Report on the Management PROTECTING Effectiveness and KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS Capacity through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment of Protected Areas in the Philippines Imprint

As a federally owned enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development.

This project is part of the International Climate Initiative (IKI). The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag.

Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn GIZ-BMUB Office Quezon City, Philippines T +63 2 426 02 39 E: [email protected] I: www.giz.de

Responsible Berthold Schirm Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Principal Advisor and Program Coordinator E: [email protected]

Authors: Rhea Claire Madarang, Andre Jon Uychiaoco, Berthold Schirm, Aldrin Mallari and Eddie Quitoriano, Manila Philippines

Design and Layout: Ryan G. Palacol and Opalyn Agulay, Manila Philippines

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GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication.

Place and date of publication: Manila, Philippines, 2017 PROTECTING KEY BIODIVERSITY AREAS through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment

Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables & Figures iv 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 1 1.1 Management effectiveness increase in 60 existing PAs and 3 55 new protected areas established have contributed to the Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016’s goals 1.2 Recommendations to sustain increasing management 3 effectiveness and conservation outcomes 2 BACKGROUND AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 5 2.1 Increase in global human well-being has been impacting the 6 environment 2.2 Nations around the world commit to protect biodiversity and 6 sustain human development 2.3 Protected areas are a proven tool for environmental conservation 8 and economic growth 2.4 Biodiversity-rich and vulnerable Philippines acting to conserve 9 biodiversity and to contribute to human development 2.5 Need to improve management of existing PAs and establish new 10 ones in biodiversity-rich areas 3 THE PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT ENHANCEMENT 12 PROJECT 3.1 Aim to increase management effectiveness in 60 protected areas 13 and establish 100 new protected areas in Key Biodiversity Areas 3.2 Situational analysis: Need for improved legislation, basis 15 (ecosystem services benefits from PAs), partnerships, resources, capacity and information for more effective PA management 3.3 Approach: Programmatic capacity development including 16 mentoring until delivery of outputs 3.4 Approach: Supporting a national roadmap and framework to 17 improve coordination between national and local PA planning 3.5 Approach: Providing assistance to priority KBAs in need of 18 support and those with underrepresented ecosystems (e.g. caves and freshwater) through a Partnership Fund to support local PA-specific initiatives and expert monitoring in pilot-testing the integrated ridge-to-reef planning approach for establishing PAs 4 RESULTS 19 4.1 Average management effectiveness increased in more than 60 20 existing PAs and 55 new PAs were established 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 38 5.1 The Project has generally achieved its objectives and contributed 39 to the PDP 2011-2016 5.2 Sustain and take forward gains 39 6 GOOD PRACTICES: PAME STORIES ON THE GROUND 41 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND ANNEXES 48 LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES

Table 1. PAME Project Outcome Indicators 13 Table 2. PAME Capacity Development Program Topics 17 Table 3. Total number of hectarage of PAME supported PA sites 20 Table 4. PAME Project Outcome Indicators with Results 21 Table 5. List of 64 existing Protected Areas (PAME 60) with their Total METT 23 scores in 2013 and 2017 Table 6. List of 100 new and proposed Protected Areas (PAME 100) with their 25 Total METT or MEAT scores Table 7. Number of sites reporting various dimensions of improved protection 35 of species biodiversity Table 8. Summary of analysis based on the six elements of PA management. 36

Figure 1. PAME Project site map 14 Figure 2: Spiderweb graph showing PAME 60 and PAME 100 scores 22 from 2013 to 2017 Figure 3. PAME Capacity Development 31

iv Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 1

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 1 The world’s growing population and economy are causing adverse impacts to the environment, that, when not decisively addressed, will have irreversible effects on the planet by 2050. Massive deforestation, land degradation, and destruction of coral reefs, among other environmental stressors, continue, also dramatically affecting people’s livelihoods. Climate change only worsens the impact.

The United Nations (UN) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), though, recognize that economic progress and environmental conservation can go hand in hand. With this urgent need for immediate and large-scale action for the environment, countries around the world committed to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets in 2011 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. Aichi Target #11 particularly aims to have at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water and 10% of coastal and marine areas in the world conserved through effectively managed protected areas. Establishing protected areas (PAs) is a key solution to achieve both environmental protection and sustainable economic growth. When properly managed, a PA’s flora and fauna are well- preserved. And, as these flora and fauna thrive, ecosystem goods and services for humans’ sustenance and livelihood ideally become more available in the future.

In the Philippines, one of the world’s 17 mega-biodiverse countries and among the most vulnerable to biodiversity loss and climate change, the 2011-2016 Philippine Development Plan (PDP) specifically targeted: 1) strengthening management effectiveness of 2 million hectares (6.7%) of terrestrial and 1.1 million hectares (0.5%) of marine areas through existing national protected areas (PAs), and 2) establishing and effectively managing an additional 0.3 million hectares of critical habitats. The Philippines is also implementing the 2015-2028 Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (PBSAP), which is in line with the Aichi Targets’ vision for biodiversity by 2020.

The Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) in the Philippines Project aimed to improve the management effectiveness in 60 existing protected areas (PAs) in the Philippines and establish 100 new protected areas in Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs). The project began in October 2012 and will end in December 2017. It is implemented by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources through its Biodiversity Management Bureau (DENR-BMB) in partnership with the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) through the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. With a funding of 9 million euros from the German government and 1 million euros from Philippine partners, PAME is a unique scaling-up initiative: the only conservation project worldwide targeting to strengthen such a large number of PA sites within a short amount of time.

Specifically, PAME aimed to: 1) Improve management and technical capacities of DENR, protected area staff and key partners 2) Support the improvement of protected area management in at least 60 existing terrestrial and marine protected areas in defined key biodiversity areas (KBAs) through improved plans, legal frameworks, financial plans, and monitoring systems 3) Support the establishment of at least 100 new protected areas under innovative conservation management systems (for example, those led by local governments and communities) 4) Support an improved knowledge management and awareness-raising for PA management and value of biodiversity conservation

2 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines In selecting project sites, PAME considered those which did not receive support from international organizations or large corporations, and more particularly, 60 PAs which are in or near KBAs (PAME 60), and 100 KBAs from underrepresented ecosystems among current PAs, like caves, rivers, and lakes, among others (PAME 100). Other PAME 100 sites were directly selected as part of the Integrated Ecosystem Management (IEM)-based Comprehensive Land Use Planning (CLUP).

Management effectiveness increase in 60 existing PAs and 55 new 1.1 protected areas established have contributed to the Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016’s goals

PAME generally achieved its main goals: Average METT scores of 64 existing national protected areas increased from 34% in 2013 to 49% this 2017. This is a 46% increase, higher than the targeted 30% increase. Although only 55 out of 100 proposed sites were established or expanded through local legislation, more than 45 other sites are already under local legislative council deliberation. The legal process has been initiated and many more conservation areas will be established in the near future. Management effectiveness score of the 100 new or proposed sites is 27% on average, which is beyond the project target of 20%. Moreover, 114 out of the 160 project sites reported improved protection of species biodiversity, which is indicated by, one, two, or all of the following: 1) increased patrols, 2) decreased violations, and 3) improved biodiversity condition, without any deterioration in any of the other two indicators.

The project has therefore contributed to the PDP’s specific target of increasing area of PAs under effective management, providing support to 1.3 million hectares for existing national terrestrial PAs (65% of PDP’s 2-million-hectare target) and 0.3 million hectares for existing national marine PAs (9% of PDP’s 3.4-million-hectare target). Meanwhile, the 55 local conservation areas established so far through project support or incentive spans 183,227 hectares, more than half of the PDP’s 300,000-hectare target.

In terms of improving capacity of DENR and PA management teams, PAME has trained over 17,000 in relevant PA management topics like biophysical assessment and monitoring, and management planning. 94% of training participants surveyed attested to the trainings’ added value to their regular work.

Meanwhile, PAME’s knowledge management and communication improved, with 64% of sites releasing information, education, and communication (IEC) materials with the three foundations of sustainability (ecological, economic, and social).

Recommendations to sustain increasing management effectiveness and 1.2 conservation outcomes

Building upon the positive results and lessons learned from the project, the following recommendations will strengthen DENR’s work to enhance PA management and conserve biodiversity in line with PBSAP 2015-2028 and the Philippine Development Plan 2017- 2022:

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 3 Policy 1. Finalize National PA System Master Plan 2. Continue support for the passage of the ENIPAS Bill

Organizational Development 3. Finalize, approve and apply the draft DENR technical bulletin (TB) on plan-finance- monitoring 4. Continue implementation of programmatic hands-on capacity development including mentoring until delivery of outputs. Also, involve previous training participants in implementation 5. Follow through on the recommendations of the Organizational Development and Training Needs Assessment Report authorized by the DENR Executive Committee in 2015 6. Improve DENR and local partners reporting system building upon national PA information/database system with attachments (e.g. bio-physical monitoring, socio- economic assessments, management plans, IEC materials, patrol records, etc.) shared DENR-wide 7. Copy appropriate elements from PAME webpage to DENR-BMB website. 8. Revive the use of common/ integrated communication channels (e.g. People’s Hour) jointly with all the other DENR units in an integrated manner

Implementation 9. Use the existing training modules and documentation of experience for future Integrated Ecosystem Management/Enhanced Comprehensive Land Use Planning approaches 10. Strengthen partnership with various sectors at different levels (e.g. platform for national inter-agency PA System steering and exchange; regional steering structures e.g. Mindanao PAMB network; systematic planning, budgeting and monitoring of implementation by PAMB) 11. More emphasis on partnerships with indigenous peoples (IP) and follow-up of DENR- NCIP (National Commission on Indigenous Peoples) agreements especially on securing Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) in all sites 12. Use small grants competitive approaches in providing technical/financial support to KBAs coupled with the provision of close mentoring 13. Apply the existing and mandated tools/good practices: TBs on bio-physical, socio- economic, PA management planning checklist and partner with local technical institutions (e.g. universities) 14. Apply the existing and mandated tools/good practices: evidence-based Management Effectiveness Tracking Tools (METT) 15. Applying the METT will also trigger regular completion/updating of PA management plans in order to attract resources 16. Improve financial sustainability through applying the Integrating Ecosystem Services into Development Planning (ValuES) approach (e.g. ecosystem services-based prioritization of sites) 17. Improve financial sustainability through applying lower-cost methods (e.g. geographic information system (GIS)/remote sensing-based bio-physical and socio-economic surveys, etc.) 18. Strengthen cooperation among projects to optimize opportunities for synergies through the assistance of DENR-BMB-Foreign-Assisted and Special Projects Service (FASPS) platform, DENR-FASPS, GIZ Green Sector Forum, National Convergence Initiative, and the Philippine Development Forum 19. Continue awareness raising and behavior change using the systematic process of the Social Marketing Lite methodology and other successful initiatives 20. Develop a PAME 2 proposal based on successful sites and ecosystem-services-based on sustainable livelihood and tourism

4 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Photo by ANGOC

BACKGROUND AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 2

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 5 Increase in global human well-being has been impacting 2.1 the environment

The world’s population and economy have been growing steadily over the past several decades, coupled with improving quality of life. This growth, however, comes with a high price tag to the environment, which can have future irreversible effects if not effectively addressed.

Global population is now at 7.6 billion and is anticipated to increase to 9.8 billion in 2050 (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2017), while the world economy is expected to grow more than double by 2050 (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2017). Generally, quality of life is improving, with increased incomes, longer life expectancies, and improved health, among others (UN, 2017).

Impact on the environment, though, is dramatic. Around 40 per cent of the world’s oceans are affected by pollution, depleted fisheries, and destruction of habitats. 20% of the world’s coral reefs have been destroyed, while half are at risk (UN Sustainable Development Goals, 2015).

The world lost 129 million hectares of forest between 1990 and 2015 (UN Food and Agriculture, 2015). Meanwhile, over half of agricultural land is moderately to severely affected by soil degradation, affecting the 2.6 billion people who depend on agriculture for livelihood (UN SDG, 2015).

Climate change further aggravates the degradation of life support systems. For example, increasing carbon levels worsen oceans’ acidity, which severely damages coral reefs and thus contributes to declining fish supply Center( for Sustainable Systems, 2016). Over 10% of the world is estimated to suffer from nutritional deficiency if fish catch continues to decline over the next decades (Golden, 2016).

If current trends continue, by 2050, the planet would have been pushed beyond its tipping point, leading to abrupt shifts in biodiversity and ecosystems that would be time-consuming, expensive, or even impossible to reverse once they have begun. Urgent and comprehensive action at the international, national, and local level needs to be taken to prevent this from happening (UN Convention for Biological Diversity, 2010).

Nations around the world commit to protect biodiversity and sustain 2.2 human development

With the need for urgent and large-scale action for the environment, together, countries around the world made strong commitments with tangible targets for biodiversity and human development. They committed with the recognition that economic progress and environmental conservation can go hand in hand.

While efforts to protect biodiversity worldwide are being undertaken, massive effort was needed to make significant impact. From this urgency, governments party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) committed to act on the Aichi Biodiversity

6 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Photo by Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Photo by Jacqueline Hernandez Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC)

Photo by Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC)

Targets. The 2011-2020 Aichi Biodiversity Targets are 20 measurable targets that aim to conserve biodiversity, enhance its benefits to people through ecosystem services, improve and bring awareness of its importance to the mainstream, and capacitate stakeholders that would help achieve these goals.

Consistently, in 2015, 193 UN member states adopted a new sustainable development agenda to end poverty, address inequality, and protect the environment. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to “balance human prosperity with protecting the planet.” Biodiversity is recognized as connected with other SDGs, as it is linked to livelihood and economic growth.

The recent 2016 IUCN World Conservation Congress echoes the SDGs’ focus on this balance, with the Congress theme stressing that “nature conservation and human progress are not mutually exclusive.”

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 7 Protected areas are a proven tool for environmental conservation 2.3 and economic growth

Establishing protected areas (PAs) is a key PAs are important (DENR and others 2014) as solution to achieve both environmental they are: protection and sustainable economic growth. 1) Natural habitats. PAs are home to various When properly managed, a PA’s flora and fauna flora and fauna usually including endemic, are well-preserved. And, as these flora and endangered, and threatened species. fauna thrive, ecosystem goods and services 2) Sources of food, water, livelihood, and other for humans’ sustenance and livelihood ideally ecosystem services. There are people living in become more available in the future. Nations or near PAs who depend on their environment committed to conservation recognize this, which for their daily needs and livelihood. Forested is why establishing more PAs is a biodiversity watersheds provide water, while forests are a source of wild meat, medicinal plants, timber, target globally. However, for biodiversity to truly and more. Marine protected areas (MPAs) serve thrive, much work needs to be done not only in as breeding ground for fish to multiply, and strategically establishing PAs in biodiversity-rich corals and mangroves reduce the effects of areas but also in effectively managing them. storm surge and waves. PAs are also sources of raw materials for production of goods. IUCN defines a protected area as “a clearly 3) Safeguards against disasters and climate defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated change. PAs can serve as buffer zones or and managed, through legal or other effective barriers against typhoons, floods, and other means, to achieve the long-term conservation natural disasters. They can also mitigate climate change – for example, forests help of nature with associated ecosystem services lower carbon levels. and cultural values.” 4) Culturally significant. Many PAs have cultural, and even spiritual, significance for indigenous Because of the importance of PAs, Aichi communities living there. These PAs are their Biodiversity Target #11 particularly aims to ancestral domain or sacred sites, or both. have 17% of terrestrial and inland water and They also provide aesthetic and recreational 10% of coastal and marine areas be declared and value that underlie tourism. managed as PAs. As of 2014, IUCN reported 15.4% of terrestrial and 8.4% of coastal and marine areas are protected globally.

While the Aichi Targets work as good interim targets, they can only do so much and “do not represent what is actually required for humanity to live in sustainable harmony with nature” (IUCN World Parks Congress, 2014). Even while there are substantial PAs worldwide, only a fourth of the world’s assessed PAs are effectively managed. 75% of biodiversity-important areas are still yet to be declared as PAs (IUCN, 2014).

For PAs to truly make a difference to biodiversity and the environment, they must be 1) situated at biodiversity-important areas, 2) not seen as stand-alone, but understood as connected to other ecosystems, 3) well-managed, and not just be PAs in name only, and 4) effectively monitored (IUCN World Parks Congress, 2014).

8 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Photo by DENR-BMB

Biodiversity-rich and vulnerable Philippines acting to conserve 2.4 biodiversity and to contribute to human development

The Philippines is one of the world’s most biodiversity-rich countries but is also among the most vulnerable to biodiversity loss and climate change. It also has a high poverty incidence. Thus, the country set its own targets for the environment and the economy, one of which is to establish new PAs and improve management of existing ones.

The Philippines is one of the world’s 17 mega-biodiverse countries accounting for 70% of the world’s species. (Conservation International Philippines, 2017). The Philippines has over 52,000 described species, more than half of which cannot be found anywhere else in the world. (DENR, 2002) It is also situated in the most biologically diverse marine region, the Coral Triangle.

However, the Philippines is also a biodiversity hotspot, and is threatened by habitat degradation, overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, and climate change, among others. Over 90% of its original forests have been lost (DENR, 2002). Less than one percent of its coral reefs are in excellent condition (DENR, 2015). At least 701 species are threatened (IUCN, 2016).

The Philippines is also the third most vulnerable country to climate change. The country is regularly hit by typhoons, with these now becoming stronger and unpredictable, like Haiyan in 2013, which claimed over 6,000 lives and 900,000 homes (CI Philippines, 2017).

The country’s issues are not limited to the environment, though. Over 26 million people, or 26% of the country’s population, live in poverty (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016).

With this, conservation and poverty alleviation indeed need to go hand in hand. It is essential for the country’s rich biodiversity to not only be protected but also be harnessed for the people’s benefit.

The Philippines has adopted its own plans for biodiversity conservation and inclusive economic growth, consistent with the SDGs and Aichi Targets. The 2011-2016

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 9 Philippine Development Plan (PDP) aims to reduce poverty and improve quality of life through increased or improved governance, macroeconomy, competitiveness of industries, infrastructure development, access to social services, peace and security, and ecological integrity.

One of its goals is the conservation, protection, and rehabilitation of the environment, with emphasis on sustainable management of forests and watersheds, enhanced management of coastal and marine resources, development of environment-friendly livelihoods and enterprises, among others. The most recent 2017-2022 PDP was drafted in continuity with the above vision.

The 2015-2028 Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (PBSAP), on the other hand, rallies for the same inclusive economic growth that is PDP’s framework, while emphasizing protection of the environment. Its vision for 2028 is aligned with Aichi Biodiversity Targets’ longer-term 2050 vision, which is: “biodiversity valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.”

In terms of PAs as tools for conservation and economic growth in particular, the 2011-2016 PDP sought to 1) strengthen management effectiveness of 2 million hectares of terrestrial and 3.4 million hectares of marine national PAs, and 2) establish and effectively manage an additional 0.3 million hectares of critical habitats. In particular, it aimed to increase percentage of land under effective protected area management from 2.1% to 8.8%, of sea from 0.09% to 0.62%, and of critical habitats from 0.0006% to 1.01%.

For a PA to be assessed as effectively managed for purposes of the PDP 2011- 2016, it has to have a 1) Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) that will actively manage and monitor the PA’s management, 2) a working management plan, 3) clear delineations and demarcations marking its coverage and boundaries, and 4) funding, with a functional Integrated Protected Area Fund (IPAF), which is derived from earnings from PA operations – for example, ecotourism.

Need to improve management of existing PAs and establish new ones 2.5 in biodiversity-rich areas

Consistent with global patterns, while the Philippines has its share of PAs, these have been found to be in need of more effective management, conservation, and monitoring to truly have an impact on the environment and their communities. And, a significant majority of biodiversity-rich areas are currently not protected, and are yet to be declared as PAs, including those managed by indigenous communities. Meanwhile, the current list of PAs does not fully represent the country’s diverse ecosystems like caves, lowland forests, and freshwater. Given these, massive effort is needed to make significant impact, especially to achieve the PDP’s PA targets.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources’ Biodiversity Management Bureau (DENR-BMB), formerly Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB),

10 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines works to conserve and sustainably manage the country’s rich biodiversity. One of its mandates is to establish and manage protected areas.

Together with partner organizations, the DENR-BMB identified over 10 million hectares of 228 Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) as the country’s richest in biodiversity, with 128 terrestrial and freshwater KBAs recorded in 2006, and 123 marine KBAs in 2009. KBAs are crucial to the survival of globally-threatened and geographically- concentrated species, and are classified as such using global standard criteria Ambal( and others, 2012). These 228 KBAs were then prioritized for conservation.

However, a vast majority (137 of 228, or 60%) of these KBAs were not under any protection then. 41 were only partially protected, while only 50 KBAs, 1 out of 5 KBAs, were fully protected.

The National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) Act of 1992, considered a landmark law on PAs, covers identification and classification of PAs in the country, organization of management and decision-making bodies composed of various stakeholders for each PA, and the enactment of a financing mechanism. Through NIPAS, 240 PAs in over four million hectares of land and close to one million at sea were consolidated and/or newly identified around the Philippines. However, among these, only 91 intersect KBAs or are priority areas for conservation. The other PAs (not intersecting KBAs) may have been based upon older data, methods and criteria for identifying areas for protection; these PAs may be poorer in biodiversity or may have lost their biodiversity in the years since they were established. Caves, rivers, lakes, lowland forests, and deep marine areas were also not well-represented in the current NIPAS.

Meanwhile, even as indigenous communities protect their communal forests and sacred grounds in their own capacity, they are vulnerable as they lack formal recognition, with no legal status or acknowledgment for their roles on biodiversity conservation, and with limited support or assistance from the government. The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples has the mandate to assist indigenous communities but has very limited staff and budget.

And, even being declared as a PA is not an assurance that the site is well-protected or managed. Many had moderately low management effectiveness. Outcomes of improved ecosystem and species extent and quality, contribution to community livelihoods, and benefits from ecosystem services are poorly monitored.

Meanwhile, in terms of support, some sites receive substantial support from one or more agencies, while the vast majority of sites had little to no funding.

Given the above of 1) current PAs needing management and conservation improvements, 2) new ones needing to be established to secure biodiversity-rich areas, recognize indigenous community conserved areas (ICCAs), and fully represent the country’s diverse ecosystems, and 3) finally, the urgency of the PDP targets of increasing areas of old and new effectively managed PAs, massive and wide-scale efforts would be needed to make a significant impact.

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 11 Photo by GIZ/Berthold Schirm

THE PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT 3 ENHANCEMENT PROJECT

12 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Aim to increase management effectiveness in 60 protected areas and 3.1 establish 100 new protected areas in Key Biodiversity Areas

Given the large-scale work needed to meet the PDP targets of increasing management effectiveness in existing PAs and establishing new ones, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) requested assistance from and partnered with the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). BMUB commissioned the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH to provide assistance. Together, the DENR and GIZ implemented the Protected Area Management Enhancement in the Philippines (PAME) project.

The project aimed for the improvement of management effectiveness of 60 existing PA sites and the establishment of 100 new PAs in Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), with a funding of 9 million euros from the German government and 1 million euros from the Philippines. PAME began in October 2012 and will end on December 2017.

Specifically, PAME aimed to: 1) Improve management and technical capacities of DENR, protected area staff and key partners 2) Support the improvement of protected area management in at least 60 existing terrestrial and marine protected areas in defined KBAs through improved plans, legal frameworks, financial plans, and monitoring systems 3) Support the establishment of at least 100 new protected areas under innovative conservation management systems (For example, those involving local governments and communities) 4) Support an improved knowledge management and awareness-raising for PA management and value of biodiversity conservation

To meet the above objectives, PAME set specific targets. (See Table 1)

TABLE 1. PAME PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS

Outcome: Improved protection and management of key biodiversity areas in the Philippines Outcome Indicator Baseline Target Management effectiveness index of 60 60 PAs 60 PAs supported existing protected areas in Average 34 score Average 44 score selected KBAs is improved by an average increase 30% of at least 30% compared to the initial situation At least 100 new PAs have been 0 PAs 100 PAs established through project support while 0 score assumed 20 score achieving on average a management effectiveness rating of at least 20 DENR clients confirm receiving improved 3.45 direct Increase from baseline services for the management of their 2.91 indirect (scale of 4 protected areas excellent to 1 poor)

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 13 Figure 1. PAME Project site map

PAME 100 New and Proposed Sites

14 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Outcome: Improved protection and management of key biodiversity areas in the Philippines Outcome Indicator Baseline Target At least 60% of the supported 160 PAs With all 3 foundations of 96 sites (60%) display effective protective measures sustainability = 40 out of in a continuous manner and with public 160 sites (25%) awareness in relation to the three foundations of sustainability (ecological, economic, and social) 70% of the supported 160 PAs 0% 70% demonstrate an improved protection 0 out of 112 out of of species diversity through a) regular 160 sites 160 sites patrols, and / or b) reduction of violations and / or c) increased or constant biodiversity, without any deterioration of the other parameter

PAME is a unique project as it is the only conservation project worldwide that targeted a large number of sites all at once, attempting to deliver a large-scale effect. Usually, most projects support only one up to ten national PAs.

Situational analysis: Need for improved legislation, basis (ecosystem 3.2 services benefits from PAs), partnerships, resources, capacity and information for more effective PA management

1 Sixty-two (62) sites Since the passage of the NIPAS Act over 20 years ago, there had been no extensive, were originally identified. Later organized initiative to assess and analyze the management effectiveness and capacity Lanao Lake was of NIPAS PAs. PAME’s first initiative was the National Management Effectiveness removed since it was the site of another Capacity Assessment (NMECA) conducted 2013 to 2014 (Guiang and others, 2014). DENR project. Three For the selection of project sites from existing national protected areas, 641 sites that (3) additional NIPAS sites were later were not yet being complemented by existing large external support (e.g. from the identified to also intersect KBAs. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United States Agency for Thus, there are 64 International Development (USAID), etc. including GIZ projects) were selected from project sites for which management 82 NIPAS sites intersecting KBAs. The study found 64 existing national PAs with a effectiveness was management effectiveness score of 34 out of 100 on average and the specific aspects assessed. for improvement for each PA. This became the main basis for PAME’s interventions at the project sites.

The NMECA was based upon an evidence-based application of the Management

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 15 Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) (Stolton and others, 2007). The METT is a rapid assessment tool useful for a quick and easy report on PA management effectiveness and for tracking a PA’s progress, though the tool is admittedly weak with respect to tracking conservation effectiveness/outcomes (Stolton and Dudley, 2016). Each PA was rated on elements like threats, context, planning, inputs (finance, staff), process, output and outcomes. Each PA was rated by around 20 members (e.g. the Executive Committee) of the Protected Area Management Board and key managers (e.g. Protected Area Superintendent). Ratings were validated and double-checked and refined based upon available documentary evidence. (The final validation check was completed in 2014 after the NMECA first edition had been published). These were then followed by summary and analyses in groups clustered according to neighboring regions, initially by technical experts and then validated by DENR, local government units, and civil society organizations (CSOs) representatives from the PAs.

The first set of 61 PA sites surveyed were found to have a ranking of poor to fair management, based on an average METT score of 34. Main issues identified were: 1. Biodiversity in PAs and in KBAs continue to be threatened 2. PA management is not fully anchored on “their reasons for being” (e.g. ecosystem goods and services) 3. Need for improved NIPAS legislation to address various weaknesses 4. Revisit selection of PAs such that sites within NIPAS must have remarkable/ unique value and managed based upon accurate technical information 5. Resource (human, financial, logistics) allocation for NIPAS was extremely limited 6. Weak technical capacities of PA management 7. Overlapping jurisdictions (e.g. NIPAS and indigenous ancestral domain) have not been adequately harmonized through existing administrative issuances 8. Need for stronger partnerships and buy-in to PA management from local governments and communities 9. Stronger harmony and coordination within DENR 10. Fragmented PA database system

Approach: Programmatic capacity development including mentoring 3.3 until delivery of outputs

To partly address the need for resources, capacities and planning, PAME launched a national capacity development program by first training representatives of the 64 PA management teams (and later proponents of over 100 proposed protected areas in KBAs) in Goal-Oriented Planning and Proposal Development. The training was held right after the regional validation of PA Management Effectiveness and Capacity Assessments. PAME also simultaneously launched a Partnership Fund which required the use of the assessment results in developing plans/proposals to address identified gaps for the trainees to tap into. Proponents could request further capacity development as well as implementation activities customized to their needs.

Seven capacity development topics were initially outlined based upon various needs assessments (BMB/GIZ/UPLB pers. comm., Guiang and others, 2014 later validated/refined/prioritized in PRISM 2015):

16 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines TABLE 2. PAME CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM TOPICS

Topics Rank* Sub-Topics (and years trainings were mainly conducted) 4 A. Goal-oriented planning and proposal writing 1. Project Cycle Management (late 2013-2014) 2. Project Proposal Development 3 B. Profiling and monitoring of biodiversity, uses, 3. Bio-physical and socio-economic values, threats and governance (2015-2016) and governance assessment and monitoring 7 C. Strategic planning and plan harmonization/ 4. Protected Area Management mainstreaming (2015-2017) 5. Integrated Ecosystems Management 5 D. Communication and partnership development 6. Communication Development (2016) 7. Community Development 1 E. Leadership, human and financial management 8. PA Management and Leadership (2015-2016) 9. PA Financing 2 F. Regulation and law enforcement (2015-2016) 10. Law Enforcement 6 G. Optimizing and sharing of biodiversity 11. Business/Enterprise/Livelihood benefits * Based upon prioritization facilitated by PRISM (2015)

In 2015, a PAME-commissioned organizational development and training needs assessment (PRISM, 2015) validated most of the above findings and corresponding recommendations and especially highlighted the need for: 1) the PA system road map and 2) clear identification of DENR’s organizational structure, specific staff positions and performance indicators for personnel directly and indirectly related to PAs to optimize work for the PAs.

Approach: Supporting a national roadmap and framework to improve 3.4 coordination between national and local PA planning

Efforts to raise consciousness and support within DENR for improving management effectiveness revealed the need to improve and strengthen national vis-à-vis field alignment with respect to 1) the existing Program of Work on Protected Areas (now further developed into the draft National PA System Master Plan) and 2) the protected area targets of the Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016. Together with the DENR-BMB, Global Environment Facility (GEF)/UNDP/DENR’s New Conservation Areas in the Philippines Project (NewCAPP) and many other partners, the project helped lead and support the stocktaking and then development of the draft National PA System Master Plan. PAME’s experience here together with its guidance in

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 17 proposal development of project proponents for the Partnership Fund, as well as its experiences monitoring over 160 sites, led to the development of the draft results- based protected area integrated plan-finance-monitoring framework.

Approach: Providing assistance to priority KBAs in need of support 3.5 and those with underrepresented ecosystems (e.g. caves and freshwater) through a Partnership Fund to support local PA-specific initiatives and expert monitoring in pilot-testing the integrated ridge- to-reef planning approach for establishing PAs

To identify sites to be prioritized for establishment of new PAs, the project began with the 228 KBAs which were based upon the presence of 855 trigger species. The project then identified the minimum set of KBAs—that is, 82 KBAs—containing at least 1 instance of all 855 species. From this list, KBAs already intersecting NIPAS were removed, leaving 33 KBAs. Similar to the NIPAS sites, sites with current large support from GEF/UNDP, USAID, Asian Development Bank (ADB), or other large support (including the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI)/GIZ-Sulu Sulawesi Project) were also removed. Furthermore, sites only based upon migratory species also found in other countries were less prioritized, leaving approximately 22 KBAs without NIPAS for priority project support. The list of sites was then expanded to include additional information on threatened trees, plants, and cave species which were not previously considered in the original KBA identification exercise. This list was then published as part of the Call for Concept Proposals for the PAME Partnership Fund.

PAME used two major approaches: 1) supporting specifically PA initiatives in priority areas identified through the nationwide call for partners for the Partnership Fund, and 2) supporting municipal Enhanced Comprehensive Land Use Planning (ECLUP) using Integrated Ecosystem Management (IEM) as its base in nine municipalities in Apayao and Cagayan provinces.

PAME evaluated proposals for supporting new PAs received from a competitive call for action according to the number of PAs that would be established within priority KBAs not yet currently protected by the National Integrated Protected Area System. Other selection criteria were the “ownership” of proponents as expressed through their proposed financial contribution to the project and their previous activities, experiences, or projects, current and/or potential degree of partnership and synergies, and security risk/accessibility.

In addition to supporting PA-specific initiatives, other KBAs were directly selected to be part of the IEM-based Comprehensive Land Use Planning (CLUP). IEM is a holistic, integrated seascape-landscape management approach (also including “ridge-to-reef ” planning) that brings stakeholders to plan, design, and manage the area together (Camat, 2017). The envisioned side-result was the identification and establishment of new protected areas in a zoning ordinance.

18 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines RESULTS 4

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 19 Average management effectiveness increased in more than 60 4.1 existing PAs and 55 new PAs established

PAME has generally achieved its key objectives: 1) Management effectiveness of 64 existing national PAs has increased from an average rating of 34% to an average rating of 49%. This is a 46% increase, higher than the targeted 30% increase. The project supported approximately 1.3 million hectares of national terrestrial PAs, and 0.3 million hectares of national marine PAs. 2) 55 new protected areas have been established through local ordinances while over 45 other proposed protected areas are already being considered by local legislative councils. The number of protected areas legislated is still below the project target of 100. The average management effectiveness rating of the 100 new and proposed PAs reached 27% which is beyond the project target of 20%. The 55 sites legalized so far span around 183,227 hectares in total.

TABLE 3. TOTAL NUMBER OF HECTARAGE OF PAME SUPPORTED PA SITES

Protected Area Terrestrial Marine Total 46 18 64 Existing PAs (1.3 million hectares) (0.3 million hectares) (1.6 million hectares) 53 47 100 New or Proposed PAs ( 179,419 hectares) ( 3,807 hectares) ( 183,227 hectares) 99 65 164 Total (1.4 million hectares) (0.3 million hectares) (1.7 million hectares)

Photo by Alliance of Young Professionals for Social and Environmental Development, Inc.

20 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines PAME also achieved all, and even exceeded some, of its targets. (See Table 4)

TABLE 4. PAME PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATOR WITH RESULTS

Outcome: Improved protection and management of key biodiversity areas in the Philippines Outcome Indicator Baseline Target Current Status Management effectiveness 60 PAs 60 PAs Exceeded target. 64 PAs index of 60 supported (n=55, rest assumed 0% existing protected areas in increase/change) selected KBAs is improved (1.3M has. terrestrial, 0.3M by an average of at least has. marine) 30% compared to the initial Average 34 score Average 44 Exceeded target. Average situation score 49 score increase 30% Exceeded target. 46% (based upon 64 PAs) At least 100 new PAs have 0 PAs 100 PAs In progress. 55 PAs been established through 51 (competitive PA call) project support while +4 (CLUP using IEM) achieving on average a (>183,227 hectares) management effectiveness 0 score assumed 20 score Exceeded target. 27 score rating of at least 20. on average (n=100) Competitive approach: 90 sites, 29 average score IEM approach: 10 sites, 2 average score DENR clients confirm 3.45 direct Increase Achieved. receiving improved services 2.91 indirect (scale of from Direct: 3.45=>3.65 for the management of their 4 excellent to 1 poor) baseline Indirect: 2.91=>3.06 protected areas At least 60% of the supported Exceeded target. 160 PAs display effective With all 3 = 40 (25%) 96 sites of 104 sites out of 160 (65%) protective measures in a 160 (60%) continuous manner and with public awareness in relation to the three foundations of sustainability (ecological, economic, and social). 70% of the supported 0% 70% 71% 160 PAs demonstrate an improved protection of 0 out of 112 out of 114 out of 160 sites species diversity through a) 160 sites 160 sites (n=134) regular patrols, and / or b) (98 sites improved patrol reduction of violations and / 69 sites reduced violations or c) increased or constant 25 sites improved biodiversity, without any biodiversity) deterioration of the other parameter.

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 21 The project’s detailed results are described here using the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA)’s identified six elements of PA management (context, planning, input, process, output, and outcome), which also guide METT scoring.

Context refers to the current situation within a PA, whether it has legal recognition or not, for example. Planning is about the PA’s design and planning, while input is the resources needed to manage the PA. Process is the way the PA is managed, while output is the results of that management. Output can also be the PA’s particular products and services. Outcome is the results of a PA’s management effectiveness – that is, the biodiversity and services provided by the ecosystems to people.

a) OVERALL: PAME 60 Planning, Input, Process and Output scores have increased. PAME 100 scores are generally lower than PAME 60 scores.

PAME 60 Planning, Input, Process and Output scores have increased. PAME 100 scores are generally lower than PAME 60 sites in 2017 but are expected to increase in the future as continuous support is given.

Figure 2: Spiderweb graph showing PAME 60 and PAME 100 scores from 2013 to 2017

22 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines TABLE 5. LIST OF 64 EXISTING PROTECTED AREAS (PAME 60) WITH THEIR TOTAL METT SCORES IN 2013 AND 2017

METT METT No. REGION SITE Ecosystem Area (has.) Difference %Change 2013 2017 Las Piñas-Paranaque Critical Habitat and 1 NCR Marine 175 44 41 -3 -7% Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) 2 CAR Mt. Pulag National Park (MPNP) Terrestrial 11,550 45 85 +40 89% 3 1 Kalbario-Patapat Natural Park (KPNP) Terrestrial 5,887 30 71 +42 142% Batanes Protected Landscape and Seascape 4 2 Marine 210,688 58 65 +7 11% (BPLS) 5 2 Baua-Wangag Watershed Forest (BWWFR) Terrestrial 15,947 31 70 +39 124% 6 2 Casecnan Protected Landscape Terrestrial 86,247 36 70 +33 92% Palaui Island Protected Landscape and Seascape 7 2 Marine 21,545 39 54 +15 39% (PIPLS) 8 3 Amro River Protected Landscape Terrestrial 6,471 22 54 +32 150% 9 3 Aurora Memorial National Park (AMNP) Terrestrial 6,517 30 78 +48 156% 10 3 Bataan National Park Terrestrial 20,004 45 73 +29 64% 11 3 Dinadiawan River Protected Landscape (DRPL) Terrestrial 1,367 16 32 +17 106% 12 3 Masinloc-Oyon Bay Marine Reserve (MOBMR) Marine 7,558 61 43 -18 -29% 13 3 Simbahan-Talagas Protected Landscape (STPL) Terrestrial 2,284 24 50 +26 108% 14 3 Talaytay Protected Landscape Terrestrial 3,598 33 52 +19 57% 15 4A Alibijaban Island Wilderness Area Marine 1,072 28 28 +0 0% Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape 16 4A Terrestrial 11,311 52 52 +0 0% (MBSCPL) Mts. Palay-palay/Mataas na Gulod Protected 17 4A Terrestrial 3,973 35 27 -8 -22% Landscape 18 4A Quezon Protected Landscape (QPL) Terrestrial 1,025 36 74 +37 103% 19 4A Taal Volcano Protected Landscape Wetlands 62,292 64 35 -28 -45% 20 4B Apo Reef Natural Park (ARNP) Marine 27,488 83 83 +0 0% 21 4B CALSANAG Watershed Forest Reserve Terrestrial 2,670 8 8 +0 0% 22 4B Marinduque Wildlife Sanctuary (MWS) Terrestrial 9,760 30 30 +0 0% 23 4B Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Terrestrial 18,173 23 69 +46 200% 24 4B Mt. Guiting-guiting Natural Park Terrestrial 15,515 48 48 +0 0% 25 4B Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape (MMPL) Terrestrial 121,887 55 90 +35 64% 26 4B Rasa Island Wildlife Sanctuary (RIWS) Marine 1,995 57 83 +26 47% Abasig-Matogdon-Mananap Natural Biotic Area 27 5 Terrestrial 5,918 37 60 +23 61% (AMMNBA) 28 5 Bicol Natural Park (BNP) Terrestrial 5,466 45 36 -9 -20% 29 5 Bulusan Volcano Natural Park (BVNP) Terrestrial 3,642 34 46 +12 34% 30 5 Caramoan National Park (CNP) Marine 347 24 46 +23 96% 31 5 Catanduanes Watershed Forest Reserve (CWFR) Terrestrial 48,924 42 65 +23 53% 32 5 Lagonoy Natural Biotic Area (LNBA) Terrestrial 444 23 42 +20 87% 33 5 Mt. Isarog Natural Park (MINP) Terrestrial 10,091 33 49 +15 46% 34 6 Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park (BTNLP) Wetlands 8,016 49 51 +2 4% Northwest Panay Peninsula Natural Park 35 6 Terrestrial 12,009 34 34 +0 0% (NWPPNP)

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 23 METT METT No. REGION SITE Ecosystem Area (has.) Difference %Change 2013 2017 36 6 Panay River Watershed Forest Reserve (PRWFR) Terrestrial 4,350 8 8 +0 0% 37 6 Taklong Island Marine Reserve Marine 1,143 31 90 +60 196% Camotes Island Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserve 38 7 Wetlands 17,716 33 27 -6 -18% (CIMSFR) 39 7 Central Cebu Protected Landscape (CCPL) Terrestrial 28,489 26 74 +47 178% 40 7 Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary (OIWS) Marine 920 56 57 +1 2% 41 7 Panglao Island Protected Seascape (PIPS) Marine 2,445 18 51 +33 189% 42 7 Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape (RSPL) Terrestrial 10,965 44 38 -6 -13% Biri-Larosa Protected Landscape/Seascape 43 8 Marine 32,284 17 67 +50 300% (BLPLS) Cuatro Islas Protected Landscape/Seascape 44 8 Marine 11,407 18 64 +46 261% (CIPLS) Guiuan Marine Reserve and Protected Landscape/ 45 8 Marine 66,725 30 38 +8 26% Seascape (GMRPLS) 46 8 Samar Island Natural Park (SINP) Terrestrial 458,480 47 64 +17 35% 47 9 Mt. Timolan Protected Landscape (MTPL) Terrestrial 2,245 30 27 -3 -10% 48 9 Pasonanca Natural Park (PNP) Terrestrial 17,493 36 36 +0 0% 49 9 Siocon Resource Reserve (SRR) Terrestrial 1,309 11 11 +0 0% Baliangao Protected Landscape and Seascape 50 10 Marine 316 38 38 +0 0% (BPLS) 51 10 Mimbilisan Protected Landscape Terrestrial 107 23 48 +25 113% 52 10 Mt. Balatukan Range Natural Park (MBRNP) Terrestrial 11,034 28 30 +3 10% 53 10 Mt. Inayawan Range Natural Park Terrestrial 5,317 29 23 -6 -22% 54 10 Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park (MMRNP) Terrestrial 52,424 46 54 +9 19% 55 10 Mt. Timpoong-Hibok-hibok Natural Monument Terrestrial 3,756 35 46 +10 30% 56 11 Aliwagwag Protected Landscape (APL) Terrestrial 11,448 25 55 +30 123% Mabini Protected Landscape and Seascape 57 11 Marine 7,293 23 42 +19 83% (MPLS) Pujada Bay Protected Landscape and Seascape 58 11 Marine 20,873 26 55 +30 115% (PBPLS) 59 12 Allah Valley Protected Landscape Terrestrial 98,534 44 64 +20 46% 60 12 Mt. Matutum Protected Lanscape (MMPL) Terrestrial 13,947 29 58 +30 103% 61 12 Sarangani Bay Protected Seascape Marine 210,141 30 37 +7 23% Alamio, Buyaan, Carac-an, Panikian Rivers and 62 13 Sipangpang Falls Watershed Forest Reserve Terrestrial 43,346 7 14 +8 114% (ABCPRSFWFR) 63 ARMM Basilan Natural Biotic Area Terrestrial 6,603 3 9 +6 200% 64 ARMM Mt. Dajo National Park (Bud Dajo National park) Terrestrial 270 2 3 +1 50% AVERAGE 34 49 +15 46% TOTAL 1,913,234

24 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines TABLE 6. LIST OF 100 NEW AND PROPOSED PROTECTED AREAS (PAME 100) WITH THEIR TOTAL METT OR MEAT SCORES

Legal Basis for No. REGION SITE Ecosystem METT/MEAT MEA 2017 Area (has.) Establishment Luna: Conservation of closed and 1 CAR open canopy forests in tenured/ Terrestrial METT 5 MO 13-2016 21,414.4 domain areas 2 CAR Luna: Ecotourism zone Terrestrial METT 5 MO 13-2016 10.3 Luna: Non-NIPAS Forest, Energy, or 3 CAR Terrestrial METT 5 MO 25-2017 10,706.5 Watershed 4 CAR Luna: Protection- Restoration Terrestrial METT 5 MO 13-2016 3,126.4 5 2 Capisaan: Capisaan Cave Caves METT 33 In process 6 2 Capisaan: Heaven Cave Caves METT 33 In process 7 2 Capisaan: Sabrina Cave Caves METT 33 In process San Mariano crocodile sanctuaries: 8 2 Wetlands METT 59 BO 004-2015 0.6 Anao San Mariano crocodile sanctuaries: 9 2 Wetlands METT 63 BO 08-2014 - Catallangan River/Dadugen River San Mariano crocodile sanctuaries: 10 2 Wetlands METT 59 BO 003-2015 2.6 Diwagden Creek Sanctuary San Mariano crocodile sanctuaries: 11 2 Wetlands METT 62 BO 2013-003 - Narra Sanchez Mira Conservation of closed and open canopy forests 12 2 Terrestrial METT 1 In process in ancestral domains and CBFMA areas under EO 23 of 2011 Sanchez Mira Fishery Refuge and 13 2 Marine METT 1 In process Sanctuary (core zone only) Sanchez Mira foreshore and sand 14 2 Marine METT 1 In process conservation area Sanchez Mira local communal 15 2 Terrestrial METT 1 In process forests and watershed reservation 16 2 Sanchez Mira mangroves Marine METT 1 In process Sanchez Mira Rivers and Creeks 17 2 Terrestrial METT 1 In process Conservation Area Sta. Margarita Wildlife (Oriole) 18 2 Terrestrial METT 50 BO 01-2016 5,500.0 Sanctuary Mt. Mingan: Dingalan Critical 19 3 Terrestrial METT 34 In process Habitat Mt. Mingan: Gabaldon Critical 20 3 Terrestrial METT 43 MO 11-2014 19,000.0 Habitat Zambales Mts.: Mayantoc Local 21 3 Terrestrial METT 27 MO 25-2017 1,189.0 Conservation Area Zambales Mts.: San Jose Local 22 3 Terrestrial METT 27 In process Conservation Area Zambales Mts.: San Luis Critical 23 3 Terrestrial METT 27 In process Habitat 24 4B Busuanga Forest - Bogtong Terrestrial METT 31 BO 02-2016 2,375.5 25 4B Busuanga Forest - Cheey terrestrial METT 26 BO 02-2016 2,666.4 26 4B Cleopatra’s Needle Protected Area Terrestrial METT 17 PCSD XX 38,693.0 27 4B Green Is: Caramay MPA Marine METT 19 In process 28 4B Green Is: Malcampo MPA Marine METT 15 In process

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 25 Legal Basis for No. REGION SITE Ecosystem METT/MEAT MEA 2017 Area (has.) Establishment 29 4B Green Is: Rizal MPA Marine METT 23 In process 30 4B Green Is: Tinitian MPA Marine METT 21 In process 31 4B Green Is: Tumarbong MPA Marine METT 28 In process Lake Manguao Municipal 32 4B Conservation Area and Ecotourism Wetlands MEAT 25 MO 196-2014 640.0 Zone 33 4B Occ Mindoro: Banyaga Marine Park Marine MEAT 25 MO 851 - 2017 139.0 Occ Mindoro: Cabatiag-White Island 34 4B Marine MEAT 25 MO 851 - 2017 256.4 Marine Park 35 4B Occ Mindoro: Cabra Marine Park Marine MEAT 25 MO 160-2017 43.8 Occ Mindoro: Carawisan Reef MPA, 36 4B Marine MEAT 25 MO 2017-02 1,032.0 Brgy. Payompon Occ Mindoro: Garza Fish Sanctuary, 37 4B Marine MEAT 26 MO 066-2016 403.1 Brgy. Alibog Occ Mindoro: Ilin-Ambulong Marine 38 4B Marine MEAT 25 MO 851 - 2017 730.9 Park Occ Mindoro: Lumangbayan Turtle 39 4B Marine MEAT 22 MO 960-2017 Nesting Reserve 22.0 Occ Mindoro: Mandaui Marine Park, 40 4B Marine MEAT 14 In process Brgy. Ambil Occ Mindoro: Marsumbol Marine 41 4B Marine MEAT 25 MO 2017-02 125.6 Reserve Occ Mindoro: Receiving Reef Marine 42 4B Marine MEAT 24 In process Protected Area, Brgy. Sta. Lucia Occ Mindoro: Sta Cruz Mangrove 43 4B Marine MEAT 22 MO 960-2017 49.0 Reserve Occ Mindoro: Tabao and Luli Island 44 4B Marine MEAT 23 MO 2017-02 188.3 / Brgy. Concepcion Fishery Reserve Occ Mindoro: Talabasi Reef MO 960-2017,MO 45 4B Municipal Fish Sanctuary and Marine MEAT 22 44.0 909-2014 Refuge 46 4B Occ Mindoro: Talaotao Marine Park Marine MEAT 13 In process Occ Mindoro: Tayamaan Marine 47 4B Marine MEAT 25 In process Park 48 4B Occ Mindoro: Wawa Coral Reef Marine MEAT 25 MO 2017-02 96.1 49 4B Ursula: Banaog Reef MPA Marine METT 63 BO 7 - 2014 329.7 50 4B Ursula: Barangkas MPA Marine METT 63 In process 51 4B Ursula: Big Sandbar MPA Marine METT 63 BO 7 - 2014 35.0 52 6 Igang Bay Marine Reserve Marine MEAT 80 MO 02 - 2016 56.3 53 6 Irrawaddy - Bago Marine MEAT 21 CO 17-02 - Irrawaddy - Brgy. Canjusa, 54 6 Marine MEAT 18 In process 18.0 Pulupandan FRA Irrawaddy - Brgy. Tapong, 55 6 Marine MEAT 18 In process 32.0 Pulupandan FRA Irrawaddy - Brgy. Zone 6, 56 6 Marine MEAT 18 In process Pulupandan FRA 57 6 Mabinay: Baliw Cave Caves METT 21 In process 58 6 Mabinay: Pandalihan Cave Caves METT 25 In process

26 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Legal Basis for No. REGION SITE Ecosystem METT/MEAT MEA 2017 Area (has.) Establishment 59 6 Mabinay: Panligawan Cave Caves METT 19 In process 60 6 Neg Occ Coastal Wetlands - Bago Marine MEAT 25 CO 17-02 6,630.0 Neg Occ Coastal Wetlands - 61 6 Marine MEAT 30 MO 2017 - 02 16,535.0 Binalbagan Neg Occ Coastal Wetlands - 62 6 Marine MEAT 24 In process Himamaylan Neg Occ Coastal Wetlands - 63 6 Marine MEAT 44 MO 008 - 2016 11,926.0 Hinigaran 64 6 Neg Occ Coastal Wetlands - Ilog Marine MEAT 28 MO 16 - 001 23,675.0 Neg Occ Coastal Wetlands - 65 6 Marine MEAT 24 In process Kabankalan Neg Occ Coastal Wetlands - 66 6 Marine MEAT 26 MO 2017 - 003 6,479.0 Pontevedra Neg Occ Coastal Wetlands - 67 6 Marine MEAT 19 In process Pulupandan Neg Occ Coastal Wetlands - San 68 6 Marine MEAT 27 MO 2017 - 08 5,020.0 Enrique Neg Occ Coastal Wetlands - 69 6 Marine MEAT 26 MO 1 - 2017 2,830.0 Valladolid Southern Cauayan Municipal Forest 70 6 Terrestrial METT 31 In process and Watershed Reserve 71 7 Bantayan: Talisay MPA Marine MEAT 20 MO No. 04-2017 22.9 Chocolate Island, Shark Shelter, 72 7 Marine METT 20 In process Malapascua, Cebu Siquijor: Binoongan MPA 73 7 Marine MEAT 57 In process (expansion), Enrique Villanueva Siquijor: Catulayan MPA, Catulayan, 74 7 Marine MEAT 21 MO 2015-19 12.0 San Juan Siquijor: Takbal-Bato Marine 75 7 Marine MEAT 24 MO 2016 - 03 5.4 Sanctuary, Simacolong, Lazi 76 8 Sogod Bay - Bahay Marine Reserve Marine MEAT 24 MO 204-2015 77.5 77 8 Sogod Bay - Catig Marine Reserve Marine MEAT 20 MO 2017-218 72.2 Sogod Bay - Caubang Marine 78 8 Marine MEAT 17 MO 08-2014 10.9 Reserve Sogod Bay - Nueva Estrella Norte 79 8 Marine MEAT 32 MO 01-2016 16.6 Marine Reserve 80 10 Mt. Gurain/ Poona Piagapo Terrestrial METT 9 MO 02 - 2016 1,000.0 81 10 Rafflesia CH Baungon, Bukidnon Terrestrial METT 8 None expected 82 11 Davao: Bago Aplaya MPA Marine MEAT 27 BO 04-2016 5.8 83 11 Davao: Dumoy MPA Marine MEAT 12 BO 04-2015 5.6 84 11 Davao: Hizon MPA Marine MEAT 23 In process

85 11 Davao: Lapu-lapu MPA Marine MEAT 12 BO 15-2014 6.6 86 11 Davao: Lizada MPA Marine MEAT 12 BO 01-2015 6.5 87 11 Davao: Sasa MPA Marine MEAT 14 BO 3-16 - 2016 5.5 88 11 Suaon Cave Caves METT 78 BO 001-2016 -

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 27 Legal Basis for No. REGION SITE Ecosystem METT/MEAT MEA 2017 Area (has.) Establishment Mt.Latian: Brgy. Datal-Angas, 89 12 Terrestrial METT 18 In process Alabel 90 12 Mt.Latian: Brgy. Kinam, Malapatan Terrestrial METT 18 In process 91 12 Mt.Latian: Datal-Bukal, Glan Terrestrial METT 18 In process Bababu Lake Underwater Cave 92 13 Caves METT 30 In process System, Basilisa, Dinagat Is. - Hinatuan Enchanted River 93 13 Underwater Cave System. Hinatuan, Caves METT 30 In process SDS 94 13 Mabuhay: Bega Falls Wetlands METT 53 In process Mabuhay: Prosperidad Puting 95 13 Caves METT 32 In process Buhangin Cave 96 13 Mabuhay: Ugnop Cave Caves METT 53 In process 97 13 Silop: Buenavista Cave Caves METT 33 CO 373-2014 0 98 13 Silop: Mapawa Caves Caves METT 33 CO 373-2014 0 99 13 Silop: Silop Multicave System Caves METT 33 CO 373-2014 0 100 13 Tubod Critical Habitat Terrestrial METT 30 MO 14-2017 - TOTAL 55 183,227 AVERAGE 27

b) CONTEXT: Legal status of PAME 60 did not change, while more than half of PAME 100 sites were established by local ordinances

Only five of the PAME 60 sites are fully established through PAME assisted the Housing and Republic Acts while the rest are recognized through Presidential Land Use Regulatory Board Proclamations. PAME provided legal support to the ENIPAS (HLURB) in the development of Bill which will quickly elevate in one Republic Act 96 of the the biodiversity chapter of its protected areas declared through Presidential Proclamations. Enhanced Comprehensive Land Use If passed, these 96 PAs will receive permanent staff positions Plan (ECLUP) guidelines and in the and regular financing. While the Senate (upper house of the training of HLURB staff in its use. national legislature) adopted the Bill, the Congress (lower PAME then supported the actual pilot-testing through training and house of the legislature) has not yet adopted it. Thus, the mentoring of nine municipalities legal status of PAME 60 sites did not change between 2013 in Cagayan and Apayao in land and 2017. use planning using the Integrated Ecosystems Management approach. Meanwhile, 55 new protected area sites were legally established Indigenous peoples in the sites through barangay (village), municipal/city or provincial participated and mapped their ordinances. The barangay (village) ordinances will still have ancestral domain (Camat, 2017). to be confirmed by municipal legislative councils. Draft So far, the municipality of Luna ordinances for more than 35 other proposed sites are already has completed and adopted its CLUP and zoning ordinance being deliberated upon by local legislative councils and are including the establishment of 4 expected to be approved in due time.

28 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines b) PLANNING: Achievements in management planning and stakeholders’ involvement, resource inventory, and IEM mapping

Resource inventories and monitoring of PAME 60 improved from 2013 to 2017. Most PAME 100 sites have also conducted their resource inventories but are generally not yet into monitoring. Nonetheless, resource inventories still need to be further improved to provide adequate spatial and quantitative basis for management planning and monitoring of conservation outcomes.

Seven PA management plans were developed while eleven PA management plans were updated among PAME 60; PAs with management plans increased from 47 to 54. Approximately half of the PAME 100 now have management plans.

Yet, many of these PA Management Plans still need further refinement such as in the following areas (See standard PA management framework on next page for more details): 1) Ecosystem services development potential 2) Threat analysis 3) Results chain and SMART target indicators 4) Technical elements such as connectivity 5) Financial plans (especially on generation of income) and 6) Harmonization with local development plans.

Moreover, national plans (i.e. Philippine Development Plan targets) and local plans (i.e. individual NIPAS protected area plans) need to be more closely coordinated and harmonized.

• Local community representatives (that is, local government representatives) are generally involved in planning of both existing national PAs (PAME 60) and new/proposed PAs (PAME 100), but partnerships could be broader and more systematic.

More equitable representation and contribution by other stakeholders such as indigenous peoples, commercial interests, and adjacent authorities that can affect or be affected by the PA are needed.

Good Practices: The Centre for Sustainability secured free and prior informed consent (FPIC) and worked together with the Batak indigenous people to establish Cleopatra Needle’s Critical Habitat in Palawan, and ecotourism through activities like mountain guide training for the Bataks’ livelihood. See their story on page 42.

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 29 c) INPUT: Staff capabilities, equipment and perception of services have improved, but budget for sustained effective PA management is still needed

Staff numbers and skills have increased by over 50% and skills are now rated as moderate for PAME 60 sites, but still have low ratings. PAME 100 METT sites are rated low as well. PAME 100 MEAT results also show that two-thirds of MPAs already have enforcers who are designated and trained.

On the other hand, PA management teams were massively capacitated, with over 17,000 participants from DENR-BMB, DENR regional offices, Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Officers (PENROs), City Environment and Natural Resources Officers (CENROs), local government, and PA management partners (e.g. academe, volunteer law enforcers, etc.) trained on relevant PA management topics (See Figure 3).

30 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Figure 3. PAME Capacity Development

120 5,000 100 4,000 80 3,000 60 2,000 40 20 1,000 0 0

GOAL-ORIENTED BIO-PHYSICAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION/ LEADERSHIP/HR/ ENFORCEMENT ECOTOURISM PLANNING PLANNING PARTNERSHIP FINANCIAL AND LIVELIHOOD

management teams participants

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 31 To conduct the various trainings at the national level, PAME partnered with various technical organizations for bio-physical and socio-economic assessment and monitoring, with Rare (Conservation), Inc. for Communication Development, GIZ Capacity WORKS methods for Partnership Development, and with USAID/DENR B+WISER for Smart-Lawin Law Enforcement. PAME provided on-the-job mentoring in financial management to contractual partners. DENR facilitated trainings in leadership and human resources management as the Department’s focus for capacity development. Site partners conducted most of the trainings on law enforcement and livelihoods especially ecotourism.

This was the largest systematic capacity development of DENR PA staff since 1992 when NIPAS began. Moreover, 94% of training participants surveyed attested to the trainings’ added value to their regular work, exceeding PAME’s 70% target.

A customer satisfaction survey showed that average satisfaction rating of direct clients of DENR-BMB increased from 3.45 in 2015 to 3.65 in 2017, while rating of indirect clients of BMB or clients of DENR’s protected area services in the field rose from 2.91 to 3.06. This was based upon a scale of 1 (poor) to 4 (excellent). Respondents from NIPAS sites are generally more satisfied with DENR’s services than respondents from non-NIPAS sites. On the local level, respondents still mistakenly believe that DENR has responsibility for livelihood assistance and law enforcement even for non-NIPAS sites. Better communication and coordination is needed to clarify roles.

Meanwhile, existing national PAs improved in budget and equipment and are now rated moderate. New and proposed PAs reported low ratings for budget and equipment. PAs still need to improve fund generation and management, though. There is also a need for improved matching and accountability for human resource and financial inputs vis-à-vis expected outputs.

d) PROCESS: Media exposure is strategic and communication has improved but effectiveness needs to be measured. Monitoring and evaluation is improving but national and local monitoring systems need to be better harmonized

From 2013 to 2017, PAME was strategically covered in mainstream media, with articles on newspapers and on web publications. The project also had videos, publications distributed internally, and researches by universities. Overall, PAME had 249 media exposures valued at 271,136.11 euros.

This exposure was boosted further by the institutionalized Selfie for Biodiversity photo contest, a yearly event that calls for submissions of selfies in nature. The latest photo contest in 2017 alone accounts for 42% of the project’s media traction, and is valued at 113,378.44 euros.

Meanwhile, from 2016 to 2017 PAME sites with information, education, and

32 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines communication (IEC) materials have improved in communicating the three foundations of sustainability (ecological, economic, and social). The 66% of 160 sites with IEC materials communicating at least one foundation, ecological, increased to 97.5% of 200 sites. Meanwhile, sites communicating all three foundations increased from 25% to 52%. (See sample IEC material below)

However, a system needs to be put in place to measure improvements in behavior as a result of all the communication efforts mentioned above.

At least, education and awareness on the protected areas and boundary markings have increased and are now moderate in existing national PAs and in new or proposed PAs, though this may or may not be because of the communication campaigns.

On another note, monitoring and evaluation scores as well as its input into adaptive management planning for existing national PAs (PAME 60) have increased from low to moderate. As expected, monitoring and evaluation of new and proposed protected areas are still rated low, as the sites are still new and effective M&E has yet to be implemented and tracked. Monitoring systems need to be better harmonized between the national and local levels with emphasis on outcomes and impacts.

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 33 e) OUTPUT: Law enforcement and protection of species biodiversity have improved significantly but needs stronger systematization

• There are now more staff and resources for law enforcement and protection systems are more effective in controlling access/resource use. Law enforcement and its monitoring, though, need to be more systematic.

Staff and resources for law enforcement in PAME 60 sites have increased from 2013 to 2017. Frequency of patrolling has also increased*. Protection systems have also improved from 2013 to 2017 but are only partially effective in controlling access or resource use in PAME 60 sites**.

* Mount Malindang Range Natural Park Good practices: Having trained both the Bantay Lasang and the Peacekeeping volunteers, technology met biodiversity in Misamis Occidental. See their story on page 44.

** Biri-Larosa Protected Landscape and Seascape Good Practices: The Protected Area Management Board scored a win for conservation versus development and overturned decisions from regulatory offices, other LGUs, and politicians. See their story on page 43.

Staff and resources for law enforcement have also now been provided for newly established PAME 100 sites but protection systems are often not yet effective in controlling access or resource use***.

*** Green Island Bay Good Practices: Roxas LGU is a champion for empowering women. Aside from ensuring that women get positions in the Management Board of the Green Island Bay, the LGU also engages women to lead in patrolling activities and maintain peace and order, especially in apprehending illegal fishers. This unique strategy was found to be effective in guarding their waters. See their story on page 45.

For both PAME 60 and PAME 100 sites, patrolling should be more systematic. Site enforcement manuals should be developed and records and summaries of patrols and violations observed should be regularly reported. Regular use of the Smart (Lawin) app will help. In addition, monitoring of violations, apprehensions, cases filed, until case resolution and penalties are imposed, also need to be more systematic.

• Protection of species biodiversity was improved through better law enforcement

Site managers rated whether patrols, violations, and biodiversity condition have improved, deteriorated, or remained the same over the last 3 years. The survey indicates that protection of species biodiversity has improved in 114 (71%) sites out of 160 sites, which is higher than PAME’s target of 112 (70%) out of 160 sites.

34 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines TABLE 7. NUMBER OF SITES REPORTING VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF IMPROVED PROTECTION OF SPECIES BIODIVERSITY

PAME 60 PAME 100 PAME (total) Sites from whom responses were received 51 95 146 1). Increased patrols 41 57 98 2). Reduced violations 26 43 69 3). Improved biodiversity condition 15 10 25 At least one of the three above without 42 72 114 deterioration in any of the others

Sites were further capacitated in law enforcement and other activities through the provision of equipment, with PAME providing a total **** Hinatuan’s Enchanted of 132,464.87 euros worth of equipment to sites in need. River’s (ER) Good Practices: The ER has been scoring high in terms of tourist arrivals f) OUTCOME: More time is needed before the improvement in since its development management will result in improvements in the condition of in the fourth quarter of biodiversity and the delivery of ecosystem services. Monitoring of 2010. The uncontrolled these higher level outcomes is needed. influx of people puts pressure in the carrying Conservation values and economic benefits, which are the main capacity of the area. In outcomes of management effectiveness, have slightly increased 2014, a rapid resource from 2013 to 2017 for PAME 60 but condition of PA values is still assessment (RRA) of the river, a critical step severely to partially degraded. Many PA values in PAME 100 sites towards sustainable are still being degraded. management of the cave system, was conducted Half of PAME 60 sites and less than a third of PAME 100 sites resulting to a temporary have programs for enhancing community benefits from PAs closure of the ER to allow (e.g. ecotourism) and some communities are receiving enhanced major rehabilitations. See economic benefits from ecosystem services****. their story on page 46.

More sites now have research and monitoring programs but less than half track threats, key biodiversity values and ecosystems services. Proper monitoring of biodiversity and socio-economic indicators is important to measure outcomes, and to prevent biodiversity degradation and optimize economic benefits for the community. PA management teams should continue to apply the trainings and technical bulletins (TBs) on bio-physical and socio- economic monitoring.

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 35 TABLE 8. SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS BASED ON THE SIX ELEMENTS OF PA MANAGEMENT

ELEMENT 2013 2017 CONTEXT PAME 60: Existing PAME 60: Same legal recognition, but legal recognition ENIPAS under way to have 96 PAs PAME 100: None yet, recognized under Presidential Proclamations as still have to be PAME 100: 55 recognized so far through established local ordinances, 45 draft ordinances for other sites under deliberation PLANNING Resource inventory PAME 60: Inadequate PAME 60: Improved resource inventory resource inventory PAME 100: Resource inventory conducted or PAME 100: No ongoing resource inventory For both: Need improvement for management planning and monitoring Management planning PAME 60: Insufficient, PAME 60: 58 PAs have management plans outdated management PAME 100: 50 now have management plans plans or no management plan PAME 100: No plan yet

Stakeholder PAME 60: With PAME 60: Participation improved, but need participation in existing participation more equitable representation, especially of planning of stakeholders but IPs need improvement PAME 100: Participation present, but also PAME 100: need more equitable representation Stakeholders yet to be identified as LCA still for establishment INPUT Staff numbers and PAME 60: Staff PAME 60: Staff numbers and skills improved skill numbers and skills by over 50%, but still rated low rated low PAME 100: Ratings also low, but 2/3 of PAME 100: Still for MEAT sites already have designated and assessment trained enforcers Satisfaction of DENR- Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction ratings increased: BMB clients, including ratings: Direct clients: 3.65 PA management teams Direct clients: 3.45 Indirect clients: 3.06 Indirect clients: 2.91 Budget and equipment PAME 60: Low ratings PAME 60: Improved ratings, but still low. PAME 100: Still for PAME 100: Low ratings, but expected to assessment improve For both: Fund generation and management a must. PROCESS Media exposure No media exposure 232 media exposures, both in mainstream media and internal publications, as well as academic researches

Selfie for Biodiversity photo contest, accounting for 44% of PAME’s media traction

36 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines ELEMENT 2013 2017 IEC campaign 2016 Increase: 65% of sites with IEC 25% of sites with communicating all three foundations of IEC communicating sustainability (ecological, economic, social) all three foundations of sustainability (ecological, economic, social) Awareness of PA PAME 60: Low ratings PAME 60: Improved to moderate ratings boundary markings PAME 100: Still for PAME 100: Low ratings, but expected to assessment improve Monitoring and PAME 60: Low ratings PAME 60: Improved to moderate ratings evaluation (M&E) PAME 100: Still for PAME 100: Low ratings, but expected to assessment improve For both: Need for better harmonization of M&E between national and local levels OUTPUT Law enforcement PAME 60: Low ratings PAME 60: Improved to moderate ratings (staff, resources, PAME 100: Still for PAME 100: Low ratings, but expected to protection systems) assessment improve, since staff and resources already provided For both: Need to improve protection system and make patrolling more systematic (e.g. drafting and use of enforcement manuals, etc.) Protection of species Assessment still to 114, or 71% of sites (PAME 60=70%, PAME biodiversity be held 100=75%) have reported one or all of the following: increased patrols, reduced violations, and improved biodiversity condition OUTCOME PAME 60: Low PAME 60: Slightly increased ratings but still conservation values low and economic benefits PAME 100: Low ratings, but expected to PAME 100: Still for improve assessment For both: More time needed to see improvement, especially for PAME 100. High-level monitoring needed.

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 37 CONCLUSIONS AND 5 RECOMMENDATIONS

38 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines The Project has generally achieved its objectives and contributed to 5.1 the PDP 2011-2016

PAME has generally achieved its key objectives: 1) management effectiveness of 64 national PAs has increased from an average rating of 34% to an average rating of 49%, and 2) 55 new protected areas have been established with over 45 other proposed protected areas already being considered by local legislative councils while achieving an average management effectiveness rating of 27% .

These have contributed to the Philippines’ specific targets of increasing the area of PAs under effective management: PAME provided support to approximately 1.3 million hectares of terrestrial PAs (65% of the PDP 2011-2016’s 2-million-hectare target), and 0.3 million hectares of marine PAs (27% of the PDP’s 1.1-million-hectare target). The 55 new local conservation areas established with PAME support span 183,227 hectares (61% of the PDP’s 300,000-hectare target).

DENR and PA management teams at the local level have been strengthened through improved technical guidance (e.g. inputs to the Enhanced Comprehensive Land Use Planning guidelines, DENR-BMB Technical Bulletins, the National PA System Master Plan and the Enhanced NIPAS Bill, and documented good practices) and relevant trainings and mentoring (over 17,000 training participants across 7 key topics). Satisfaction with both 1) BMB services to DENR field offices and 2) DENR protected area services to stakeholders in the field have improved during the project lifetime. Surveys also indicate a considerable increase in the integration of social and economic elements—that is, ecosystem services—in addition to the usual ecological element in PA communication materials. Moreover, over 70% of PAME’s 160 sites have reported either increased patrolling, reduced violations, and/or improved biological conditions.

Sustain and take forward gains 5.2

The project has taken a big step forward. These efforts to further enhance management of Key Biodiversity Areas and ecosystem services will be sustained by the DENR, the local governments, and the many partnerships that have been developed through the project.

To sustain and increase gains, the following are key recommendations:

Policy 1. Finalize National PA System Master Plan 2. Continue support for the passage of the ENIPAS Bill

Organizational Development 3. Finalize, approve and apply the draft DENR technical bulletin on plan-finance- monitoring

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 39 4. Continue implementation of programmatic hands-on capacity development including mentoring until delivery of outputs. Also, involve previous training participants in implementation 5. Follow through on the recommendations of the Organizational Development and Training Needs Assessment Report authorized by the DENR Executive Committee in 2015 6. Improve DENR and local partners reporting system building upon national PA information/database system with attachments (e.g. bio-physical monitoring, socio-economic assessments, management plans, IEC materials, patrol records, etc.) shared DENR-wide 7. Copy appropriate elements from PAME webpage to DENR-BMB website 8. Revive the use of common/ integrated communication channels (e.g. People’s Hour) jointly with all the other DENR units in an integrated manner

Implementation 9. Use the existing training modules and documentation of experience for future Integrated Ecosystem Management/Enhanced Comprehensive Land Use Planning approaches 10. Strengthen partnership with various sectors at different levels (e.g. platform for national inter-agency PA System steering and exchange; regional steering structures e.g. Mindanao PAMB network; systematic planning, budgeting and monitoring of implementation by PAMB) 11. More emphasis on partnerships with IP and follow-up of DENR-NCIP agreements especially on securing FPIC in all sites 12. Use small grants competitive approaches in providing technical/financial support to KBAs coupled with the provision of close mentoring 13. Apply the existing and mandated tools/good practices: TBs on bio-physical, socio-economic, PA management planning checklist and partner with local technical institutions (e.g. universities) 14. Apply the existing and mandated tools/good practices: evidence-based METTs 15. Applying the METT will also trigger regular completion/updating of PA management plans in order to attract resources 16. Improve financial sustainability through applying the Integrating Ecosystem Services into Development Planning (ValuES) approach (e.g. ecosystem services- based prioritization of sites) 17. Improve financial sustainability through applying lower-cost methods (e.g. GIS/ remote sensing-based bio-physical and socio-economic surveys, etc.) 18. Strengthen cooperation among projects to optimize opportunities for synergies through the assistance of DENR-BMB-FASPS platform, DENR-FASPS, GIZ Green Sector Forum, National Convergence Initiative, and the Philippine Development Forum 19. Continue awareness raising and behavior change using the systematic process of the Social Marketing Lite methodology and other successful initiatives 20. Develop a PAME 2 proposal based on successful sites and ecosystem-services- based on sustainable livelihood and tourism

40 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Photo by EA Milan

GOOD PRACTICES: PAME STORIES ON THE GROUND 6

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 41 Cooperating for Sustainable Livelihood and Eco-Tourism in Cleopatra’s 6.1 Needle Protected Area Palawan, Region IV-B

The unprotected forests of Cleopatra’s Needle, in Palawan, Philippines, and its surrounding valley systems hold several species that make up approximately 85% of Palawan’s long list of endemic mammals and birds. Cleopatra’s Needle is their last and only safe haven. It is also home to the last remaining 200 members of the Batak Tribe or the mountain people.

The Batak still live in harmony with the forest and their main source of livelihood is the collection of resin, rattan, and honey, which they sell to traders. As the forest is very important for their income, they try to protect it. However, with the decline in forest cover and the influx of outsiders, the Batak have difficulty sustaining their livelihoods. The tribe is trying to find ways to protect their homeland from invaders and to create sustainable livelihood sources while maintaining a balance with nature. Photo by CS Philippines/ From 2015 to 2016, a multi-stakeholder partnership among Indigenous Peoples, John Christian Yayen NGOs, LGUs and DENR was created to declare Cleopatra’s Needle as a critical habitat. Through the partnership of Palawan’s Centre for Sustainability and the PAME Project, 24 members of the Batak tribe were trained to become eco-tour guides, which enabled them to shift their extractive forest activities into a sustainable one and de-linking them from the consumptive use of flora and fauna in the forest and reducing the rates of habitat conversion and destruction.

The Batak now take much greater care with their rubbish, disposing of it carefully rather than throwing it in the water or anywhere which has a great impact on the development of their ecotourism sites. Most importantly, their attitude, confidence, and skills as tour guides were fully developed from the training courses. As approved by the communities, three tours are offered in the area namely, Pulang Bato Day Adventure, Kaisuka Falls Overnight Tour, and the Summit Hike.

The project has also supported the initial community consultations, a baseline biodiversity assessment, and securing Free and Prior Informed Consent (FPIC) from the three Batak Communities. The activities resulted in producing a draft Management Plan for Cleopatra’s Needle Critical Habitat (CNCH) and unique and significant research findings.

This project utilized an integrated approach using conservation, livelihood, and education, while incorporating local knowledge and practices in project development to ensure continuing relevance and long-term sustainability.

42 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Strengthening the Protected Area Management Board 6.2 in Biri-Larosa Protected Landscape and Seascape (BLPLS) Northern Samar, Region VIII

The Biri-Larosa Protected Landscape and Seascape, situated in the northernmost of the province of Northern Samar, is famous for its geological wonders known as “Rock Formations”, tropical mangroves, and excellent display of benthic life forms. However, these were threatened by infrastructure development.

Beneath its natural beauty were challenges on the protection and management of the BLPLS. Meetings were monopolized, stakeholders’ opinions and recommendations were not considered, there was no general management plan, and management zones were not updated following the issuance of the new Implementing Rules and Regulations of the NIPAS. Photo by Moreover, the allocated Integrated Protected Area Fund was insufficient and funds DENR Region 8 for PASU and PAMB activities were taken out of the regular CENRO and PAWD budget. There was no cooperation, and the voice of the majority was not heard.

This all changed through the partnership formed among the University of Eastern Philippines; the DENR; the Northern Samar Provincial Government/Provincial Tourism Office; local government units of Biri, Lavezares, Rosario, and San Jose; Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, and GIZ-PAME.

Together, they aimed to adopt the real good governance concept in managing the protected area by strengthening the capacities of the PAMB.

This partnership strengthened the PAMB, resulting to a strong implementation of the NIPAS in all protected sites and the imposition of penalties for violations – thus reducing the threats to the PAs.

This new-found strength and unity of the PAMB was also tested against the development of infrastructure within the BLPLS.

The PAMB scored a win for conservation versus development and overturned decisions from regulatory offices, other LGUs, and politicians. Cease and desist orders and penalties were imposed to opposing parties in the construction of a bridge and circumferential road, expansion of a resort without clearance, and missing permits.

Working together towards a common goal has improved the collaboration and coordination of efforts among the stakeholders, and better linked the DENR with the LGUs. This also motivated the PAMB in a renewed commitment in protected area management that translates into action.

Because of the change within the PAMB, little by little, attitude change among policy makers and other stakeholders for biodiversity conservation was seen, and the PAMB’s efforts sustained.

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 43 Protecting Mount Malindang Biodiversity 6.3 Through Capacity Development of Bantay Lasang Misamis Occidental, Region X

In collaboration with the DENR Region X Protected Area Office, the Provincial and local governments, the Misamis University, with support from the GIZ-PAME Project, more than 560,000 residents benefitted from various measures taken to conserve biodiversity and manage the Mount Malindang Range Natural Park (MMRNP). The cooperation enforced policies and regulations, which culminated in the updating of the MMRNP General Management Plan.

The plan takes into account the different aspects of the park’s 65 buffer zone barangays in Misamis Occidental, which covers 1,284 floral and 257 faunal species, and the “Subanens” or “river dwellers”, the indigenous people of the Zamboanga Peninsula.

In all of its richness of life, MMRNP was included in the list of extremely high Photo by conservation priority areas for plants in 2002, DENR Region X and was declared the 30th ASEAN Heritage Park in 2011. Some of the biodiversity names in the MMRNP are the sili-sili and kalingag, valued natively for its known effective medicinal potency. Hence, in order to conserve these, the project also conducted Training on Evidence-Based Biodiversity Protection for both the Bantay Lasang and the Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team volunteers.

In the fruitful attempt to communicate and engage, IEC materials were also utilised to inform stakeholders, raise awareness, and deliver key inputs to the MMRNP General Management Plan.

Having trained both the Bantay Lasang and the Peacekeeping volunteers, technology met biodiversity in Misamis Occidental, ultimately improving the manner of forest protection and resource assessment. The GIS geo-tagging of trees with much economic significance also came to prominence as an important innovation.

Furthermore, the buffer zone barangay environmental management planning was facilitated for capabilities assessment. Thus, with the inter-governmental nature of the project work, it was but inevitable to realise the value of cooperation between different institutions. Task delegation was of much significance, such as having the DENR, in partnership with Misamis University, conduct resource assessment trainings while having the barangays implementing what was learned.

44 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Building Protected Area Marine Corridor for the Sustainable 6.4 Management of Coastal Resources in Green Island Bay Palawan, Region IV-B

The town of Roxas, located in northwestern Palawan, has a fragile ecosystem and a narrow mountain-to-coast area.

Adjacent to the town is Green Island Bay, which is home to 12 species of seagrass. These 12 species are important nursery and breeding grounds, and a source of food for fish, turtles, dugong, and other aquatic invertebrates.

The ecosystem of Green Island Bay is threatened by illegal fishing using dynamites, the Danish seine fishing, and the use of compressors as an accessory to sodium cyanide fishing; illegal cutting of mangroves, pollution of the freshwater river system such as siltation caused by illegal mining; and the absence of a water-use plan and ordinances to sustain the ecological framework of the coastal area. Photo by A Comprehensive Water-Use Plan was enforced. Through meetings, patrolling, and GIZ/Hannah Ebro threat reduction assessment, the biodiversity baselines were protected and monitored. The biodiversity values of Green Island Bay were updated to 17 coastal barangays. The project also involved protection of coral reefs, mangrove forests and sea grass beds in the coastal areas of Green Island Bay.

The project was able to create an institutional arrangement among NGO, PO, and communities in complementing their local community plans. Thematic maps were developed and used for public hearings and consultations. Community preparedness was done to address sea level rise, seawater intrusions, floods, and droughts in coastal areas through mangrove forest management and other means of adapting to climate change.

With the GIZ-PAME support, the LGU took the initiatives under the local subsidy program to take into consideration a Coastal Zoning that identifies the uses for each zone and redefine the Buffer Zone to Multiple Use Zone which spells out the use of the marine resources.

Roxas LGU is a champion for empowering women. Aside from ensuring that women get positions in the Management Board of the Green Island Bay, the LGU also engage women to lead in patrolling activities and maintain peace and order, especially in apprehending illegal fishers. This unique strategy was found to be effective in guarding their waters. Since their engagement, gears and tools used by illegal fishers were peacefully surrendered. Annual apprehensions of at least three to five cases are being filed in these Barangays. Women also hold 75% of seats in the municipality’s Project Management Committee.

The current town mayor believes that empowering women will make big contributions in achieving progress for their municipality.

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 45 Saving Hinatuan’s Enchanted River Underwater Cave System 6.5 Surigao del Sur, Region XIII

In the sleepy town of Hinatuan in Surigao del Sur lies the Hinatuan Enchanted River, one of the most popular tourist attractions in the Philippines because of its crystal clear waters allowing one to see the river bed at the deepest part. No one knows where the water comes from and flows into the Philippine Sea.

A unique feature of the Enchanted River is its unfathomable depth. The river’s unusual colors and unexplored depths have inspired various local legends. One story tells of fairies that added the colors of sapphire and jade to the river giving its unique shade. Local fisher folk also report seeing fish in the river that cannot becaught through any means. According to locals, it was named the Enchanted River because of the magical beings that dwell there. Legends also say that the river is haunted by supernatural beings, which act as its protectors.

The ER has been scoring high in terms of tourist arrivals since its development in the fourth quarter of 2010. The uncontrolled influx of people puts pressure in the carrying capacity of the area. Its popularity prompted private individuals to construct resorts nearby increasing the number of accommodation facilities, adding pressure to the environment.

Annual figures in May 2016 showed an increasing trend of visitors recording 47,302 visitors averaging to over 1,500 visitors per day with about 3,000 vehicles recorded at the HERUCS parking area averaging to 116 vehicles per day.

In 2014, the DENR with support from the GIZ PAME Project, and in partnership with the Filipino Cave Divers (FCD) and University of San Carlos (USC) Department

46 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines of Biology in Bacolod conducted a rapid resource assessment (RRA) of the river, a critical step towards sustainable management of the cave system.

The RRA provided a preliminary biophysical profile of the underwater cave system. The research team collected water and sediment samples for analysis, made listings of organisms found inside and outside the caves, and conducted vegetation surveys.

The RRA provided science-based inputs to decision makers of the concerned LGU to better manage these unique ecological resources for longer term. The findings of RRA was enough to convince the LGU to temporarily close it from the public for a few months for major rehabilitations allowing it to heal from significant damages. Moreover, the Management Plan 2017-2022 is implemented under the supervision of HERUCS Management Board.

Activities for conservation, protection and management of the cave and cave resources together with the DENR with support from other concerned agencies such as the Department of Tourism, National Museum, National Historical Institute and concerned barangays, with NGOs and corporate partners and the Province of Surigao del Sur were further intensified.

Some of the major changes include restricted swimming in the lagoon, strictly limiting diving for research purpose, limiting the number of visitors to its carrying capacity. Picnic huts near the lagoon were also removed; passage of heavy vehicles was restricted and all establishment facilities were transferred up to 300 meters away.

The declaration of ER as a local conservation area by the SB further strengthened conservation initiatives.

Photo by Hinatuan Tourism Office

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 47 Photo by DENR Region 8

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 7 AND ANNEXES

48 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Many partners coming from various regions and institutions have contributed to the success of the Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project. In particular, we wish to thank the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), through the Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) for its support and commitment to jointly implement the PAME Project throughout the five years duration.

PAME would also like to extend its gratitude to all our partners from other government agencies: National Economic Development Authority (NEDA); Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB); DENR (Policy and Planning Office and Field Operations Office, Forest Management Bureau (FMB); Foreign- Assisted and Special Projects Office (FASPO); DA-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR); Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG); Climate Change Commission; National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP); League of Municipalities of the Philippines and the League of Provinces of the Philippines. We also thank our partners from the regional, provincial, municipalities, cities up to the barangay level, as well as non-governmental organizations who have partnered with us in the attempt to improve the well-being of our key biodiversity areas.

Our special thanks also go to various consulting firms, scientific institutions, training centers and other development partners for their valuable contributions to specific areas including all other individuals who have fought with us so bravely for the passage of the ENIPAS bill.

A big thank you goes of course to our very dedicated PAME Project staff, from the administrative to the technical side, as the successes mentioned in this report would not have been achieved without their support. We would like to recognize all the hard work and commitment of the following GIZ PAME Project staff, namely: • Andre Jon Uychiaoco, Senior Adviser for Protected Area System Planning, Management and Monitoring • Andrei Justin Cabangon, Knowledge Management and Editorial Assistant • Aurelien Garreau, Development Worker • Berthold Schirm, PAME Principal Adviser • Christiane Camat, Technical Assistant for Monitoring and Evaluation • David Bellhoff, Development Worker • Dorotea Ca-ayao, Former Admin Officer • Elmo Rudolph Dela Cruz, Former Regional Coordinator for Regions 9-13 • Ferdinand Elica, Regional Coordinator for Regions 1-3 • Florante Sabejon, Former Regional Coordinator for Region 8 • Florencia Morales, Program Administrator • Hannah Ebro, Former Regional Coordinator for Region 5, 8 and NCR • Jethon Faustino, Logistics Assistant • Joerg Horenczuk, Former Development Worker • Josephine Casem, Former Regional Coordinator for Region 5, 8 and NCR

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 49 • Julie Ann Soriano, Former Associate Admin Officer • Kareen Oloroso, Former Regional Coordinator for Regions 4A and 4B • Loreto Marinas, Former Senior Adviser for Monitoring and Evaluation • Mara Frances Mendoza, Coordinator to the Program Director (Communications and Administration) • Ma. Shella Leonor-Estecomin, Admin Officer • Melissa Cruz, Former Senior Adviser for Capacity Development and Knowledge Management • Mongeline Agulay, Admin Assistant • Moonyeen Alava, Former Senior Adviser • Dr. Oliver Puginier, Former Chief Adviser • Olive Miranda, Former Admin Assistant • Opalyn Agulay, Adviser for Communications and Knowledge Management • Reina Villanueva, Admin Officer • Rhodora May Raras, Former Senior Coordinator and Assistant to the Project Director • Terence Dacles, Senior Adviser and Regional Coordinator Supervisor and Regional coordinator for Regions 6 and 7

To all other GIZ Projects of the Green Sector Forum, most especially to the former EnRD Program, particularly Dr. Walter Salzer for initiating the commissioning process with the German Government to support this globally unique endeavor of safeguarding the environment for future Filipino generations. To all former EnRD team members namely: Dr. Andreas Lange, Cecilia Astilla, Erlinda Dolatre, Jose Antonio and Yuji Enriquez for their support and advice during the early stages of project implementation, particularly during the survey of the 61 NIPAS sites in the country whose findings and recommendations formed a crucial basis for a more tailor-fit project approaches.

Most importantly, PAME wishes to thank all the Protected Area Management Board of all PAME-supported sites. We thank all the PA staff - from their PASu to the field technical and administration staff for contributing to this experience. All their names cannot be mentioned here, but we wish to acknowledge them and their sites for supporting us in all our activities:

NCR Las Piñas-Paranaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA)

Region 1 – ILOCOS REGION Kalbario-Patapat Natural Park (KPNP)

Region 2 – CAGAYAN VALLEY Batanes Protected Landscape and Seascape (BPLS) Baua-Wangag Watershed Forest (BWWFR) Palaui Island Protected Landscape and Seascape (PIPLS) Casecnan Protected Landscape Baggao Oriole Critical Habitat San Mariano Philippine Crocodile Sanctuaries Capisaan Cave System & Karst Protected Landscape

50 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Region 3 – CENTRAL LUZON Amro River Protected Landscape Aurora Memorial National Park (AMNP) Dinadiawan River Protected Landscape (DRPL) Simbahan-Talagas Protected Landscape (STPL) Talaytay Protected Landscape Bataan National Park Masinloc-Oyon Bay Marine Reserve (MOBMR) Mt. Mingan Philippine Eagle Sanctuary Zambales Mountain Ranges

Region 4A - CALABARZON Taal Volcano Protected Landscape Mts. Palay-palay/Mataas na Gulod Protected Landscape Alibijaban Island Wilderness Area Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape (MBSCPL) Quezon Protected Landscape (QPL)

Region 4B - MIMAROPA Marinduque Wildlife Sanctuary (MWS) Apo Reef Natural Park (ARNP) Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary (MCWS) Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape (MMPL) Rasa Island Wildlife Sanctuary (RIWS) CALSANAG Watershed Forest Reserve Mt. Guiting-guiting Natural Park Occidental Mindoro Marine Protected Areas Network Green Island Bay Lake Manguao Municipal Conservation Area and Ecotourism Zone Ursula Island/Coral Bay

Region 5 – BICOL REGION Bicol Natural Park (BNP) Abasig-Matogdon-Mananap Natural Biotic Area (AMMNBA) Cabusao Wetlands Critical Habitat Caramoan National Park (CNP) Lagonoy Natural Biotic Area (LNBA) Mt. Isarog Natural Park (MINP) Catanduanes Watershed Forest Reserve (CWFR) Bulusan Volcano Natural Park (BVNP) Ragay-Cabadisan Mountain Range Conservation Forest

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 51 Region 6 – WESTERN VISAYAS Northwest Panay Peninsula Natural Park (NWPPNP) Panay River Watershed Forest Reserve (PRWFR) Taklong Island Marine Reserve Ilog-Hilabangan Watershed and Forest Reserve Boracay Island Caves Igang Bay Marine Sanctuary Cauayan Forest Hinoba-an Forest Reserves Irrawaddy Habitat in Negros Occidental municipalities Negros Occidental Coastal Wetlands Conservation Areas Sipalay Forest Protected Area

Region 7 – CENTRAL VISAYAS Panglao Island Protected Seascape (PIPS) Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape (RSPL) Bantayan Island Marine Protected Areas Bantayan Island Wilderness Area Camotes Island Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserve (CIMSFR) Central Cebu Protected Landscape (CCPL) Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary (OIWS) Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park (BTNLP) Bantayan Island Daanbantayan Marine Protected Areas Siquijor Marine Protected Areas Mabinay Caves

Region 8 – EASTERN VISAYAS Guiuan Marine Reserve and Protected Landscape/Seascape (GMRPLS) Cuatro Islas Protected Landscape/Seascape (CIPLS) Biri-Larosa Protected Landscape/Seascape (BLPLS) Samar Island Natural Park (SINP) Sogod Bay

Region 9 – ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA REGION Mt. Timolan Protected Landscape (MTPL) Pasonanca Natural Park (PNP) Siocon Resource Reserve (SRR)

Region 10 – NORTHERN MINDANAO Mt. Timpoong-Hibok-hibok Natural Monument Baliangao Protected Landscape and Seascape (BPLS) Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park (MMRNP) Mimbilisan Protected Landscape Mt. Balatukan Range Natural Park (MBRNP) Mt. Inayawan Range Natural Park Rafflesia Critical Habitat Mt. Gurain Forest side of Poona Piagapo Protected Area Suaon Cave

52 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Region 11 – DAVAO REGION Mabini Protected Landscape and Seascape (MPLS) Aliwagwag Protected Landscape (APL) Pujada Bay Protected Landscape and Seascape (PBPLS) Davao City Marine Protected Areas Network

Region 12 – CENTRAL MINDANAO Sarangani Bay Protected Seascape Allah Valley Protected Landscape Mt. Matutum Protected Lanscape (MMPL) Mt. Latian Complex

Region 13 – CARAGA REGION Alamio, Buyaan, Carac-an, Panikian Rivers and Sipangpang Falls Watershed Forest Reserve (ABCPRSFWFR) Mabuhay-Puting Buhangin Caves Bega Falls Prosperidad Puting Buhangin Cave Ugnop Cave Silop Cave Complex Tubod Critical Habitat Bababu Lake Underwater Cave System, Basilisa, Dinagat Island Hinatuan Enchanted River Underwater Cave System

Region 14 – Cordillera Administrative Region Mt. Pulag National Park (MPNP)

Region 15 – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Basilan Natural Biotic Area Mt. Dajo National Park (Bud Dajo National Park)

9 LGUs under the PAME-IEM conservation areas Luna, Apayao Province Sanchez Mira, Cagayan Province Sta Ana, Cagayan Province Gattaran, Cagayan Province Lallo, Cagayan Province Pamplona, Cagayan Province Claveria, Cagayan Province Sta. Praxedes, Cagayan Province Calayan, Cagayan Province

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 53 ANNEXES

All PAME Project and partner-published publications and multimedia materials. You may also visit our webpage at www.pame.denr.gov.ph for more information.

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Publications

Publication Philippine Aquatic Wildlife Rescue & Response Manual to Marine Mammals Incidents

To download, please scan the QR code. Thank you.

Protected Area Management Enhancementhttp://www.mwwphilippines.org/downloads/rm (PAME) Project -marinemammals.pdf Publications

Publication ProtectingProtecting KKeyey BBiodiversityiodiversity A Areasreas” through2017 Re pBetterort on Managementthe Managem eandnt Effectiveness and Capacity ProtectedAssessme nAreast Enactment

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1E4tTnQN7 wjCEd0JPEwWrqQMtG8mM4XHf

Publication The PAME Project Success Stories: Cooperating to Conserve and Protect the Philippines’ Key Biodiversity Areas

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54 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yOKclZhAPhilippines 5BWIAmeoNA-45rBKM-kOcRf3

Publication Manual on Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System for Coastal and Marine Ecosystems

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LhXYU9e mKQ1sKmAhEEePpmyaBIkqUaHR

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Publications

Publication Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas” 2017 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity Assessment

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Publications wjCEd0JPEwWrqQMtG8mM4XHf

Publication Publication Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas” The PAME Project Success Stories: 2017 Report on the Management Cooperating to Conserve and Effectiveness and Capacity Protect the Philippines’ Key Assessment Biodiversity Areas

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1E4tTnQN7 https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yOKclZhA wjCEd0JPEwWrqQMtG8mM4XHf 5BWIAmeoNA-45rBKM-kOcRf3

Publication TPublicationhe PAME Project Success Stories: CMoaonpuearla toin gB itood Civoenrsseitryv e and PArsosteescstm tehnet Pahnildi pMpionneisto’ rKinegy BSyiosdteivmer fsoitry CAoraesatsa l and Marine Ecosystems To download, please scan the QR code. ThankTo download you. , please scan the QR code. Thank you.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yOKclZhA Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME)5BWIAmeoNAhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=1LhXYU9e Project-45rBKM -kOcRf3 mKQ1sKmAhEEePpmyaBIkqUaHR Publications

Publication MPublicationanual on Biodiversity AMssaensusaml eont Bainod ivMeornsityo ring SAysstemss mfoern Ct oaansdta Ml oannidto Mrianrgi ne EScyosstyesmte mfosr Terrestrial Ecosystems To download, please scan the QR code. ThankTo download you. , please scan the QR code. Thank you. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LhXYU9e mKQ1sKmAhEEePpmyaBIkqUaHRhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=1faUvPrV SINJcwvy8ASatu-x_qbVCXClh

Publication Manual on Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System for Inland Wetland Ecosystems

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1r4gulkn dzKhoaXeW2zGh0MTs70GLTfHA

Protecting Key Biodiversity AreasPublication through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 55 Socio-Economic Assessment and Monitoring System Protected Areas Manual

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yiv_s6cr HK6KY0K8Em-PFD08nqC4YRcI

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Publications

Publication Manual on Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System for Terrestrial Ecosystems

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1faUvPrV SINJcwvy8ASatu-x_qbVCXClh

Publication Manual on Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System for Inland Wetland Ecosystems

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Publication PPublicationrotecting Key Biodiversity Areas” 2S0o1c7i oR-eEpcornto omni ct hAes sMeasnsamgeenmt eanntd EMffoencittiovreinnegs sS yasntedm C aPpraocteitcyt ed AAsrseeasss mMeanntu al

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1E4tTnQN7https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yiv_s6cr Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME)wjCEd0JPEwWrqQMtG8mM4XHfHK6KY0K8Em Project-PFD08nqC4YRcI Publications

PublicationPublication ThLea nPdAsMcEap Per-oBjaecset dS uInctceegsrsa tSetdo ries: CoEocpoesryasttienmg tMo aCnoangseemrveen ta nd PrAoptepcrot atchhe fPohri lPipreppinaersin’ gK ey BiCoodnivseerrsviatyti oAnr eOarsie nted

Comprehensive Land Use Plans To download, please scan the QR code. Thank you. To download, please scan the QR

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yOKclZhAcode. Thank you. 5BWIAmeoNA -45rBKM-kOcRf3 https://drive.google.com/open?id=18xfGG3 rnWoCfejp5L2qZ27OFEWvrbauo

Publication Manual on Biodiversity PublicationAssessm ent and Monitoring ThSey sMteamrin feo rP rCootaesctaeld aAnrde aM Calruinsete r ApEpcroosaycshte imn st he Philippines

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1CYqVs6O9Ihttps://drive.google.com/open?id=1LhXYU9e Kzkx2A4KNBu6CGcjbKD5pOnmKQ1sKmAhEEePpmyaBIkqUaHR

Publication National Learning Exchange on Protected Area Management Enhancement: Event Report

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1PIqDdHruPz QarKb_n3jlTCp0Rvc_fQvF

56 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Publications Publications

Poster Publication PAME Project Overall Results Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas”

20To1 7download Report , opleasen the scanMan athege mQRe nt Efcode.fecti vThankenes syou. an d Capacity As sessment https://drive.google.com/open?id=1v2I3IAc To4wWNiuA2oYQ74ABGJYCCF1 download, please scan the-Ll QR code. ThankPublication you. PAME Accomplishments Flyer https://drive.google.com/open?id=1E4tTnQN7 wjCEd0JPEwWrqQMtG8mM4XHfTo download, please scan the QR code. Thank you.

Publicationhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9oaqI yqFCPHdUxoUWFHNlZ2Tmc The PAME Project Success Stories: Cooperating to Conserve and PrPublicationotect the Philippines’ Key BiCoodnivtienrusoituys APruebalsi c Awareness in Protected Areas: A Comparative ToA downloadssessme, npleaset Stu dscany of theAp pQRlie code.d ThankIEC you.Mat erials

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yOKclZhATo download, please scan the QR 5BWIAmeoNA-45rBKM-kOcRf3 code. Thank you.

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME)https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9oaqIyq Project Publications PublicationFCPHbzdtOHltcktrVnc/view Manual on Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System for Coastal and Marine EcPublicationosystems PAME Media Monitoring Report To download, please scan the QR code. ThankTo download you. , please scan the QR code. Thank you. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LhXYU9e

mKQ1sKmAhEEePpmyaBIkqUaHR https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9oaqI yqFCPHaDhkdENnQnQteGM

Publication 2nd Mindanao PAMB Network Conference

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mrOrEItpXb hsLPS6LjbS4dl3gEu7ih9k

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 57

Publication 2nd Protected Area Management Summit

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1l6RhR3LwgG ugkZN3aA856Q-K4OJ8M7oX

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Publications

Publication PAME Media Monitoring Report

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9oaqI Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME)yqFCPHaDhkdENnQnQteGM Project Publications

Publication Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas” Publication n2d017 Report on the Management 2 E fMfeicntdivaennaeos Ps AaMnBd NCaeptwacoirtky CoAnsfseeresnscmee nt

To download, please scan the QR code. To download, please scan the QR code. Thank you. Thank you.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mrOrEItpXb https://drive.google.com/open?id=1E4tTnQN7 hsLPS6LjbS4dl3gEu7ih9k wjCEd0JPEwWrqQMtG8mM4XHf

Publication The PAME Project Success Stories: PublicationCoopera ting to Conserve and 2nPd rPortoetcetc theed PAhreilaip Mpianneasg’ eKmeye nt SuBmiomditv ersity Areas

ToTo download download, please, please scan scan the the QR QR code. code. ThankThank you. you.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1l6RhR3LwgGhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=1yOKclZhA Protected Area Management EnhancementugkZN3aA856Q (PAME)5BWIAmeoNA Project--K4OJ8M7oX45rBKM -kOcRf3 Publications

Publication Manual on Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring FactsheetSystem for Coastal and Marine BiEocdoivseyrsstietmy sa nd Climate Change

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1k_CiUnq14uhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=1LhXYU9e 8rURfpL5Zia86uah9bfunImKQ1sKmAhEEePpmyaBIkqUaHR

Publication Oceans and Coasts: Working towards Sustainable Use and Conservation of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1CBmzWksF UV2zwCPoc_Somi7iftmkCcm9

58 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines Infomaterial Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Site (bubble) Map

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9oaqIyqF CPHTUhCcmY3U3dENnM

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Publications

Factsheet Biodiversity and Climate Change

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1k_CiUnq14u 8rURfpL5Zia86uah9bfunI

Publication Oceans and Coasts: Working towards Sustainable Use and Conservation of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems

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Publication InfomaterialProtectin g Key Biodiversity Areas” P2ro0t1e7c tRede pAorreta o Mn atnhaeg eMmaennatg ement EEnfhfaenccteivmeennets s(P aAnMdE C) aPpraojceictyt Site (bAusbsbelses) mMeanpt

ToTo download download, please, please scan scan the the QR QRcode. code. ThankThank you. you.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B9oaqIyqFhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=1E4tTnQN7 Protected Area Management Enhancement CPHTUhCcmY3U3dENnM(PAME)wjCEd0JPEwWrqQMtG8mM4XHf Project Publications

Publication PublicationThe PAM E Project Success Stories: BMCUooBp-IeKrIa tPiAngM Eto P Croojnescte rCveel eabnrda tes thPe rIontteecrtn atthieo nPahl iBliipopdiinverss’ iKtye yD ay wiBthio d#isvelrfsieitfyo rAbiroedaisv ersity Photo Co ntest To download, please scan the QR code. To download, please scan the QR code. Thank you. Thank you.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yOKclZhA https://drive.google.com/open?id=1zJ0Yf2vkqX 5BWIAmeoNA-45rBKM-kOcRf3 tidrQ9xBLNOxaEiMIacl2q

Publication Manual on Biodiversity Publication nAd ssessment and Monitoring 2 S yNsatteimon afol rR eCpooarstt aoln atnhde SMtartein eo f PrEocteocstyesdt eAmresa s in the Philippines

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https://newcapp.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/ 2ndstateofpa.pdfhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=1LhXYU9e mKQ1sKmAhEEePpmyaBIkqUaHR

Publication National Conference on Local Conservation Areas: Conference Proceedings

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https://newcapp.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/l ca_report.pdf

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 59

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Publications Publications

Publication PublicationProtectin g Key Biodiversity Areas” Pr2o0t1e7ct eRde pAorreta o Mn athnae gMemaneangt ement EnEhffaenccteivmeennets s( PaAnMdE C) aPpraocjietcyt NoAtsesbeososkm ent

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https://issuu.com/maffymaff/docs/18032015_https://drive.google.com/open?id=1E4tTnQN7 pame_notebook__web__complewjCEd0JPEwWrqQMtG8mM4XHf

Publication PublicationThe PAM E Project Success Stories: NaCtoiopnaerl aMtiannga tgoe mCoennst eErvffee catnivde ness anPdr oCteacpta cthitey PAhsisleipspsimnesn’t Koefy PrBoitoedcitveedr sAitrye aAsr eians t he Philippines

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1A07QmIQcDhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=1yOKclZhA x5E22Anm_0Za8iM2UkvxMf1 5BWIAmeoNA-45rBKM-kOcRf3

Publication FactsheetManua l on Biodiversity ProAtsescetsesdm Aerneta aMnda nMagoenmitoernitn g EnShyasntceemm efonrt C(PoAasMtEa)l ainn dth Me arine PhEilcipopsiynsetse ms

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1EXSBC0akdxhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=1LhXYU9e SWLV1bjj8BapNhMbccevXDmKQ1sKmAhEEePpmyaBIkqUaHR

60 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Publications Publications

Publication PublicationProtectin g Key Biodiversity Areas” Re2d0 1L7is Rt eSptoarttu so no ft hMea Mrinaen aMgeamemnat ls inE tfhfeec tPihvielnipepsisn easn d Capacity Assessment To download, please scan the QR code. ThankTo download you. , please scan the QR code. Thank you. http://mwwphilippines.org/2013/07/27/red - listhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=1E4tTnQN7-status-of-marine-mammals-in-the- philippineswjCEd0JPEwWrqQMtG8mM4XHf-book/

Publication The PAME Project Success Stories: PublicationCoopera ting to Conserve and PhPilrioptpeicnte tAhqeu Pahtiicli pWpiilndelsif’ eK Reye scue & ReBsipoodnisve rMsiatyn uAarle atos Shark & Ray Inc idents To download, please scan the QR code. To Thankdownload you., please scan the QR code. Thank you. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1yOKclZhA http://www.mwwphilippines.org/downloads/rm5BWIAmeoNA-45rBKM-kOcRf3 -sharksrays.pdf

Publication Manual on Biodiversity PublicationAssessm ent and Monitoring PhSilyipstpeinme fAoqr uCaotaics tWali ladnlidfe M Raersinceu e & ReEscposnysset eMmasn ual to Marine Turtle Inc idents To download, please scan the QR code. To Thankdownload you., please scan the QR code. Thank you. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LhXYU9e http://www.mwwphilippmKQ1sKmAhEEePpmyaBIkqUaHRines.org/downloads/rm -marineturtles.pdf

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 61

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project MultimediaProtected Area Materials Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Multimedia Materials

Video SVideotew ards of the Future: SPtreowteacrtdinsg o Ef ntvhier oFnumtuernet:s , PStrroetnecgtihnegn iEnngv iCromnmmeunntist,i es Strengthening Communities To download, please scan the QR code.To download Thank you., please scan the QR code. Thank you. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIBR m2XVTzg&feature=youtu.behttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIBR m2XVTzg&feature=youtu.be Video EVideol Ga mma Penumbra’s Creative EPel rGfoarmmmanac Pee onnu mPbrorate’sc tCerde aAtrievae PMearnfoargmemanecnet oEn hParnoctemctendt Area Management Enhancement To download, please scan the QR code.To download Thank you., please scan the QR code. Thank you. https://youtu.be/adi4l6qD6Oo https://youtu.be/adi4l6qD6Oo Video TVideoaklo ng Island National Marine TRaeksleornvge Island National Marine R eserve To download, please scan the QR code.To download Thank you., please scan the QR code. Thank you. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B91AmT sxmwbsdXBjazlXMDVFVE0/viewhttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B91AmT sxmwbsdXBjazlXMDVFVE0/view

Video SVideoama r Island Natural Park Samar Island Natural Park To download, please scan the QR code.To download Thank you., please scan the QR Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) code. ProjectThank you. https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxuej Multimedia Materials KQOW3GZb21hbFNHak9BcFEhttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxuej

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Video Prelude of Dreams: Mt. Pulag National Park

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxuej KQOW3GZQVdCZUlHM2NzX0k

Video Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat Ecotourism Area: Nature’s Last Frontier

To download, please scan the QR code. Thank you. 62 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxuej KQOW3GZY20wZTlqQmdyVkE

Video Central Cebu Landscape and Seascape

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxuej KQOW3GZU04wOFhlNGdZajA

Video Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxuej KQOW3GZWGN6dnhoRjlEREU

Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Multimedia Materials

Video Prelude of Dreams: Mt. Pulag National Park

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Video LParesl uPdiñea osf- PDarreaañmasq:u Me tC. rPituiclaagl HNabtiiotnaat lE Pcaortoku rism Area: Nature’s Last Frontier To download, please scan the QR code.To download Thank you., please scan the QR code. Thank you. https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxuej

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BxuejKQOW3GZQVdCZUlHM2NzX0k KQOW3GZY20wZTlqQmdyVkE Video VideoLas P iñas-Parañaque Critical CHeanbtirtalt CEecbotuo uLrainsdms cAarpeea :a nd NSeaatusrcea’ps eL ast Frontier

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Video BCeanlitnrsaal sCaeybauo LTawnind sLcaakpees and SNeaatusrcaalp eP ark

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Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxuej Multimedia Materials KQOW3GZWGN6dnhoRjlEREUKQOW3GZU04wOFhlNGdZajA

Video BAaploi nRseaesfa yao Twin Lakes N atural Park To download, please scan the QR code.To download Thank you., please scan the QR code. Thank you. https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxuej

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Video Negros Occidental Coastal Wetlands Conservation Area: 7th RAMSAR Site

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Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Multimedia Materials

Video Apo Reef

To download, please scan the QR code. Thank you.

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Protected Area Management Enhancement (PAME) Project Multimedia Materials

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Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 65

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66 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines References

PAME-Related Documents

Cabangon, A., Chiuco, E., and Grandjean, C. (2017) Continuous Public Awareness in Protected Areas: A Comparative Assessment Study of Applied IEC Materials. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

Cabangon, A., Chiuco, E., and Grandjean, C. (2017) PAME Media Monitoring Report. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

Camat, R. (2017) Landscape Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Approach for Preparing Comprehensive Land Use Plans. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

Center for Conservation Innovation (2017/Unpublished). Retroactive Study on Improved Enforcement and Biodiversity of PAME Project Existing Protected Areas and New Conservation Areas in the Philippines: Protected Area Management Enhancement in the Philippines. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Biodiversity Management Bureau, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH/ PAME, Marine Protected Area Support Network/University of the Philippines- Marine Science Institute, Global Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme/ NewCAPP, U.S. Agency for International Development/B+WISER, Philippine Association for Intercultural Development, and others (2014) Key Elements of Philippine Protected Area Effectiveness. E-poster presented at the IUCN World Parks Congress, Sydney, Australia, 12-19 November 2014. Retrieved from http://wpc2014.digitalposter.com.au/posters-search/

Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Biodiversity Management Bureau, in cooperation with (in alphabetical order) Conservation International, Fauna and Flora International, Foundation for the Philippine Environment, World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH/PAME, Philippine Association for Intercultural Development, Philippine Tropical Forest Conservation Foundation, United Nations Development Programme/ NewCAPP, U.S. Agency for International Development/B+WISER. 2015. Summary Report: Stocktaking of the National Protected Area System Master Plan. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines. Retrieved from https://newcapp.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/2ndstateofpa.pdf

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH/Protected Area Management Enhancement project (2017). National Learning Exchange on Protected Area Management Enhancement: Event Report. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH/ Protected

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 67 Area Management Enhancement project (2017). The PAME Project Success Stories: Cooperating to Conserve and Protect the Philippines’ Key Biodiversity Areas. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

Guiang, E. and Braganza, G. (2014). Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity Assessment of Protected Areas in the Philippines. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

Mallari, A. (2017/Unpublished). Report on Protected Area Management Enhancement in the Philippines from 2013 To 2017. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

PRISM Express Consulting, Inc. (2015/Unpublished). PAME Assessment of Organizational Development and Training Needs of DENR Biodiversity Management Sector: Final Report. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

Quitoriano, E. and Jenisch, T. (2017/Unpublished). Enhancing Management and Protection of Key Biodiversity Areas in the Philippines. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

UP Public Administration Research and Extension Services Foundation, Inc. (2015/ Unpublished). Conduct of Client Satisfaction Survey on the Performance of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Biodiversity Management Bureau to Support the Management of Protected Areas in the Philippines. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

UP Public Administration Research and Extension Services Foundation, Inc. (2017/ Unpublished). Conduct of Client Satisfaction Survey on the Performance of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Biodiversity Management Bureau to Support the Management of Protected Areas in the Philippines. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Quezon City, Philippines

External References

Ambal RGR., Duya, MV., Cruz, MA., Coroza, OG., Vergara, SG., De Silva, N., Molinyawe, N., Tabaranza, B. (2012). Key Biodiversity Areas in the Philippines: Priorities for Conservation. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(8): 2788-2796. (Online: http:// threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2012/August/o299506viii122788-2796.pdf)

Center for Sustainable Systems (2016). Climate Change: Science and Impacts. University of Michigan. Retrieved from http://css.umich.edu/factsheets/climate-

68 Report on the Management Effectiveness and Capacity of Protected Areas in the Philippines change-science-and-impacts-factsheet

Conservation International Philippines (2017). Retrieved from https://www. conservation.org/global/philippines/Pages/default.aspx

Convention on Biological Diversity (2011). Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/

Convention on Biological Diversity (2010). Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/gbo/gbo3-final-en.pdf

Department of Environment and Natural Resources Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau , in cooperation with Conservation International Philippines and University of the Philippines-Center for Integrative and Development Studies (UP-CIDS) (2002). Final Report: The Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities. Retrieved from http://www.bmb.gov.ph/downloads/ActionPlan/PBCP.pdf

Department of Environment and Natural Resources Biodiversity Management Bureau, in cooperation with (in alphabetical order) ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), BirdLife International, FishBase Information and Research Group, Inc. (FIN), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH/PAME, Haribon Foundation, Inc., United Nations Development Programme through the Biodiversity Partnership Programme (BPP) and Global Environment Facility, and U.S. Agency for International Development/B+WISER (2015). Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2028. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/doc/ world/ph/ph-nbsap-v3-en.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How are the world’s forests changing? Second edition. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4793e.pdf

Golden, C., Allison, E., Cheung, W., Dey, M., Halpern, B., McCauley, D., Smith, M., Vaitla, B., Zeller, D., and Myers, S. et . (2016) Nutrition: Fall in fish catch threatens human health. Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/news/nutrition-fall-in-fish-catch-threatens-human-health- 1.20074#water

International Union for Conservation of Nature (2008). Protected Areas, About. Retrieved from https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/about

International Union for Conservation of Nature World Parks Congress: Parks, People, Planet: Inspiring Solutions (2014). Retrieved from http://www.worldparkscongress. org/about/what_is_the_iucn_world_parks_congress.html

Protecting Key Biodiversity Areas through Better Management and Protected Area Enactment 69 International Union for Conservation of Nature World Conservation Congress: Planets at the Crossroads (2016). Retrieved from https://2016congress.iucn.org/ National Economic and Development Authority (2011). Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 Retrieved from http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/05/27/ philippine-development-plan-2011-2016/

National Economic and Development Authority (2011). Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 Results Matrices. Retrieved from http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2013/10/pdprm2011-2016.pdf

National Economic and Development Authority (2017). Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 Retrieved from http://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PDP-2017- 2022-07-20-2017.pdf