DOCSLIB.ORG

Risk and Protective Factors of Feline Tooth Resorption in 8115 Finnish Cats

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Risk and Protective Factors of Feline Tooth Resorption in 8115 Finnish Cats bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.427753; this version posted January 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Risk and protective factors of feline tooth resorption in 8115 Finnish cats 1,2 ¶ 1¶ 1,2,3* 1 2 Katariina Vapalahti , Henriikka Neittaanmäki , Hannes Lohi , Anna-Maija Virtala 3 4 1Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki 5 2Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki 6 3Folkhälsan Research Center 7 8 *Corresponding author 9 Email: [email protected] 10 ¶ These authors contributed equally to this work. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.427753; this version posted January 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 11 Abstract 12 Tooth resorption (TR) is the most common dental disease in cats. It causes painful lesions in the teeth, 13 the only treatment being tooth extraction. The prevalence of the TR is high in clinical studies while 14 the estimate in the population sample is unknown. The aetiology of the disease remains unclear, but 15 associations to old age, breed, other oral and dental diseases, viral infections and certain 16 environmental factors have been suspected. We wanted to determine the prevalence, risk factors and 17 heredity of feline TR in a population sample of Finnish cats. We collected health and environmental 18 information of 8115 Finnish cats in 41 breeds through an online survey targeted for breeders and 19 owners. The prevalence of veterinary-diagnosed TR was 3.9% in the whole data and 15% in cats 20 diagnosed with oral or dental disease. Results indicated an increased risk by age and decreased risk 21 by constantly available food. Periodontitis and stomatitis were more common in the TR-affected cats. 22 The interaction between gingivitis, dental calculus, and age suggests that the predisposition of young 23 cats to TR is associated with gingivitis, which could partially be prevented by proper dental hygiene. 24 The observed differences between breeds highlight the genetic contribution. 25 26 Introduction 27 Tooth resorption (TR) is the most common dental disease in cats [1]. It is a painful disease 28 characterised by progressive dental destruction, which eventually results in loss of teeth. Dental 29 radiography is necessary to evaluate the overall situation [1]. Prevention of the disease is not possible 30 since the aetiology is still unknown. The goal of treatment is to relieve the pain and discomfort caused 31 by these lesions [2]. The main cause of destruction are odontoclasts, which are multinuclear cells that 32 resorb mineralized tissue [3]. Odontoclasts are responsible for resorption of deciduous teeth in young 33 animals, but their abnormal activity in permanent teeth is the cause of TR [4]. The reason for this 34 process remains unclear, although many different theories have been proposed. Tooth resorption can 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.427753; this version posted January 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 35 include plaque accumulation, inflammation of the adjacent tissue and alveolar bone ankylosis [5]. 36 Because the pathogenesis of tooth resorption has been unclear, many different terms have been used 37 to describe the lesion, i.e. erosion, neck lesion, FORL (feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion). 38 Nowadays, most used term is TR. 39 40 TR is a relatively new disease, which has become more common in the last decades [6]. Almost no 41 resorptions could be found in feline skulls from the 1930–1950’s but starting from 1960’s they were 42 increasing in number [7]. First publication about TR came out in 1955 [6]. The size and origin of the 43 study population have had a major impact on the reported prevalence of TR in previous studies 44 varying from 29-85% (Table 1). Most studies are based on a small clinical sample (n< 150) and no 45 reports have been published yet in a large population sample. TR exists also in large cats, such as 46 leopards and lions, but rarely in humans and dogs [1]. The increasing number of tooth resorption 47 indicates a change in the environment of domestic cats [4]. For example, the factors preventing 48 resorption in the outer surface of the teeth could have been compromised [1]. Only lesions that occur 49 in the crown or in the cemento-enamel junction can be detected clinically [1]. However, resorption 50 can occur at any surface of the teeth or in the root and can lead to massive destruction in the adjacent 51 tissue. 52 53 Table 1. Prevalence of feline tooth resorption in previous studies. NK = not known Reference Country Target population Study population Method Prevalence (n), average age (%) (years) Coles 1990 Australia General 64, NK Clinical 52 [13] anaesthesia van Wessum Netherlands Dental procedure 432, NK Clinical 62 et al. 1992 [7] 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.427753; this version posted January 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. van Wessum United Dental procedure 78, NK Clinical and 67 et al. 1992 States radiographs [7] Lund et al. United General 145, 7.9 Clinical 48 1998 [15] States anaesthesia Ingham et al. United Clinically healthy 228, 4.9 Clinical and 29 2001 [16] Kingdom test animals radiographs Pettersson & Sweden Sedation 96, 6.0 Clinical and 32 Mannerfelt radiographs 2003 [17] DeLaurier et United Clinically and 13, NK Electron 85 al. 2009 [5] States radiographically microscopy normal teeth Our study Finland Finnish cat 8115, 5.3 Questionnaire 3.9 / 15 population: all / cats with oral or dental disease 54 55 American Veterinary Dental College has developed a classification for tooth resorption based on their 56 radiographic appearance. In type 1 tooth resorption there is a focal radiolucent area in the tooth that 57 appears otherwise normal with a normal periodontal ligament space. In type 2 tooth resorption, there 58 is decreased radiopacity, which indicates that the root is being replaced with alveolar bone. In type 3 59 tooth resorption, there are signs of both type 1 and type 2 resorptions [8,9]. The same cat can suffer 60 from different types of resorptions [9]. The three resorption types have been suspected to have 61 different aetiologies [10]. 62 63 Unlike the previous clinical studies, our aim was to investigate the prevalence of veterinary-diagnosed 64 TR, its risk factors and variation between breeds in a large population sample of Finnish cats collected 65 during 2012–2015 using an online feline health survey data [11]. 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.427753; this version posted January 22, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 66 67 Results 68 69 Prevalence 70 Our cat population consisted of 8115 cats in 41 breeds, of which 4290 (53%) were females. 2070 71 (26%) cats were diagnosed with oral or dental disease and 316 cats had veterinarian diagnosed TR. 72 The mean age of the cat population was 5.3 years - for cats without TR 5.1 and for cats with 73 veterinarian diagnosed TR 9.8 years. The prevalence of veterinary-diagnosed TR in our study was 74 3.9% (95% CI 3.5–4.3%, Table 1). The prevalence increased strongly by age, being 0.4% in 1 to <3 75 years old, 3.0% in 3 to <7 years old, 8.8% in 7 to <11 years old, and 11.6% in at least 11 years old 76 cats. TR was not reported in cats under one year of age. For comparison, in subgroup of cats that had 77 been diagnosed with oral or dental disease, the prevalence of TR was 15.2% (95% CI 13.5–16.8%, 78 Table 1), increasing again by age 3.7%, 12.6%, 24.3% and 28.1%, respectively. 79 80 We did not find any significant difference between the TR prevalence in purebred cats and non- 81 pedigree house cats (3.8%; CI 3.4–4.3% and 4.2% and CI 3.3–5.3%, respectively, P = 0.551, Fisher). 82 However, in some breeds, the prevalence was much higher or lower than in the entire population or 83 in-house cats – high in Siamese (9.9%), Abyssinian (9.3%), Oriental Shorthair (9.1%) and Cornish 84 Rex (8.9%), and much lower than average in Turkish Van (0.4%) and Birmans (1.3%). TR was not 85 reported in breeds of Burmilla, American Shorthair, Don Sphynx, Egyptian Mau, Kurilian Bobtail, 86 Manx, Neva Masquerade and Seychellois. However, these breeds were present in low numbers in our 87 dataset.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glossary for Narrative Writing
    Periodontal Assessment and Treatment Planning Gingival description Color: o pink o erythematous o cyanotic o racial pigmentation o metallic pigmentation o uniformity Contour: o recession o clefts o enlarged papillae o cratered papillae o blunted papillae o highly rolled o bulbous o knife-edged o scalloped o stippled Consistency: o firm o edematous o hyperplastic o fibrotic Band of gingiva: o amount o quality o location o treatability Bleeding tendency: o sulcus base, lining o gingival margins Suppuration Sinus tract formation Pocket depths Pseudopockets Frena Pain Other pathology Dental Description Defective restorations: o overhangs o open contacts o poor contours Fractured cusps 1 ww.links2success.biz [email protected] 914-303-6464 Caries Deposits: o Type . plaque . calculus . stain . matera alba o Location . supragingival . subgingival o Severity . mild . moderate . severe Wear facets Percussion sensitivity Tooth vitality Attrition, erosion, abrasion Occlusal plane level Occlusion findings Furcations Mobility Fremitus Radiographic findings Film dates Crown:root ratio Amount of bone loss o horizontal; vertical o localized; generalized Root length and shape Overhangs Bulbous crowns Fenestrations Dehiscences Tooth resorption Retained root tips Impacted teeth Root proximities Tilted teeth Radiolucencies/opacities Etiologic factors Local: o plaque o calculus o overhangs 2 ww.links2success.biz [email protected] 914-303-6464 o orthodontic apparatus o open margins o open contacts o improper
    [Show full text]
  • Insertional Polymorphisms of Endogenous Feline Leukemia Viruses Alfred L
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Biology Faculty Articles Department of Biological Sciences 4-2005 Insertional Polymorphisms of Endogenous Feline Leukemia Viruses Alfred L. Roca National Cancer Institute at Frederick William G. Nash National Cancer Institute at Frederick Joan C. Menninger National Cancer Institute at Frederick William J. Murphy National Cancer Institute at Frederick; Texas A&M University - College Station Stephen J. O'Brien National Cancer Institute at Frederick, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cnso_bio_facarticles Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Genetics and Genomics Commons, Veterinary Medicine Commons, and the Virology Commons NSUWorks Citation Roca, Alfred L.; William G. Nash; Joan C. Menninger; William J. Murphy; and Stephen J. O'Brien. 2005. "Insertional Polymorphisms of Endogenous Feline Leukemia Viruses." Journal of Virology 79, (7): 3979-3986. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cnso_bio_facarticles/ 206 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biological Sciences at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Articles by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Apr. 2005, p. 3979–3986 Vol. 79, No. 7 0022-538X/05/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/JVI.79.7.3979–3986.2005 Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Insertional Polymorphisms of Endogenous Feline Leukemia Viruses Alfred L. Roca,1* William G. Nash,2 Joan
    [Show full text]
  • Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
    Polycystic Kidney Disease About the disease Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (AD-PKD) is a problem in Persian cats and related breeds, especially Chinchillas, Exotics and British Shorthairs. The Molecular Diagnostic Unit has been oFFering a genetic test to diagnose autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (AD-PKD) in cats since April 2005 About the test This genetic test is a PCR-based pyrosequencing assay and evaluations oF the test have shown excellent agreement with the results oF ultrasound screening. The test has revolutionised testing For AD-PKD. Until recently specialist ultrasound scanning was been required For diagnosis, but the identiFication oF a speciFic genetic mutation associated with Feline AD-PKD means that PCR can now be used to identiFy AFFected cats. Cats screened using our genetic test and Found to be negative For the PKD mutation can be listed on the ICC PKD negative register. The Following graph shows the percentage oF PKD AFFected cats detected by the Molecular Diagnostic Unit between 2005 and 2018. This clearly shows a decline in the percentage oF cats testing positive For the AD-PKD genetic mutation, which is likely due to AD-PKD screening and selective breeding. Polycystic Kidney Disease Interpretation of results A Normal AD-PKD genetic test result means that the cat does not have the respective genetic mutation. An Affected AD-PKD genetic test result means that the cat has one normal and one mutant copy oF the PKD1 gene. Presence oF the mutant PKD1 gene has been strongly associated with polycystic kidney disease. Each certiFicate we issue will speciFy whether the cat is Normal or AfFected For the PKD1 mutation.
    [Show full text]
  • National Specialty Insurance Company Boost Pet Health Insurance Program
    National Specialty Insurance Company Boost Pet Health Insurance Program Countrywide Rating Manual Section I: General Rules A. Application of Manual 1. The rules contained in these pages will govern the rating of the Pet Health Insurance Plan policies. 2. The Pet Health Insurance Plan contains multiple benefit and coverage options. Unique benefit packages can be designed by constructing combinations of these benefit and coverage options. B. Premium Computation 1. Premiums at policy inception will be computed using the rules, rates and rating plan in effect at that time. 2. Premiums are calculated for each benefit package. 3. To calculate the monthly rate, divide the annual rate by 12, and then round to two decimal places. 4. To meet the demand of a marketable price point, a downward adjustment in price, not to exceed 5%, may be applied to the monthly premium. C. Additional Premium Charges 1. Additional premiums are computed using rates in effect at policy inception. 2. All coverage changes or additions involving additional premiums will be pro-rated based upon the effective date of the change. 3. If an endorsement or change to a policy results in an additional premium of $5 or less, no charge will be made. D. Return Premiums 1. Return premiums are computed using rates in effect at policy inception. 2. All coverage changes involving return premiums will be pro-rated based upon the effective date of the change. 3. If an endorsement or change to a policy results in a return premium of $5 or less, no return will be made. E. Minimum Premium The minimum premium per year is $50.00.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishment of a Dental Effects of Hypophosphatasia Registry Thesis
    Establishment of a Dental Effects of Hypophosphatasia Registry Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jennifer Laura Winslow, DMD Graduate Program in Dentistry The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee Ann Griffen, DDS, MS, Advisor Sasigarn Bowden, MD Brian Foster, PhD Copyrighted by Jennifer Laura Winslow, D.M.D. 2018 Abstract Purpose: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a metabolic disease that affects development of mineralized tissues including the dentition. Early loss of primary teeth is a nearly universal finding, and although problems in the permanent dentition have been reported, findings have not been described in detail. In addition, enzyme replacement therapy is now available, but very little is known about its effects on the dentition. HPP is rare and few dental providers see many cases, so a registry is needed to collect an adequate sample to represent the range of manifestations and the dental effects of enzyme replacement therapy. Devising a way to recruit patients nationally while still meeting the IRB requirements for human subjects research presented multiple challenges. Methods: A way to recruit patients nationally while still meeting the local IRB requirements for human subjects research was devised in collaboration with our Office of Human Research. The solution included pathways for obtaining consent and transferring protected information, and required that the clinician providing the clinical data refer the patient to the study and interact with study personnel only after the patient has given permission. Data forms and a custom database application were developed. Results: The registry is established and has been successfully piloted with 2 participants, and we are now initiating wider recruitment.
    [Show full text]
  • Prepubertal Gonadectomy in Male Cats: a Retrospective Internet-Based Survey on the Safety of Castration at a Young Age
    ESTONIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Hedvig Liblikas PREPUBERTAL GONADECTOMY IN MALE CATS: A RETROSPECTIVE INTERNET-BASED SURVEY ON THE SAFETY OF CASTRATION AT A YOUNG AGE PREPUBERTAALNE GONADEKTOOMIA ISASTEL KASSIDEL: RETROSPEKTIIVNE INTERNETIKÜSITLUSEL PÕHINEV NOORTE KASSIDE KASTREERIMISE OHUTUSE UURING Graduation Thesis in Veterinary Medicine The Curriculum of Veterinary Medicine Supervisors: Tiia Ariko, MSc Kaisa Savolainen, MSc Tartu 2020 ABSTRACT Estonian University of Life Sciences Abstract of Final Thesis Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006 Author: Hedvig Liblikas Specialty: Veterinary Medicine Title: Prepubertal gonadectomy in male cats: a retrospective internet-based survey on the safety of castration at a young age Pages: 49 Figures: 0 Tables: 6 Appendixes: 2 Department / Chair: Chair of Veterinary Clinical Medicine Field of research and (CERC S) code: 3. Health, 3.2. Veterinary Medicine B750 Veterinary medicine, surgery, physiology, pathology, clinical studies Supervisors: Tiia Ariko, Kaisa Savolainen Place and date: Tartu 2020 Prepubertal gonadectomy (PPG) of kittens is proven to be a suitable method for feral cat population control, removal of unwanted sexual behaviour like spraying and aggression and for avoidance of unwanted litters. There are several concerns on the possible negative effects on PPG including anaesthesia, surgery and complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of PPG. Microsoft excel was used for statistical analysis. The information about 6646 purebred kittens who had gone through PPG before 27 weeks of age was obtained from the online retrospective survey. Database included cats from the different breeds and –age groups when the surgery was performed, collected in 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cat Mandible (II): Manipulation of the Jaw, with a New Prosthesis Proposal, to Avoid Iatrogenic Complications
    animals Review The Cat Mandible (II): Manipulation of the Jaw, with a New Prosthesis Proposal, to Avoid Iatrogenic Complications Matilde Lombardero 1,*,† , Mario López-Lombardero 2,†, Diana Alonso-Peñarando 3,4 and María del Mar Yllera 1 1 Unit of Veterinary Anatomy and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Campus of Lugo—University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; [email protected] 2 Engineering Polytechnic School of Gijón, University of Oviedo, 33203 Gijón, Spain; [email protected] 3 Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Campus of Lugo—University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; [email protected] 4 Veterinary Clinic Villaluenga, calle Centro n◦ 2, Villaluenga de la Sagra, 45520 Toledo, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-982-822-333 † Both authors contributed equally to this manuscript. Simple Summary: The small size of the feline mandible makes its manipulation difficult when fixing dislocations of the temporomandibular joint or mandibular fractures. In both cases, non-invasive techniques should be considered first. When not possible, fracture repair with internal fixation using bone plates would be the best option. Simple jaw fractures should be repaired first, and caudal to rostral. In addition, a ventral approach makes the bone fragments exposure and its manipulation easier. However, the cat mandible has little space to safely place the bone plate screws without damaging the tooth roots and/or the mandibular blood and nervous supply. As a consequence, we propose a conceptual model of a mandibular prosthesis that would provide biomechanical Citation: Lombardero, M.; stabilization, avoiding any unintended (iatrogenic) damage to those structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Feline Tooth Resorption Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions (FORL)
    Feline Tooth Resorption Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions (FORL) What is tooth resorption? Tooth resorption is a destructive process that eats away at teeth and is quite common in cats. Up to 50% of cats over the age of 8 will have resorptive lesions. Of those 50% with lesions, 50% of them will have more than one. This process can be very painful, and due to the nature of the cat, many will not show obvious signs of pain. These lesions will often require immediate treatment. Feline tooth resorption does progress and will require treatment to avoid pain and loss of function. This process is not necessarily preventable, but studies do show that cats who do not receive oral hygiene care are at an increased risk of development of resorptive lesions. Feline patients diagnosed with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus are also more likely to develop lesions. Despite the health status of your cat, it is important to know tooth resorption is a common and treatable disease. What causes tooth resorption? Tooth resorption is an idiopathic disease of the teeth. This means that the cause is unknown. We do know odontoclasts, the cat’s own cells, begin to destroy the structure of the tooth. Sometimes resorption will be associated with a tooth root abscess, although this is uncommon. What are the clinical signs of this? Cats with tooth resorption will often have inflammation of the gum tissue surrounding the affected tooth. Your veterinarian will comment on the teeth and gums during the oral part of the physical examination. Even though an oral exam is done, many of these lesions are below the gum line and require dental radiography to fully diagnose.
    [Show full text]
  • Feline Alveolar Osteitis Treatment Planning: Implant Protocol with Osseodensification and Early Crown Placement Rocco E
    Feline Alveolar Osteitis Treatment Planning: Implant Protocol with Osseodensification and Early Crown Placement Rocco E. Mele DVM1, Gregori M. Kurtzman, DDS, MAGD, DICOI,DIDIA2 1 Eastpoint Pet Clinic, Tucson, A, USA 2 Silver Spring, MD, USA Abstract: Feline dental implants are becoming a predictable and viable treatment option for the replacement of lost canines due to maxillary Alveolar Osteitis (AO) a painful condition, commonly experienced by a growing number of cats. Surgical extraction and debridement remains the treatment of choice for this complex inflammatory process. However, future complications can be a common sequela of maxillary canine loss. This case will demonstrate the successful surgical extraction of a maxillary canine with implant placement following the osseodensification protocol and utilizing the sockets osteitis buttressing bone formation to promote a positive result with final crown restoration 13 weeks following implant placement. Introduction: Alveolar Osteitis (AO) is a chronic inflammatory process more often diagnosed in maxillary canine sockets of the feline patient. Clinical presentation may include oral pain, bleeding, periodontitis, tooth resorption (ORL), and alveolar buccal bone changes.1-5 Clinical Features: A presumptive diagnosis of (AO) is made on the awake patient, documenting clinical features such as; gingivitis with soft tissue swelling, gingival mucosal erythema, buccal bone expansion, and coronal extrusion. (Figure 1) Radiographic Features: Radiographic changes are identified under general anesthesia. These bony changes and pathology may include; deep palatal probing (Figure 2 red), alveolar bone expansion (Figure 2 green), buttressing condensing bone (Figure 2 blue) and a mottled osseous appearance mimicking rough, large trabeculae (Figure 2 yellow) Osseodensification (OD): OD is a novel biomechanical bone preparation technique for dental implant placement to improve bone quality by increasing its density utilizing Densah burs.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of the Egyptian Domestic Cat
    UPTEC X 12 012 Examensarbete 30 hp Juni 2012 Origin of the Egyptian Domestic Cat Carolin Johansson Molecular Biotechnology Programme Uppsala University School of Engineering UPTEC X 12 012 Date of issue 2012-06 Author Carolin Johansson Title (English) Origin of the Egyptian Domestic Cat Title (Swedish) Abstract This study presents mitochondrial genome sequences from 22 Egyptian house cats with the aim of resolving the uncertain origin of the contemporary world-wide population of Domestic cats. Together with data from earlier studies it has been possible to confirm some of the previously suggested haplotype identifications and phylogeny of the Domestic cat lineage. Moreover, by applying a molecular clock, it is proposed that the Domestic cat lineage has experienced several expansions representing domestication and/or breeding in pre-historical and historical times, seemingly in concordance with theories of a domestication origin in the Neolithic Middle East and in Pharaonic Egypt. In addition, the present study also demonstrates the possibility of retrieving long polynucleotide sequences from hair shafts and a time-efficient way to amplify a complete feline mitochondrial genome. Keywords Feline domestication, cat in ancient Egypt, mitochondrial genome, Felis silvestris libyca Supervisors Anders Götherström Uppsala University Scientific reviewer Jan Storå Stockholm University Project name Sponsors Language Security English Classification ISSN 1401-2138 Supplementary bibliographical information Pages 123 Biology Education Centre Biomedical Center Husargatan 3 Uppsala Box 592 S-75124 Uppsala Tel +46 (0)18 4710000 Fax +46 (0)18 471 4687 Origin of the Egyptian Domestic Cat Carolin Johansson Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Det är inte sedan tidigare känt exakt hur, när och var tamkatten domesticerades.
    [Show full text]
  • Pet Care Tips for Cats
    Pet Care Tips for cats What you’ll need to know to keep your companion feline happy and healthy . Backgroun d Cats were domesticated sometime between 4,000 and 8,000 years ago, in Africa and the Middle East. Small wild cats started hanging out where humans stored their grain. When humans saw cats up close and personal, they began to admire felines for their beauty and grace. There are many different breeds of cats -- from the hairless Sphinx and the fluffy Persian to the silvery spotted Egyptian Mau . But the most popular felines of all are non-pedigree —that includes brown tabbies, black-and-orange tortoiseshells, all-black cats with long hair, striped cats with white socks and everything in between . Cost When you first get your cat, you’ll need to spend about $25 for a litter box, $10 for a collar, and $30 for a carrier. Food runs about $170 a year, plus $50 annually for toys and treats, $175 annually for litter and an average of $150 for veterinary care every year. Note: Make sure you have all your supplies (see our checklist) before you bring your new pet home. Basic Care Feeding - An adult cat should be fed one large or two or three smaller meals each day . - Kittens from 6 to 12 weeks must eat four times a day . - Kittens from three to six months need to be fed three times a day . You can either feed specific meals, throwing away any leftover canned food after 30 minutes, or keep dry food available at all times.
    [Show full text]
  • Auburn's Handfield Throws Perfect Game
    (508) 943-4800 Newsstand: 75 cents www.auburnnews.net Friday, May 22, 2015 THIS WEEK’S Perfection: Auburn’s QUOTE Handfield throws perfect game “Storms make oaks take deeper FRESHMAN WINS IT ON SENIOR NIGHT root.” VERSUS WESTBOROUGH BY NICK ETHIER George Herbert SPORTS STAFF WRITER AUBURN — The Auburn High var- sity softball team hosted Westborough High under the lights on Monday, May 18, for their Senior Night contest. INSIDE And freshman Julia Handfield made sure it would be a night to remember CALENDAR ................. for everyone. Handfield pitched a perfect game OPINION ................A6 with 14 strikeouts and added a solo SENIORS ................A8 homer over the center field fence as the Rockets won the game, 7-0. OBITUARIES ................ “I think it was just a combination Photos courtesy Dawn Cipro Dawn Cipro said that throughout it all, Aislen has kept a posi- PORTS of adrenaline, being our last home S .............. A10 game,” Handfield said, adding that tive attitude. Thanks to family friend Pat McHugh there will be she wanted to grab the win for seniors a fundraiser for Aislen on May 31 to raise money towards the EDITOR’S Jordan Lavallee and Carly Zona. “It family’s mounting medical bills. McHugh said that she wants was definitely all about them. I want- to help others as much as she can, since the community sup- OFFICE HOURS ed it to be about them.” ported her when her child had countless surgeries. Handfield was in the zone from the MONDAYS 12-5 moment the game started, striking WEDNESDAYS 1-5 out the side in the top of the first inning.
    [Show full text]