DOCSLIB.ORG

Creation Myths and Legends of the Creek Indians

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Creation Myths and Legends of the Creek Indians Creation Myths and Legends of the Creek Indians Copyright 2002 by Bill Grantham. This work is li- censed under a modified Creative Commons Attribu- tion-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. You are free to electronically copy, distribute, and transmit this work if you attribute authorship. However, all printing rights are reserved by the University Press of Florida (http://www.upf.com). Please contact UPF for information about how to obtain copies of the work for print distribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the University Press of Florida. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola This page intentionally left blank Creation Myths and Legends of the Creek Indians Bill Grantham University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers Copyright 2002 by Bill Grantham Printed in the U.S.A. on acid-free, TCF (totally chlorine-free) paper All rights reserved 07 06 05 04 03 02 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grantham, Bill. Creation myths and legends of the Creek Indians / Bill Grantham. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8130-2451-X (cloth: alk. paper) 1. Creek mythology. 2. Creek Indians—Folklore. 3. Legends—Southern States. I. Title. E99.C9 G68 2002 398.2’089’973—dc21 2001041580 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611–2079 http://www.upf.com In memory of William Jefferson Grantham, Jr., 1934–1999 This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Part I. Beliefs and Ritual 1. The Role of Mythology 3 2. Cosmogony 14 3. Creek Cosmology 21 4. Souls 38 5. Spiritual Specialists 45 6. Miscellaneous Beliefs 50 7. Sacred Plants or Medicines 55 8. Sacred Time and Space 63 9. Ceremony and Ritual 68 10. Conclusions 83 Part II. Myths and Legends 11. Earth Diver Myths 89 12. Emergence Myths 106 13. Migration Legends 134 14. Relationships Between the Tribes 159 15. Journeys into the Sky World 167 16. Visitors from the Sky World 188 17. Snake Man Legends 199 18. Man-Eating Birds 228 19. Tobacco and Corn: Sacred Plants to the Creeks 235 20. Contemporary Creek Myths and Legends 254 Appendix of Sources 277 Phonetic Guides 285 Glossary of Creek Words 289 Glossary of Geographical Locations 295 Notes 301 Bibliography 313 List of Stories by Author 319 List of Stories by Cultural Group 323 Index 327 Preface In my own search for an understanding of Creek mythology and cosmol- ogy, I realized that no single work existed that encompassed the entire corpus of information available. The myths and legends collected here were published in ethnographies, magazines, travelers’ accounts, and a variety of other formats, many of which have become obscure. This work brings together for the first time an extensive collection of Creek creation myths and migration legends in a format that allows the reader to com- pare the myths and legends and to retrieve information from them easily. It is my hope that historians, anthropologists, folklorists, and students of religion will find this work a useful reference and that people of Creek descent will find it an accurate repository of their myths, legends, and religious heritage. This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments I would like to thank several people who made this work possible. Charles Daniels (Sakim) generously provided me with many references and, along with Mary Johns, some of the contemporary Creek myths that are in- cluded here. Daniel Penton provided insight and in-depth discussion of many of the myths and concepts presented. Donna Cobb graciously pro- vided the cover design. Daniel Penton, Dr. Robert Pullen, Donna Cobb, and my father, William J. Grantham Jr., read early drafts of the work and offered many useful suggestions for improvement. I thank my wife, Susan, for her support and help in preparing the final manuscript. And finally, I would like to thank the many people who offered their encouragement and enthusiastic support for the project. The following institutions have given their permission to use material held under copyright: Encino Press for Howard N. Martin, Myths and Folktales of the Alabama- Coushatta Indians of Texas (Austin, 1977), pp. 2–3, 67–70, 84–85. The Georgia Historical Society for Benjamin Hawkins, A Sketch of the Creek Country, in the years 1798 and 1799. And Letters of Benjamin Hawkins 1796–1806. Spartanburg, S.C.: The Reprint Company, 1982. From the Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, vol. 3, part 1, pp. 81–83. The Oklahoma Historical Society for two articles from The Chronicles of Oklahoma: Anna Lewis, “Nunih Waiya,” vol. 16 (1938): 214–20, and Rev. J. J. Methvin, “Legend of the Tie-Snakes,” vol. 5 (1927): 391–96. The Texas Folklore Society for two articles in Straight Texas (1937), ed- ited by J. Frank Dobie and Mody C. Boatright, Texas Folklore Society Publications no. 13: G. T. Bludworth, “How the Alabamas Came Southward,” pp. 298–99, and Frances Densmore, “The Alabama Indi- ans and Their Music,” pp. 276–77. xii | Acknowledgments The University of Georgia Press for Shem, Ham and Japheth: The Papers of W. O. Tuggle (Athens, 1973), pp. 173–74, 175–76. Reprinted as Shem, Ham, and Japheth: The Papers of W. O. Tuggle Comprising His Indian Diary Sketches and Observations, Myths and Washington Jour- nal in the Territory and at the Capital, 1879–1882, edited by Eugene Current-Garcia with Dorothy B. Hatfield. Ann Arbor, University Mi- crofilms International, 1989. Part I Beliefs and Ritual This page intentionally left blank 1 The Role of Mythology Their medicine has no strength anymore to help them. The In- dian has lost all his knowledge. And so their medicine and their pleasure are all different now. The life ruler had given them all these things for their use but they did not take care of them. The medicine that they have now and their clothing is all different, they wear clothes of the “water-foam-people”; their own dresses are lost, their own way of thinking has been lost, and they do not know any more what the old people have taught. These words, recorded during the summer of 1928 and the winter of 1929, were spoken by Maxey Simms about his own people, the Yuchi.1 While it is perhaps true that much of “what the old people have taught” is forgotten, it is not all lost. Some of the mythological stories describing the creation of the worlds and the earliest times of the Creek Indians who once populated southeastern North America are still to be found scattered through obscure academic journals and among the descendants of those earliest Creek people. Mythology and Religion Unfortunately, a negative connotation is often attached to the term myth. Myths are commonly seen as untrue or fanciful explanations of the past. E. B. Tylor viewed myths as logical associations of ideas that account for nature with the aid of analogies and comparisons.2 Often confused with folktales, which are flighty, fantastic, and migratory, and with legends, which are locally bound and historically rooted, the myth portrays gods and supernatural beings and all kinds of metamorphoses.3 Myths reveal the world of the gods and the cosmic order through which the social order and cultural values of a society are confirmed.4 4 | Part I. Beliefs and Ritual Some of the earliest treatments of North American mythology are cred- ited to D. G. Brinton, who focused on the solar aspects of North American myths, and to H. Kunike, who focused on lunar themes.5 During the early part of this century, Franz Boas in anthropology and Krohn in folklore took a historico-geographic approach to North American mythology. Boas’s Tsimshian Mythology and Gladys Reichard’s An Analysis of Coeur d’Alene Myths provide examples of Boas’s diffusionist influence, while Stith Thompson’s work provides examples of Krohn’s influence.6 It was also during the early part of the twentieth century that John R. Swanton urged scholars to compile a concordance of North American myths, and the concepts of “tale type” and “motif index” began to be applied to North American myths.7 During the 1930s and 1940s, Bronislaw Malinowski’s functionalism greatly influenced the study of mythology in other parts of the world, but, because of Boas’s considerable influence, it had little impact in North America. During the same period, some European scholars began taking a psychoanalytic approach to mythology, and much of their attention was turned toward North American myths. The “culture hero” and “trick- ster,” common characters in North American legends and folktales, at- tracted the interest of such scholars as Geza Róheim and Carl Jung.8 In this analytic approach to mythology, irrational man, particularly his id and sublimations, provides the central focus.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cherokee Ethnogenesis in Southwestern North Carolina
    The following chapter is from: The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia Charles R. Ewen – Co-Editor Thomas R. Whyte – Co-Editor R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. – Co-Editor North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication Number 30 2011 Available online at: http://www.rla.unc.edu/NCAC/Publications/NCAC30/index.html CHEROKEE ETHNOGENESIS IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH CAROLINA Christopher B. Rodning Dozens of Cherokee towns dotted the river valleys of the Appalachian Summit province in southwestern North Carolina during the eighteenth century (Figure 16-1; Dickens 1967, 1978, 1979; Perdue 1998; Persico 1979; Shumate et al. 2005; Smith 1979). What developments led to the formation of these Cherokee towns? Of course, native people had been living in the Appalachian Summit for thousands of years, through the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi periods (Dickens 1976; Keel 1976; Purrington 1983; Ward and Davis 1999). What are the archaeological correlates of Cherokee culture, when are they visible archaeologically, and what can archaeology contribute to knowledge of the origins and development of Cherokee culture in southwestern North Carolina? Archaeologists, myself included, have often focused on the characteristics of pottery and other artifacts as clues about the development of Cherokee culture, which is a valid approach, but not the only approach (Dickens 1978, 1979, 1986; Hally 1986; Riggs and Rodning 2002; Rodning 2008; Schroedl 1986a; Wilson and Rodning 2002). In this paper (see also Rodning 2009a, 2010a, 2011b), I focus on the development of Cherokee towns and townhouses. Given the significance of towns and town affiliations to Cherokee identity and landscape during the 1700s (Boulware 2011; Chambers 2010; Smith 1979), I suggest that tracing the development of towns and townhouses helps us understand Cherokee ethnogenesis, more generally.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of the Indiana Lenape
    IN SEARCH OF THE INDIANA LENAPE: A PREDICTIVE SUMMARY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE LENAPE LIVING ALONG THE WHITE RIVER IN INDIANA FROM 1790 - 1821 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS BY JESSICA L. YANN DR. RONALD HICKS, CHAIR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA DECEMBER 2009 Table of Contents Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................................ iii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Research Goals ............................................................................................................................ 1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 2: Theory and Methods ................................................................................................. 6 Explaining Contact and Its Material Remains ............................................................................. 6 Predicting the Intensity of Change and its Effects on Identity................................................... 14 Change and the Lenape .............................................................................................................. 16 Methods ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Biomolecular Archaeology of the Black Drink: Alkaloid Residue Analysis of Ilex Vomitoria on Experimental Vessels and Applications for Prehistoric Specimens
    The Biomolecular Archaeology of the Black Drink: Alkaloid Residue Analysis of Ilex vomitoria on Experimental Vessels and Applications for Prehistoric Specimens Paper presented at the 2011 Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Jacksonville, Florida Shannon Tushingham1*, Matthew Palumbo2, Charles H. McNutt3, and Ulla Anderson4 1Department of Anthropology, Washington State University’ 2Department of Biology, University of Florida; 3Department of Anthropology, University of Memphis; 4Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley; *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Early historic accounts document widespread use of a purgative known as “the black drink”, a caffeinated ceremonial tea famous for its use in purification rituals by elite males. The beverage was prepared from roasted leaves and twigs of yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria), an evergreen shrub native to the southeastern coastal plain. Prehistoric use is poorly understood but often associated with shell cups found in mortuary contexts and the SECC. Our work, designed to track ancient use of psychoactive plants via Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry, includes identification of medicinal tea biomarkers, experimentation with brewing black drink, and residue extraction from pottery/shell specimens. Sampling included preparing and extracting a range of experimental vessels which served different functions in black drink cooking and consumption (cooking vessels, clay and shell cups), with extractions taken directly from the vessels and from tea residue on vessel interiors. Our findings suggest that chemical changes occur through the cooking process, but the presence of the biomarker caffeine remains stable and correlated the experimental vessels to the Ilex vomitoria plant in all but one case. We also describe the non‐destructive method we developed where alkaloid residues can be extracted directly from the matrix of prehistoric shell cups and pottery vessels through a sonication process.
    [Show full text]
  • Alabama Education Policy Primer
    Alabama Education Policy Primer A Guide to Understanding K-12 Schools A Project of the A+ Education Foundation and the Peabody Center for Education Policy Kenneth K. Wong and James W. Guthrie, Executive Editors TTable of Contents Credits/Acknowledgements Introduction Kenneth K. Wong and James W. Guthrie Chapter 1: Accountability, Assessments, and Standards The key to sparking and sustaining improvements in education is alignment between rigorous standards that specify what students should know and be able to do, assess- ments that accurately measure student learning, and an accountability system that rewards progress and establishes consequences for schools that persistently fail to raise student achievement. This chapter explains the elements of Alabama’s courses of study, statewide assessment system, and statewide accountability system and how the three work in tandem to improve teaching and learning. Chapter 2: Achievement This chapter provides a quick reference for the assessments given in Alabama to measure student achievement at the international, national and state levels and where to find this data. The Appendix to this chapter is a report entitled “Education Watch: Alabama” written by The Education Trust, a Washington-D.C.-based advocacy group for poor and minority students. This report provides trend data for Alabama on several national assessments and performance indicators. Chapter 3: Closing the Achievement Gap Alabama, like other states in America, has documented achievement gaps between low-income and non-low-income students; African-American and white students; Hispanic and white students; and special education and general education students. However, research and practice show that all children, regardless of socioeconomic background, can learn at high levels when taught to high levels.
    [Show full text]
  • 15 Status of Native American Language Endangerment
    Stabilizing Indigenous Languages Status of Native American Language Endangerment Michael Krauss1 Speaking of the sacredness of things, I honestly believe, as a linguist who is supposed to view languages as objects of scientific study, that somehow or other they elude us, because every language has its own divine spark of life. Philoso- phers have said that languages are, in fact, forms of life. I believe that. As I have said before, a hundred linguists working for a hundred years could not get to the bottom of a single language. I never heard any linguist disagree with that state- ment. Yes — and a hundred Navajo linguists working a hundred years on Na- vajo still, I am sure you would all admit, would not get to the bottom of Navajo. It certainly would help, though, if there were a hundred Navajo linguists work- ing a hundred years on Navajo. Let us hope that Navajo and other such lan- guages will be around for a hundred years. Language survival is the central topic that I wish to address here today. First I recall an incident that occurred when I had the privilege of appearing at the hearings on the Native American Language Act of 1992 before the Senate Com- mittee, a bill sponsored by Senators Inouye of Hawaii and Murkowski of Alaska. Senator Inouye introduced the subject by saying that there are still a lot of Na- tive American languages around. In fact, he said — and I was impressed by this — there must be fifty or sixty such languages. Perhaps he was thinking in terms of the number of states — most people do not even think that many.
    [Show full text]
  • War and Legitimacy: the Securement of Sovereignty in the Northwest Indian War
    i ABSTRACT WAR AND LEGITIMACY: THE SECUREMENT OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR During the post-revolution period, the newfound constitutional government of the United States faced a crisis of sovereignty and legitimacy. The Old Northwest region, encompassing what is now Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, was disputed between several groups. The U.S. government under George Washington claimed the region and sought to populate the land with white settlers, British officials in North America wished to reestablish British hegemony in the Ohio River valley and Native-Americans wished to protect their ancestral homeland from foreign invasion. In the 1790s, war broke out between a British backed alliance of Native tribes and the United States of America. Historians have named this conflict the Northwest Indian War. Examining government records, personal correspondences between Washington administration officials and military commanders, as well as recollections of soldiers, officials and civilians this thesis explores the geopolitical causes and ramifications of the Northwest Indian War. These sources demonstrate how the war was a reflection of a crisis which threatened the legitimacy to American sovereignty in the West. Furthermore, they also demonstrate how the use of a professional federal standing army was used by Washington’s government to secure American legitimacy. Michael Anthony Lipe August 2019 ii WAR AND LEGITIMACY: THE SECUREMENT OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR by Michael Anthony Lipe A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History in the College of Social Sciences California State University, Fresno August 2019 APPROVED For the Department of History: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating a Sense of Communityamong the Capital City Cherokees
    CREATING A SENSE OF COMMUNITYAMONG THE CAPITAL CITY CHEROKEES by Pamela Parks Tinker A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Interdisciplinary Studies Committee: ____________________________________ Director ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Program Director ____________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date:________________________________ Spring 2016 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Creating a Sense Of Community Among Capital City Cherokees A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Interdisciplinary Studies at George Mason University By Pamela Parks Tinker Bachelor of Science Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University 1975 Director: Meredith H. Lair, Professor Department of History Spring Semester 2016 George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia Copyright 2016 Pamela Parks Tinker All Rights Reserved ii Acknowledgements Thanks to the Capital City Cherokee Community for allowing me to study the formation of the community and for making time for personal interviews. I am grateful for the guidance offered by my Thesis Committee of three professors. Thesis Committee Chair, Professor Maria Dakake, also served as my advisor over a period of years in planning a course of study that truly has been interdisciplinary. It has been a joyful situation to be admitted to a variety of history, religion and spirituality, folklore, ethnographic writing, and research courses under the umbrella of one Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies program. Much of the inspiration for this thesis occurred at George Mason University in Professor Debra Lattanzi Shutika’s Folklore class on “Sense of Place” in which the world of Ethnography opened up for me.
    [Show full text]
  • State Judicial Profiles by County 2019-2020
    ALWAYS KNOW WHAT LIES AHEAD STATE JUDICIAL PROFILES BY COUNTY 2019-2020 PREPARED BY THE MEMBER FIRMS OF ® ® USLAW NETWORK STATE JUDICIAL PROFILE BY COUNTY USLAW is your home field advantage. The home field advantage comes from knowing and understanding the venue in a way that allows a competitive advantage – a truism in both sports and business. Jurisdictional awareness is a key ingredient to successfully operating throughout the United States and abroad. Knowing the local rules, the judge, and the local business and legal environment provides our firms’ clients this advantage. USLAW NETWORK bring this advantage to its member firms’ clients with the strength and power of a national presence combined with the understanding of a respected local firm. In order to best serve clients, USLAW NETWORK biennially updates its county- by-county jurisdictional profile, including key court decisions and results that change the legal landscape in various states. The document is supported by the common consensus of member firm lawyers whose understanding of each jurisdiction is based on personal experience and opinion. Please remember that the state county-by-county comparisons are in-state comparisons and not comparisons between states. There are a multitude of factors that go into such subjective observations that can only be developed over years of experience and participation. We are pleased on behalf of USLAW NETWORK to provide you with this jurisdictional snapshot. The information here is a great starter for discussion with the local USLAW member firm on how you can succeed in any jurisdiction. This conversation supplements the snapshot because as we all know as with many things in life, jurisdictions can change quickly.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeologist Volume 41 No
    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 41 NO. 3 SUMMER 1991 The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00; husband and TERM wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included 1992 President James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an Strongsville, OH 44136, (216) 238-1799 incorporated non-profit organization. 1992 Vice President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 BACK ISSUES 1992 Exec. Sect. Barbara Motts, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: OH 43221, (614) 898-4116 (work) (614) 459-0808 (home) Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 6.00 1992 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 5.00 SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 1992 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH Back issues—black and white—each $ 5.00 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 5.00 1992 Immediate Past Pres. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-9477 generally out of print but copies are available from time to time.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge Bowl 2020
    Notice: study guide will be updated after the December general election. Sponsored by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Challenge Bowl 2020 High School Study Guide Sponsored by the Challenge Bowl 2020 Muscogee (Creek) Nation Table of Contents A Struggle To Survive ................................................................................................................................ 3-4 1. Muscogee History ......................................................................................................... 5-30 2. Muscogee Forced Removal ........................................................................................... 31-50 3. Muscogee Customs & Traditions .................................................................................. 51-62 4. Branches of Government .............................................................................................. 63-76 5. Muscogee Royalty ........................................................................................................ 77-79 6. Muscogee (Creek) Nation Seal ...................................................................................... 80-81 7. Belvin Hill Scholarship .................................................................................................. 82-83 8. Wilbur Chebon Gouge Honors Team ............................................................................. 84-85 9. Chronicles of Oklahoma ............................................................................................... 86-97 10. Legends & Stories ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Myth of the Goddess of the Undersea World and the Tale of Empress Jingu’S Subjugation of Silla
    Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 1993 20/2-3 The Myth of the Goddess of the Undersea World and the Tale of Empress Jingu’s Subjugation of Silla Akima Toshio In prewar Japan, the mythical tale of Empress Jingii’s 神功皇后 conquest of the Korean kingdoms comprised an important part of elementary school history education, and was utilized to justify Japan5s coloniza­ tion of Korea. After the war the same story came to be interpreted by some Japanese historians—most prominently Egami Namio— as proof or the exact opposite, namely, as evidence of a conquest of Japan by a people of nomadic origin who came from Korea. This theory, known as the horse-rider theory, has found more than a few enthusiastic sup­ porters amone Korean historians and the Japanese reading public, as well as some Western scholars. There are also several Japanese spe­ cialists in Japanese history and Japan-Korea relations who have been influenced by the theory, although most have not accepted the idea (Egami himself started as a specialist in the history of northeast Asia).1 * The first draft of this essay was written during my fellowship with the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, and was read in a seminar organized by the institu­ tion on 31 January 199丄. 1 am indebted to all researchers at the center who participated in the seminar for their many valuable suggestions. I would also like to express my gratitude to Umehara Takeshi, the director general of the center, and Nakanism Susumu, also of the center, who made my research there possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Archeology of the Funeral Mound, Ocmulgee National Monument, Georgia
    1.2.^5^-3 rK 'rm ' ^ -*m *~ ^-mt\^ -» V-* ^JT T ^T A . ESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE Clemson Universii akCHEOLOGY of the FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE NATIONAL MONUMENT, GEORGIA TIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 3ERAL JCATK5N r -v-^tfS i> &, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary National Park Service Conrad L. Wirth, Director Ihis publication is one of a series of research studies devoted to specialized topics which have been explored in con- nection with the various areas in the National Park System. It is printed at the Government Printing Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price $1 (paper cover) ARCHEOLOGY OF THE FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE National Monument, Georgia By Charles H. Fairbanks with introduction by Frank M. Settler ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • WASHINGTON 1956 THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM, of which Ocmulgee National Monument is a unit, is dedi- cated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and his- toric heritage of the United States for the benefit and enjoyment of its people. Foreword Ocmulgee National Monument stands as a memorial to a way of life practiced in the Southeast over a span of 10,000 years, beginning with the Paleo-Indian hunters and ending with the modern Creeks of the 19th century. Here modern exhibits in the monument museum will enable you to view the panorama of aboriginal development, and here you can enter the restoration of an actual earth lodge and stand where forgotten ceremonies of a great tribe were held.
    [Show full text]