T SUSHIN

S PRING 2003 • EDWIN O. REISCHAUER I NSTITUTE OF J APANESE S TUDIES • VOL. 9 NO . 1 http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs Contents

Reischauer Institute Reports From the Director: 's Civil Society Today (Part 2) ...... 2 Comparing History Teaching (Part 2)...... 3 The Present State of Japanese Studies in Turkey ...... 4 From the Documentation Center on Contemporary Japan: Elections...... 8 Reischauer Institute News Notes Professor Mary Brinton Joins Faculty...... 12 Dr. Robert Reischauer Elected to Harvard Corporation...... 12 Research and Publication in the Harvard Japanese Studies Community ...... 12 Special Events ...... 13 Japan Forum/Events for Spring 2003...... 16 Reischauer Institute Reports Harvard-Yenching Library Honors Japanese Studies Founder 75th Anniversary Library Endowment Fund for Japanese Language Acquisitions to be Named for Professor Serge Elisséeff (see p. 13)

Profs. Edwin O. Reischauer (1910-1990) and Serge Elisséeff (1889-1975) in 1942 From the Director: that in 1960, Japan’s density of non- corporating. In contrast to the profit associations was only one-third 1,140,000 groups to which the Japan's Civil Society that of the United States (11.1 associ- Internal Revenue System had granted Today (Part 2) ations per 100,000 people versus nonprofit status in the United States, 34.6). By 1991, however, Japan had only 26,089 Japanese groups had at- Professor Susan J. Pharr reached a level more than 80 percent tained legal status as public-interest of America’s (29.2 versus 35.2). legal persons by the mid-1990s. As a Aggregate pluralization aside, the result, unincorporated associations n the Fall issue, I described a joint composition of the interest-group sec- greatly outnumber public-interest cor- project of Harvard’s Program on tor in Japan has shifted as the domi- porations and include many of Japan’s IU.S.-Japan Relations, which is af- nance of business groups has weak- most dynamic organizations. filiated with the Reischauer Institute, ened. The uneven distribution of re- Unincorporated associations labor un- and the East West Center that has en- sources and targeted state policies der financial handicaps, however. gaged a broad range of scholars from may still favor established interest as- Public-interest corporations are ex- a number of countries in an endeavor sociations, but newer, citizen-initiated empt from the corporate income tax to compare civil societies across Asia, movements enjoy a dynamism and and the taxation of interest income. and their role in political change. mass appeal that the former lack. Unincorporated organizations do not Japan, for reasons I discussed last Coinciding with a decline in popular enjoy these abatements. As for con- time, was the initial focus of the pro- confidence in government found until tributions, winning tax privileges is ject, and with a book soon to appear recently in virtually all the advanced even more difficult than incorporat- (The State of Civil Society in Japan, industrial democracies, the general ing, and unincorporated organizations edited by Frank J. Schwartz and public—and some leaders—in Japan are altogether ineligible for tax-ex- Susan J. Pharr, Cambridge University have concluded that the state lacks the empt contributions. Press, 2003), I described the debate flexibility and resources to cope with among the authors of that volume increasingly complex socioeconomic Despite these problems, there are nu- over the role of the Japanese state in issues, and more and more citizens merous signs of civil society’s rise. the nation’s civil society. have responded with their own initia- The most dramatic demonstration of tives. its growing prominence came in What, then, can be said of Japan’s January 1995, when a powerful earth- civil society today? Overall, there is But for all the growth that civil soci- quake struck the city of Kobe, killing no question that civil society in Japan ety has enjoyed in Japan, it still faces 6,430 people and obliging another is expanding and becoming more plu- many obstacles, foremost among them 310,000 to evacuate their homes. The ralistic. As Tsujinaka Yutaka of a strict regulatory environment (a disparity between public and private Tsukuba University argues in that problem that is fairly pervasive across responses to the disaster could not book, the basic pattern of association- Asia). In Japan, organizations must have been starker. Despite the devas- al life is changing profoundly, and obtain the status of “legal person” tation, jurisdictional disputes and red gradually moving away from the pre- (højin) to have legal standing. tape paralyzed the government’s relief dominance of business associations Although it is possible to operate efforts. Dismayed by the disorganiza- typical of a developmental state. without that status, groups lacking it tion of the government’s efforts, some Yamagishi Toshio of Hokkaido cannot sign contracts, and that makes 1.3 million volunteers converged on University reveals important psycho- it impossible for them to do such the affected area to organize them- logical dimensions of that transforma- things as open a bank account, own selves spontaneously, and private do- tion. Japan, he holds, is evolving at property or sign a lease for office nations amounted to about $1.3 bil- the interpersonal level from being a space, or even lease a photocopy ma- lion. security-based society in which indi- chine. The lack of legal standing may viduals pursue cautious, commitment- also deprive organizations of some of Celebrating an “NPO boom” and a forming strategies to a trust-based so- the social recognition they would oth- “volunteer revolution,” the mass me- ciety in which individuals pursue erwise win. Japan may be the strictest dia repeatedly, graphically, and invid- more open, opportunity-seeking of all advanced industrial democracies iously compared the public and pri- strategies. By implication, citizens to- in regulating the incorporation of vate responses to the catastrophe. The day press for more freedom to move NGOs. Into the 1990s, the civil code combined number of articles on among a broad constellation of inter- required that a “public-interest corpo- NGOs and NPOs in Japan’s three est groups in a society of greater ration”—the only formal option for a largest dailies soared from 1,455 in openness than in the past. nonprofit organization (NPO)—oper- 1994 to 2,151 in 1995, and it contin- ate for the benefit of society in gener- ued to rise thereafter. This media It bodes well for many countries in al and not for the benefit of any spe- coverage helped spur the passage in Asia and elsewhere that Japan’s civil cific group. Furthermore, bureaucrats 1998 of an NPO Law that will enable society, despite its checkered history, could decide on a case-by-case basis thousands upon thousands of organi- is now burgeoning. The postwar peri- at their own discretion whether to ap- zations to win legal status without od has been marked by strong trends prove or reject applications for incor- subjecting themselves to stifling state toward ever-greater participation and porated status. regulation. As of late November pluralization, with Japan’s level of as- 2001, 6,228 organizations had applied sociational activity steadily catching The many hurtles they faced natural- for such status, and 5,369 of those or- up with America’s. Tsujinaka found ly discouraged organizations from in- ganizations had already been certified.

2 Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies • The law represents a significant re- My visits to classes began just after different scene from that of a treat from state claims to a monopoly the September 11 terrorist incident. Japanese high school. Japanese high over matters bearing on the public in- As I requested, I was allowed to par- school students, to be sure, also par- terest and at the same time confers on ticipate in the classes of three history ticipate in classes, but relatively nonprofit activities the official impri- teachers (American and world histo- speaking, they are passive. As a matur that has long been lacking. ry), once or twice a week for each teacher myself, I was able to observe class, and watch the classes develop the extent of their interest in the excit- Occurring as it has during the coun- and the students respond over the ed eyes of the students. Underlying try’s decade-long economic quagmire, course of a semester. Sitting in a cor- this different, the modes of social par- the recent surge in Japan’s civil soci- ner of the classroom, listening to and ticipation differ between Japan and ety augurs well for other nations in thinking over the same lessons as the the United States, so this is probably Asia and elsewhere. Even in coun- students, I tried to grasp what the stu- in some measure a cultural issue. tries like Japan in which the state has dents were thinking and feeling by ac- shaped the associational landscape tivating all my senses. This was my Second, the difference in the class- with a heavy hand, numerous forces own first effort of this kind, and it was room scene also appears rooted in a (including rising educational levels, extremely stimulating. From the back difference in teaching methodology. value change, growing affluence, in- of the room I was able to see the be- The three teachers whose classes I formation technology, and changing havior of the students who were visited were each highly individual in international norms) are creating more gripped by an interest in history, as character, as they threw out questions autonomous and pluralized civil soci- well as observe their anxiety at test to the students and promoted histori- eties. time, no different from that of cal understanding with their individ- Japanese students. ual styles. Each one put creative ef- fort into running the class. The basic difference between classes in Japan and this American classroom I cannot introduce all of the individ- concerned the “scene” or “feel” of the ual teachers' lesson styles, but their classroom. Teachers and students, ta- methods were clearly matched to the bles and chairs, blackboards and age levels of the students. For exam- teaching materials—the basic ele- ple, in an introductory class for 9th ments of the classroom were essen- graders, the teacher introduced a his- tially the same, but the atmosphere of torical era in a game format and drew the class differed greatly. I will dis- the students in by giving them a hands cuss first, the attitudes of the students, on experience of social change. Also and second, the methods of the teach- impressive was a series of classes for Comparing History ers. 11th grade American history students, which had the students pretend to be Teaching First, in lessons led by teachers, I characters from various social classes was struck by how actively the of the past, making them think about (Part 2) American students respond and par- basic life needs and contests for ad- Misako Nimura ticipate. Students raise their hands vantage against people from other and respond to questions; sometimes classes. Thus they would see with Society for the Comparative they raise their hands to indicate a their own eyes the social problems Study of History and Historical question or lack of understanding and policies of the past. Even the Education even while the teacher was talking. teacher who lectured in a more ortho- In Japanese high schools, students dox fashion would pose a series of n 2001 I had an opportunity to par- who merely take notes quietly are re- sharp questions that sparked the intel- ticipate in an American high school garded favorably. Even those stu- lectual curiosity of the students. Iand test my assumptions. Through dents who were once energetically the introduction of the Reischauer raising their hands in elementary What the three teachers had in com- Institute, I was able to carry out ex- school become afraid to make mis- mon was the effort not to try to get the tended classroom observations in a takes when they get to high school students to grasp history by way of suburban Boston high school. Of and do not raise their hands. So, from abstract concepts and terminology, course, to fully understand education the beginning I was surprised at an but rather by concrete experiences in issues in America, which is so geo- environment where even students who the activities of living human beings. graphically and culturally diverse, ob- did not have a firm handle on the an- I was reminded of the richly described servation limited to one suburban high swer to a question would speak up in examples of achievement in the school, which had a relatively large class, one after the other. National Standards of 1994. population of white students with Substantial audiovisual teaching ma- strong educational preparation, is in- The activity of the students will terials were provided as well, and they adequate. Still, even through observa- surely differ widely depending on the were frequently used. tion of history teaching in just one level of the school or the particular school, I saw many things which pro- class. In the classes I visited there History teachers in Japan also use a voked reflection. were times when the students had variety of creative and improvised trouble with a particular difficult sub- methods. They engage in lively con- ject. But still, this was definitely a sultations over lesson planning. But

2003 • Volume 9 Number 1 • Tsushin Spring 2003 3 on the one hand such teachers are ence in Japanese internal affairs. The Present State of faced with the examination system Certainly such a response would be with its strong pressures to make the normal in terms of a 19th-century Japanese Studies in students memorize history as frag- conception of the nation-state. Turkey mentary information and terminology. Especially because the subject of his- And, on the other hand there are many tory was regarded as of great impor- Selçuk Esenbel teachers who satisfy themselves with tance in the task of cultivating citizen Bogaziçi University the style of lecturing from the podium consciousness in the nation state, such class after class, because they are re- opinions have persisted and remain urkish interest in Japan as a tem- sponsible for a large number of stu- deeply rooted. plate of ideal modernization dents and have a very heavy work- Tgoes back to the turn of the load. In cases where the teachers However, even as an historical con- twentieth century, when the Ottomans themselves did not have any learning sciousness of nation, region or local first took notice of Japan as a possible experiences other than the lecture for- society is cultivated through educa- strong example of combatting the mat when they were students, it is un- tion, at a time when communications perennial domination of the European derstandable that they cling to old and human interactions are growing at powers in the world. Although Europe methods. In this sense, my observa- a tremendous rate across the bound- has continued to be the major source tions point to the important roll of the aries of nation-states, I believe that of inspiration for the Ottoman and lat- cultural reproduction of tradition in history education can no longer be er the Turkish Republic’s steps to- school life. considered a matter limited to the do- ward reform and self-strengthening mestic political realm. The time has since the 18th century, Japan emerged In sum, one must indeed conclude come for mutual scrutiny of how the as an “alternative model” sometime in the late Meiji years. The conservative that in the best American education next generation, which will experi- ü the tendency is to promote self-moti- ence the future, should be taught to modernist Sultan Abd lhamid II vated students with a clear sense of think about history. (1876-1908 reign years), wary of participation, whereas in Japan, as in European intrigues in the Middle East the past, the tendency is to emphasize In this sense, won’t international com- and the ominous threat of Russian students’ obedience to teachers and parative questions and exchanges of power in the north, ordered the prepa- the educational order. Of course, as experience in history education, close- ration of an official report on Meiji in the United States, where it is im- ly rooted in classroom experience, be Japan, which can be considered the possible to characterize a huge diverse a very important theme for the future? first “Japan study” in Turkey. The country through a single case, At the present time, when nations Sultan also commissioned an exten- Japanese society is in a process of around the globe are facing questions sive photograph collection about change. Oversimplification must at of educational reform, I think that Meiji Japan, which has three hundred all costs be avoided. However, inso- there is great value in publicizing and photographs on everyday life, men far as elements of cultural inheritance examining the features of every kind and women, monuments, cities and such as that noted above come into of education, both strong points and villages of nineteenth-century Japan. education, change in the day-to-day weak ones. This comparison of edu- (This collection is presently housed in life of a school is slow or difficult. cation in Japan and the United States Istanbul University and in digital form is only a small step toward this kind in the IRCICA center resident in Indeed, matters are always two- of study. I hope that such efforts will Y1ld1z palace.) The pictures are fasci- sided. In both the United States and be made by numerous teachers and re- nating for students of Meiji culture Japan, the educational system has searchers and will bear fruit interna- and society, representing a geo-cultur- pluses and minuses. Probably as one tionally. al world of Japan that is long extinct. thinks about these problems, one must Abdulhamid II also sent the Ottoman credit the high average level of basic naval ship Ertugrul on an official visit learning in Japanese elementary edu- to the Meiji emperor in 1889. cation, even though the schools face Unfortunately, on the way back, the serious problems. And, one must note visit ended in tragedy when the ship the large gaps in academic perfor- sank along Oshima Island near mance by region, class and race in the Wakayama prefecture losing most of United States. No simple judgments its crew and officers to the waves of of superiority or inferiority should be the Pacific ocean. Today, a museum allowed. and a memorial stand on the promon- tory where the accident took place. Issues for the future In hindsight Abdülhamid II can be In 1982, when sharp criticism was considered the first prominent politi- addressed at Japan for the first time cal figure of Turkey who expressed by other Asian countries over the re- avid interest in Japanese affairs. In his vision of Japanese history texbooks, memoirs, he reveals the Turkish per- one common response was to say that ception of modern Japan which typi- education was a sovereign matter of cally persists to this day: he com- the state, and that criticism from ments that since Japan is a nation of a abroad was thus unwarranted interfer- single race, a single religious tradi-

4 Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies • tion, and a single language, Japan Japan around the turn of the century, timately linked to the firmly tradition- could achieve a national unity that presents an insider’s view of the early alist cultural perspective of its politi- was instrumental in its quick modern- phases of the nationalist and Asianist cal elites, which protected the nation ization, which compared unfavorably debate. Linked with the Kokury¥kai, from the social and psychological ills to the destructive influence of frag- the Tøa Døbunkai, and a close friend of too much westernization in the mented nationalisms in the multi-eth- of such Japanese Asianist and nation- process of undergoing industrializa- nic Ottoman empire. He laments in alist figures as Toyama Mitsuru and tion, a lesson that the author claims one passage that if there is one land Okawa Shumei, Ibrahim provides a was lost to the Republican elites of which hardly resembles Japan, surely rare look at the imperialist currents in Turkey. it is “our poor country.” He also ad- Japanese society which instigated mil- mired “Mikado Mutsuhito” for never itarist and expansionist actions. This means that although the late having had to face the degree of inter- Despite his brief stay, Ibrahim’s visit Ottoman elites saw Japan as a useful national political difficulties as him- was to have long-lasting conse- phenomenon of the modern world self: If the Mikado had had even a quences. He was to return to Japan in with which they were trying to catch small road built in Eastern Anatolia, 1933 and live there until his death in up, after the founding of the Turkish Russia would have raised a fit!, com- 1944, during which time he was in- Republic in 1923 the subject of Japan ments the Sultan. volved in the pro-Islamic cultural and largely lost its importance: the political activities of pre-war Japanese Republican vision focused instead The Japanese victory in the Russo- Asianists and the like-minded strictly on the adoption of Modern Japanese War of 1904-5 was a turning Japanese military and political circles Western Civilization as the course of point in the widening of the Turkish that eventually came to power during development for the Turkish people. public’s positive interest in the “rising the Second World War. Afterwards, indeed until quite recent- sun of the East:” this time as the ly, Japan remained significant only symptom of the revolutionary and na- In Turkey, Ibrahim’s perspective on within the limited intellectual and aca- tionalist energies of oppressed peo- nationalist Japan was representative demic circles that remained on the ples. As in many Asian and European of the Ottoman intellectual legacy of sidelines or in the oppositional mar- capitals, the dramatic Japanese victory admiring Japan for modernizing yet gins of the dominant mainstream over imperial Russia created an over- without losing its Asian/indigenous Turkish intellectual environment, a whelmingly enthusiastic response tradition. That intellectual legacy mainstream which derived its agendas among Turkish people. The memoirs translates to this day as the positive from the European-oriented of Pertev (Demirhan), the Ottoman image of Japan as an “unadulterated” Republican legacy. This disinterest general who was an on-the-spot ob- modernity which is held by tradition- was reinforced by a lack of familiari- server at the Battle of Tsushima dur- alist, anti-Kemalist Turkish thinkers. ty with the history, language and cul- ing the Russo-Japanese conflict, is an Thus, Japan remains an inspiration for ture of modern Japan, even in univer- interesting work in which he reflects a the oppositional discourse of some sities; and in addition, the negative military officer’s view of the conflict Turkish Islamist intellectuals and image of pre-war Japanese nationalist and also reveals sincere admiration Turkish nationalists who are not only and imperialist behavior formed in the for Meiji Japan’s progress. (The critical of the West but also of the early years of the Turkish Republic memoirs were later published during strong Western orientation of the was also presumably influential in in- the Republic after 1923 as advice to Turkish revolution in the twentieth ducing a distanced attitude toward Turkish youth.) The 1908 Young century. Until recently, therefore, the Japan. In short, the secular Turk Revolution which began the sec- nature of the fascination of Turkish Republican Turkish elite vision of ond Constitutional period in Turkish traditionalists with Japan as an alter- modernity has not paid much attention history was contemporary with a pro- native to the West has created a para- to the experience of Japan because it lific increase in publications about digm constraint. In this environment, was seen to have fallen outside of the modern Japan. Popular articles ap- Japan is taken out of its complex his- linear development of the European peared in newspapers and journals tory of westernism and continuously quest of Modernity from the about Japanese women, children, reformed traditionalism and is con- Enlightenment and the French samurai, and schools, and translations trasted as a singular ideal type against Revolution, whose recent outcome is of books on Japan and numerous ac- the unsuccessful westernization en- the Republic of Turkey’s marching to- counts of the Russo-Japanese war also tailed in the legacy of the founder of ward the historical goal of joining the made the image of young Japan visi- the Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk, European Union. ble. which the average Turkish person feels has not been as accomplished as Even in the academic world, the Probably the most interesting account Japan’s modernization. Even today, well-known Ward and Rustow vol- of Meiji Japan among the Young- articles in conservative papers, or ume on Political Modernization in Turk-era publications is Alem-i Islam, popular works on Japan’s successful Japan and Turkey (Princeton, 1964), a two volume memoir-travel account industrialization such as those of which brought together the compara- by Abdürresid Ibrahim, an Ottoman- Mehmet Turgut, a former conserva- tive papers of scholars who had fo- Tatar ulema originally from Romanov tive politician and minister of industry cused on the problem of moderniza- Russia. Ibrahim set foot in Japan in (he wrote an excellent study of tion in both countries, and served as a 1908, left in 1909, and published his Japanese industrial policies in 1984) seminal work on the subject in the book on Japan in Istanbul in 1911. reflect the notion that Japan’s eco- United States as part of the debate on The memoir, a vivid account of nomic and industrial successes are in- modernization during the sixties, was

2003 • Volume 9 Number 1 • Tsushin Spring 2003 5 not translated into Turkish. It there- degree program in Japanese language Studies University, and Shimonoseki fore did not really have an important and literature in the Faculty of Letters City University. impact in the academic debate of the of Ankara University during the acad- day in Turkey despite the comparison emic year of 1985/1986. Coinciding Other universities in Istanbul and of Japanese and Turkish histories. with the visit of Prince Mikasa, a various places in Turkey similarly of- longtime friend and patron of Near fer Japanese language teaching, and However, despite this overall picture, Eastern studies and archeology in there are many language schools out- a different current of intellectual inter- Japan, and the founding of the side of these major universities. est in Japan has been related to the Turkish Japanese Business Council, Various cultural programs are spon- Marxist view of Japanese moderniza- Turkish-Japanese economic relations sored by the Japanese diplomatic mis- tion as a revolutionary experience had received an unprecedented boost sions, which in addition provide comparable to the historical experi- when Japanese firms won the bid for Japanese language instruction in ence of the Turkish revolution begin- the second Bosphorus bridge (Fatih Ankara and Istanbul to serve the ning in the Young Turk era and cul- Bridge) which was constructed during needs of the tourism and business sec- minating with the Kemalist the eighties by a Turkish- Japanese tors which have increasingly expand- Revolution of the Republic. In fact, consortium. The Sinologist Pulat ed their relations with Japan. The the comparative study of Japan found Otkan, who had pursued graduate Japan Studies Association of Istanbul its entry in the prevalent Marxist de- work in the Oriental History division and the Turkish Japanese Foundation bate in Turkish academia during the of Tokyo University and has headed in Ankara are new associations which sixties, where the critical study of the Chinese language and literature have begun to coordinate members of Turkish history had begun to search chair (established by the famous pre- the academic, cultural, and business for alternative and comparable revolu- war German China specialist communities who have interests in tionary experiences outside of Europe. Wolfram Eberhard in 1936), initiated Japan or are conducting Japan-orient- For example, Dogan Avc1oglu, an im- the steps for setting up a Japanology ed research. While Turkish-language portant Marxist political thinker chair. The present writer Selçuk studies of Japan remain sparse, the whose studies of the revolutionary Esenbel (now of Bogaziçi publication of the first Turkish study legacy of Turkey remain seminal, University’s Department of History in of modern Japan, the Esenbel and evaluated the Meiji Restoration as an Istanbul) was specially appointed to Demirc1oglu-edited volume, Çagdas example of a “revolution from the teach for the first year of instruction. Japonya’ya Türkiye’den Bak1slar top” that was similar in this respect to The program received its first students (Turkish Perspectives on Modern the Turkish case. Avc1oglu used the in 1986, has continued to develop a Japan, 1999) which was sponsored by pre-war Køza-ha argument as the ba- graduate program in language and lit- the Japan Studies Association of sis of his analysis of the Meiji erature, and now stands as the oldest Istanbul and the Japan Foundation, Restoration, stressing the change in degree-offering program in the coun- has been an important first step. The modern Japanese history that had re- try. In recent years, the pioneer crop role of the Japan Foundation has been lied on elite power structures rather of young graduate students has joined crucial, providing regular aid to li- than the undifferentiated continuum the program as teaching staff, such as brary collections on Japan, teaching of Japanese cultural tradition that had Hüseyin Can Erkin (who completed a materials, and fellowships for stu- been emphasized by the conservative history dissertation on the treatment dents. and religiously-oriented Turkish of the Ottoman empire in the thinkers. Tokugawa-period Dutch reports to the However, in comparison to the devel- Shogunate (Horanda fusetsugaki)) . oped centers of Japanese studies in The study of Japanese language and Because of strong student interest in Europe and the United States, results Japanese studies never really took off Japan, elsewhere in Ankara, Middle in Turkey remain insufficient. On one for a long time in Turkey despite the East Technical University and hand, major programs with future po- widespread interest and admiration Bilkent and Baskent Universities now tential have been established and a among the general public, but the offer courses in Japanese language significant number of young people in 1980s were a turning point. The in- and Japanese foreign policy and inter- Turkey are today studying Japanese, crease of economic and political rela- national relations. so that every year probably around tions between Japan and Turkey, par- thirty to fifty students graduate from ticularly during the leadership of In Istanbul, in Bogaziçi University degree programs. Many Turkish stu- Japanese prime minister Nakasone (formerly Robert College) Esenbel dents impress observers by develop- and Turgut Özal (prime minister and has been teaching Japanese and East ing a remarkable capacity in Japanese later president) instigated a dynamic Asian history in the Department of language in a short period of time development of Japanese studies. History since 1981. The Bogaziçi (perhaps this supports the academic Possibly too, debate in the academic Japanese Language program is the argument for the affinity between and intellectual environments of oldest in Istanbul, and has already Japanese and the Altaic languages, Turkish society has become more sent many exchange students and which include Turkish). It is interest- varied in questioning the Republican graduate students to Japan who are ing that Turkish students who are the legacy. specializing in science, economics, second generation of Turkish workers history, and more recently modern lit- in Europe, especially in Germany, The pioneering advance was the erature, using exchange programs also are entering Japanese studies in founding of the first undergraduate with Keio, Waseda, Tokyo Foreign increasing numbers and gaining

6 Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies • recognition for their proficiency in tion is the development of multi-disci- would help in the sharing of resources language abilities. Thus we can ven- plinary programs that incorporate in teaching staff, scholars, students, ture to say that the distanced Japan into a larger Asian setting that and collections. This cooperation Republican attitude toward Japan has will offer wider background training might focus on research themes which been overcome. to Japanese language students and in- are particularly relevant in the region: crease their opportunities in interna- that is, Mediterranean perspectives on On the other hand, while many tional relations and business. At the Japan. Turkish students learn Japanese, very level of university research, a solution few pursue graduate studies. Such is to develop research agendas in top- It must be recognized that developing studies remain by and large only pos- ics where Turkish students of any new field such as Japanese stud- sible abroad in Japan, Europe, and the Japanese language can provide special ies in a politico-economic-cultural en- United States where graduate pro- contributions based on their Turkish vironment where scarcity of resources grams and library collections are orientation. For example, Turkish stu- is not the exception but the rule, as is available. Every year the Japanese dents of Japan can be specially well the ongoing case in Turkey, forces government offers scholarships for positioned to work on topics such as one to work constantly under extraor- Turkish students, but these are only the history and international relations dinary difficulties compared to cen- 12—14 in number and within this of Japan and Central Asia, Russia, ters which have undisputed advan- group only about four are allocated to and the Near East. Those with an ex- tages of a wealth of resources or cultural subjects. This level of sup- ceptionally strong academic back- large established academic communi- port no longer suffices, in view of the ground can also contribute to the in- ties with long traditions of publica- increasing number of students in ternationalization of Japanese studies. tion. Still, creative strategy, linking Japanese. Furthermore, while students In recent years the increasing number distinctive research agendas and in- who have professional education in of Japanese studies scholars who orig- stitutional developments in ways addition to Japanese studies find that inate in cultural environments outside based on regional resources in combi- the study of Japan enhances their job of the dominant West European- nation with channels of global cooper- opportunities in business or tourism, American centers (particularly the ation, can help newly developing pro- many more find great difficulties in United States), have been helping de- grams in the academic “periphery” obtaining relevant employment. velop innovative, nuanced interpreta- nurture new frontiers of research. At Unfortunately, with the great success tions in Japan-related research that cut the present moment Japanese studies of Japanese language education in across the familiar restrictive perspec- in Turkey faces this challenge. Turkey during the last two decades, it tives of Japan and the Rest or Japan ------is now ironically clear that there are and the West. In this context a pro- Selçuk Esenbel studied Japanese his- really not enough Japan-oriented jobs gressive step would be an increasing tory at International Christian in the country to employ the increas- of collaboration among the centers of University in Tokyo, and later com- ing number of young graduates with Japanese Studies in the Mediterranean pleted her graduate work at this new language skill. region (Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, Georgetown and Columbia Egypt, and Israel) and the West Universities. For undergraduate schools, one solu- European-American centers that

Photos on this and preceding pages are of participants at the August conference on Japanese Library Resources (see p. 13). On page 3: Helen Hardacre and Sachie Noguchi; on page 4: Victoria Bestor, Kazuko Sakaguchi and Mariko Honshuku; on page 7: Kuniko Yamada McVey and Yasuko Makino; the assembled participants

2003 • Volume 9 Number 1 • Tsushin Spring 2003 7 Documentation Association works closely with the is frequent, and in addition to on-line Public Offices Election Law and opinion polls, one can efficiently ob- Center on Election Administration Committee. tain in-depth information about elec- Contemporary Japan One can obtain useful election data on tions that range from Japanese domes- (Reischauer Institute, voter turnout rate changes on both na- tic elections to the U.S. Presidential tional and local levels, from the 22nd election. Sponsor): Lower House Election that took place Elections in 1946 to the present, as well as pub- Rakusen Undø, or Throw-Out-the- lic opinion polls on each postwar Crooks Campaign, Shimin Rentai, election. Moreover, through a linked Nami 21 (Citizens Solidarity, Wave Kazuko Sakaguchi homepage of each regional Election 21) Documentation Center Director Administration Committee at a local http://nvc.halsnet.com/jhattori/ level, one can obtain various break- rakusen/ ith repeated political corrup- downs on election information, such tion and scandals as well as as the number of voters by municipal According to a recent poll, the num- Wopaque alliances and split po- levels, overseas voter registration en- ber of citizens who do not support any litical parties and factions, the politi- rollment, and absentee voting. particular political party has been in- cal world of Japan has appeared par- creasing. These non-partisan voters ticularly dismal in the past ten years. Election are not necessarily apathetic about Some now perceive it as a “lost http://www.election.co.jp/ politics and society but instead more decade” in politics. Political cynicism likely to be critical toward current has gradually deepened, but citizen In Japanese election campaigns, it politics. Thus it is these voters who participation in politics has grown ac- would not be uncommon that political are the target audience of the rapidly tive over the Internet despite simulta- parties and candidates simply distrib- spreading grassroots movements neously declining in the voter booth. ute posters and fliers while bowing which seek to influence politics Many believe that as expressions of and yelling, “Please! Please! (vote for throughout Japan. Rakusen undø or dissatisfaction or complaints about me)” on the campaign trail. However, “throw-out-the-crooks campaign” is a politics alone are not likely to change the Internet is now playing a more in- negative campaign to oust incompe- anything, citizens need to be better in- fluential role in this familiar scene. tent politicians. Based on online vot- formed about candidates and take ac- Citizen groups in Tokyo and Fukuoka ing by non-partisans, lists of “defec- tion in politics by voting in accor- launched a site called “Election” tive politicians” viewed as corrupt and dance with their own beliefs and con- when the Lower House election took disqualified to be elected legislators victions. A current civil movement is place in 2000 to encourage voters are released on the Internet, inclusion spreading nationwide that not only so- who have become disillusioned by in which can often lead to defeat in licits voters to participate in politics politics to increase their political elections. Criteria for the blacklist in- by becoming better informed and vot- awareness and participation. In addi- clude scandals and corruption, alleged ing but also demands that politicians tion to search functions to identify violations of law, failed fulfillment of disclose information on campaign politicians by political party and elec- campaign pledges, inappropriate re- contributions. Since the Internet is be- tion district, the site provides voters marks and actions, and low Diet ses- coming an important source of infor- with various opportunities to feel sion attendance. The rakusen undø, mation exchange, this civil movement more familiar with politics. This web- which originated in South Korea, led has become more evident here as well site offers open forums where a politi- to evicting 70% of the blacklisted as in the traditional media. As nation- cian and a citizen can engage in a vir- “defective politicians” in their general wide local elections are approaching tual encounter on the Internet. For in- election in April 2000. Inspired by in April this year, I would like to fea- stance, a voter can send a message di- this successful negative campaign, a ture several interesting rapidly-ex- rectly to a politician by using a form number of citizens groups throughout panding websites on elections. for “cheering” (lending support) or Japan initiated such campaigns on “questioning” which links to the their own while developing coopera- Association for Promoting Fair politician’s email address. tion with each other, including the Elections Furthermore, when selected, one also original group in Korea. Among vari- http://www.akaruisenkyo.or.jp has opportunities to interview and ous negative campaign websites, ei- participate in discussions with politi- ther locally or nationwide, Citizens The Association for Promoting Fair cians. Moreover, one can listen to a Solidarity, Wave 21 is perhaps the Elections, which is an auxiliary orga- designated radio program on elections leading one. This site can be accessed nization of the Ministry of Home (also called “Election”) through mul- through i-mode, Japan’s most popular Affairs, stems from the League for timedia. During election times, the cellular network service, and has an Fair Election (founded in 1952), one website also provides transcriptions of automatic translation system that al- of the pioneers of citizens’ move- campaign speeches and simultaneous lows the web page in Japanese to ments in the postwar period. reports on election results. Volunteers translate into English and vice versa, Supported by more than 120,000 vol- provide substantial amounts of re- from which one may perceive the am- unteers throughout Japan, the gional election information from bitions of the global citizen move- Association has been engaged in pro- across the country. From this site one ment. moting “a fair and clean election” that may sense the ardent passions toward is not influenced neither by bribery politics in Japan. Also, data updating nor personal connections. The

8 Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies • Council of Rating Politicians might become an indispensable tool Center for Political Public Relations http://www.seijika- for a democracy in which citizen par- Inc. http://www.seiji-koho.co.jp/ hyoutei.com/frame.html ticipation is welcomed. One can ob- tain all 732 incumbent Diet member Nowadays most biographic informa- There are several varieties of rakusen profiles and their constituency infor- tion about incumbent Diet members undø. The Seijika Hyøtei Kaigi mation. The SPDS allows one to per- can be obtained on various websites (Council of Rating Politicians), which form a variety of searches, such as free of charge, and thus it would not was launched in April 2000, is de- campaign pledges and speeches. be necessary to purchase access to signed to judge candidates’ qualifica- Moreover, the framework of the data- such profiles for current politicians. tions as legislators. As the policies of base is well designed and user-friend- However, if one wants to obtain infor- candidates are often unknown to vot- ly so that one can easily trace changes mation on former Diet members, the ers, the Council releases politician re- in each politician's policies and think- web version of “Diet Member sponses to questionnaires on its home- ing. It is understandable that the site Directory” by the Center for Political page, instead of publicizing a list of won the Good Design Prize in 2001, Public Relations Inc. (CPPR) might “defective politicians.” The intention awarded by the Japan Industrial be useful. This database provides in- of publicizing politicians’ campaign Design Promoting Organization. formation on assemblymen since the pledges and policy positions is not to first Imperial Diet (1890). The search evaluate the effectiveness of politi- Open the Cyber-Politics function is, however, somewhat limit- cians but instead to provide the public http://www.hirake.org ed to a name search only, using either with a yardstick to judge election can- the fifty Japanese syllables or a key- didates. The Council watches careful- Open the Cyber-Politics (OCP) is a word search by name. When clicking ly what individual politicians’ stances website that evaluates a politician's a linked name on the list of Diet are towards national policy problems homepage. Massive enthusiasm for members, which can be classified by and how they approach the resolution launching politicians’ homepages be- age, political party, faction, and num- of pending issues, such as budget gan in 1996 when the Lower House ber of successful elections, one is tak- deficit reconstruction and constitu- election took place. Currently, more en to the Center’s uniform format tional amendments. A record of the than 80% of the Diet members have with biographical information such as utterance and policy for each politi- homepages. The Internet, which has number of successful elections and cian enables voters to compare and distinctive features of expansion and activities on cabinets and committees evaluate politicians. Having been de- bi-direction, has become a more dom- (postwar period only) along with ceived or disappointed with political inant instrument day-by-day as a terms and dates of service and birth campaign pledge failures after candi- medium for politicians’ publicity ac- date (and date of death, if applicable). dates’ successes in elections, what the tivities. Over the Internet politicians In addition, the database also provides Council is doing could be viewed as a are now able not only to introduce further information, such as secre- proactive “self-defense measure.” A their profiles and policies but also to taries’ names, the location of the con- print version of questionnaire results provide more in-depth reports on their stituency, and public disclosure of is available at most bookstores in political activities by using multime- personal assets. It also provides de- Japan. (Planet Publishing, 500 yen) dia functions, such as animation and tailed election information for the sounds, not to mention improving the Lower House and Upper House, and Statesmen and Policies Database communication with their voters the municipal level. The database can System (Køsø Nippon) through e-mail and mail magazines. be regarded as a web version of the http://www.kosonippon.org/ OCP does not present either a simple Political Handbook, which is pub- evaluation of homepages or politi- lished annually by CPPR, and the bio- The Statesmen and Policies Database cians’ policies. Instead, emphasis is graphical information on each politi- System (SPDS), launched by a private placed on each political candidate’s cian is more detailed than the print think tank, Køsø Nippon (Japan Plan), achievements and accomplishments version of Political Handbook. is fundamentally similar to the above- while providing a close-up look at the Moreover, since the link expands in mentioned website, the Council of candidate’s accountabilities in persua- many directions to take advantage of Rating Politicians (CRP). Unlike sion, explanation, and information the distinctive features of the Internet, CRP, which shows the 2000 survey sharing. Based on clearly defined cri- a list of hierarchical information and only, SPDS publicizes survey results teria, which consist of five categories data intricately organized in the book- from policy questionnaires sent to (degree of updating, policy, activity, let is well synthesized and user- Diet members, which are conducted actual result, and expression of other friendly. Currently access to this web continuously, and, thus, data updating viewpoints), each homepage is evalu- version of the Diet Member is more frequent. The SPDS intends to ated on a hundred-point scale, along Directory, however, is available only be a website where voters can search with comments for possible improve- through CPPR membership (with an and retrieve information about politi- ment. Some politicians are willing to annual fee of 18,900 yen). No trial ac- cians from all over the country at any have their homepages evaluated and cess is available, though monthly sub- time. In response to a demand to introduced at this site. Voters can scription arrangement can be avail- change the former behind-the-door check the evaluation of the politician able to overseas users (credit card politics to a transparent policy-mak- websites by category, and each cate- payment only). ing process, the site offers voters gory can be searched by various clas- ways to check a politician’s parlia- sifications, such as launching date, mentary activities. This open check- constituency, and political party. ing system available to the public

2003 • Volume 9 Number 1 • Tsushin Spring 2003 9 Japanese Politicians, Nagatacho Currently the available data on the House general election in 2000, which (Dynamic Strategies Asia) Internet are from the 1st to the 3rd were distributed primarily around the http://www.japanesepoliticians.com seminar. The Data Bank offers per- Tokyo metropolitan area, and offers haps the most exhaustive available invaluable images of politicians that Those looking for an incumbent Diet data on new political parties, Diet cannot be obtained through any other member's profile written in English members, and Lower House elections. data sources. As political campaign may occasionally have difficulty ob- For instance, by using the category posters usually reflect each candi- taining information due to a lack of “Diet member data” compiled in the date’s campaign strategy, either “in- suitable reference materials. Japanese 2nd term seminar, which collected tentional or unintentional” as well as Politicians is a database which offers and analyzed the data about the Diet “conscious or unconscious” (Ikuo biographic information combined members from 1990 to 1998, all the Kabashima), the poster collection pos- with a search engine for Japanese data regarding a Diet member's activ- sesses priceless research value to un- politicians’ careers and political activ- ities, such as each assemblyman's ple- derstand Japanese political culture. ities in English. This database was de- nary session attendances (both num- This particularly interesting material veloped by Americans who are expe- ber and percentage), legislative initia- can be especially valuable for re- rienced in working with policy-mak- tives, political party changes, faction search on political communication ing staff in Nagatacho, the center for changes, and voting record in nomi- theory and campaign strategy. In the Japanese politics. It was originally in- nating Prime Ministers, can be ob- above-mentioned seminar offered by tended for internal office use at tained easily. The data analysis made Professor Kabashima, “the campaign Dynamic Strategies Asia Inc., a con- from various viewpoints offers anoth- poster” was selected as a research top- sulting company for clients planning er perspective on each politician’s ic for the 4th seminar. As of this writ- to do business in Japan. However, profile; indeed, such data can depict ing, data analysis from this seminar since no English tool of this kind was the politicians’ reality more eloquent- has not been mounted on the web yet; available, the database has been re- ly. Nevertheless, it is amazing that however, Research on the Campaign leased for public use on a fee basis such a vast quantity of data has been Poster (2002), published from (annual subscription: $600). The data collected, not to mention building Bokutakusha Ltd. Publishers, is avail- cover over 70 categories, such as birth such a magnificent database. One can- able. date, university, specialization, politi- not help but admire the students’ in- cal party, parliament and committee tellectual industriousness. In addition, While the relationship between the activities, cabinet-member experi- detailed survey results about Japanese Internet and the election process is ence, and so on. One can retrieve political awareness conducted by the deepening steadily, the use of the search results by simply combining Association for Promoting Fair Internet for election campaigning is each choice listed for every category. Elections at the time of parliamentary practically banned because the Home For instance, one can easily identify assemblyman elections since 1970 Affairs Ministry’s Election Division how many politicians have served as can be obtained through this Data takes a position that “letters and im- the Vice-Minister of the Ministry of Bank. ages” on the Internet are subject to re- Foreign Affairs and the names of striction according to the current these individuals. Nevertheless, since Japanese Political Posters Public Offices Election Law. the search engine lacks the capability http://homepage.mac.com/election- Currently candidates shall neither ask of a generic keyword search that is of- posters/ voters to vote for him/her nor to up- ten found with most databases, input date their homepages after the official of various keywords can often retrieve A campaign poster is still an impor- announcement of their candidacy. no results. Although the framework of tant medium of political communica- Moreover, citizen group websites on the database is in English, most linked tion in Japan. Political parties and elections also voluntarily restrict their information is in Japanese; therefore candidates always pay attention to its activities to avoid potential violation Japanese language skills will be nec- impact on election campaigns. Some of the Election Law. Nevertheless, as essary to exploit the full capacity of candidates even publicize their draft seen by the recent presidential cam- this database. campaign posters on the Internet be- paign in South Korea, voters cannot fore printing and ask voters/support- be stopped from using the Internet for Political Studies Data Bank ers to choose their favorite poster de- political information. To respond to (Kabashima Seminar, University of sign by voting online. Until recently, urgent requests to modify the current Tokyo) however, campaign posters have been Election Law, action has been taken http://politics.j.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ seldom considered as a subject of sci- to lift the ban on the use of the entific research. The Japanese Internet in election campaigns. As a The Political Studies Data Bank, Political Poster is a unique site that virtual arena where voters can partici- which was established as a data ser- displays a collection of campaign pate in discussion on elections, poli- vice center for scientific research on posters. This image database is a joint tics and policies as well as exchange politics, exhibits digitized data col- project developed by young scholars information, cyberspace will become lected by students participating in at Hitotsubashi University and the more active as an election approaches year-long annual seminars offered by University of Hawaii. So far the data- and will serve as a potential informa- Professor Ikuo Kabashima at Faculty base contains limited numbers of tion source for those interested in of Law at the . campaign posters since the Lower studying current political trends in

10 Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies • Japan. Although there are some con- will overcome such problems and cerns that political activities on the have a chance to hone their under- Internet may lead to the danger of ma- standing by viewing politics on the nipulating public opinion and promot- Internet. ing demagoguery and populism in politics, it is more likely that voters

Scenes from the 50th Anniversary of the Fulbright U.S.-Japan Exchange (see p. 14): Left: concert of Japanese virtuosi; Right: Reischauer Institute Director Susan J. Pharr and Mrs. J. William Fulbright (Fulbright photos by Gwendolyn Stewart

Address ideas and correspondence about TSÜSHIN to Dr. Galen Amstutz, Institute Coordinator, at the Reischauer Institute ad- dress, or via e-mail to [email protected]. Most of the content of TSÜSHIN is available on the Reischauer Institute’s Internet website: http://www.fas. harvard.edu/~rijs. The Reischauer Institute would like to thank the following persons who have specially contributed recently: Hiromi Maeda, Translator/Editor Mikiko Nishimura, Translator/Editor Motoko Oka, Translator/Editor HARVARD UNIVERSITY EDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF Yuka Sakamoto, Translator/Editor JAPANESE STUDIES The Institute offers its sincere thanks to all those individu- als and institutions who have submitted articles and informa- 1737 Cambridge Street, Room 319 tion featured in this issue. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Telephone: (617) 495-3220 Production Fax: (617) 496-8083 Layout: Galen Amstutz Internet Website: www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs Original Design: Bradley K. Edmister

TSÜSHIN uses QuarkXPress 3.31J, Adobe Photoshop 7.0, and Adobe Illustrator 6.0.

2003 • Volume 9 Number 1 • Tsushin Spring 2003 11 Reischauer Institute News Notes

Professor Mary tators on federal budget and policy “The Lies and Connivances of an Evil matters. He has played numerous oth- Woman: Early Meiji Realism and The Brinton Joins Faculty er public service roles as well. Tale of Takahashi Oden the She- Devil ” by Mark Silver rofessor Mary Brinton has joined Harvard President Lawrence H. the Harvard faculty in Sociology Summers has expressed his admira- “Tsubouchi Shøyø's Tøsei Shosei Pfrom Cornell University and will tion for Reischauer’s “intellectual en- Katagi and the Institutionalization of begin at Harvard in Spring 2003. She ergy and for the thoughtful and bal- Exclusive Male Heterosexuality” by has previously taught at the anced way he approaches issues. Jim Reichert University of Chicago as well as at He’s someone who elevates and Cornell, and her numerous publica- sharpens any conversation he’s part The editors welcome manuscripts on tions deal with gender stratification, of, and whose sound judgment, in- Japan. Authors who are interested in hav- labor market organization, and educa- quisitiveness, and sense of fairness ing their work considered should submit tion in Japan. A recent collaborative benefit any institution he serves.” two copies with everything (text, block project focused on how economic quotations, and notes) double-spaced and gender inequality varies across Japan, Dr. Reischauer has observed, “Over notes placed at the end. On matters of Taiwan, and South Korea. She is cur- the next few years, changes in the style, please consult back issues of HJAS rently working on a book comparing economy, the workforce, national re- or write to the Editors for a style sheet. the high school-to-work transition in search priorities, and global affairs For manuscripts that are accepted, final Japan and the U.S., with particular will pose new challenges for Harvard. drafts may be prepared with either Mac or emphasis on how Japanese youth are I look forward to helping Harvard PC programs. No unsolicited book re- faring in a radically changed econom- deal with these challenges creatively views will be accepted. ic environment. In this project, she is and strengthen its leadership role in also considering whether inequality teaching and education.” Annual subscription rates (two issues) are among social classes in Japan may be $30 for individuals and $45 for institu- widening. Reischauer brings a unique connec- tions. Send inquiries to Harvard Journal of tion to Japan into Harvard's highest Asiatic Studies, 2 Divinity Avenue, administration. Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. FAX: (617) 495-7798. Dr. Robert Reischauer (source: Harvard University Office of Elected to Harvard News and Public Affairs, 6 October 2002) Back issues of HJAS published more than Corporation five years ago are now available through JSTOR. n October 6th, Dr. Robert Research and *** Reischauer, prominent econo- Publication in the From other publishers, some recent Omist and son of the late Harvard Japanese monographs produced by Harvard Professor Edwin O. Reischauer, was faculty and Reischauer Associates in elected to the seven-member Harvard Studies Community Research include: Corporation which directs the affairs of the University at the highest level. tudies on Japan recently complet- Ellen Schattschneider. Immortal ed or forthcoming this spring Wishes: Labor and Transcendence on Reischauer is currently President of Sfrom the Harvard University a Japanese Sacred Mountain. (Duke the in Washington, Asia Center Publications Office in- University Press, 2003) D.C. , an influential nonpartisan think clude: tank which examines critical social, Yoshiro Miwa & J. Mark Ramseyer. economic and governance problems. Susan Blakeley Klein, Allegories of Sangyø seisaku ron no gokai: kødo From 1989 to 1995 he was director of Desire: Esoteric Literary seichø no shinjutsu (Misunderstand- the U.S. Congressional Budget Office, Commentaries of Medieval Japan ings about Industrial Policy: The a nonpartisan agency responsible for Truth about High Growth) (Tøyø providing the U.S. Congress with ob- *** keizai shimpø sha, 2002). jective analyses for the purposes of The Harvard Journal of Asiatic forming the federal budget. From Studies publishes articles and book re- Jay Rubin. Haruki Murakami and the 1986 to 1989 and from 1995 to 2000, views on a wide range of topics con- Music of Words (Harvill Press, 2002) Reischauer was a senior fellow at the cerning the humanities in East Asia. , where he was Issue 63.1 (June 2003) will include among the nation’s leading commen- the following articles on Japan:

12 Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies • Special Events— to the public from October 16 to ture at the Sorbonne from 1930. In Upcoming December 31, 2003. Eleven groups 1934 he was appointed at Harvard as of special materials will be exhibited, Professor of Far Eastern Languages including rare books and manuscripts, and first Director of the Harvard- Harvard Graduate fine woodblock illustrations, rare le- Yenching Institute. During his long, Student Conference to gal manuscripts, Buddhist painting groundbreaking career in Cambridge, Take Place in April 2003 scrolls, local histories, missionary which lasted until 1957, he supervised publications, Manchu and Mongolian the growth of East Asian studies and he Society for Japanese Studies materials, and old photographs. A the Yenching Library and trained the at Harvard, in conjunction with scholarly Exhibit Catalogue will be first generation of Japanologists in Tthe Reischauer Institute, is now published, edited by Patrick Hanan, North America, including Edwin O. soliciting paper proposals for the Victor S. Thomas Research Professor Reischauer. Retiring from Harvard, Seventh Annual Harvard Graduate in the Department of East Asian Elisséeff returned to Paris, taught for Conference for Japanese Studies, to Languages and Civilizations, Harvard a number of years again at the be held on Saturday, April 12, 2003. University. The Exhibit Catalogue Sorbonne, and became the recipient of Graduate students are welcome to pre- contains eleven scholarly papers by international honors. sent their research at this multi-disci- Harvard faculty members and schol- plinary conference. At past confer- ars; and it will be printed and distrib- ences, students from around the coun- uted worldwide by the Chinese Special Events— try and abroad have presented papers University Press in Hong Kong. Recent on a wide variety of topics. In addition, a two-day scholarly con- Those interested in participating ference is scheduled for October 17- should send in a one-page abstract, 18, 2003. The theme of the confer- Japanese Library and each talk should not exceed fif- ence is to celebrate the book as a Resources Conference teen to twenty minutes. Individual physical object for storing and trans- Held at Harvard papers and full-panel submissions are mitting knowledge among various welcome. Please include contact in- East Asian countries throughout the n late August 2002 the Reischauer formation and institutional affiliation. centuries. The conference will have Institute provided key funding to The deadline for abstracts is five sessions. Twenty-five scholars Ithe North American Coordinating Monday, February 24. Send abstracts from around the world will be invited Council on Japanese Library and inquiries to: to Harvard to give papers at this con- Resources (the NCC) for an intensive ference or to serve as discussants. training program for junior Japanese Harvard Graduate Student Conference for After the conference, the conference Studies Librarians held at the Japanese Studies papers will be edited and published Harvard-Yenching Library. Nineteen Reischauer Institute into a commemorative volume. junior librarians, from all parts of the 1737 Cambridge Street Professor Wilt Idema of the U.S., and one each from Canada and Cambridge, MA 02138 Department of East Asian Languages Germany, participated along with a and Civilizations will serve as editor like number of instructors from the FAX: (617) 496-8083 (ATTN: of the volume, which will be pub- U.S. and Japan. The goal of the Graduate Student Conference) lished by the Harvard University Seminar was to provide junior E-Mail: Organizers Glynne Walley Press. Japanese Studies librarians with an in- and Mark Woolsey can be reached at As part of the celebrations of the tensive grounding in all aspects of [email protected]. Abstracts may 75th Anniversary, the Harvard specialized Japanese Studies librarian- be submitted as attachments. Yenching Library is in the process of ship, including hands-on training in raising funds to establish a 75th new electronic resources to facilitate Anniversary Endowment Fund for the more comprehensive training of 75th Anniversary of Japanese Language Acquisitions, Japanese Studies faculty and students Harvard-Yenching which will honor Professor Serge in the wealth of new digital and Library to be Celebrated Elisséeff (1889-1975). Internet-based data sources. in October 2003 Elisséeff was born to a merchant The seminar was opened with a family in St. Petersburg, Russia. After Keynote Speech by Reischauer he 75th Anniversary of the receiving a multilingual education at Institute Professor of Japanese Harvard-Yenching Library at home, he studied Chinese and Religions and Society Professor THarvard University will be cele- Japanese at the University of Berlin Helen Hardacre, who offered faculty brated in October 2003. Established in and determined to make himself the viewpoints on strengthening the criti- 1928, the Harvard-Yenching Library first fully qualified European cal relationship between faculty and at Harvard University has become the Japanologist. He was admitted to librarians. The intensive seminar was largest East Asian library among all Tokyo Imperial University at age 19 comprised of twenty-three sessions academic libraries outside of Asia. as the first regular student from the including four roundtables and tours To mark this historic occasion, a spe- West. Elisséeff returned to Europe in of the Harvard-Yenching and the cial exhibit highlighting the unique 1914, escaped from the Bolshevik Harvard Law Libraries. and special collections in the Library Revolution in 1917, and ended up in In addition to funding from the will be prepared, which will be open Paris where he taught Japanese litera- Reischauer Institute, the Seminar re-

2003 • Volume 9 Number 1 • Tsushin Spring 2003 13 ceived support from the Japan Japan in Boston, the Boston Fulbright keynote address by President Foundation and the Northeast Asia Committee, the Massachusetts Lawrence Summers, and a gala ban- Council of the AAS. The Seminar Chapter of the Fulbright Association, quet. Professors Carol Gluck and was organized by Reischauer the Japan-U.S. Educational Nagayo Homma, Japan-U.S. Associate Victoria Lyon Bestor who Commission, and the J. William Fulbright 50th Anniversary is the NCC’s Executive Director, and Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board Distinguished Scholars, were hon- co-chaired by Sachie Noguchi of the of the U.S. State Department. The ored. A large delegation of distin- University of Pittsburgh, who is the event also received support from guished former Fulbrighters from Council’s Chair, and Kuniko Yamada Cambridge Trust Company, Bose Japan, sponsored by the Japan-U.S. McVey, the Harvard-Yenching’s Corporation, Wellesley College, Educational Commission, attended Japanese Studies Librarian. Japan Boston College, and other area insti- the weekend as part of their three-part Documentation Center Director tutions. “Re-Discovering America Tour.” The Kazuko Sakaguchi participated in the The celebration began Friday International Herald Tribune/Asahi, seminar, offering an outstanding ses- evening with “Five Japanese one of the sponsors of the event, gave sion on Grey Literature, and Mariko Virtuosi,” a chamber music perfor- the Fulbright Weekend full page cov- Honshoku of the Harvard Law mance at Harvard's Sanders Theater erage. This coverage, including de- Library provided critical technical attended by more than 780 people, scriptions of the panels, and other support throughout. featuring world renowned musicians news from the anniversary including The Seminar was part of the NCC’s who were also Fulbright alumni: reminiscences of Fulbrighters’ experi- series of training programs which also Nobuko Imai, viola; Ko Iwasaki, cel- ences, may be found at: includes a new series of hands-on lo; Etsko Tazaki, piano; Tsuyoshi http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/us- workshops for faculty and students in Tsutsumi, cello; and Hiroko Yajima, japan/ri/fulbright/index.htm electronic resources, currently under violin; with special guest Donald development. Those interested in Palma, double bass. Following the these or other programs of the NCC concert several hundred invited guests 8th Annual Kodansha should contact Victoria Bestor at joined the musicians at a reception in Symposium [email protected]. their honor, generously hosted by Boston’s new Consul General of he eighth annual Edwin O. Japan, Masuo Nishibayashi, at Reischauer/Kodansha 50th Anniversary of Harvard’s Faculty Club. TCommemorative Symposium U.S.-Japan Fulbright On Saturday, September 21, the 50th was held on Friday, October 11, 2002, Exchange Anniversary Symposium took place at at the Kodansha/Reischauer House in the Charles Hotel in Cambridge, at- Belmont, Massachusetts. Professor he 50th Anniversary of the U.S.- tended by 280 former Fulbrighters Susan Pharr, Acting Director of the Japan Fulbright Exchange was and others, coming from as far away Reischauer Institute, welcomed the Tcelebrated over the weekend of as Alaska, Hawaii, and Japan. The assembly. Harvard Professor of September 20-21, 2002, at Harvard, program was comprised of a stellar Anthropology Theodore C. Bestor hosted by Harvard’s Reischauer line-up of scholars on five panels dis- was to have given the symposium talk Institute and Program on U.S.-Japan cussing a variety of topics, distin- on “The Americanization of Sushi: Relations, the Japan Society of guished special guest speakers— From Raw Fish to Ambrosia.” Boston, the Consulate General of among them Mrs. J. William However, at the last moment Prof. Fulbright—a luncheon featuring a

Scene from the 50th Anniversary of the Fulbright U.S.-Japan Exchange: Harvard's President Lawrence Summers addresses the participants

14 Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies • Bestor was obliged to cancel due to presented the Noma-Reischauer Shimonoseki City University, Jun illness. In his stead, Consul General Prizes in Japanese Studies. Recipient Uchida, Ph.D. candidate in History, of Boston Masuo Nishibayashi gra- of the 2002 graduate essay prize was Harvard University, and Jae-won ciously agreed to offer a few remarks, Mr. Ilya Garger, A.M. ’02 in Regional Sun, Full-time Lecturer of Japanese including his memories of visiting the Studies—East Asia, for his essay, Economy, Pyongtaek University; with Reischauers at their house during his “‘Yomiuri’ vs. ‘Asahi’: Japanese a comment by Louise Young, graduate student days at Williams Newspapers and the Debate over Associate Professor of History, New College. Dr. Franziska Seraphim and Constitutional Revision.” Although York University (No. 2002-3, June Dr. R. Kenji Tierney, two of this Mr. Garger was unable to attend the 2002). year’s Reischauer Institute symposium in person—he is now a “The Economic Performance of Italy Postdoctoral Fellows, also kindly reporter for Time Asia in Hong Kong and Japan: Comparative Reflections,” stepped in to give fascinating —he sent a statement, which was read by Corrado Molteni, Associate glimpses of their current research. by Prof. Albert Craig, describing his Professor, Faculty of Political Dr. Seraphim spoke on the subtleties project and expressing his thanks for Science, Universita degli Studi di and complexities of politics and mem- the award. The undergraduate prize Milano (No. 2002-4, November ory in post-war Japan, 1945-2000. was given to Ms. Mari Matsuura 2002). Dr. Tierney spoke on the historical Calder ’02 for her senior thesis in the These papers may be ordered from the transformations of sumo into a “tradi- Department of Government entitled, Reischauer Institute. The first copy is free tion” and a “sport,” including its re- “Achieving Power Without Power? of charge and multiple copies are $5.00 cent global circulation as a participa- The Politics of Japanese Immigrant each. tion sport. Policy in Comparative Perspective.” In attendance were representatives Ms. Calder spoke eloquently about from Kodansha Publishers: Mr. her research, her gratitude for scholar- Hiroyuki Tadokoro, Executive ly and financial support, and her fami- Director, The Japan Forum; Mr. ly’s visits to the Reischauers’ home Yoichi Kimata, Senior Vice President, many years ago. Kodansha America; Mr. Jiro Onoda, General Manager, Kodansha, New York; and Ms. Tomoe Sumi, Assistant Editor, Kodansha America. Mr. New Reischauer Institute Tadokoro, with Ms. Sumi translating, Occasional Papers spoke movingly of Dr. Reischauer, praising him as a warm and human The Reischauer Institute has recently ambassador and a model even today published two papers in its series of of open and ongoing dialogue be- Occasional Papers in Japanese tween countries, a dialogue that is Studies, as follows: badly needed in this time of political “Japanese Settler Colonialism and tension, particularly with Afganistan Capitalism in Japan: Advancing into and North Korea. Korea, Settling Down, and Returning Following his remarks, Mr. to Japan, 1905-1950,” by Kenji Tadokoro with Mr. Onoda graciously Kimura, Professor of Economics,

Participants at the Reischauer/Kodansha House ceremony in Belmont

2003 • Volume 9 Number 1 • Tsushin Spring 2003 15 The Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies Japan Forum/ Events: Spring 2003

January 31 LINDA ISAKO ANGST Harvard University / Lewis and Clark College “Women, War, and Identity Politics in Okinawa: Notes from an Ethnography” February 6 HARRY HAROOTUNIAN (Asian Cultural Studies Workshop) (Thursday) New York University 4 PM, Barker Center “Shadowing History: National Narratives and the Persistence of Everyday Life” February 7 FRANZISKA SERAPHIM Harvard University / Boston College “War Memory and Generation Change: Refashioning Special Interests in the 1960s” February 14 CHARO D'ETCHEVERRY Harvard University / University of Wisconsin at Madison “Love in Late Heian: Passion, Frustration, and the Heirs of the Shining Prince” February 21 SHELDON GARON Princeton University “Writing a Transnational History of Thrift, or How I Spent My European Vacation” February 28 KATHERINE TEGTMEYER PAK New College of Florida “Can Migrants Be Members? Local Citizenship in Japan” March 4 ANNE ALLISON (special Popular Culture Series: co-sponsored with the Program on U.S.-Japan Relations) (Tuesday) 12:30 PM, 1033 Massachusetts Avenue, Room M 11 Duke University “Japanese Monsters in the Era of Pokemon Capitalism” March 7 AILEEN GATTEN University of Michigan “Documents as Narrative: Letters of an Eleventh-Century Japanese Noblewoman” March 14 SIDNEY BROWN Emeritus, University of Oklahoma “Tokyo as the Eastern Jazz Capital” March 19 ALISA FREEDMAN (special Popular Culture Series) 3 PM, 33 Kirkland St., William James Hall 1 (Wednesday) Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, Cornell University “Daily Commutes and Evening Dates: Images of Modern Middle Class Tokyo, 1925-1935” March 21 LAWRENCE MARCEAU University of Delaware “Aesop Does ‘Aedo:’ Reception (and Perversion) of the Fables in Early Modern Japan” April 2 KAZUHIKO KASAYA 4 PM, 2 Divinity Avenue, Room 212 (Wednesday) International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken) “A Fresh Look at Bushidø” (lecture to be given in Japanese) April 4 ALEXANDER VESEY Stonehill College “The Men in Colored Robes: The Socio-Political Significance of Buddhist Vestments in Tokugawa Japan” April 4 MICHAEL DONNELLY (special Popular Culture Series: co-sponsored with the Program in U.S.-Japan Relations) University of Toronto 12:30 PM, 1033 Massachusetts Avenue, Room M 11 “Corruption and Scandals in Japanese Politics” April 11 GENNIFER WEISENFELD (Asian Cultural Studies Workshop) Duke University 4 PM, Barker Center “From Baby's First Bath: Kao Soap and Japanese Commercial Design” April 16 LAURA MILLER (special Popular Culture Series) 4 PM, 24 Oxford St., Geological Lecture Hall (Wednesday) Loyola University of Chicago “The Naughty Girls of Tokyo: Kogal Fashion, Language and Behavior” April 18 EDWIN CRANSTON Harvard University “Was Tsurayuki Right? Samples of a Leaf Collector” April 25 THEODORE BESTOR (special Popular Culture Series) 4 PM, 2 Divinity Avenue, Yenching Auditorium Harvard University “The Americanization of Sushi” May 2 TAKASHI FUJITANI University of California at San Diego “Racism Under Fire: Korean Imperial Soldiers in Japanese WWII Discourses on Nation, Empire and Ethnos”

Except as noted events are held on Fridays, from 4:00 to 5:30 p.m., Lower Library, Robinson Hall (Department of History), Harvard Yard, Cambridge MA 02138

16 Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies •