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Turbulent Mixing in the Indonesian Seas

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THÈSE DE DOCTORAT DE SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ Spécialité : Océanographie Physique École doctorale : 129 – Science de l’environnement Réalisée au : Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques Présenté par : Adi PURWANDANA pour obtenir le grade de : DOCTEUR DE SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ Titre de la thèse : Turbulent Mixing in the Indonesian Seas Dirigée par : Mme. Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, LOCEAN, Paris (Directrice de thèse) M. Yannis Cuypers, LOCEAN, Paris (Co-directeur de thèse) Soutenance prévue le 23 Septembre 2019 devant le jury composé de : M. Francis Codron LOCEAN, Paris Président M. Herlé Mercier LOPS-IFREMER, Brest Rapporteur M. Louis Gostiaux MFAE/LMFA EC, Lyon Rapporteur M. Bruno Ferron LOPS- IFREMER, Brest Examinateur M. Jérôme Vialard LOCEAN, Paris Examinateur M. Agus S. Atmadipoera IPB, Bogor Examinateur ii La turbulence dans les mers Indonésiennes Résumé La région des mers indonésiennes est la région la plus énergétique en termes de transfert de la marée barotrope vers la marée barocline comme démontré par des études s'appuyant sur des modèles de marée. Ces processus font des mers indonésiennes un des haut-lieux de la turbulence comme en témoigne le fort mélange des masses d'eaux originaires du Pacifique et s'écoulant à travers les détroits indonésiens vers l'océan Indien. La première partie de ce travail visait à mieux caractériser et comprendre la forte variabilité spatiale du mélange turbulent à partir de l'analyse d'un jeu de données historiques, sur une période de 26 ans, de profils de température et conductivité. La méthode classique de Thorpe, utilisée pour déduire les taux de dissipation à partir des inversions de densité, a été améliorée et validée avec des mesures microstructure de turbulence. Nous avons ainsi montré que la dissipation d'énergie cinétique turbulente est accrue dans les détroits et les passages étroits le long de la pente continentale et contrôlée majoritairement par la marée semi-diurne, M2. Nous nous sommes ensuite focalisés sur les ondes internes solitaires, un processus facilement identifié sur les images satellitaires mais rarement étudié précisément dans la région. À partir de simulations bidimensionnelles non hydrostatiques nous avons caractérisé le cycle de vie des ondes internes solitaires observées dans une zone côtière de la mer de Sulawesi. Nous avons ainsi montré que la marée interne générée dans le passage de Sibutu évolue au cours de sa propagation donnant naissance à des ondes internes solitaires qui déferlent sur la côte Nord de l'île de Sulawesi. Nous avons également estimé la part d'énergie de la marée interne transférée vers ces ondes et estimé les forts taux de dissipation associés au déferlement de ces ondes solitaires. Afin d'explorer plus en détail ces processus de haute fréquence induits par la marée, nous avons mené une campagne préliminaire dans le détroit de Lombok, un hot spot des ondes internes solitaires, en y déployant un mouillage. Nous avons ainsi montré que le maximum de dissipation se produit à une fréquence semi-diurne mettant ainsi en lumière le rôle moteur de la marée semi-diurne sur la turbulence dans cette région. Mots-clés : turbulence, mélange, CTD, mers indonésienne, échelle de Thorpe, échelle de Ellison ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Turbulence in the Indonesian Seas Abstract The Indonesian seas are the area where the largest energy transfers from barotropic to baroclinic tides occur as shown by tidal model based studies. These processes make it a hotspot for turbulence as indirectly evidenced through the strong watermass mixing of Pacific waters flowing through the Indonesian Seas toward the Indian Ocean. The first part of this work aimed at better characterizing the strong spatial variability of turbulent mixing based on the analysis of a unique 26 years historical dataset of temperature and conductivity profiles. The classical Thorpe scale method, used to infer the dissipation rates from density measurements, was improved and validated against turbulence measurements. We showed that the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation is enhanced within straits and narrowing passages, in shallowing topography and mostly driven by semidiurnal, M2 internal tides. We then focused on internal solitary waves, a process easily identified from satellite imagery but rarely studied precisely in the area. Based on two-dimensional non-hydrostatic simulations we gave evidence of the full lifetime cycle of internal solitary waves observed in a coastal area in the Sulawesi Sea. We thus showed that the internal tide generated at the Sibutu passage evolves during its propagation leading to the formation of solitary waves that extract a significant part of the internal tide energy and eventually break in the northern coast of Sulawesi Island. We investigated the mechanisms driving the enhanced dissipation rates accompanying the shoaling internal waves in this region. To further explore these high-frequency processes tidally induced, we conducted a short- time mooring experiment in the Lombok Strait, one hot spot for internal solitary waves and proved that the maximum dissipation rate occurs at semi-diurnal frequency thus giving evidence of the semi-diurnal internal tide as a main driver for turbulence there. Keywords: turbulence, mixing, CTD measurements, Indonesian seas, Thorpe scale, Ellison scale iv Acknowledgments Alhamdulillahirrabbil ‘alaamiin… This thesis is just the beginning of a huge collaborative researches between Laboratoire d'Océanographie et de Climatologie par Experimentation et Approche Numérique (LOCEAN) Sorbonne Université and Laboratory of Physical Oceanography-Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). This research has been fully supported by Indonesian Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) Indonesian Ministry of Finance, Campus France and Indonesian Ministry of Research and Technology. My sincerest gratefulness goes to my advisors, firstly to my principal advisor Prof. Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot for her super patience and supportive suggestions for guiding me to find a specialty of my research interests. Secondly, thanks to Dr. Yannis Cuypers as my second advisor for his patience to guide me from nothing, for giving me an insights that every valuable thing is not always rising from a fully facilitated project. His valuable skills have inspired me very much. My deepest appreciations to Dr. Daniel Bourgault from Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Canada for helping me to handle the Aestus; to Prof. Darminto (Dept. of Physics, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, ITS) and Dr. Agus S. Atmadipoera (Dept. Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB) for giving me a recommendations to LPDP. Also to my colleague Hendra Munandar (Head of LKBL- LIPI Research Station Lombok) and all of his staffs, for preparing us accommodations during the Lombok field research. A special thanks to my lovely family, Titik Setyorini-Ayu Lestari, my grand son Fayzul Islam Ajda Abhar Jihadiy, my lovely daughter Fayza Tsaqifa Islamia Najda Karim, for their love, prayers and cares. You’re all my inspiration. Eventually, I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Bu’e Siti Suwardani, Bapak Purnomo, my little son Mochammad Ichsan Purwandana, and the next…, Khadijah Putri Purwandana/ Mochammad Achsan Purwandana, in sya’allah… also to my brother Toto Cahyo Purniawan. vi Contents Abstract…... .................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ v List of Figures ................................................................................................................. ix List of Tables ................................................................................................................. xix List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xxi List of Symbols ............................................................................................................ xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Rationale .................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Physical characteristics of the Indonesian seas......................................................... 9 1.2.1 Indonesian through flow .................................................................................................. 9 1.2.2 Barotropic tides in the Indonesian seas........................................................................ 13 1.2.3 Internal tides in the Indonesian seas............................................................................. 15 1.2.4 Spotting internal solitary waves in the Indonesian seas ............................................. 17 1.2.5 Potential mixing hotspots and related water mass transformation in the Indonesian seas ................................................................................................................ 20 1.3 Aims and objectives ................................................................................................. 29 Chapter 2 Turbulence and Mixing ..............................................................................
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