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Quaker Hill; a Sociological Study

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Quaker Hill; a Sociological Study 3: \r',v :ri/;,.f, ...CI.;:-:' M. L. 974.702 Q24w 1789064 I REYNOLDS HISTORICAL GENEALOGY COLLECTrON ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 1833 01177 2388 QUAKER HI A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY BY WARREN H. WILSON, A.M. SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE COLUMBLA UNIVERSITY New York 1907 i:'S9064 CoPYP.rCKT 1907, Wa*ien H. Wii30». CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART. I. THE QUAKER COMMUNITY: From the Settlement op Quaker Hilt,, 1728, to the Division of the Meeting, 1828. CHAPTER I. Sources 5 CHAP'i r.R II. The Locality S CHAPTER ni. The Assembling of the Quakers .; •• ^6 CHAPTER IV. Economic Activities of the Quaker Community 20 CHAPTER V. Amusements 2S CHAPTER VI. The Ideals of the Quakers 32 CHAPTER VII. Morals of the Quaker Community 3^ CHAPTER VIII. Toleration of Hostile Forces 5° PART II. THE TRANSITION From ths Division of the Meeting to the Founding OF Akin Hall, 1828 to 18S0. CHAPTER I. Communication,—The Roads ^3 CHAPTER II. Economic Changes ^ /7//6 . K^>^UOr 11'.' ^0 r.li.zofA r CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. Religious Life in Transition 79 PART III. THE MIXED COMMUNITY From the Founding of Akin Hall to the Present Time, iSSo to iqo;. CHAPTER I, Demotic Composition 88 CHAPTER II. The Economy of House and Field p8 CHAPTER HI. New Ideals of Quakerism, AssimiIatio!i of Strangers ii2 CHAPTER IV. The Common Mind Ii8 CHAPTER V. Practical Differences and Rescmblcnces I3<5 CHAPTER Vi. The Social Organization 135 CHAPTER VIT. The Social Welfare 141 PART IV. ORIGINAL APPENDICES Family and Churcr Recoids. Appendix A:—Heads of Families in Oblong Meeting, 1760 153 Appendix B:—Names of Customers of Daniel Mcrritt, 1771 158 Appendix C -.—Deeds of Meeting-House Lands 167 noiJJeC'qcu.O >'!>jnnO {:. ..!. nf-rvi -^^r Vnil'. :\cr:.t t'O ^rtT 4 »t>/?' ;-?li<{ •--.:^ -iT INTRODUCTION. Fourteen }ears ago the author came to Quaker Hill as a resident, and has spent at least a part of each of the interven- ing- years in interested study of the locality. For ten of those years the fascination of the social life peculiar to the place was upnon him. Yet all the time, and increasmgly of late. the disillusionment which aii'ecLs every resident in communities of this sort was awakening questions and causing regrets. Why does not the place grow ? Why do the residents leave ? What is the illusive unity which holds all the residents of the place in affection, even in a sort of passion for the locality. }et robs them of full satisfaction in it, and drives the young and amibi- tious forth to live elsewhere? The answer to these questions is not easily to be had. It is evident that on Quaker Hill life is closely organized, and that for eighteen decades a continuous vital priticiple has given character to the population. The author has attempted, by use of the analysis of the material, according to the '"Induc- tive Sociolog}'" of Professor Franklin H. Giddings. to study patiently in detail each factor which has played its part in the life of this community. This book presents the result of that study, and the author acknowledges his indebtedness to Professor Giddings for the working analysis necessary to the knowledge of his prob- lem, as well as for patient assistance and inspiring interest. The gradual unfolding of the conclusions, the logical unity of the whole, and the explanation of that which before was not clear, have all been the fruit of this patient field-work. The study of human society is at the present time little more than a classifying of material. Only with great reserve should any student announce ultimate results, or generalize « J V.^.' r'f. ; 2 INTRODUCTION upon t]ie whole problem. For this period of classifying and analyzing' the material, such study of limited populations as this should have value. The author makes no apology for the smallness of his field of study. Quaker Hill is not even a civil division. It is a fraction of a Xew York town. There- fore no statistical material of value is available. It is, more- over, not now an econom.ic unit, though it still may be consid- ered a sociological one. This study, therefore, nuist be of interest as an analysis of the working of purely social forces in a small population, in which the whole process may be observed, more closely than in the intricate and subtle evolu- tion of a larger, more sclf-suiTicicnt social aggregate. The descriptive history of Quaker Hill, which it is my pur- pose in this book to write, o:)mprises tliree periods ; and the d-e- scriptive sociology records two differing yet related forms of social life, connected In' a period of transition. This study will then be made up of three parts : First, the Quaker Community second, the Transition; and third, tht- Mixed Community. The periods of tinie corresponding to these three are : The Period of the Quaker Comnuuiity. 1730 to 1830; second, the I'eriod of Transition, 1S30 to 1880; and third, the Period of the Mixed Comnmnity, 1880 to 1905. " The Quaker Conimunity, which ran its course in the one hundred years following the settlement of the Hill, presents the social histc'ry of a homogeneous population, assembled \n response to common stimuli, obedient to one ideal, sharing an environment limited by nature, cultivating an isolation favored by the conditions of tlie time, intermarrying, and interlacing their lelations of mutual dependence through a diversified industry ; knowing no government so w ell as the intim.ate authority of their M<>ntiily Meeting; and after a century suf- fering absorption in the commerce and thinking of the time thruuirh increased freedom of communication. t. \M .o^ INTRODUCTION - The Transition follows the Division of the Quaker Meet- ing in 1S28, the building of turnpikes, and the coming of the railroad in 1849. A cultured daughter of Quaker Plill. whose life has extended through some of those years, has called them "the dark ages." It was the middle age of the communiiy. The economic life of the place was undergoing change, under the penetrating influence of the railroad; the population was undergoing radical renovation, the ambiti(ni«; sons of the old stock moving away, and their places being fiMed at the bottom of the social ladder by foreigners, and by immi- gration of residents and "summer boarders" of the "world's people." Atove all, the powerful ideal of Quakerism was shat- tered. The community had lost the "make-believe'' at which it had played for a century in perfect unity. With it went the moral and social authority of the ^Meeting. Tvro ^leetings mutually contradicting could never express the ideal of Quakerism, that asserted the inspiration of all and every Tuan with the one divine spirit. This schism, too, was not Ljcal, but the Monthly AFeeting on the Hill was divided in th.e same year as the Yearly Meeting in Xew York, the Quarterly Meetings in the various sections, and the local ^Monthly Meet- ings throughout the United States. The Period of the Mixed Community, from the building of Akin Hall and the Mizzen-Top Flotel in iSSo to tlie year 1905 has been studied personally by tlie present writer; and it is his belief that during this short period, especially from i8<jo to 1900, the Hill enjoyed as perfect a communal life as in the Period of the Quaker Community. The same social influence was at uork. An exceptionally strong principle of assimilation, to be studied in detail in this book, which made of the original population a century and a half earlier a perfect community, now made a mixed population of Quakers, Irish Catholics and New York City residents, into a community >; -rj .;! INTRODUCTION 4, leaders, unified, no less obedient to a modified ideal, having its ' integrity and a certain its mode of association, its peculiar local E moral distinction. This period appears at the time of this writing, in 1907, [ coniing slowly to an end, owing to the death of many I to he the older members of the Quaker families, and the swift I vl liimiimtion— with their authority removed—of the Quaker in- I was the chief factor in the conmnmity's })OV,er ! thu-nce.* ' which . i 1 of assinulatjon. dis- I If one mav state in condensed form what this study is uncommon and exceptional, one I covers in Quaker llill that would sav that the social pccuHarity of the Hill is: first, the [ working out of an idea in a social population, with I consi-^tent communal integrity; I the resultant social organization, and and scc^jnd. the power of this community to assimilate individ- I itself. 1 uals and make them part of m L-.iiH li •).•:• •j.ii..'i J. K> ! '.i\'\ :':-.ii; .^'U PART I. The Quaker Community, from its Settlement in 1 728, to the Division in 1 828 CHAPTER I. THE SOUKCKS OF THIS HISTORY. The sources of the history and descriptive sociology of Quaker hill are, first, the reminiscences of th.e older resident? of the Hill, many of whom have died in tlie period under direct study in this paper ; and second, the written records men- tioned below. At no time was Quaker Hill a civil division, and the church records available were not kept with such accuracy as to give numerical results ; so that statistical mate- rial is lacking-. The \vritten sources are: I. The records of Oblong 2^Ieeting of the Society of Friends m-jtil 1828; of the Hicksite Meeting uiuil 1S85.
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