 |20-30 |NP-10 | | loam. | SM | | | | | | | | | |10-24|Loam, sandy |CL, SM, ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-15 |85-100|70-100|65-90 |40-80 |25-40 | 7-14 | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam.| | | | | | | | | | |24-43|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |43-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 252 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrF: | | | | | | | | | | | | Cliffield------| 0-4 |Very cobbly |SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 5-20 |20-40 |70-85 |55-80 |50-60 |25-45 |20-35 |NP-10 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 4-16|Very gravelly |GM, ML, CL,|A-4, A-2, | 5-20 |20-40 |70-85 |50-75 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 |NP-15 | | sandy clay | SM | A-6, A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | cobbly clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loam.| | | | | | | | | | |16-30|Very gravelly |GM, ML, CL,|A-2, A-7, | 5-20 |20-40 |70-85 |50-75 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 |NP-15 | | sandy clay | SM | A-4, A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | cobbly clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | cobbly loam. | | | | | | | | | | |30-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DAM. | | | | | | | | | | | | Dam | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Dogue------| 0-4 |Sandy loam-----|SC, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|75-100|50-100|20-50 | 0-25 |NP-10 | | | SM | | | | | | | | | | 4-7 |Sandy loam-----|SC, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|75-100|50-100|20-50 | 0-25 |NP-10 | | | SM | | | | | | | | | | 7-25|Clay loam, |CH, SC, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0 |95-100|75-100|65-100|40-90 |35-60 |16-40 | | clay, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |25-36|Clay loam, |CH, CL, SC |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0 |95-100|75-100|65-100|40-90 |35-60 |16-40 | | clay, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |36-50|Sandy clay |CL, ML, |A-6, A-4, | 0 | 0 |96-100|95-100|60-100|36-70 |20-45 | 2-15 | | loam, loam, | SC-SM, SM | A-7-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |50-60|Loamy sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-2, A-1, | 0 | 0 |80-100|85-95 |25-80 | 5-35 | 0-14 | NP | | sand, coarse | | A-3 | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EvD, EvE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Evard------| 0-6 |Sandy loam-----|SC-SM, SM |A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |86-100|80-100|55-91 |15-35 |15-35 |NP-7 | 6-31|Sandy clay |SC, ML, SM,|A-2, A-4, | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |30-70 |25-45 | 7-18 | | loam, clay | CL | A-7-6, A-6| | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |31-43|Sandy loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |20-55 | 0-25 |NP-9 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |43-61|Sandy loam, |SM |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-100|60-90 |15-50 | 0-14 | NP | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 253

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | EvD, EvE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Cowee------| 0-5 |Gravelly sandy |SC-SM, ML, |A-2-4, A-2,| 0-5 | 0-15 |75-95 |65-85 |55-75 |20-51 |26-41 |NP-12 | | loam. | SM | A-4, A-5 | | | | | | | | | 5-10|Gravelly sandy |ML, CL, SC,|A-2, A-7, | 0-2 | 0-15 |47-99 |45-90 |32-85 |17-60 |26-50 | 5-22 | | clay loam, | SM | A-4, A-6 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |10-28|Gravelly sandy |SC, CL, ML,|A-6, A-7, | 0-2 | 0-15 |47-99 |45-90 |32-85 |17-60 |26-50 | 5-22 | | clay loam, | SM | A-4, A-2 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |28-35|Gravelly sandy |ML, CL, SC,|A-4, A-2, | 0-2 | 0-15 |47-99 |45-90 |32-85 |17-60 |26-50 | 5-22 | | clay loam, | SM | A-6, A-7 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |35-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EwF: | | | | | | | | | | | | Evard------| 0-6 |Sandy loam-----|SC-SM, SM |A-2 | 0 | 0-5 |86-100|80-100|55-91 |15-35 |15-35 |NP-7 | 6-31|Sandy clay |ML, CL, SC,|A-4, A-2, | 0 | 0-2 |90-100|85-100|60-95 |30-70 |25-45 | 7-18 | | loam, clay | SM | A-6, A-7-6| | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |31-43|Sandy loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|60-95 |20-55 | 0-25 |NP-9 | | loam, sandy | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |43-61|Sandy loam, |SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-15 |75-100|70-100|60-90 |15-50 | 0-14 | NP | | loam, loamy | | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cowee------| 0-5 |Gravelly sandy |ML, SM, |A-2-4, A-4,| 0-5 | 0-15 |75-95 |65-85 |55-75 |20-51 |26-41 |NP-12 | | loam. | SC-SM | A-5, A-2 | | | | | | | | | 5-10|Gravelly sandy |SM, CL, SC,|A-6, A-7, | 0-2 | 0-15 |47-99 |45-90 |32-85 |17-60 |26-50 | 5-22 | | clay loam, | ML | A-4, A-2 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |10-28|Gravelly sandy |ML, CL, SC,|A-6, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-15 |47-99 |45-90 |32-85 |17-60 |26-50 | 5-22 | | clay loam, | SM | A-7, A-2 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |28-35|Gravelly sandy |CL, SM, ML,|A-6, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-15 |47-99 |45-90 |32-85 |17-60 |26-50 | 5-22 | | clay loam, | SC | A-7, A-2 | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |35-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 254 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrD, GvE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Grover------| 0-5 |Gravelly sandy |CL, SM, SC |A-3, A-4 | 0-2 | 2-10 |70-90 |55-75 |40-70 |20-55 |20-30 |NP-8 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 5-13|Sandy loam-----|SC, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|75-100|50-100|20-50 | 0-25 |NP-10 | | | SM | | | | | | | | | |13-27|Sandy clay |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|75-95 |45-80 |38-65 | 7-15 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |27-35|Sandy loam, |CL, SC, SM |A-2-4, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|55-90 |30-70 |25-50 | 3-13 | | loam, sandy | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |35-57|Sandy loam, |CL, SC, SM |A-2-4, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|55-90 |30-70 |25-50 | 3-13 | | loam, sandy | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |57-72|Sandy loam, |CL, SC, SM |A-2-4, A-4,| 0 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|55-90 |30-70 |25-50 | 3-13 | | loam, loamy | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Helena------| 0-7 |Sandy loam-----|SC, SC-SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|51-95 |26-75 |15-35 |NP-10 | | | ML, SM | | | | | | | | | | 7-14|Sandy loam-----|SC, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|51-95 |26-75 |15-35 |NP-10 | | | SC-SM, SM | | | | | | | | | |14-26|Clay loam, |CH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|73-97 |56-86 |50-85 |24-50 | | sandy clay, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |26-50|Clay loam, |CH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|73-97 |56-86 |50-85 |24-50 | | sandy clay, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |50-56|Clay loam, |CH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|73-97 |56-86 |50-85 |24-50 | | sandy clay, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |56-60|Sandy clay |CL, SC |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|70-90 |38-70 |30-49 |15-26 | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Worsham------| 0-5 |Sandy loam-----|ML, SM, SC,|A-2, A-4 | --- | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|50-85 |25-55 | 0-30 |NP-9 | | | CL | | | | | | | | | | 5-12|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-2, A-7, | --- | 0-10 |90-95 |80-95 |50-90 |30-70 |20-50 | 8-30 | | sandy clay | | A-4, A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |12-20|Sandy clay |CL, SC, CH |A-2, A-7 | --- | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|30-95 |42-66 |22-40 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | | |20-55|Sandy clay |CL, CH, SC |A-2, A-7 | --- | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|30-95 |42-66 |22-40 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | | |55-60|Sandy loam, |CL, SC |A-7, A-6, | --- | 0-10 |90-95 |80-95 |50-90 |30-70 |20-50 | 8-30 | | sandy clay | | A-4, A-2 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 255

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | HhB, HtC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------| 0-8 |Gravelly sandy |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 | 3-10 |75-95 |65-85 |50-80 |30-60 | 0-30 |NP-7 | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | 8-19|Clay loam, clay|CL, MH, ML |A-7 | 0-3 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|68-95 |60-80 |40-60 |10-25 |19-27|Clay loam, clay|MH, CL, ML |A-7 | 0-3 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|68-95 |60-80 |40-60 |10-25 |27-37|Sandy clay, |CL, SC |A-4, A-7, | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|70-90 |40-75 |30-50 | 8-22 | | clay loam, | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |37-56|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-3 | 0-3 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-50 | 0-28 |NP-7 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |56-72|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-3 | 0-3 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-50 | 0-28 |NP-7 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HuC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------| 0-8 |Gravelly sandy |SC-SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 | 3-10 |75-95 |65-85 |50-80 |30-60 | 0-30 |NP-7 | | loam. | SM | | | | | | | | | | 8-19|Clay loam, clay|CL, MH, ML |A-7 | 0-3 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|68-95 |60-80 |40-60 |10-25 |19-27|Clay loam, clay|ML, MH, CL |A-7 | 0-3 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|68-95 |60-80 |40-60 |10-25 |27-37|Sandy clay, |CL, SC |A-4, A-6, | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|70-90 |40-75 |30-50 | 8-22 | | clay loam, | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |37-56|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-3 | 0-3 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-50 | 0-28 |NP-7 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |56-72|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-3 | 0-3 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-50 | 0-28 |NP-7 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 0-5 |Gravelly sandy |SC, CL |A-6, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 3-10 |70-90 |55-75 |45-70 |30-55 |25-40 |10-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 5-21|Clay, sandy |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 |38-65 |11-30 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |21-31|Clay, sandy |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 |38-65 |11-30 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |31-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HwB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------| 0-8 |Gravelly sandy |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2 | 0-5 | 3-10 |75-95 |65-85 |50-80 |30-60 | 0-30 |NP-7 | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | 8-19|Clay loam, clay|ML, MH, CL |A-7 | 0-3 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|68-95 |60-80 |40-60 |10-25 |19-27|Clay loam, clay|MH, ML, CL |A-7 | 0-3 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|68-95 |60-80 |40-60 |10-25 |27-37|Sandy clay, |CL, SC |A-7, A-4, | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|70-90 |40-75 |30-50 | 8-22 | | clay loam, | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |37-56|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-3 | 0-3 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-50 | 0-28 |NP-7 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |56-72|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-3 | 0-3 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-50 | 0-28 |NP-7 | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 256 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaB2, MaC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 0-6 |Gravelly sandy |CL, SC |A-2-4, A-4,| 0-1 | 3-10 |70-90 |55-75 |45-70 |30-55 |25-40 |10-20 | | clay loam. | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 6-24|Clay, clay |CL, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |50-85 |40-70 |15-30 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |24-37|Clay, clay |CL, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |50-85 |40-70 |15-30 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |37-50|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|75-90 |50-80 |30-40 | 7-20 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |50-72|Fine sandy |CL-ML, SM |A-2, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-3 |85-100|80-100|55-90 |30-75 |25-35 |NP-7 | | loam, sandy | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MbB2, McC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 0-6 |Gravelly sandy |CL, SC |A-2-4, A-4,| 0-1 | 3-10 |70-90 |55-75 |45-70 |30-55 |25-40 |10-20 | | clay loam. | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 6-24|Clay, clay |CL, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |50-85 |40-70 |15-30 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |24-37|Clay, clay |MH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |50-85 |40-70 |15-30 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |37-50|Loam, sandy |CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|75-90 |50-80 |30-40 | 7-20 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |50-72|Fine sandy |CL-ML, SM |A-2-4, A-2,| 0 | 0-3 |85-100|80-100|55-90 |30-75 |25-35 |NP-7 | | loam, sandy | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 0-8 |Gravelly sandy |SP-SM, SM, |A-1, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-20 |50-83 |35-76 |20-60 |10-45 |15-40 |NP-10 | | clay loam. | GP-GM, GM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | 8-30|Clay, clay |CH, ML, CL,|A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|50-85 |38-65 |14-30 | | loam, gravelly| MH | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |30-34|Gravelly sandy |GC-GM, SC, |A-6, A-4, | 0-5 | 0-20 |50-85 |30-85 |25-82 |20-50 |25-49 | 5-16 | | clay loam, | GC, SC-SM | A-1, A-2 | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |34-45|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |45-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 0-6 |Gravelly sandy |CL, SC |A-2-4, A-6,| 0-1 | 3-10 |70-90 |55-75 |45-70 |30-55 |25-40 |10-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 6-24|Clay, clay |MH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |50-85 |40-70 |15-30 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |24-37|Clay, clay |MH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|80-95 |50-85 |40-70 |15-30 | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |37-50|Loam, sandy |SC, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 0-3 |90-100|85-100|75-90 |50-80 |30-40 | 7-20 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |50-72|Fine sandy |SM, CL-ML |A-2, A-2-4,| 0 | 0-3 |85-100|80-100|55-90 |30-75 |25-35 |NP-7 | | loam, sandy | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 257

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 0-5 |Gravelly sandy |GP-GM, GM, |A-1, A-2-4,| 0-2 | 0-20 |50-83 |35-76 |20-60 |10-45 |15-40 |NP-10 | | clay loam. | SM, SP-SM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 5-18|Clay, clay |CL, CH, MH,|A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|50-85 |38-65 |14-30 | | loam, gravelly| ML | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |18-27|Clay, clay |GC-GM, GC, |A-2, A-1, | 0-5 | 0-20 |50-85 |30-85 |25-82 |20-50 |25-49 | 5-16 | | loam, gravelly| SC, SC-SM | A-4, A-6 | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |27-60|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |60-65|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------| 0-3 |Very channery |ML, SM, GM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 5-15 |60-90 |55-85 |45-80 |30-80 |20-35 |NP-10 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 3-8 |Channery clay |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |75-100|60-90 |55-85 |50-85 |30-50 |10-20 | | loam, channery| | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 8-19|Channery loam, |GC, CL, SC,|A-2, A-6, | 0 | 5-15 |60-90 |50-80 |50-80 |30-70 |25-50 |10-20 | | channery silty| SM | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |19-29|Channery loam, |GC, SC, CL,|A-2, A-7, | 0 | 5-15 |60-90 |50-80 |50-80 |30-70 |25-50 |10-20 | | channery silty| SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |29-42|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |42-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PaC2, PaD2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 |Sandy clay loam|SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 |20-40 | 4-17 | 7-28|Sandy clay, |MH, ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 |38-65 |11-33 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |28-44|Clay loam, |SC-SM, SC, |A-2, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 |20-35 | 5-15 | | sandy clay | CL, CL-ML | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |44-60|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |60-72|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 258 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | PbB2, PbC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 |Sandy clay loam|SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 |20-40 | 4-17 | 7-28|Sandy clay, |CL, MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 |38-65 |11-33 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |28-44|Clay loam, |CL-ML, CL, |A-2, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 |20-35 | 5-15 | | sandy clay | SC, SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |44-60|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |60-72|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 0-8 |Gravelly sandy |GP-GM, GM, |A-2-4, A-1,| 0-2 | 0-20 |50-83 |35-76 |20-60 |10-45 |15-40 |NP-10 | | clay loam. | SM, SP-SM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 8-30|Clay, clay |CL, CH, MH,|A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|50-85 |38-65 |14-30 | | loam, gravelly| ML | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |30-34|Gravelly sandy |GC-GM, GC, |A-1, A-2, | 0-5 | 0-20 |50-85 |30-85 |25-82 |20-50 |25-49 | 5-16 | | clay loam, | SC, SC-SM | A-6, A-4 | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |34-45|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |45-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PbD2, PeD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-8 |Sandy clay loam|SC-SM, SC |A-6, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 |20-40 | 4-17 | 8-27|Sandy clay, |ML, MH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 |38-65 |11-33 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |27-50|Sandy clay, |CL-ML, SC, |A-4, A-2, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 |20-35 | 5-15 | | clay loam, | SC-SM, CL | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |50-72|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 0-8 |Gravelly sandy |GP-GM, GM, |A-1, A-4, | 0-2 | 0-20 |50-83 |35-76 |20-60 |10-45 |15-40 |NP-10 | | clay loam. | SP-SM, SM | A-2-4 | | | | | | | | | 8-30|Clay, clay |CH, MH, CL,|A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|50-85 |38-65 |14-30 | | loam, gravelly| ML | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |30-34|Gravelly sandy |GC-GM, SC, |A-2, A-1, | 0-5 | 0-20 |50-85 |30-85 |25-82 |20-50 |25-49 | 5-16 | | clay loam, | GC, SC-SM | A-4, A-6 | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |34-45|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |45-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 259

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | PrB, PrC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 |Sandy clay loam|SC, SC-SM |A-6, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 |20-40 | 4-17 | 7-28|Sandy clay, |CL, MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 |38-65 |11-33 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |28-44|Clay loam, |CL-ML, SC, |A-6, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 |20-35 | 5-15 | | sandy clay | SC-SM, CL | A-2 | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |44-60|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |60-72|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem------| 0-8 |Gravelly sandy |GP-GM, GM, |A-2-4, A-1,| 0-2 | 0-20 |50-83 |35-76 |20-60 |10-45 |15-40 |NP-10 | | clay loam. | SM, SP-SM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 8-30|Clay, clay |CL, CH, MH,|A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|50-85 |38-65 |14-30 | | loam, gravelly| ML | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |30-34|Gravelly sandy |GC-GM, GC, |A-4, A-6, | 0-5 | 0-20 |50-85 |30-85 |25-82 |20-50 |25-49 | 5-16 | | clay loam, | SC, SC-SM | A-1, A-2 | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |34-45|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |45-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PsB2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 |Sandy clay loam|SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 |20-40 | 4-17 | 7-28|Sandy clay, |CL, ML, MH |A-7, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 |38-65 |11-33 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |28-44|Clay loam, |CL-ML, CL, |A-4, A-2, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 |20-35 | 5-15 | | sandy clay | SC, SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |44-60|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |60-72|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 0-5 |Gravelly sandy |CL, SC |A-2-4, A-6,| 0-1 | 3-10 |70-90 |55-75 |45-70 |30-55 |25-40 |10-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 5-21|Clay, sandy |ML, MH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 |38-65 |11-30 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |21-31|Clay, sandy |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 |38-65 |11-30 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |31-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 260 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | PsC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-8 |Sandy clay loam|SC, SC-SM |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 |20-40 | 4-17 | 8-27|Sandy clay, |MH, ML, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 |38-65 |11-33 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |27-50|Sandy clay, |SC-SM, CL, |A-2, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 |20-35 | 5-15 | | clay loam, | SC, CL-ML | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |50-72|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 0-5 |Gravelly sandy |CL, SC |A-4, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 3-10 |70-90 |55-75 |45-70 |30-55 |25-40 |10-20 | | clay loam. | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 5-21|Clay, sandy |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 |38-65 |11-30 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |21-31|Clay, sandy |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 |38-65 |11-30 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |31-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PtD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 |Sandy clay loam|SC-SM, SC |A-6, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 |20-40 | 4-17 | 7-28|Sandy clay, |CL, MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 |38-65 |11-33 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |28-44|Clay loam, |CL-ML, CL, |A-4, A-6, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 |20-35 | 5-15 | | sandy clay | SC, SC-SM | A-2 | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |44-60|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |60-72|Sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 0-5 |Gravelly sandy |CL, SC |A-2-4, A-4,| 0-1 | 3-10 |70-90 |55-75 |45-70 |30-55 |25-40 |10-20 | | clay loam. | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 5-21|Clay, sandy |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 |38-65 |11-30 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |21-31|Clay, sandy |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 |38-65 |11-30 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |31-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 261

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | PuC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 |Sandy clay loam|SC, SC-SM |A-4, A-6 | 0-1 | 0-1 |95-100|90-100|65-87 |36-50 |20-40 | 4-17 | 7-28|Sandy clay, |CL, MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-1 | 0-1 |80-100|80-100|60-100|51-75 |38-65 |11-33 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |28-44|Clay loam, |CL-ML, CL, |A-2, A-4, | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-80 |30-60 |20-35 | 5-15 | | sandy clay | SC, SC-SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |44-60|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | |60-72|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM |A-2-4, A-4 | 0-1 | 0-2 |80-100|70-100|60-90 |25-50 | 0-28 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pw: | | | | | | | | | | | | Pits------| 0-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0-14 | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RaE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Rion------| 0-8 |Gravelly loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, A-2,| 0-5 | 2-10 |70-90 |55-75 |40-60 | 8-30 | 0-14 | NP | | sand. | | A-3 | | | | | | | | | 8-22|Gravelly sandy |SC, SC-SM |A-2, A-1-b,| 0-2 | 2-10 |70-90 |60-75 |40-60 |20-45 |20-35 | 5-15 | | loam, gravelly| | A-4, A-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |22-34|Gravelly sandy |SC, SC-SM |A-4, A-1-b,| 0-2 | 2-10 |70-90 |60-75 |40-60 |20-45 |20-35 | 5-15 | | loam, gravelly| | A-2, A-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |34-44|Gravelly sandy |SC, SC-SM |A-2, A-1-b,| 0-2 | 2-10 |70-90 |60-75 |40-60 |20-45 |20-35 | 5-15 | | loam, gravelly| | A-6, A-4 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |44-60|Gravelly sandy |SP-SC, SM, |A-1-b, A-2,| 0-2 | 2-10 |70-90 |55-75 |40-60 |10-45 | 0-30 |NP-12 | | loam, gravelly| SP-SM, SC | A-4, A-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ashlar------| 0-3 |Gravelly sandy |GM, GC-GM, |A-1, A-2, | 0 | 0-2 |55-90 |50-75 |40-70 |20-50 |15-25 |NP-6 | | loam. | SC-SM, SM | A-4 | | | | | | | | | 3-6 |Sandy loam, |GM, SC-SM, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0-8 |55-100|50-100|30-75 |15-50 |15-25 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | GC-GM, SM | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 6-18|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, GM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-8 |55-100|50-100|30-75 |15-50 |15-25 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | SM, GC-GM | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |18-29|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |29-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 262 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | RnE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Rion------| 0-8 |Gravelly loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-3, A-1-b,| 0-5 | 2-10 |70-90 |55-75 |40-60 | 8-30 | 0-14 | NP | | sand. | | A-2 | | | | | | | | | 8-22|Gravelly sandy |SC, SC-SM |A-4, A-2, | 0-2 | 2-10 |70-90 |60-75 |40-60 |20-45 |20-35 | 5-15 | | loam, gravelly| | A-1-b, A-6| | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |22-34|Gravelly sandy |SC, SC-SM |A-1-b, A-4,| 0-2 | 2-10 |70-90 |60-75 |40-60 |20-45 |20-35 | 5-15 | | loam, gravelly| | A-2, A-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |34-44|Gravelly sandy |SC-SM, SC |A-4, A-1-b,| 0-2 | 2-10 |70-90 |60-75 |40-60 |20-45 |20-35 | 5-15 | | loam, gravelly| | A-6, A-2 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | | |44-60|Gravelly sandy |SM, SP-SC, |A-2, A-1-b,| 0-2 | 2-10 |70-90 |55-75 |40-60 |10-45 | 0-30 |NP-12 | | loam, gravelly| SC, SP-SM | A-4, A-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cliffside------| 0-7 |Very cobbly |SC, SC-SM, |A-2-4, | 0-15 |20-40 |70-85 |50-65 |30-60 |15-50 |15-35 |NP-10 | | sandy loam. | SM | A-1-b, A-4| | | | | | | | | 7-16|Very gravelly |SC-SM, SC, |A-1-b, | 0-15 |20-40 |70-85 |50-65 |30-60 |15-50 |15-35 |NP-10 | | sandy loam. | SM | A-2-4, A-4| | | | | | | | |16-30|Very cobbly |SC, SC-SM, |A-1-b, | 0-10 |10-40 |75-90 |40-55 |30-55 |15-45 |15-45 |NP-15 | | sandy clay | SM | A-2-4, A-4| | | | | | | | | | loam, very | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |30-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaC, SaD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 0-5 |Gravelly sandy |CL, SC |A-4, A-2-4,| 0-1 | 3-10 |70-90 |55-75 |45-70 |30-55 |25-40 |10-20 | | clay loam. | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | 5-21|Clay, sandy |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 |38-65 |11-30 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |21-31|Clay, sandy |MH, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-95 |51-75 |38-65 |11-30 | | clay, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |31-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wake------| 0-7 |Loamy sand-----|GP-GM, GM, |A-3, A-1, | 0 | 0-4 |60-85 |80-90 |30-70 | 5-15 |10-20 | NP | | | SM, SP-SM | A-2 | | | | | | | | | 7-14|Sandy loam, |SC-SM, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0-8 |55-100|50-100|30-75 |15-50 |15-25 |NP-6 | | fine sandy | GC-GM, GM | | | | | | | | | | | loam, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | | |14-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 263

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaB, TaC, TaD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------| 0-4 |Gravelly silt |GM, ML, SM |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |60-80 |55-75 |45-75 |40-70 |18-32 |NP-10 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 4-13|Gravelly silty |GM, GC, MH,|A-7 | --- | 0-10 |60-100|55-95 |50-95 |45-90 |50-80 |20-45 | | clay loam, | SM | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly clay.| | | | | | | | | | |13-31|Silty clay |GM, GC, MH,|A-7 | --- | 0-10 |60-100|55-95 |50-95 |45-90 |50-80 |20-45 | | loam, silty | SM | | | | | | | | | | | clay, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |31-42|Silty clay |MH, GC, SM,|A-7 | --- | 0-10 |60-100|55-95 |50-95 |45-90 |50-80 |20-45 | | loam, silty | GM | | | | | | | | | | | clay, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |42-54|Channery clay |CL, ML |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0-10 |75-100|60-90 |55-85 |50-85 |30-50 |10-20 | | loam, channery| | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |54-62|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |62-65|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------| 0-3 |Very channery |ML, GM, SM |A-4, A-2-4 | 0 | 5-15 |60-90 |55-85 |45-80 |30-80 |20-35 |NP-10 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 3-8 |Channery clay |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |75-100|60-90 |55-85 |50-85 |30-50 |10-20 | | loam, channery| | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 8-19|Channery loam, |GC, SC, CL,|A-2, A-6, | 0 | 5-15 |60-90 |50-80 |50-80 |30-70 |25-50 |10-20 | | channery silty| SM | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |19-29|Channery loam, |GC, SC, CL,|A-2, A-7, | 0 | 5-15 |60-90 |50-80 |50-80 |30-70 |25-50 |10-20 | | channery silty| SM | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | channery clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |29-42|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |42-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ToA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Toccoa------| 0-7 |Sandy loam-----|ML |A-4 | 0 | 0 |98-100|95-100|75-90 |55-80 | 0-30 |NP-4 | 7-17|Sandy loam, |ML, SM |A-2, A-4 | 0 | 0 |95-100|90-100|60-100|30-55 | 0-30 |NP-4 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |17-28|Loamy sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 |98-100|98-100|98-100| 7-32 |10-20 | NP | | loamy fine | | | | | | | | | | | | sand, sand. | | | | | | | | | | |28-38|Sandy loam, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 |98-100|98-100|98-100| 7-32 |10-20 | NP | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |38-46|Gravelly loamy |SM, SP-SM |A-1-b, A-2,| 0-5 | 2-10 |70-90 |55-75 |40-60 | 8-30 | 0-14 | NP | | sand, loamy | | A-3 | | | | | | | | | | sand, sand. | | | | | | | | | | |46-60|Silt loam, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3 | 0 | 0 |98-100|98-100|98-100| 7-32 |10-20 | NP | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 264 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | UdC. | | | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UtB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-100|60-90 |25-40 |NP-10 | 5-8 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-100|60-90 |25-40 |NP-10 | 8-15|Silt loam, |MH, ML |A-6, A-4, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|60-95 |32-61 | 4-28 | | silty clay | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |15-36|Silty clay, |CH, MH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|75-95 |40-80 |20-40 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | | |36-50|Silty clay, |CH, CL, MH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|70-95 |30-60 |10-35 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |50-72|Silt loam, |MH, ML |A-6, A-4, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|60-95 |32-61 | 4-28 | | silty clay | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UuB2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 0-4 |Silty clay loam|CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-100|60-90 |25-40 |NP-10 | 4-13|Silt loam, |MH, ML |A-4, A-7, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|60-95 |32-61 | 4-28 | | silty clay | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |13-39|Silty clay, |CH, CL, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|75-95 |40-80 |20-40 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | | |39-58|Silty clay, |CH, MH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|70-95 |30-60 |10-35 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |58-72|Silt loam, |MH, ML |A-6, A-4, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|60-95 |32-61 | 4-28 | | silty clay | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UvC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 0-5 |Silt loam------|CL-ML, ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-100|60-90 |25-40 |NP-10 | 5-8 |Silt loam------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-100|60-90 |25-40 |NP-10 | 8-15|Silt loam, |MH, ML |A-6, A-4, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|60-95 |32-61 | 4-28 | | silty clay | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |15-36|Silty clay, |CH, MH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|75-95 |40-80 |20-40 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | | |36-50|Silty clay, |CH, CL, MH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|70-95 |30-60 |10-35 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |50-72|Silt loam, |MH, ML |A-4, A-6, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|60-95 |32-61 | 4-28 | | silty clay | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 265

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | UvC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------| 0-4 |Gravelly silt |GM, ML, SM |A-4 | --- | 0-10 |60-80 |55-75 |45-75 |40-70 |18-32 |NP-10 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | 4-13|Gravelly silty |GC, SM, GM,|A-7 | --- | 0-10 |60-100|55-95 |50-95 |45-90 |50-80 |20-45 | | clay loam, | MH | | | | | | | | | | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly clay.| | | | | | | | | | |13-31|Silty clay |GC, GM, SM,|A-7 | --- | 0-10 |60-100|55-95 |50-95 |45-90 |50-80 |20-45 | | loam, silty | MH | | | | | | | | | | | clay, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |31-42|Silty clay |GM, GC, MH,|A-7 | --- | 0-10 |60-100|55-95 |50-95 |45-90 |50-80 |20-45 | | loam, silty | SM | | | | | | | | | | | clay, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |42-54|Channery clay |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 0-10 |75-100|60-90 |55-85 |50-85 |30-50 |10-20 | | loam, channery| | | | | | | | | | | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |54-62|Weathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |62-65|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UwC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 0-4 |Silty clay loam|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-100|60-90 |25-40 |NP-10 | 4-13|Silt loam, |MH, ML |A-4, A-6, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|60-95 |32-61 | 4-28 | | silty clay | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |13-39|Silty clay, |CH, CL, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|75-95 |40-80 |20-40 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | | |39-58|Silty clay, |CH, MH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|70-95 |30-60 |10-35 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |58-72|Silt loam, |MH, ML |A-4, A-7, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|60-95 |32-61 | 4-28 | | silty clay | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------| 0-4 |Silty clay loam|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-100|60-90 |25-40 |NP-10 | 4-14|Silty clay, |CH, CL, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|75-95 |40-80 |20-40 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | | |14-36|Silty clay |GM, GC, MH,|A-7 | --- | 0-10 |60-100|55-95 |50-95 |45-90 |50-80 |20-45 | | loam, silty | SM | | | | | | | | | | | clay, gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | |36-47|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | |47-60|Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 266 Soil Survey

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties—Continued ______| | | Classification | Fragments | Percentage passing | | Map symbol |Depth| USDA texture |______| | sieve number-- |Liquid| Plas- and soil name | | | | | >10 | 3-10 | | | | |limit |ticity ______| | | Unified | AASHTO |inches|inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | |index | __In | | | | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | UxB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 0-4 |Silty clay loam|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|85-100|60-90 |25-40 |NP-10 | 4-13|Silt loam, |MH, ML |A-4, A-7, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|60-95 |32-61 | 4-28 | | silty clay | | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |13-39|Silty clay, |CH, CL, MH |A-7 | 0 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|75-95 |40-80 |20-40 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | | | |39-58|Silty clay, |CH, MH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|70-95 |30-60 |10-35 | | silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |58-72|Silt loam, |MH, ML |A-4, A-6, | 0 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|90-100|60-95 |32-61 | 4-28 | | silty clay | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | loam, clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------| 0-6 |Loam------|SM, SC-SM, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 0 | 100 |95-100|60-90 |30-50 |20-30 |NP-10 | | | SC | | | | | | | | | | 6-22|Silty clay |ML, CL, SC,|A-7, A-4, | 0 | 0 | 100 |99-100|85-100|45-98 |25-58 | 6-25 | | loam, loam, | CL-ML | A-6 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |22-35|Silty clay |CL, SC, ML,|A-6, A-4, | 0 | 0 | 100 |99-100|85-100|45-98 |25-58 | 6-25 | | loam, loam, | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay | | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |35-50|Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-3, A-2, | 0 | 0 |80-100|85-95 |25-80 | 5-35 | 0-14 | NP | | sand, sandy | | A-1 | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | |50-61|Loamy sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3, | 0 | 0 |80-100|85-95 |25-80 | 5-35 | 0-14 | NP | | sand, sandy | | A-1 | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 267

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and "Wind erodibility index" apply only to the surface layer)

______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind | Wind | Map symbol |Depth| Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi-| Soil and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility|reaction | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | ApB, ApC: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Appling------| 0-9 | 5-20|1.40-1.65|1.98-5.95 |0.10-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .24 | .24 | 4 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 9-29| 35-60|1.25-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.15-0.17|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |29-37| 35-60|1.25-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.15-0.17|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |37-56| 20-45|1.25-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |56-72| --- | --- |0.57-1.98 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | BuB: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Buncombe------| 0-4 | 3-12|1.60-1.75|5.95-19.98|0.06-0.10|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .10 | .10 | 5 | 2 | 134 |4.5-6.5 | 4-10| 3-12|1.60-1.75|5.95-19.98|0.03-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .10 | | | |4.5-6.5 |10-29| 3-12|1.60-1.75|5.95-19.98|0.03-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .10 | | | |4.5-6.5 |29-43| 3-12|1.60-1.75|5.95-19.98|0.03-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .10 | | | |4.5-6.5 |43-60| 3-12|1.60-1.75|5.95-19.98|0.03-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .10 | | | |4.5-6.5 |60-72| 2-19|1.40-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.09-0.12|0.0-2.9 | --- | .20 | .20 | | | |4.5-6.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cecil------| 0-6 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .28 | .28 | 3 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 6-39| 35-70|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |39-65| 20-45|1.25-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |65-72| 2-19|1.40-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.09-0.12|0.0-2.9 | --- | .20 | .20 | | | |4.5-5.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | CeB: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cecil------| 0-6 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .28 | .28 | 3 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 6-39| 35-70|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |39-65| 20-45|1.25-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |65-72| 2-19|1.40-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.09-0.12|0.0-2.9 | --- | .20 | .20 | | | |4.5-5.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chewacla------| 0-6 | 10-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.15-0.24|0.0-2.9 |1.0-4.0| .28 | .28 | 5 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 6-15| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.15-0.24|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.5 |15-19| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.15-0.24|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.5 |19-39| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.15-0.24|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.5 |39-50| 18-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.20|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.5 |50-72| 18-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.20|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | CpD, CpE: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cliffield-----| 0-4 | 7-20|1.30-1.60|1.98-5.95 |0.06-0.12|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .15 | .24 | 2 | 8 | 0 |3.5-5.5 | 4-16| 10-35|1.20-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.13|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .10 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |16-30| 10-35|1.20-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.13|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .10 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |30-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pigeonroost---| 0-5 | 8-20|1.35-1.60|1.98-5.95 |0.10-0.15|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .15 | .24 | 3 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.0 | 5-10| 8-20|1.35-1.60|1.98-5.95 |0.10-0.15|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .15 | .24 | | | |4.5-6.0 |10-24| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |24-43| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |43-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | 268 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind | Wind | Map symbol |Depth| Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi-| Soil and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility|reaction | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrF: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cliffield-----| 0-4 | 7-20|1.30-1.60|1.98-5.95 |0.06-0.12|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .15 | .24 | 2 | 8 | 0 |3.5-5.5 | 4-16| 10-35|1.20-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.13|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .10 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |16-30| 10-35|1.20-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.13|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .10 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |30-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DAM. | | | | | | | | | | | | | DAM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dogue------| 0-4 | 5-10|1.35-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .28 | .28 | 5 | 3 | 86 |3.5-6.5 | 4-7 | 5-10|1.35-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .28 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 | 7-25| 35-50|1.45-1.60|0.20-0.57 |0.12-0.19|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |25-36| 35-50|1.45-1.60|0.20-0.57 |0.12-0.19|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |36-50| 18-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.20|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .28 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |50-60| 2-16|1.30-1.55|5.95-19.98|0.06-0.09|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .15 | .20 | | | |3.5-5.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | EvD, EvE, EwF: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Evard------| 0-6 | 5-20|1.40-1.65|1.98-5.95 |0.10-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | 8 | 0 |4.5-6.0 | 6-31| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.15-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |31-43| 12-20|1.20-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |43-61| 5-20|1.20-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.05-0.17|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cowee------| 0-5 | 8-20|1.25-1.60|1.98-5.95 |0.10-0.15|0.0-2.9 |1.0-5.0| .20 | .28 | 3 | 5 | 56 |3.5-5.5 | 5-10| 18-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |10-28| 18-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |28-35| 18-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |35-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrD, GvE: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Grover------| 0-5 | 7-20|1.30-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.07-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 3 | 3 | 86 |4.5-5.5 | 5-13| 5-10|1.35-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |13-27| 18-35|1.25-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |27-35| 10-30|1.60-1.70|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |35-57| 10-30|1.60-1.70|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |57-72| 10-30|1.60-1.70|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | HeB: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Helena------| 0-7 | 5-20|1.58-1.62|1.98-5.95 |0.10-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .24 | .24 | 4 | 5 | 56 |3.5-6.5 | 7-14| 5-20|1.58-1.62|1.98-5.95 |0.10-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .24 | .24 | | | |3.5-5.5 |14-26| 35-60|1.44-1.55|0.06-0.20 |0.13-0.15|6.0-8.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |26-50| 35-60|1.44-1.55|0.06-0.20 |0.13-0.15|6.0-8.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |50-56| 35-60|1.44-1.55|0.06-0.20 |0.13-0.15|6.0-8.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |56-60| 20-35|1.46-1.56|0.20-0.57 |0.13-0.15|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Worsham------| 0-5 | 10-20|1.25-1.55|1.98-5.95 |0.10-0.15|0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .28 | .28 | 4 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 5-12| 10-40|1.20-1.50|0.20-0.57 |0.08-0.19|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |12-20| 30-55|1.35-1.65|0.00-0.06 |0.10-0.16|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |20-55| 30-55|1.35-1.65|0.00-0.06 |0.10-0.16|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |55-60| 10-40|1.20-1.50|0.20-0.57 |0.08-0.19|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | HhB, HtC: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------| 0-8 | 7-20|1.20-1.50|5.95-19.98|0.07-0.09|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | 4 | 8 | 0 |4.5-6.0 | 8-19| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |19-27| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |27-37| 20-45|1.25-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |37-56| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.00-0.57 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .28 | --- | | | | --- |56-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.00-0.57 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .28 | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 269

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind | Wind | Map symbol |Depth| Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi-| Soil and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility|reaction | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | HuC: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------| 0-8 | 7-20|1.20-1.50|5.95-19.98|0.07-0.09|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | 4 | 8 | 0 |4.5-6.0 | 8-19| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |19-27| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |27-37| 20-45|1.25-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |37-56| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.00-0.57 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .28 | --- | | | | --- |56-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.00-0.57 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .28 | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 0-5 | 20-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 5-21| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |21-31| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |31-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | HwB: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hulett------| 0-8 | 7-20|1.20-1.50|5.95-19.98|0.07-0.09|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .24 | 4 | 8 | 0 |4.5-6.0 | 8-19| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |19-27| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |27-37| 20-45|1.25-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |37-56| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.00-0.57 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .28 | --- | | | | --- |56-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.00-0.57 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .28 | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaB2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 0-6 | 20-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 3 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 6-24| 30-60|1.20-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |24-37| 30-60|1.20-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |37-50| 15-35|1.30-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |50-72| 8-20|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .37 | .37 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 0-6 | 20-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 3 | 6 | 48 |4.5-6.5 | 6-24| 30-60|1.20-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |24-37| 30-60|1.20-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |37-50| 15-35|1.30-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |50-72| 8-20|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .37 | .37 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | MbB2, McC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 0-6 | 20-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 3 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 6-24| 30-60|1.20-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |24-37| 30-60|1.20-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |37-50| 15-35|1.30-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |50-72| 8-20|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .37 | .37 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem-----| 0-8 | 7-35|1.40-1.65|1.98-5.95 |0.06-0.10|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .15 | .28 | 3 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 8-30| 35-60|1.25-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |30-34| 20-35|1.40-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |34-45| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |45-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Madison------| 0-6 | 20-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 3 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 6-24| 30-60|1.20-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |24-37| 30-60|1.20-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.13-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |37-50| 15-35|1.30-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.16|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |50-72| 8-20|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.2| .37 | .37 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 270 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind | Wind | Map symbol |Depth| Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi-| Soil and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility|reaction | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem-----| 0-5 | 7-35|1.40-1.65|1.98-5.95 |0.06-0.10|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .15 | .28 | 3 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 5-18| 35-60|1.25-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |18-27| 20-35|1.40-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |27-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |60-65| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------| 0-3 | 5-20|1.40-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.5-3.0| .15 | .37 | 3 | 8 | 0 |4.5-6.5 | 3-8 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.5 | 8-19| 10-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |19-29| 10-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |29-42| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |42-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | PaC2, PaD2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 7-28| 35-65|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |28-44| 15-30|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |44-60| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |60-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | PbB2, PbC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | 4 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 7-28| 35-65|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |28-44| 15-30|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |44-60| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |60-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem-----| 0-8 | 7-35|1.40-1.65|1.98-5.95 |0.06-0.10|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .15 | .28 | 3 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 8-30| 35-60|1.25-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |30-34| 20-35|1.40-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |34-45| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |45-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | PbD2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-8 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | 4 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 8-27| 35-65|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |27-50| 15-30|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |50-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem-----| 0-8 | 7-35|1.40-1.65|1.98-5.95 |0.06-0.10|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .15 | .28 | 3 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 8-30| 35-60|1.25-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |30-34| 20-35|1.40-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |34-45| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |45-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | PeD: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-8 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | 3 | 4 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 8-27| 35-65|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |27-50| 15-30|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |50-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem-----| 0-8 | 7-35|1.40-1.65|1.98-5.95 |0.06-0.10|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .15 | .28 | 3 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 8-30| 35-60|1.25-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |30-34| 20-35|1.40-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |34-45| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |45-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 271

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind | Wind | Map symbol |Depth| Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi-| Soil and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility|reaction | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | PrB, PrC: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | 4 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 7-28| 35-65|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |28-44| 15-30|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |44-60| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |60-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem-----| 0-8 | 7-35|1.40-1.65|1.98-5.95 |0.06-0.10|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .15 | .28 | 3 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 8-30| 35-60|1.25-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |30-34| 20-35|1.40-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |34-45| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |45-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PsB2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | 4 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 7-28| 35-65|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |28-44| 15-30|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |44-60| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |60-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 0-5 | 20-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 5-21| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |21-31| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |31-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | PsC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-8 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | 4 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 8-27| 35-65|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |27-50| 15-30|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |50-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 0-5 | 20-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 5-21| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |21-31| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |31-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | PtD: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | 3 | 4 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 7-28| 35-65|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |28-44| 15-30|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |44-60| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |60-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 0-5 | 20-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 5-21| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |21-31| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |31-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | PuC: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet------| 0-7 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 7-28| 35-65|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |28-44| 15-30|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |44-60| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |60-72| 10-25|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 272 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind | Wind | Map symbol |Depth| Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi-| Soil and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility|reaction | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pw: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pits------| 0-60| 0-0 | --- |0.00-0.00 |0.00-0.00| --- | --- | --- | --- | - | 8 | 0 | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | RaE: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rion------| 0-8 | 2-15|1.30-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.05-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | 3 | 2 | 134 |4.5-6.5 | 8-22| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.07-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .37 | | | |4.5-6.5 |22-34| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.07-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .37 | | | |4.5-6.5 |34-44| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.07-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .37 | | | |4.5-6.5 |44-60| 2-20|1.30-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.05-0.11|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ashlar------| 0-3 | 5-15|1.30-1.55|1.98-5.95 |0.04-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .24 | .24 | 2 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.0 | 3-6 | 5-15|1.30-1.55|1.98-5.95 |0.04-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 | 6-18| 5-15|1.30-1.55|1.98-5.95 |0.04-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .28 | | | |3.5-5.5 |18-29| --- | --- |0.00-5.95 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |29-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | RnE: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rion------| 0-8 | 2-15|1.30-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.05-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | 3 | 2 | 134 |4.5-6.5 | 8-22| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.07-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .37 | | | |4.5-6.5 |22-34| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.07-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .37 | | | |4.5-6.5 |34-44| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.07-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .37 | | | |4.5-6.5 |44-60| 2-20|1.30-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.05-0.11|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .17 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cliffside-----| 0-7 | 7-20|1.30-1.60|1.98-5.95 |0.06-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .10 | .24 | 2 | 3 | 86 |4.5-5.5 | 7-16| 7-20|1.30-1.60|1.98-5.95 |0.06-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .10 | .24 | | | |4.5-5.5 |16-30| 10-35|1.25-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.13|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |30-60| --- | --- |0.06-0.20 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | SaC, SaD: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw------| 0-5 | 20-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .32 | 2 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 5-21| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |21-31| 35-60|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.15|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |31-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wake------| 0-7 | 3-12|1.65-1.80|5.95-19.98|0.03-0.08|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .15 | .20 | 1 | 2 | 134 |4.5-6.5 | 7-14| 5-15|1.30-1.55|1.98-5.95 |0.04-0.14|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .24 | .28 | | | |4.5-6.0 |14-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | TaB, TaC, TaD: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------| 0-4 | 12-27|1.10-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.17|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .37 | 4 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 4-13| 27-60|1.40-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |13-31| 27-60|1.40-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |31-42| 27-60|1.40-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.0| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |42-54| 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.0| .20 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |54-62| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |62-65| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------| 0-3 | 5-20|1.40-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.5-3.0| .15 | .37 | 3 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 3-8 | 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.5 | 8-19| 10-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |19-29| 10-35|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .20 | .32 | | | |4.5-6.0 |29-42| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |42-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.01 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 273

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind | Wind | Map symbol |Depth| Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi-| Soil and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility|reaction | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | ToA: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Toccoa------| 0-7 | 7-17|1.35-1.45|1.98-5.95 |0.09-0.12|0.0-2.9 |1.0-2.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | 5 | 56 |5.1-6.5 | 7-17| 2-19|1.40-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.09-0.12|0.0-2.9 | --- | .20 | .20 | | | |5.1-6.5 |17-28| 3-12|1.60-1.75|5.95-19.98|0.03-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .10 | | | |5.1-6.5 |28-38| 3-12|1.60-1.75|5.95-19.98|0.03-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .10 | | | |5.1-6.5 |38-46| 2-15|1.30-1.50|1.98-5.95 |0.05-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .15 | .32 | | | |5.1-6.5 |46-60| 3-12|1.60-1.75|5.95-19.98|0.03-0.07|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .10 | .10 | | | |5.1-6.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | UdC. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UtB: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 0-5 | 10-27|1.20-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.16-0.20|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .43 | .43 | 4 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 5-8 | 10-27|1.20-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.16-0.20|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .43 | .43 | | | |4.5-5.5 | 8-15| 15-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |15-36| 35-60|1.25-1.55|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |36-50| 27-50|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |50-72| 15-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | UuB2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 0-4 | 10-27|1.20-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.16-0.20|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .43 | .43 | 3 | 6 | 48 |4.5-6.5 | 4-13| 15-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |13-39| 35-60|1.25-1.55|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |39-58| 27-50|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |58-72| 15-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | UvC: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 0-5 | 10-27|1.20-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.16-0.20|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .43 | .43 | 4 | 5 | 56 |4.5-6.5 | 5-8 | 10-27|1.20-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.16-0.20|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .43 | .43 | | | |4.5-5.5 | 8-15| 15-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |15-36| 35-60|1.25-1.55|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |36-50| 27-50|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |50-72| 15-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------| 0-4 | 12-27|1.10-1.40|0.57-1.98 |0.10-0.17|0.0-2.9 |0.5-2.0| .20 | .37 | 4 | 3 | 86 |4.5-6.5 | 4-13| 27-60|1.40-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |13-31| 27-60|1.40-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |31-42| 27-60|1.40-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.0| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |42-54| 20-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.0| .20 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |54-62| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |62-65| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | UwC2: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 0-4 | 10-27|1.20-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.16-0.20|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .43 | .43 | 3 | 6 | 48 |4.5-6.5 | 4-13| 15-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |13-39| 35-60|1.25-1.55|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |39-58| 27-50|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |58-72| 15-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tatum------| 0-4 | 10-27|1.20-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.16-0.20|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .43 | .43 | 3 | 6 | 48 |4.5-6.5 | 4-14| 35-60|1.25-1.55|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |14-36| 27-60|1.40-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.08-0.12|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |36-47| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- |47-60| --- | --- |0.00-0.06 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | 274 Soil Survey

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils—Continued ______| | | | | | | |Erosion______factors|Wind | Wind | Map symbol |Depth| Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Linear |Organic| | | |erodi-|erodi-| Soil and soil name | | | bulk | bility | water |extensi-|matter | Kw | Kf | T |bility|bility|reaction | | | density | (Ksat) |capacity | bility | | | | |group |index | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | __In | ___Pct | ____g/cc | _____In/hr | _____In/in | ___Pct | ___Pct | | | | | | __pH | | | | | | | | | | | | | UxB: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| 0-4 | 10-27|1.20-1.45|0.57-1.98 |0.16-0.20|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .43 | .43 | 3 | 6 | 48 |4.5-6.5 | 4-13| 15-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.2-0.8| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |13-39| 35-60|1.25-1.55|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 |39-58| 27-50|1.30-1.60|0.57-1.98 |0.12-0.18|3.0-5.9 |0.0-0.5| .28 | .28 | | | |4.5-5.5 |58-72| 15-35|1.20-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.14-0.19|0.0-2.9 |0.0-0.5| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-5.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wehadkee------| 0-6 | 5-20|1.35-1.60|1.98-5.95 |0.10-0.15|0.0-2.9 |2.0-5.0| .24 | .24 | 5 | 3 | 86 |4.5-7.3 | 6-22| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.16-0.20|0.0-2.9 |0.0-2.0| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-7.3 |22-35| 18-35|1.30-1.50|0.57-1.98 |0.16-0.20|0.0-2.9 |0.0-2.0| .32 | .32 | | | |4.5-7.3 |35-50| 2-16|1.30-1.55|5.95-19.98|0.06-0.09|0.0-2.9 |0.5-1.0| .15 | .20 | | | |4.5-7.3 |50-61| 2-16|1.30-1.55|5.95-19.98|0.06-0.09|0.0-2.9 |1.0-3.0| .15 | .20 | | | |4.5-7.3 ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 275

Table 16.—Water Features

(Depths of layers are in feet. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Estimates of the frequency of ponding and flooding apply to the whole year rather than to individual months. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | | and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | Duration | Frequency ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | ApB, ApC: | | | | | | Appling------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | BuB: | | | | | | Buncombe------| A | | | | | | |January | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |February | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |March | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |April | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |May | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |June | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |July | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |August | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |September | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |October | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |November | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |December | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | | Cecil------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | CeB: | | | | | | Cecil------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | | Chewacla------| C | | | | | | |January |0.5-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |February |0.5-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |March |0.5-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |April |0.5-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |May |0.5-2.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |June |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |July |3.0-4.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |August |3.3-4.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |September |3.3-4.5| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |October |1.5-2.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |November |0.5-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |December |0.5-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | | | | | | CpD, CpE: | | | | | | Cliffield------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Pigeonroost------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | 276 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | | and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | Duration | Frequency ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | CrF: | | | | | | Cliffield------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Rock outcrop------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | DAM: | | | | | | Dam------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | | Dogue------| C | | | | | | |January |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |February |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |March |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |April |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |May |2.5-3.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |June |4.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |July | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |August | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |September | --- | --- | Very brief | Rare | |October |4.0-6.0| >6.0 | Very brief | Rare | |November |2.0-3.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |December |1.5-3.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | | | | | | EvD, EvE, EwF: | | | | | | Evard------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Cowee------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | GrD, GvE: | | | | | | Grover------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | HeB: | | | | | | Helena------| C | | | | | | |January |1.5-2.5|2.5-3.5| --- | None | |February |1.5-2.5|2.5-3.5| --- | None | |March |1.5-2.5|2.5-3.5| --- | None | |April |1.5-2.5|2.5-3.5| --- | None | |May |2.5-3.5|2.5-3.5| --- | None | |June |4.0-6.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |October |2.5-3.5|2.5-3.5| --- | None | |November |1.5-2.5|2.5-3.5| --- | None | |December |1.5-2.5|2.5-3.5| --- | None | | | | | | Worsham------| D | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |February |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |March |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |April |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |May |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |June |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |July |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |August |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |September |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |October |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |November |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | --- | None | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | --- | None | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 277

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | | and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | Duration | Frequency ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | HhB, HtC: | | | | | | Hulett------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | HuC: | | | | | | Hulett------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Saw------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | HwB: | | | | | | Hulett------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | MaB2, MaC2: | | | | | | Madison------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | MbB2, McC2: | | | | | | Madison------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Bethlehem------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | Madison------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Bethlehem------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | | Montonia------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | PaC2, PaD2: | | | | | | Pacolet------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | PbB2, PbC2, PbD2, PeD: | | | | | | Pacolet------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Bethlehem------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | PrB, PrC: | | | | | | Pacolet------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Bethlehem------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | 278 Soil Survey

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | | and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | Duration | Frequency ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | PrB, PrC: | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | PsB2, PsC2, PtD: | | | | | | Pacolet------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Saw------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | PuC: | | | | | | Pacolet------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Pw: | | | | | | Pits------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | RaE: | | | | | | Rion------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Ashlar------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | RnE: | | | | | | Rion------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Cliffside------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | SaC, SaD: | | | | | | Saw------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Wake------| D | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | TaB, TaC, TaD: | | | | | | Tatum------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Montonia------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 279

Table 16.—Water Features—Continued ______| | |______Water table | Flooding Map symbol |Hydro-| Month | Upper | Lower | | and soil name |logic | | limit | limit | Duration | Frequency ______|group | | | | | | | | __Ft | __Ft | | | | | | | | ToA: | | | | | | Toccoa------| B | | | | | | |January |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |February |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |March |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |April |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |May |3.0-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |June |4.0-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |July |4.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |August |4.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |September |4.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Rare | |October |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |November |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |December |2.5-5.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | | | | | | UdC: | | | | | | Udorthents------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Ur: | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | UtB, UuB2: | | | | | | Uwharrie------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | UvC, UwC2: | | | | | | Uwharrie------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Tatum------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | UxB: | | | | | | Uwharrie------| B | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | Urban land------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | W: | | | | | | Water------| --- | | | | | | |Jan-Dec | --- | --- | --- | None | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | | Wehadkee------| D | | | | | | |January |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Long | Frequent | |February |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Long | Frequent | |March |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Long | Frequent | |April |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | Long | Frequent | |May |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | Long | Frequent | |June |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | Long | Frequent | |July |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |August |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |September |1.0-2.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |October |0.5-1.0| >6.0 | Brief | Occasional | |November |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Long | Frequent | |December |0.0-1.0| >6.0 | Long | Frequent ______| | | | | | 280 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil Features

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data were not estimated)

______|______Restrictive layer |Potential |______Risk of corrosion Map symbol | | | | | for | | and soil name | Kind | Depth |Thick- | Hardness | frost | Uncoated | Concrete ______| |to top | ness | | action | steel | | | __In | __In | | | | | | | | | | | ApB, ApC: | | | | | | | Appling------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | | | BuB: | | | | | | | Buncombe------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Low |Moderate | | | | | | | CaB2: | | | | | | | Cecil------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | | | CeB: | | | | | | | Cecil------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ChA: | | | | | | | Chewacla------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | | | CpD, CpE: | | | | | | | Cliffield------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High | | | | | | | Pigeonroost------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrF: | | | | | | | Cliffield------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DAM: | | | | | | | Dam------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | DoB: | | | | | | | Dogue------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | | | EvD, EvE, EwF: | | | | | | | Evard------| --- | --- | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High | | | | | | | Cowee------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- | --- |Moderate |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrD, GvE: | | | | | | | Grover------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | | | HeB: | | | | | | | Helena------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | | | Worsham------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | | | HhB, HtC: | | | | | | | Hulett------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | | | HuC: | | | | | | | Hulett------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | | | Saw------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 281

Table 17.—Soil Features—Continued ______|______Restrictive layer |Potential |______Risk of corrosion Map symbol | | | | | for | | and soil name | Kind | Depth |Thick- | Hardness | frost | Uncoated | Concrete ______| |to top | ness | | action | steel | | | __In | __In | | | | | | | | | | | HwB: | | | | | | | Hulett------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MaB2, MaC2: | | | | | | | Madison------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | | | MbB2, McC2: | | | | | | | Madison------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | | Madison------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |Moderate | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MoE: | | | | | | | Montonia------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | PaC2, PaD2: | | | | | | | Pacolet------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | | | PbB2, PbC2, PbD2, | | | | | | | PeD: | | | | | | | Pacolet------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | PrB, PrC: | | | | | | | Pacolet------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | | | Bethlehem------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PsB2, PsC2, PtD: | | | | | | | Pacolet------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | | | Saw------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | | | PuC: | | | | | | | Pacolet------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |High | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pw: | | | | | | | Pits------|Bedrock (lithic) | 0-0 | --- |Indurated |None | --- | --- | | | | | | | RaE: | | | | | | | Rion------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | | | | | | | Ashlar------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Low |High | | | | | | | 282 Soil Survey

Table 17.—Soil Features—Continued ______|______Restrictive layer |Potential |______Risk of corrosion Map symbol | | | | | for | | and soil name | Kind | Depth |Thick- | Hardness | frost | Uncoated | Concrete ______| |to top | ness | | action | steel | | | __In | __In | | | | | | | | | | | RnE: | | | | | | | Rion------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | | | | | | | Cliffside------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | | | | | | | SaC, SaD: | | | | | | | Saw------|Bedrock (lithic) | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | | | Wake------|Bedrock (lithic) | 8-20 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | | | TaB, TaC, TaD: | | | | | | | Tatum------|Bedrock | 40-60 | --- | --- |None |High |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | Montonia------|Bedrock | 20-40 | --- | --- |None |Moderate |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | ToA: | | | | | | | Toccoa------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Low |Moderate | | | | | | | UdC. | | | | | | | Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ur. | | | | | | | Urban land | | | | | | | | | | | | | | UtB, UuB2: | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | | | UvC, UwC2: | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | | | Tatum------|Bedrock | 40-60 | --- | --- |None |High |High | (paralithic) | | | | | | | | | | | | | UxB: | | | | | | | Uwharrie------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |Moderate |Moderate | | | | | | | Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W: | | | | | | | Water------| --- | --- | --- | --- |Low | --- | --- | | | | | | | WeA: | | | | | | | Wehadkee------| --- | --- | --- | --- |None |High |Moderate ______| | | | | | | Cleveland County, North Carolina 283

Table 18.—Engineering Index Test Data

(Dashes indicate that data were not available. LL means liquid limit; PI means plasticity index)

______Soil name, |______Grain size distribution | | | horizon, | Percentage | Percentage passing sieve-- | | |Unified depth in inches,| ______smaller than-- | | LL | PI |classi- and lab sample | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |fication number |.002|.005|.02|.05 |No.|No.|No.|No.|No.|No.|No.|3/8 |1/2 |3/4 | 1 |1 1/2| 3 | | | ______| mm | mm | mm| mm |200|140|60 |40 |20 |10 | 4 |inch|inch|inch|inch| inch|inch| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bethlehem gravelly| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam:*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ap----- 0 to 8 | 14 | 22 |27 | 30 |34 |36 |49 |57 |65 |71 |84 | 92 | 94 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100| --- | --- | --- (FY-97 702) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bt----- 8 to 30 | 59 | 65 |71 | 74 |78 |---|---|---|---|100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| --- | --- | --- (FY-97 706) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hulett gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam:* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ap----- 0 to 8 | 18 | 27 |35 | 36 |37 |39 |45 |54 |68 |100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| --- | --- | --- (FY-97 698) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bt1---- 8 to 19 | 67 | 73 |80 | 84 |84 |---|---|---|---|100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| 78 | 41 | MH (FY-97 705) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C1----- 37 to 56 | 13 | 25 |40 | 53 |56 |---|---|---|---|100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| NP | --- | ML (FY-97 700) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Madison gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | sandy clay loam:*| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ap----- 0 to 5 | 17 | 27 |32 | 34 |36 |38 |51 |61 |73 |81 |94 | 97 | 97 | 99 | 100| | | NP | --- | SM (FY-97 693) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bt----- 5 to 29 | 53 | 60 |71 | 78 |78 |---|---|---|---|100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| --- | --- | --- (FY-97 701) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C------45 to 72 | 25 | 33 |49 | 56 |60 |---|---|---|---|100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| NP | --- | ML (FY-97 697) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Montonia very | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | channery silt | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | loam:* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A------0 to 3 | 9 | 19 |34 | 48 |51 |53 |57 |59 |61 |62 |73 | 82 | 86 | 92 | 96 | 99 | 100| --- | --- | --- (FY-97 694) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AB----- 3 to 8 | 9 | 19 |35 | 47 |49 |48 |51 |52 |54 |55 |72 | 87 | 92 | 97 | 99 | 100 | ---| --- | --- | --- (FY-97 695) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bt----- 8 to 19 | 24 | 35 |52 | 60 |62 |64 |67 |69 |72 |76 |95 | 98 | 99 | 100| ---| --- | ---| 38 | 14 | CL (FY-97 704) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BC----- 19 to 29 | 40 | 54 |73 | 84 |86 |---|---|---|---|100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| --- | --- | --- (FY-97 709) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pacolet sandy clay| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | loam:* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ap----- 0 to 7 | 17 | 24 |30 | 37 |38 |40 |57 |64 |67 |72 |92 | 95 | 96 | 98 | 100| --- | ---| NP | --- | SM (FY-97 708) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bt----- 7 to 28 | 47 | 57 |61 | 68 |71 |---|---|---|---|100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| 46 | 22 | CL (FY-97 703) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C------44 to 72 | 16 | 20 |26 | 34 |36 |37 |70 |90 |98 |100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| --- | --- | --- (FY-97 707) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnotes at end of table. 284 Soil Survey

Table 18.—Engineering Index Test Data—Continued ______Soil name, |______Grain size distribution | | | horizon, | Percentage | Percentage passing sieve-- | | |Unified depth in inches,| ______smaller than-- | | LL | PI |classi- and lab sample | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |fication number |.002|.005|.02|.05 |No.|No.|No.|No.|No.|No.|No.|3/8 |1/2 |3/4 | 1 |1 1/2| 3 | | | ______| mm | mm | mm| mm |200|140|60 |40 |20 |10 | 4 |inch|inch|inch|inch| inch|inch| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ___Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saw gravelly sandy| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | clay loam:** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ap----- 0 to 5 | 25 | 33 |42 | 47 |49 |50 |65 |78 |95 |100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| --- | --- | --- (FY-97 696) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bt----- 5 to 22 | 47 | 58 |63 | 67 |72 |---|---|---|---|100|---| ---| ---| ---| ---| --- | ---| 50 | 21 | CH (FY-97 699) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

* Location of the pedon sampled is the same as that given for the typical pedon in the section "Soil Series and Their Morphology." ** Location of pedon sampled: Highway 18 North, 3.5 miles north of Falston, right on Secondary Road 1609, 0.8 mile to Rockdale, left onto a private road to the house at the end of the road, 250 feet northwest in woods. Cleveland County, North Carolina 285

Table 19.—Classification of the Soils

(An asterisk in the first column indicates a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a description of those characteristics that are outside the range of the series)

______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | Appling------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults *Ashlar------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic, shallow Typic Dystrudepts Bethlehem------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults Buncombe------|Mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments Cecil------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults Chewacla------|Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts Cliffield------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, subactive, mesic Typic Hapludults Cliffside------|Loamy-skeletal, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Cowee------|Fine-loamy, parasesquic, mesic Typic Hapludults Dogue------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults Evard------|Fine-loamy, parasesquic, mesic Typic Hapludults Grover------|Fine-loamy, micaceous, thermic Typic Hapludults Helena------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults Hulett------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults Madison------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults Montonia------|Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Pacolet------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults Pigeonroost------|Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults Rion------|Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults Saw------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults Tatum------|Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults Toccoa------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, thermic Typic Udifluvents Udorthents------|Udorthents Uwharrie------|Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults *Wake------|Loamy, mixed, thermic Lithic Udorthents Wehadkee------|Fine-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, thermic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts Worsham------|Fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Endoaquults ______| NRCS Accessibility Statement

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