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Ecology of the Sontecomapan Lagoon, Veracruz

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Ecology of the Sontecomapan Lagoon, Veracruz Ecology of the Sontecomapan Lagoon, Veracruz Editors María Elena Castellanos-Páez, Alfonso Esquivel Herrera y Javier Aldeco-Ramírez (UAM-X) Marc Pagano (Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography) Authors Arturo Aguirre-León, José Antolín Aké-Castillo, Javier Aldeco-Ramírez, Saúl Almanza Encarnación, José Roberto Angeles-Vázquez, Marcela Ivonne Benítez-Díaz Mirón, María Elena Castellanos-Páez, Manuel Arnoldo Castillo-Rivera, Silvia Díaz-Ruiz, Alfonso Esquivel Herrera, María Jesús Ferrara-Guerrero, María Guadalupe Figueroa-Torres, Gabriela Garza-Mouriño, Aurora González-Fierro, Marissa Guillén Castrillo, José Luis Hernández-Gaona, Ana Laura Lara-Domínguez, Vanessa Lisbeth Morán-Villa, Marc Pagano, Guadalupe Ponce-Vélez, Iván Ernesto Roldán-Aragón, Ruth Soto-Castor, Gabriela Vázquez Hurtado 3 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA METROPOLITANA Rector General Dr. Eduardo Abel Peñalosa Castro Secretario General Dr. José Antonio de los Reyes Heredia UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA METROPOLITANA-XOCHIMILCO Rector Dr. Fernando de León González Secretaria Dra. Claudia Mónica Salazar Villava DIVISIÓN DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y DE LA SALUD Directora Mtra. María Elena Contreras Garfias Secretario Académico Dr. Luis Amado Ayala Pérez Responsable del Programa Editorial Lic. Zyanya Patricia Ruiz Chapoy Ecology of the Sontecomapan Lagoon, Veracruz Primera edición: 2018 ISBN: 978-607-28-1593-3 Institut de Recherchepour le Ddeveloppement (IRD) PhD. Jean-Paul Moatti Presidente-director general de la IRD PhD. Abdelfettah Sifeddine Representante legal del IRD en México D.R. © UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA METROPOLITANA Unidad Xochimilco Calzada Del Hueso 1100 Col. Villa Quietud, Del. Coyoacán C.P. 04960, Ciudad de México, Tel.: 5483 7000 ext. 3783 D.R. Imagen de portada: Biólogo Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Mouriño Esta obra se publicó en el marco de la Convocatoria para la obtención de apoyo para publicaciones, emitida por la Rectoría de la Unidad Xochimilco en febrero de 2018. Hecho en México Contents Preface . 7 Part 1. Physicochemical characteristics A multivariate approach to the spatial and temporal water characterization parameters at the tropical Sontecomapan Lagoon, Mexico Alfonso Esquivel Herrera & Ruth Soto Castor . 11 Part 2. Biota Literature review and update checklist for the biota of Sontecomapan Lagoon María Elena Castellanos-Páez, Gabriela Garza-Mouriño & Marcela Ivonne Benítez-Díaz Mirón . 37 Part 3. Microbial components Bacterial community contribution to nitrogen fixation and nitrous oxides production in the Sontecomapan Lagoon María Jesús Ferrara-Guerrero, Vanessa Morán-Villa, Javier Aldeco-Ramírez, José Roberto Ángeles-Vázquez, María Guadalupe Figueroa-Torres & Marc Pagano . 87 Part 4. Primary producers Phytoplankton of the Sontecomapan Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico María Guadalupe Figueroa Torres, Saúl Almanza Encarnación, María Jesús Ferrara-Guerrero & Marc Pagano . 107 The effect of mangrove leaf litter extracts on primary productivity and phytoplankton growth José Antolín Aké-Castillo & Gabriela Vázquez . 137 5 Part 5. Secondary producers Biomass, size structure and trophic compartments of the metazooplankton in the Sontecomapan Lagoon (Veracruz, Mexico) M . I . Benítez-Díaz Mirón, M . E . Castellanos-Páez, G . Garza-Mouriño, M . J . Ferrara-Guerrero & M . Pagano . 155 Part 6. Higher trophic levels Fish species richness in the Sontecomapan Lagoon, Veracruz: A historic review Manuel Castillo-Rivera & Ana Laura Lara-Domínguez . 179 Fish community structure and its relationship with environmental behavior in Sontecomapan Lagoon, Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Veracruz, Mexico Arturo Aguirre-León, Silvia Díaz-Ruiz & Marissa Guillén Castrillo . 205 Part 7. Societal aspects Evaluation anthropic fecal contamination through enteropathogenic genera identification in Sontecomapan coastal lagoon, Veracruz Ruth Soto-Castor & Alfonso Esquivel-Herrera, . 237 Metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems: a case study on Sontecomapan coastal lagoon (State of Veracruz) considered as a reference of pristine ecosystems Aurora González-Fierro & Guadalupe Ponce-Vélez . 257 Changing trends in mangrove the forest cover of the Sontecomapan Lagoon System, Veracruz, with Landsat® satellite images José Luis Hernández-Gaona, Javier Aldeco-Ramírez & Iván Ernesto Roldán-Aragón . 293 General Discussion Main ecological traits of the Sontecomapan Lagoon The editors . 315 Glossary . 327 6 Preface Coastal lagoons are open systems that are influenced by their exteriors, both marine adjacent zones and runoffs as well as terrestrial surroundings with associated plant com- munities such as marshes, swamps and mangroves, as well as nearby human settlements. One of the water bodies that have been least impacted is the Sontecomapan Lagoon, located in the State of Veracruz, in the Mexican Southeast. Here there are processes that are representative of unaffected tropical coastal systems, where mangrove, tide, freshwa- ter runoffs and species diversity deserve a baseline study. The biogeochemical processes in clay and silt sediments, which generate nutrients susceptible of being exploited by the system’s phytoplankton and the adjacent coastal sea, are the beginning of a chain of carbon transfer that has been little studied in tropical lagoons. Based on the interaction between phytoplankton and zooplankton, a wealth of species is generated that underlie fishing production from both, ecologically important species and those of commercial interest. The tide’s effect allows chemical processes and their products to be exported to the adjacent coastal sea. With this, the often-underappreciated environmental service provided by coastal lagoons is remembered. This book is an effort from Mexican and French scientists to rescue existing informa- tion about the Sontecomapan Lagoon System and what has been done so far in terms of research, and make it available to the scientific community. 7 The book consists of 12 chapters divided into 8 parts. The first part presents the physical and chemical characteristics of the lagoon water, the second part is an updated checklist of the lagoon’s biota, the third part is a contribution on the bacterial communi- ty related to the nitrogen cycle. The fourth part is integrated by a study on the lagoon’s phytoplankton and a research on the effect of mangrove litter extracts on the phytoplank- ton’s growth and primary productivity. The fifth part includes a work on biomass, size, structure and trophic compartments of metazooplankton. The sixth part includes two investigations about fish; the first one is a review on species richness and the second one deals with the structure of the community and its relationship with the environment. The seventh part is subdivided into two sections; organic and inorganic contamination, and restoration and preservation; in the first one we find a work related with fecal con- tamination of anthropogenic origin and the enteropathogenic genera found in the lagoon water, and another work that addresses the water contamination by heavy metals; in the second section a study on mangrove’s forest coverage change is included. The eighth part consists of the general discussion chapter. The duration of the rainy and dry seasons in the region are related to the variability generated mainly by the temperatures in the Tropical Atlantic and the ENSO. While the duration of the northern winds season will depend on the oscillations of the circumpolar current (Jet Stream) and probably the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Because of this, the authors use different temporalities based on their rainfall data and days with northern winds. With this book we look to spread the knowledge generated through many years of work carried out by the authors and other researchers, and at the same time, encourage scientific research to carry on with the characterization of the Sontecomapan Lagoon, which is the basis needed for the creation of management plans for its sustainable use. 8 PART 1 Physicochemical characteristics A multivariate approach to the spatial and temporal water characteri- zation parameters at the tropical Sontecomapan Lagoon, Mexico Alfonso Esquivel Herrera & Ruth Soto Castor 9 A multivariate approach to the spatial and temporal water characterization parameters at the tropical Sontecomapan Lagoon, Mexico Alfonso Esquivel Herrera* & Ruth Soto Castor** Abstract: Sontecomapan is a coastal lagoon in the Gulf of Mexico Southeast which, altough small, due to its geomorphological characters has a complex behaviour. Four surveys were per- formed: in March and September 2009, and January and June 2010, which comprehend the three climatic seasons of the region, north wind-influenced, dry season and rainy season. Ten sampling points were selected for the measurement of physical, chemical and biological (chlorophyll a) pa- rameters, which included the main environments found at this lagoon. These data were analysed through a multivariate approach. Sontecomapan was hypereutrophic based on total phosphorus (geometric means 0.202 to 0.386 mg L-1), while it was oligotrophic for chlorophyll a (geometric means 0.40 to 2.08 mg m-3). Comparison with chlorophyll a values reported for Sontecomapan since the early 1990’s, show that the data presented here are the lowest for the period and this seems to be related to an increase in the flushing of plankton to the sea. An ordination by principal component analysis showed that for the period reported here, soluble reactive phosphorus and ammonium were negatively correlated or independent from salinity, so these nutrients originated
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