DOCSLIB.ORG

Standardized Survey Protocol for Small White Lady’S-Slipper (Cypripedium Candidum)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Standardized Survey Protocol for Small White Lady’S-Slipper (Cypripedium Candidum) March 2020 Standardized Survey Protocol for Small White Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium candidum) Prepared for The Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks through the Species at Risk Stewardship Program North-South Environmental Inc. • 101B King Street West • Cambridge, Ontario • N3H 1B5 Project Study Team North-South Environmental Inc. Pauline K. Catling – project manager, report author, background review, consultation Will Van Hemessen– report contributor, report editor Kristen Pott – fen size calculations using ArcGIS Sarah Mainguy- report editor Mirek Sharp – report editor Acknowledgements Project funding was provided by the Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Parks, through the Species at Risk Stewardship Fund. We thank Steven Anderson, Wasyl Bakowsky, Erica Barkley, Corina Brdar, Vivian Brownell, Paul Catling, Bruce Ford, Mary Gartshore, Audrey Heagy, Colin Murray, Karin Newman, and Anne Worley for contributing through consultation. We are grateful to Steven Anderson, Wasyl Bakowsky, Corina Brdar, Vivian Brownell, Paul Catling, Audrey Heagy, Colin Murray, Eric Snyder and Anne Worley for providing critical comments on the draft version and improving the quality of this document. Cover Photo: Small White Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium candidum) Photo By: Pauline K. Catling Standardized Survey Protocol for Small White Lady’s-slipper • March 2020 i Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Species Information .................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Identification ....................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1. Similar Species and Hybridization ........................................................................................... 3 2.2. Distribution ......................................................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Habitat ............................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1. Limestone Glades, Dry Hill Prairies, Barrens and Bluffs ...................................................... 14 2.3.2. Fen ............................................................................................................................................ 14 2.3.3. Tallgrass Prairie, Sedge Meadows, Savannah and Parkland .............................................. 16 2.4. Ecology ............................................................................................................................................. 16 2.4.1. Life Cycle .................................................................................................................................. 16 2.4.2. Mycorrhizal Association .......................................................................................................... 17 2.4.3. Pollination ................................................................................................................................. 18 2.4.4. Fruit set ..................................................................................................................................... 18 2.5. Status ................................................................................................................................................. 19 2.6. Threats and Limiting Factors .......................................................................................................... 20 2.6.1. Habitat Loss and Degradation ............................................................................................... 20 2.6.2. Fire Exclusion and Woody Succession ................................................................................. 21 2.6.3. Invasive Species ....................................................................................................................... 21 2.6.4. Agricultural Practices .............................................................................................................. 21 2.6.5. Illegal Collection and Ad-hoc Trails ...................................................................................... 22 2.6.6. Genetic Isolation ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.6.7. Hybridization ............................................................................................................................ 23 2.6.8. Herbivory .................................................................................................................................. 23 2.6.9. Environmental Conditions ...................................................................................................... 24 2.7. Management .................................................................................................................................... 24 3. Overview of Past Survey Methods .......................................................................................................... 25 3.1. Selecting Sites .................................................................................................................................. 25 Standardized Survey Protocol for Small White Lady’s-slipper • March 2020 ii 3.2. Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 26 3.2.1. Quantifying Abundance ......................................................................................................... 26 3.2.2. Classifying Associated Vegetation ........................................................................................ 30 3.2.3. Threat Assessment .................................................................................................................. 30 3.2.4. Site Condition .......................................................................................................................... 33 4. Recommended Areas to Search ............................................................................................................. 33 4.1. Locations ........................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2. Process .............................................................................................................................................. 34 5. Standardized Survey Protocol ................................................................................................................. 35 5.1. Considerations for Developing a Standardized Survey Protocol .............................................. 35 5.1.1. Purpose ..................................................................................................................................... 35 5.1.2. Protocol Refinement ............................................................................................................... 35 5.1.3. Timing ....................................................................................................................................... 35 5.1.4. Management Activities ........................................................................................................... 36 5.1.5. Habitat and Species Sensitivity .............................................................................................. 36 5.1.6. Frequency of Survey ............................................................................................................... 37 5.1.7. Survey Effort ............................................................................................................................. 38 5.1.8. Qualifications of Surveyors ..................................................................................................... 38 5.2. Field Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 38 5.2.1. Records Review........................................................................................................................ 38 5.2.2. Data Collection ........................................................................................................................ 39 5.2.3. Determining Area of Occurrence .......................................................................................... 39 5.2.4. Population Size ........................................................................................................................ 40 5.2.5. Population Demographics ..................................................................................................... 40 5.2.6. Associated Plant Community ................................................................................................. 42 5.2.7. Evaluating Threats ................................................................................................................... 43 5.2.8. Ranking Site Condition ........................................................................................................... 47 5.2.9. Additional Data to Monitor ...................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Asclepias Purpurascens L. Purple Milkweed
    Asclepias purpurascens L. purple milkweed State Distribution Photo by Michael R. Penskar Best Survey Period Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Legal status: State threatened one or two additional umbels are present in the upper leaf axils. The individual flowers, which are usually Global and state rank: G4G5/S3 from 13-17 mm long, bear reflexed, purplish corolla lobes that are glabrous (smooth), pale purple hoods Family: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed family) (forming the corona) 5-7 mm long, and incurved flat horns that are shorter than the hood. The reproductive Total range: Asclepias purpurascens is found parts (filaments, anthers, and style) are fused into a principally in eastern North America, occurring from structure called the gynostegium. The fruit is a smooth New Hampshire south to Virginia and ranging west to follicle (a pod) filled with seeds attached to downy hairs Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas, and Oklahoma. (coma) that aid in wind dispersal. State distribution: Purple milkweed is known from Asclepias purpurascens is often difficult to distinguish more than 60 occurrences in southern Michigan; thirty- from the very similar looking common milkweed, four of these records are derived from collections made Asclepias syriaca, which despite its unfortunate prior to 1930. This species is concentrated primarily Latin epithet is also a native milkweed. Overall, the in southeastern and southwestern Lower Michigan, leaves of A. purpurascens are more acute and less where it is known from 19 counties, with most counties predominately pinnately–veined (i.e. more strongly tallying only a single occurrence. Counties with the net-veined) than A.
    [Show full text]
  • Cypripedium Candidum Muhl
    Cypripedium candidum Muhl. ex Willd. small white lady’s-slipper State Distribution Best Survey Period Photo by Susan R. Crispin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Status: State threatened clonal clumps. This relatively small lady’s-slipper averages about 20 cm in height, each stem producing several Global and state rank: G4/S2 strongly-ribbed, sheathing leaves that are densely short-hairy. Stems are usually terminated by a single Other common names: white lady-slipper flower (occasionally there may be two) characterized Family: Orchidaceae (orchid family) by its ivory-white pouch (the lip or lower petal) which may be faintly streaked with purple veins toward the Total range: This principally upper Midwestern species bottom and slightly purple-spotted around the pouch ranges eastward to New Jersey and New York, extending opening. The lateral petals, which are similar to the west through southern Michigan to Minnesota, the eastern sepals, are pale yellow-green and spirally twisted. Dakotas, and southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan. To the Cypripedium candidum is known to hybridize with two south it ranges to Nebraska, Missouri, and Kentucky. It is well-known varieties of yellow lady’s-slipper, C. calceolus considered rare in Iowa (S1), Illinois (S3), Indiana (S2), var. pubescens and C. calceolus var. parviflora, producing Kentucky (S1), Michigan (S2), Minnesota (S3), North C. Xfavillianum and C. Xandrewsii, respectively. These Dakota (S2S3), New York (S1), Ohio (S1), South Dakota hybrids are the only taxa that small white lady-slipper is (S1), Wisconsin, and Manitoba. In Pennsylvania and likely to be confused with.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- LILIACEAE
    Guide to the Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- LILIACEAE LILIACEAE de Jussieu 1789 (Lily Family) (also see AGAVACEAE, ALLIACEAE, ALSTROEMERIACEAE, AMARYLLIDACEAE, ASPARAGACEAE, COLCHICACEAE, HEMEROCALLIDACEAE, HOSTACEAE, HYACINTHACEAE, HYPOXIDACEAE, MELANTHIACEAE, NARTHECIACEAE, RUSCACEAE, SMILACACEAE, THEMIDACEAE, TOFIELDIACEAE) As here interpreted narrowly, the Liliaceae constitutes about 11 genera and 550 species, of the Northern Hemisphere. There has been much recent investigation and re-interpretation of evidence regarding the upper-level taxonomy of the Liliales, with strong suggestions that the broad Liliaceae recognized by Cronquist (1981) is artificial and polyphyletic. Cronquist (1993) himself concurs, at least to a degree: "we still await a comprehensive reorganization of the lilies into several families more comparable to other recognized families of angiosperms." Dahlgren & Clifford (1982) and Dahlgren, Clifford, & Yeo (1985) synthesized an early phase in the modern revolution of monocot taxonomy. Since then, additional research, especially molecular (Duvall et al. 1993, Chase et al. 1993, Bogler & Simpson 1995, and many others), has strongly validated the general lines (and many details) of Dahlgren's arrangement. The most recent synthesis (Kubitzki 1998a) is followed as the basis for familial and generic taxonomy of the lilies and their relatives (see summary below). References: Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998, 2003); Tamura in Kubitzki (1998a). Our “liliaceous” genera (members of orders placed in the Lilianae) are therefore divided as shown below, largely following Kubitzki (1998a) and some more recent molecular analyses. ALISMATALES TOFIELDIACEAE: Pleea, Tofieldia. LILIALES ALSTROEMERIACEAE: Alstroemeria COLCHICACEAE: Colchicum, Uvularia. LILIACEAE: Clintonia, Erythronium, Lilium, Medeola, Prosartes, Streptopus, Tricyrtis, Tulipa. MELANTHIACEAE: Amianthium, Anticlea, Chamaelirium, Helonias, Melanthium, Schoenocaulon, Stenanthium, Veratrum, Toxicoscordion, Trillium, Xerophyllum, Zigadenus.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plants Alert: Rapunculoides), Spreading from an Native Species And, Where Possible, Abandoned Homestead, Is Threatening Local Seed Sources
    Newsletter of the Native Plant Society of Saskatchewan Inc. Volume 3, Number 2 Fall 1998 Invasive Plants Alert: rapunculoides), spreading from an native species and, where possible, abandoned homestead, is threatening local seed sources. Prairie Region to take over the northernmost site of By Eric Haber, Invasive Plants Alert: the small white lady’s-slipper. Responses from naturalist clubs and 1997-98 Report, February 1998 other groups have provided insights Smooth brome (Bromus inermis) is into local activities and concerns Summarized by Jolene Vanthuyne posing problems on the prairies. dealing with the spread and control of Spreading from roadside seeding, invasive plants. Information on club Even the Canadian Forces helped out smooth brome is threatening native activities and species of concern are when the Saskatoon Nature Society fescue prairie and the rare yellow presented as information notices on issued a call to eradicate purple paintbrush (Castilleja cusickii) in the Alert Bulletin located at: loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Alberta. Also, crested wheat grass http://infoweb.magi.com/~ehaber/ipab (Agropyron cristatum) has formed a ull.html In the summer of 1997, Canadian noticeable “plume” within the native Forces troops, engaged in training mixed grassland in Alberta. exercises along the South Inside This Issue: Saskatchewan River, reported Because of the harm these aggressive sightings to the provincial purple plants cause native vegetation, President’s Message......................... 2 loosestrife eradication committee after
    [Show full text]
  • State of New York City's Plants 2018
    STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 Daniel Atha & Brian Boom © 2018 The New York Botanical Garden All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-89327-955-4 Center for Conservation Strategy The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10458 All photos NYBG staff Citation: Atha, D. and B. Boom. 2018. State of New York City’s Plants 2018. Center for Conservation Strategy. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 132 pp. STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 10 DOCUMENTING THE CITY’S PLANTS 10 The Flora of New York City 11 Rare Species 14 Focus on Specific Area 16 Botanical Spectacle: Summer Snow 18 CITIZEN SCIENCE 20 THREATS TO THE CITY’S PLANTS 24 NEW YORK STATE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED INVASIVE SPECIES FOUND IN NEW YORK CITY 26 LOOKING AHEAD 27 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEGMENTS 30 LITERATURE CITED 31 APPENDIX Checklist of the Spontaneous Vascular Plants of New York City 32 Ferns and Fern Allies 35 Gymnosperms 36 Nymphaeales and Magnoliids 37 Monocots 67 Dicots 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report, State of New York City’s Plants 2018, is the first rankings of rare, threatened, endangered, and extinct species of what is envisioned by the Center for Conservation Strategy known from New York City, and based on this compilation of The New York Botanical Garden as annual updates thirteen percent of the City’s flora is imperiled or extinct in New summarizing the status of the spontaneous plant species of the York City. five boroughs of New York City. This year’s report deals with the City’s vascular plants (ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, We have begun the process of assessing conservation status and flowering plants), but in the future it is planned to phase in at the local level for all species.
    [Show full text]
  • Plants of Concern: Standardized Rare Plant Monitoring Using Trained Volunteers
    Plants of Concern: Standardized Rare Plant Monitoring Using Trained Volunteers Final Report to Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Illinois Wildlife Preservation Fund Grant #12-L01W Chicago Botanic Garden December, 2012 Covering the grant period from July 1, 2011 to December 1, 2012 with comparative discussion from 2001-2010 Submitted by: Susanne Masi, Manager of Regional Floristics Principal Investigator Co-authored by: Rachel Goad, Research Assistant, Plants of Concern With contributions from: Bianca Rosenbaum, Conservation Data Manager TABLE OF CONTENTS Concepts and Objectives ________________________________________________________ 1 Summary: Monitoring Results 2001-2007 ____________________________________________ 2 The Volunteer Component ______________________________________________________ 3 Level 1 Monitoring Data Analysis _________________________________________________ 5 Level 2 Demographic Monitoring Update ___________________________________________ 14 Program Evaluation ____________________________________________________________ 14 Conclusion and Future Directions _________________________________________________ 21 Attachments __________________________________________________________________ 23 PLANTS OF CONCERN: CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES This document is a report covering the period July 1, 2011 through December 1, 2012 with detailed analysis of the 2011 season in relation to previous seasons, as well as a preliminary account of the 2012 season. Final 2012 numbers are not yet available. Plants of Concern (POC) was
    [Show full text]
  • Colicroot Aletris Farinosa
    COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Colicroot Aletris farinosa in Canada ENDANGERED 2015 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2015. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Colicroot Aletris farinosa in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xiii + 39 pp. (http://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC 2000. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the colicroot Alextris farinosa in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 8 pp. White, D.J., and M.J. Oldham. 2000. Update COSEWIC status report on the colicroot Aletris farinosa in Canada in COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the colicroot Aletris farinosa in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-8 pp. Kirk, D.A. 1988. COSEWIC status report on the colicroot Aletris farinosa in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 39 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge Judith Jones (Winter Spider Eco-Consulting) for writing the status report on Colicroot, Aletris farinosa, in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This report was overseen and edited by Bruce Bennett, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Vascular Plants Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-938-4125 Fax: 819-938-3984 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur L’alétris farineux (Aletris farinosa) au Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination and Comparative Reproductive Success of Lady’S Slipper Orchids Cypripedium Candidum , C
    POLLINATION AND COMPARATIVE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF LADY’S SLIPPER ORCHIDS CYPRIPEDIUM CANDIDUM , C. PARVIFLORUM , AND THEIR HYBRIDS IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA by Melissa Anne Pearn A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright 2012 by Melissa Pearn ABSTRACT I investigated how orchid biology, floral morphology, and diversity of surrounding floral and pollinator communities affected reproductive success and hybridization of Cypripedium candidum and C. parviflorum . Floral dimensions, including pollinator exit routes were smallest in C. candidum , largest in C. parviflorum , with hybrids intermediate and overlapping with both. This pattern was mirrored in the number of insect visitors, fruit set, and seed set. Exit route size seemed to restrict potential pollinators to a subset of visiting insects, which is consistent with reports from other rewardless orchids. Overlap among orchid taxa in morphology, pollinators, flowering phenology, and spatial distribution, may affect the frequency and direction of pollen transfer and hybridization. The composition and abundance of co-flowering rewarding plants seems to be important for maintaining pollinators in orchid populations. Comparisons with orchid fruit set indicated that individual co-flowering species may be facilitators or competitors for pollinator attention, affecting orchid reproductive success. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout my master’s research, I benefited from the help and support of many great people. I am especially grateful to my co-advisors Anne Worley and Bruce Ford, without whom this thesis would not have come to fruition. Their expertise, guidance, support, encouragement, and faith in me were invaluable in helping me reach my goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Model-Based Scenario Planning to Develop Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Rare Plant Populations in Grassland Reserves
    Biological Conservation 193 (2016) 103–114 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bioc Model-based scenario planning to develop climate change adaptation strategies for rare plant populations in grassland reserves Laura Phillips-Mao a,⁎, Susan M. Galatowitsch a, Stephanie A. Snyder b,RobertG.Haightb a Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, 135 Skok Hall, 2003 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA b USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1992 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA article info abstract Article history: Incorporating climate change into conservation decision-making at site and population scales is challenging due Received 24 February 2015 to uncertainties associated with localized climate change impacts and population responses to multiple Received in revised form 16 October 2015 interacting impacts and adaptation strategies. We explore the use of spatially explicit population models to facil- Accepted 21 October 2015 itate scenario analysis, a conservation planning approach for situations of high uncertainty. We developed dy- Available online 4 December 2015 namic, linked habitat suitability and metapopulation models using RAMAS GIS to consider management and Keywords: monitoring options for a grassland reserve in Minnesota (USA) in order to support a hydrologically sensitive Cypripedium candidum rare orchid (Cypripedium candidum). We evaluated 54 future scenarios combining changes in drought frequency, Habitat suitability increased depth to water table, and multiple configurations of increased invasive species cover and management. Metapopulation model Simulation results allowed us to prioritize adaptation strategies and monitoring guidelines to inform adaptive Monitoring management for our model system. For example, preventing further spread of invasive species into the current Invasion C.
    [Show full text]
  • Incidental Take Guidelines for Listed Plants in Prairies
    July 2019 Broad Incidental Take Permit/Authorization Grassland and Savanna Protocols Listed Plants in Prairies, Grasslands, and Savannas (Required on Public Lands, Encouraged on Private Lands) This Broad Incidental Take Permit/Authorization (BITP/A) has been issued by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources to allow landowners to conduct certain grassland and savanna management activities while remaining in compliance with the state’s endangered species law (s. 29.604, Wis. Stats.). This BITP/A allows for the incidental taking (mortality) of the state endangered and threatened plant species in Section I that may occur as a result of the grassland and savanna management activities listed in Section II. Full background information/criteria on this BITP/A can be found here: https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/ERReview/Documents/GSP_Overview.pdf Protocols for all other species covered under this BITP/A can be found here: https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/ERReview/ItGrasslands.html Note: If carrying out a given protocol is not feasible, or multiple listed species in a given management area pose conflicts, contact the Bureau of Natural Heritage Conservation (NHC) at [email protected]. Staff in NHC will work with species experts and managers to establish an acceptable protocol for a given site that will allow for incidental take without further legal consultation or public notice. I. Species Covered Common Name Scientific Name Wisconsin Status Round-stemmed false foxglove Agalinis gattingeri Threatened Pale false foxglove A. skinneriana Endangered Carolina anemone Anemone caroliniana Endangered Hudson Bay anemone A. multifida Endangered Woolly milkweed Asclepias lanuginosa Threatened Dwarf milkweed A. ovalifolia Threatened Purple milkweed A.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Practice: Environmental Stewardship by a Private Landowner
    Best Practice: Environmental Stewardship by a Private Landowner Prepared by: Jennifer Pachkowski December 2002 Rural Development Institute Brandon University Brandon, MB R7A 6A9 Ph 204-571-8550 Fax 204-729-9090 Email [email protected] Table of Contents PLANT DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 POPULATION AND DISTRIBUTION....................................................................................................... 1 ENDANGERED STATUS........................................................................................................................... 2 THREATS TO POPULATION ................................................................................................................... 2 MANAGEMENT OF THE BRANDON SITE............................................................................................ 3 COMPARISON OF MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES............................................................................. 5 CHALLENGES ............................................................................................................................................ 5 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. 6 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction Since the beginning of agriculture
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Monocots
    Lilioids - petaloid monocots 4 main groups: Diversity and Evolution • Acorales - sister to all monocots • Alismatids of Monocots – inc. Aroids - jack in the pulpit ! • Lilioids (lilies, orchids, yams) – grade, non-monophyletic – petaloid . orchids and palms . ! • Commelinoids – Arecales – palms – Commelinales – spiderwort – Zingiberales –banana – Poales – pineapple – grasses & sedges Lilioids - petaloid monocots Asparagales: *Orchidaceae - orchids • finish the Asparagales by 1. Terrestrial/epiphytes: plants looking at the largest family - typically not aquatic the orchids 2. Geophytes: herbaceous above ground with below ground modified perennial stems: bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers 3. Tepals: showy perianth in 2 series of 3 each; usually all petaloid, or outer series not green and sepal-like & with no bracts 1 *Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids The family is diverse with about 880 genera and over 22,000 All orchids have a protocorm - a feature restricted to the species, mainly of the tropics family. Orchids are • structure formed after germination and before the mycotrophic (= fungi development of the seedling plant dependent) lilioids; • has no radicle but instead mycotrophic tissue some are obligate mycotrophs Cypripedium acaule Corallorhiza striata Stemless lady-slipper Striped coral root Dactylorhiza majalis protocorm *Orchidaceae - orchids *Orchidaceae - orchids Cosmopolitan, but the majority of species are found in the Survive in these epiphytic and other harsh environments via tropics and subtropics, ranging from sea
    [Show full text]