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Social Science (History-Civics-Geography) www.kalvisolai.com SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY-CIVICS-GEOGRAPHY) STANDARD IX A Publication under Government of Tamilnadu Distribution of Free Text Book Programme (NOT FOR SALE) Untouchability is a Sin Untouchability is a Crime Untouchability is Inhuman TAMILNADU TEXTBOOK CORPORATION College Road, Chennaii – 600 006. www.kalvisolai.com © Government of Tamilnadu First Published - 2003 Reprint - 2006 CHAIRPERSONS HISTORY & CIVICS GEOGRAPHY Dr. C. Balakrishnan Dr. T. Vasantha Kumaran Professor of History Professor Institute of Distance Education Department of Geography University of Madras University of Madras Chennai – 600 005 Chennai – 600 005 REVIEWERS Thiru L. Ramamurthy Dr. J. Uma Professor Professor Department of History Department of Geography Pachaiyappa’s College Bharathi Women’s Govt. College Chennai- 600 030 Chennai- 600 105 AUTHORS History Tmt. S. Vasantha Tmt. V. Mangayarkarasi B.T. Assistant (Retd.) P.G.Assistant Lady M.Ct.M.Girls' Hr.Sec.School Govt.Hr.Sec.School Purasawalkam Nandanam Chennai- 600 084 Chennai Selvi T. Seethalakshmi Tmt. R. Vasantha B.T.Assistant P.G. Assistant P.C.K.G. Govt. Hr. Sec. School Govt.Model Hr.Sec.School Kodambakkam Chennai – 600 005 Chennai – 600 024 Civics Thiru G. Ganesan P. G. Assistant (S.G.) Govt. Hr. Sec.School Cauvery Nagar Pudukottai – 622 501 This book has been prepared by The Directorate of School Education on behalf of the Government of Tamil Nadu. This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M.Paper www.kalvisolai.com CONTENTS HISTORY Time Line ... VI UNIT - I 1. The Harappan Culture ... 1 2. The Vedic Period ... 13 3. Rise of Jainism and Buddhism ... 21 4. Invasion of Alexander on India ... 33 UNIT - II 5. Mauryan Empire ... 39 6. Sungas – Kushanas – Satavahanas – Sangam Age in Tamil Nadu ... 51 UNIT - III 7. The Gupta Empire ... 61 8. Empire of Harsha – The Chalukyas, Pallavas, Rashtrakutas and Cholas ... 71 (iii) www.kalvisolai.com UNIT - IV 9. Rajput Kingdoms in North India – Arab and Turkish Invasions ... 83 10. Delhi Sultanate A.D.1206 to A.D.1526 ... 93 11. Bhakti Movement in Medieval India ... 107 12. Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms ... 117 UNIT - V 13. Mughal Invasion and Their Rule ... 125 14. Social, Economic, Religious and Cultural Life of People under the Mughals ... 141 CIVICS UNIT - I 1. India – A Nation of Unity in Diversity ... 149 2. The Student and the Society ... 157 3. The Constitution of India – Its salient Features ... 167 UNIT - II 4. Fundamental rights, Duties and Directive Principles of State Policy ... 177 5. The U.N.Declaration on Human Rights ... 183 6. National and State Human Rights Commissions ... 189 (iv) www.kalvisolai.com GEOGRAPHY 1. The World We Live in ... 197 2. Our World : The First and the Third ... 209 3. Natural Regions ... 219 4. India : An Introduction ... 231 5. Tamil Nadu : An Introduction ... 237 6. Tamil Nadu : Climate ... 255 7. Soils, Vegetation and Animals ... 265 8. Human Resources Development ... 275 9. Industries ... 287 10. Services and Infrastructures ... 301 11. Geography Practical ... 315 (v) www.kalvisolai.com HISTORY (Ancient, Medieval Indian History) TIME LINE 1 cm = 500 Years B.C. 4000 Pre-Historic Period B.C. 3500 B.C. 3250 Harappan Culture B.C. 2750 B.C. 2000 Early Vedic Period B.C. 1000 Later Vedic Period, Rise of Jainism and Buddhism B.C. 600 B.C. 321 Mauryan Period B.C. 185 A.D. 78 Kanishka - Saka Era A.D. 319 Gupta Period A.D. 540 A.D. 606 Harsha's Rule A.D. 1206 Delhi Sultan's Rule A.D. 1526 Mughal Rule A.D. 1707 (vi) www.kalvisolai.com UNIT - I Lesson 1 THE HARAPPAN CULTURE Learning Objectives 1. Pupil understands that the two cities of Harappa and Mohenjo - daro belonged to one single civilisation - the Indus Valley civilisation or Harappan Civilisation. 2. Pupil knows that the river valleys were responsible for the growth of civilisations. 3. Pupil acquires knowledge about the nature and date of Harappan culture. 4. Pupil recognises the extent of Harappan Civilisation. 5. Pupil knows the contacts of Harappan culture with other great civilisations of the world. 6. Pupil understands that the Harappan culture was mainly urban by nature. Geographical Features of India : The history of India cannot be understood without some knowledge about its geography. The culture of a country depends upon its physical features. India occupies a central position in the continent of Asia. India is known as the sub- continent. India is peninsular in shape. India is surrounded by the Indian ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea on the south, east and west respectively. The Himalayas stand in the North. The land has great charm and glamour. It may be divided into four physical divisions. They are the Himalayas, the Indo-Ganagetic plain, the Deccan Plateau and the Coastal Ghats. 1 www.kalvisolai.com The most important feature of Indian Geography is the Himalayas. A number of perennial rivers have their origin in the Himalayas. It is broken by two passes namely Khyber and Bolan. These passes enabled the foreigners to invade India. Three famous civilisations flourished in ancient India. They are: Indus Valley or Harappan Civilisation, Gangetic Valley Civilisation and the Sangam Civilisation. Pre-Historic Period : The term pre-history refers to the very early stages in the evolution of mankind. We do not have written records for this period. Certain physical remains, tools and implements used by people in different parts of the world are the basis to classify pre-historic period broadly into Stone and Metal Ages. In the stone age man used weapons and articles made of stones. Hence it is called the ‘Stone Age’. This Age is divided into Old Stone Age or Palaeotithic Age and New Stone Age or Neolithic Age. Old Stone Age Implements Life in Old Stone Age : During the Old Stone Age (Palaeolithic Age) man led a nomadic life. He gathered fruits, vegetables, roots, nuts and ate them. He started hunting the animals. Man invented fire by rubbing two pieces of flint. Man used leaves, barks of trees and skins of animals to cover his body. Life in New Stone Age : During the New Stone Age, man had learnt the art of agriculture. For this purpose, the fertile river Valleys were used. Man started leading a civilised life. Animals were domesticated. During this period, the wheel was invented. It was a turning point in the life of man. Wheels were used by man to carry luggage to different places. This was the first step in scientific advancement. From tiny watch to the aeroplane, the idea is based on wheel. He made pots with the help of wheel. Thus, man in the New Stone Age was responsible for the growth of civilisations. 2 www.kalvisolai.com Life in Metal Age: The discovery of metals was another achievement made by man. Metals were used for making weapons. During this period, people mostly lived near the river beds. So, the river Valley Civilisations developed. The Metal Age is divided into Copper Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. In the Iron Age, ploughs and daggers were made of iron. It led to the overall development of mankind. THE HARAPPAN CULTURE Sources of Harappan Culture : The archaeological excavations carried out at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are useful to know about Harappan culture. Sir John Marshall and his team worked in the sites of Mohenjo-daro. The excavation work was continued by J.H Mackay. G.F.Dales and M.S.Wats. They have brought to light a highly advanced civilisation that flourished in India in the pre-Aryan period. Their discoveries are the basic source materials of Harappan culture. It is called the Harappan Civilisation because it was first discovered in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa. Harappa is on the banks of the river Ravi, one of the tributaries of the Sindh. The Ravi is situated in the province of West Punjab in Pakistan. A year later, in 1922 another city was unearthed in Larkana district of Sindh (now in Pakistan) at a site called Mohenjo-daro. Can you believe that until A.D. 1922, no one knew about the Harappan Civilisation? You should know that Harappa is now in Pakistan. The Harappan culture flourished on the banks of the river Sindh. There were many reasons why the early civilisations arose along rivers. Some of them are as follows: 1. The rivers provided plenty of water, which could support large settlements. 2. The lands adjoining the rivers were fertile. So, various crops could be grown with ease. 3. The rivers were the means of cheap and easy transport in the absence of roads. 3 www.kalvisolai.com Environment: During this period, the climate of the region was moist with humid land. Dense forests grew where animals like tigers, elephants and rhinoceros roamed. The forests provided timber for brick kilns, which supplied bricks to the cities. Date of Harappan Culture : This civilisation belonged to the Chalcolithic period. In this age, a new metal called bronze by mixing tin and copper came to be produced. It was harder and better suited to meet the needs of the people. The better tools led to intensive cultivation. Iron was not known to the Indus Valley people. According to Sir John Marshall, the Indus Valley Civilisation may be dated between 3250 B.C. and 2750 B.C. Extent : The Harappan culture spread to Sindh, Gujarat, undivided Punjab (including Harayana), Jammu, Western parts of Uttar Pradesh and Northern parts of Rajasthan (Kalibangan). The remains found in these places are similar to those found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Contacts with other civilisations : The Indus Valley people had overseas trade contacts with Sumeria, Babylonia and Egypt. Thus India ranks with the ancient Western cultures of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Egypt and Assyria.
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