Canada in the Americas/Le Canada Dans Les Amériques

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Canada in the Americas/Le Canada Dans Les Amériques Editorial Board / Comité de rédaction Editor-in-Chief Rédacteur en chef Kenneth McRoberts, York University, Canada Associate Editors Rédacteurs adjoints Isabel Carrera Suarez, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain Carolle Simard, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada Robert S. Schwartzwald, University of Massachusetts, U.S.A. Managing Editor Secrétaire de rédaction Guy Leclair, ICCS/CIEC, Ottawa, Canada Advisory Board / Comité consultatif Irene J.J. Burgers, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Patrick Coleman, University of California/Los Angeles, U.S.A. Enric Fossas, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, España Lois Foster, La Trobe University, Australia Fabrizio Ghilardi, Università di Pisa, Italia Teresa Gutiérrez-Haces, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico Eugenia Issraelian, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia James Jackson, Trinity College, Republic of Ireland Jean-Michel Lacroix, Université de Paris III/Sorbonne Nouvelle, France Denise Gurgel Lavallée, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Brésil Eugene Lee, Sookmyung University, Korea Erling Lindström, Uppsala University, Sweden Ursula Mathis, Universität Innsbruck, Autriche Amarjit S. Narang, Indira Gandhi National Open University, India Heather Norris Nicholson, University College of Ripon and York St. John, United Kingdom Satoru Osanai, Chuo University, Japan Vilma Petrash, Universidad Central de Venezuela-Caracas, Venezuela Danielle Schaub, University of Haifa, Israel Sherry Simon, Concordia University, Canada Wang Tongfu, Shanghai International Studies University, China 2 International Journal of Canadian Studies Revue internationale d’études canadiennes 13, Spring/Printemps 1996 Canada in the Americas Le Canada dans les Amériques Table of Contents/Table des matières Kenneth McRoberts Introduction / Présentation .........................5 Harold D. Clarke and Marianne C. Stewart Public Beliefs About State and Economy: Canada and the United States in Comparative Perspective ........11 Christopher Kirkey The Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Initiatives: Canada’s Response To An American Challenge .............41 Éloise Brière Mère solitude d’Émile Ollivier : apport migratoire à la société québécoise .................61 Marie Couillard et Patrick Imbert Canada, Argentine et Amérique latine au dix-neuvième siècle ......71 Maria Bernadette Velloso Porto En découvrant l’Amérique : la poétique de la circulation dans des textes brésiliens, québécois et acadiens......................95 Greg Donaghy The Politics of Indecision: Canada and the Anglo-American Caribbean Commission, 1941-47 ..........................115 Gordon Mace and Claude Goulet Canada in the Americas: Assessing Ottawa’s Behaviour ........133 Review Essays / Essais critiques Victor J. Ramraj West Indian-Canadian Writing in English ................163 André C. Drainville Le Québec, les États-Unis et l’Amérique.................169 David Leyton-Brown Perspectives on Canada-United States Free Trade ............177 Authors / Auteurs ............................185 Canadian Studies Journals Around the World /Revues d’études canadiennes dans le monde .......................187 Introduction Présentation The notion of “Canada in the La notion du « Canada dans les Americas” evokes many different Amériques » provoque des réactions responses. If it were only a matter diverses. Si l’on s’en tient of geography, then of course uniquement à la géographie, il est Canada has been part of “the entendu que le Canada a toujours Americas” since its founding. But fait partie « des Amériques ». Mais to what extent has Canada actually jusqu’à quel point est-ce le cas sur functioned as part of the Americas les plans politique et économique? in economic and political terms? Et jusqu’à quel point les Canadiens And to what extent have eux-mêmes ont-ils ressenti un Canadians seen themselves as part sentiment d’appartenance face aux of the Americas? In particular, Amériques? Que se passe-t-il si what if we push the focus beyond nous agrandissons notre cadre de the American colossus to embrace référence au-delà du colosse the hemisphere as a whole? What américain, pour embrasser la totalité if we do indeed look to “the de l’hémisphère? Que se passe-t-il si Americas”, rather than nous jetons notre regard sur « les “America”? Amériques », plutôt que sur The first two pieces focus on the « l’Amérique »? conventional pairing of Canada Les deux premiers textes se and the United States, but in ways concentrent sur le jumelage that offer new insights. Clarke and conventionnel du Canada et des Stewart compare and contrast how États-Unis, mais en mettant en Canadians and Americans see the lumière certains aspects nouveaux. role of their respective states. Over Clarke et Stewart font ressortir les the years, scholars have examined similarités et les différences entre this question from a wide variety les façons dont les Canadiens et les of disciplines and approaches but Américains perçoivent le rôle de rarely have they brought to bear leurs gouvernements respectifs. Au the results of public opinion data fil des ans, les chercheurs ont as these scholars do. Through their abordé cette question du point de careful and comprehensive vue de nombreuses disciplines, mais analysis of survey data Clarke and n’ont que rarement réussi à faire Stewart show that in fact there are ressortir les résultats des données important similarities in Canadian obtenues au moyen de sondages and American views of the d’opinion avec autant d’éloquence appropriate economic and social que ces deux auteurs. Par leur roles of the state, as well as in the examen habile et extensif des ways in which economic données, Clarke et Stewart conditions affect their electoral démontrent qu’il existe en effet choices. For his part, Christopher d’importantes similarités, aussi bien Kirkey examines in careful detail dans la façon dont les Canadiens et one of the most celebrated les Américains perçoivent les rôles instances of tension between the économique et social de l’État que Canadian and American dans l’influence des conditions International Journal of Canadian Studies / Revue internationale d’études canadiennes 13, Spring /Printemps 1996 IJCS / RIÉC governments: the 1969 sailing of the économiques sur leurs choix S.S. Manhattan through Arctic électoraux. Pour sa part, waters. On the basis of interviews Christopher Kirkey effectue un with key public officials of the time examen détaillé de l’un des points as well as public documents, Kirkey de tension les plus importants shows how the two governments entre les gouvernements canadien persisted in diametrically opposed et américain; soit le S.S. views of the legal status of the Manhattan dans les eaux de waterway, ensuring that a mutually l’Arctique. En se fondant autant satisfactory outcome would be sur des entrevues avec des impossible. Drawing upon bargaining personnalités publiques clés de theory, he suggests that an alternative l’époque que sur des documents approach might have been mutually publics, Kirkey montre comment beneficial. les deux gouvernements ont persisté à maintenir des The following pieces take us beyond perceptions diamétralement the Canada-U.S. duo to reveal the opposées du statut juridique des complexity of Canada’s insertion in eaux de passage, rendant the “Americas”. Éloise Brière impossible toute entente explores how the intellectual and mutuellement satisfaisante. En se literary life of one part of Canada, référant à la théorie des Quebec, has been affected by its négociations, il suggère qu’une relationship with another former approche de rechange aurait pu French colony, Haiti. She shows être mutuellement avantageuse. how, during the 1960s, exiled Haitian writer Émile Ollivier not only Les textes suivants nous amènent influenced the work of native au-delà du duo Canada-É.-U. Québécois writers but helped to pour révéler la complexité de establish an allophone variant of l’insertion du Canada dans « les Quebec literature centered on the Amériques ». Éloise Brière experience of migrant peoples. For explore l’impact des relations du their part, Marie Couillard and Canada avec une autre ancienne Patrick Imbert compare the colonie française, Haïti, sur la vie experiences of French Canadians and intellectuelle et culturelle d’une Argentines showing how as they partie du Canada, le Québec. Elle struggled to develop their own montre comment, au cours des national identities during the années 1960, l’écrivain haïtien en Nineteenth Century they followed exil, Émile Ollivier, a non similar cultural, ideological and seulement influencé les travaux political currents. Yet, Couillard and d’écrivains québécois, mais Imbert also illustrate that these également aidé à instaurer au sein commonalities derived less from de la littérature québécoise une direct contacts than from a common variante allophone qui s’appuie dependence on Great Britain — and a sur l’expérience des immigrants. common fascination with the United Pour leur part, Marie Couillard et States. Finally, Maria Bernadette Patrick Imbert comparent Velloso Porto shows how Brazilian, l’expérience des Canadiens Québécois, and Acadian writers are français et des Argentins, en still in the process of discovering, montrant comment les uns et les autres ont développé des courants 4 Canada in the Americas Le Canada dans les Amériques rediscovering, and learning to culturels, idéologiques et politiques understand the “America” which similaires dans leur lutte pour they have always shared. The act développer leur propre identité of walking figures heavily in this
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