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****Tsushin#15 ENG2 T SUSHIN S PRING 2003 • EDWIN O. REISCHAUER I NSTITUTE OF J APANESE S TUDIES • VOL. 9 NO . 1 http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs Contents Reischauer Institute Reports From the Director: Japan's Civil Society Today (Part 2) ............................................................................................................................. 2 Comparing History Teaching (Part 2)............................................................................................................................................................ 3 The Present State of Japanese Studies in Turkey ......................................................................................................................................... 4 From the Documentation Center on Contemporary Japan: Elections........................................................................................................... 8 Reischauer Institute News Notes Professor Mary Brinton Joins Faculty..........................................................................................................................................................12 Dr. Robert Reischauer Elected to Harvard Corporation...............................................................................................................................12 Research and Publication in the Harvard Japanese Studies Community .....................................................................................................12 Special Events ..............................................................................................................................................................................................13 Japan Forum/Events for Spring 2003...........................................................................................................................................................16 Reischauer Institute Reports Harvard-Yenching Library Honors Japanese Studies Founder 75th Anniversary Library Endowment Fund for Japanese Language Acquisitions to be Named for Professor Serge Elisséeff (see p. 13) Profs. Edwin O. Reischauer (1910-1990) and Serge Elisséeff (1889-1975) in 1942 From the Director: that in 1960, Japan’s density of non- corporating. In contrast to the profit associations was only one-third 1,140,000 groups to which the Japan's Civil Society that of the United States (11.1 associ- Internal Revenue System had granted Today (Part 2) ations per 100,000 people versus nonprofit status in the United States, 34.6). By 1991, however, Japan had only 26,089 Japanese groups had at- Professor Susan J. Pharr reached a level more than 80 percent tained legal status as public-interest Harvard University of America’s (29.2 versus 35.2). legal persons by the mid-1990s. As a Aggregate pluralization aside, the result, unincorporated associations n the Fall issue, I described a joint composition of the interest-group sec- greatly outnumber public-interest cor- project of Harvard’s Program on tor in Japan has shifted as the domi- porations and include many of Japan’s IU.S.-Japan Relations, which is af- nance of business groups has weak- most dynamic organizations. filiated with the Reischauer Institute, ened. The uneven distribution of re- Unincorporated associations labor un- and the East West Center that has en- sources and targeted state policies der financial handicaps, however. gaged a broad range of scholars from may still favor established interest as- Public-interest corporations are ex- a number of countries in an endeavor sociations, but newer, citizen-initiated empt from the corporate income tax to compare civil societies across Asia, movements enjoy a dynamism and and the taxation of interest income. and their role in political change. mass appeal that the former lack. Unincorporated organizations do not Japan, for reasons I discussed last Coinciding with a decline in popular enjoy these abatements. As for con- time, was the initial focus of the pro- confidence in government found until tributions, winning tax privileges is ject, and with a book soon to appear recently in virtually all the advanced even more difficult than incorporat- (The State of Civil Society in Japan, industrial democracies, the general ing, and unincorporated organizations edited by Frank J. Schwartz and public—and some leaders—in Japan are altogether ineligible for tax-ex- Susan J. Pharr, Cambridge University have concluded that the state lacks the empt contributions. Press, 2003), I described the debate flexibility and resources to cope with among the authors of that volume increasingly complex socioeconomic Despite these problems, there are nu- over the role of the Japanese state in issues, and more and more citizens merous signs of civil society’s rise. the nation’s civil society. have responded with their own initia- The most dramatic demonstration of tives. its growing prominence came in What, then, can be said of Japan’s January 1995, when a powerful earth- civil society today? Overall, there is But for all the growth that civil soci- quake struck the city of Kobe, killing no question that civil society in Japan ety has enjoyed in Japan, it still faces 6,430 people and obliging another is expanding and becoming more plu- many obstacles, foremost among them 310,000 to evacuate their homes. The ralistic. As Tsujinaka Yutaka of a strict regulatory environment (a disparity between public and private Tsukuba University argues in that problem that is fairly pervasive across responses to the disaster could not book, the basic pattern of association- Asia). In Japan, organizations must have been starker. Despite the devas- al life is changing profoundly, and obtain the status of “legal person” tation, jurisdictional disputes and red gradually moving away from the pre- (højin) to have legal standing. tape paralyzed the government’s relief dominance of business associations Although it is possible to operate efforts. Dismayed by the disorganiza- typical of a developmental state. without that status, groups lacking it tion of the government’s efforts, some Yamagishi Toshio of Hokkaido cannot sign contracts, and that makes 1.3 million volunteers converged on University reveals important psycho- it impossible for them to do such the affected area to organize them- logical dimensions of that transforma- things as open a bank account, own selves spontaneously, and private do- tion. Japan, he holds, is evolving at property or sign a lease for office nations amounted to about $1.3 bil- the interpersonal level from being a space, or even lease a photocopy ma- lion. security-based society in which indi- chine. The lack of legal standing may viduals pursue cautious, commitment- also deprive organizations of some of Celebrating an “NPO boom” and a forming strategies to a trust-based so- the social recognition they would oth- “volunteer revolution,” the mass me- ciety in which individuals pursue erwise win. Japan may be the strictest dia repeatedly, graphically, and invid- more open, opportunity-seeking of all advanced industrial democracies iously compared the public and pri- strategies. By implication, citizens to- in regulating the incorporation of vate responses to the catastrophe. The day press for more freedom to move NGOs. Into the 1990s, the civil code combined number of articles on among a broad constellation of inter- required that a “public-interest corpo- NGOs and NPOs in Japan’s three est groups in a society of greater ration”—the only formal option for a largest dailies soared from 1,455 in openness than in the past. nonprofit organization (NPO)—oper- 1994 to 2,151 in 1995, and it contin- ate for the benefit of society in gener- ued to rise thereafter. This media It bodes well for many countries in al and not for the benefit of any spe- coverage helped spur the passage in Asia and elsewhere that Japan’s civil cific group. Furthermore, bureaucrats 1998 of an NPO Law that will enable society, despite its checkered history, could decide on a case-by-case basis thousands upon thousands of organi- is now burgeoning. The postwar peri- at their own discretion whether to ap- zations to win legal status without od has been marked by strong trends prove or reject applications for incor- subjecting themselves to stifling state toward ever-greater participation and porated status. regulation. As of late November pluralization, with Japan’s level of as- 2001, 6,228 organizations had applied sociational activity steadily catching The many hurtles they faced natural- for such status, and 5,369 of those or- up with America’s. Tsujinaka found ly discouraged organizations from in- ganizations had already been certified. 2 Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies • The law represents a significant re- My visits to classes began just after different scene from that of a treat from state claims to a monopoly the September 11 terrorist incident. Japanese high school. Japanese high over matters bearing on the public in- As I requested, I was allowed to par- school students, to be sure, also par- terest and at the same time confers on ticipate in the classes of three history ticipate in classes, but relatively nonprofit activities the official impri- teachers (American and world histo- speaking, they are passive. As a matur that has long been lacking. ry), once or twice a week for each teacher myself, I was able to observe class, and watch the classes develop the extent of their interest in the excit- Occurring as it has during the coun- and the students respond over the ed eyes of the students. Underlying try’s
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