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POETRY 4 Advocated Partnership Between Greeks and in His Vivid and Gripping Fives, Romans

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POETRY 4 Advocated Partnership Between Greeks and in His Vivid and Gripping Fives, Romans POETRY 4 advocated partnership between Greeks and In his vivid and gripping fives, Romans. An ancient catalogue of his works Piutarch stressed the vices and virtues in listed227items1of which87survive, most the personalities of the great as well as lumped together under the title MoraLia, their family, education, personality, and in addition to 50 biographies in Parallel changes of fortune. Their accuracy varies fives of Famous Greeks and Romans. His according to the sources available to him. "On Moral Virtues" is Aristotelian and Many portray pederasty flatteringly, par- anti-Stoic: piety being a mean between ticularly in the case of heroes of Sparta and superstition and atheism. In his dialogues, Thebes, sometimes unflatteringly as in Plutarch, essentially aplatonist, discussed Otho and other Roman emperors, and the fate of the soul after death. His anti- amusingly as in the case of Demetrios quarian works are a mine of information Poliorcetes. They were extremely influen- / about paganism, music, and education. tial and muchread from the1talianRenai.s- Plutarch's "Dialogue on Love" sance through the Napoleonic era, when presents an imaginary debate [an example they were central to the Exemplar Theory of contest literature), between a pederast of history-the concept that history teaches and an advocate of the love of women. through the lives of great men who ex- Declaring that "the one true love is the celled either in virtue or vice. With the love of youths," the pederast, reciting a list emergence of the idea of history as a su- of famous heterosexual lovers, attacks praindividual process, the accomplishment heterosexual love as self-indulgent, vul- above all of the nineteenth-century Ger- gar, and servile. The advocate of the love of man school, the centrality of Plutarch's women, equally cutting, condemns ped- biographies faded. erasty as unnatural and innovative in the Plutarch shows that if pederasty bad sense. With passionate arguments on was an ambivalent and disputed subject in both sides, this example reveals that the late pagan antiquity, stillno general taboo days when the superiority of pederasty on the discussion or even more, the prac- could be taken for granted had longpassed. ticeof it existed before theChristianchurch In a vivacious sketch, Plutarch began to exert its influence on law and sets forth a conversation between Odys- public opinion. seus and one of his men who, through enchantment, has been turned into a pig BIBLIOGRAPHY. R. H. Barrow, Plutarch and His Times,Bloomington: Indiana [Gryllos). To the hero's surprise the pig University Press, 1967; Curt Hubert, De who was once a man does not want to Plutarchi amatoria, Kirchhain: Max return to his human state: he prefers to Schmersow, 1903. remain a beast because, in his view, ani- William A. Percy mals live a life in conformity with nature, while human beings do not. According to Gryllos, one evidence of the superiority of POETRY animals is the supposed fact that they do Through most of history, poetry not practice male or female homosexual- has been a vital form of literature, and one ity. While this claim has been disproved, which has often lent itself to the expres- over the centuries Plutarch's little dia- sion of erotic or romantic sentiment. At logue exercised a good deal of influence as the same time, poetry displays an inherent a touchstone of the "happy beast" conceit capacity for ambiguity which has provided (see Animal Homosexualityj, which ar- a cover for homoerotic elements which gued that human conduct could be re- might otherwise never have reached the formed for the better by adopting the printed page. In light of these considera- "natural, healthy" standards of animals. tions, and the long period during which the poetry of ancient Greece and Rome \ 4 POETRY (often pederastic) has been held up as a erasty. The sardonic Martial composed model and inspiration, it is not surprising many poems on this subject. Catullus to find an abundant homoerotic tradition wrote several which were so explicit that expressed in poetic form. only recently have they been honestly Traditionally, poetry has been translated into English. classified as epic, dramatic, and lyric. While After the fall of the Roman Em- some homosexual elements appear in early pire, there were a few poets who treated epics, most relevant poetry belongs to the this theme and whose works have sur- lyric genre, which pennits expression of vived, including Luxorius inVandal North individual feelings. Africa and the Greek Nonnus in Egypt; the Antiquity and the Earlier Middle latter's Dionysiaka counts as the only Ages. The history of homosexual poetry surviving "Byzantine" poem to deal ex- begins with the epic theme of the loving tensively with homosexuality. The later friendship between two warriors. In Meso- Byzantines reputedly burned the poetry of potamia, this theme was exemplified by Sappho, but preserved the Mousa Paidike. the love between Gilgamesh and Enkidu, The central Middle Ages (elev- and in Greece between Achilles and Patro- enth and twelfth centuries) saw the ap- clus, depicted respectively in the pearance of a number of medieval Latin anonymous Epic of Gilgamesh, and poets, mainly clergy in France, who wrote Homer's Iliad. David's "Lament for Jon- homosexual works, including Abelard, athan" in the Old Testament (I1 Samuel Baudri of Bourgueil, Hilary (an English- 1:17-27) contains the famous phrase man), Marbod of Rennes, and Walter of "surpassing the love of women," although Chltillon. The "Debate Between Helen it has never been explained whether this and Ganymede," an imitation of the means that Jonathan's love for David sur- ancient contest literature, concerns the passed aman's love for women, or woman's relative merits of women and boys. The love for men. early Portuguese-Galician cantigos de The first lesbian poems were the amigo were poemswritten by men in which ones that ultimately gave lesbianism its a female persona describes her love for a name, the intense lyrics of Sappho of man; some of these poems must have been Lesbos, a Greekisland. Theognis of Megara written by homosexuals. introduced pederastic ideals into Greek Non-Western Poetry. It was not poetry, establishing a long-lived tradition, long after Islam spread across much of the and many of the leading poets of ancient world that pederastic poems began to Greece dealt with the love of boys. In the appear, especially in Iran (Persia] and Hellenistic and Roman periods, Greek Andalusia. The Persian poets were poets turned to this subject in large generally Sufis, mystics whose love for numbers. Theocritus excelled as an expo- youths was disguised as an allegorical love nent of the pastoral conventions for for God; these included such famous poets such poetry. The twelfth book of the as Hafiz, Rumi, and Sa'di. One of their Greek Anthology is the Mousa Paidike favorite thcmes was the love of Sultan ("boyish muse"] edited by Strato of Sardis, Mahmud of Ghazna for the boy Ayaz. a collection of over 250 brief pederastic Omar Khayyam mentions this topic in his poems expressing a remarkable range nf Rubaiyat ("where name of Slave and Sul- sentiment. tan is forgot, and peace to Mahmud on his Among the Romans, most of the golden throne"). The Andalusian poets of leading poets dealt with homosexuality at Granada who extolled pederasty were too some point. Vergil wrote a pastoral poem numerous tomention, but it must benoted about Corydon, which gave Andre Gide that the Jewish poets of Spain also wrote the title for his modem defense of ped- such poetry, including the most famous of POETRY 9 them, Jehuda Halevi (seeJudaism, Sephar- overtones. These, however, aremerely bits dic). The Turks also cultivated pederastic and scraps to be found over a long period of poetry, drawing upon the earlier rich Is- time. lamic tradition. In India, Hindu poets With the coming of the Renais- avoided it, but Islamic poets, including sance and its rediscovery of the classic Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty, poetic tradition, homosexual poetry began addressed it. to flourish anew. AntonioBeccadelliwrote Outside Arab Noah Africa, only elegant scurrilities in Latin about two "African" poets are known to have sodomites. Poliziano described the homo- been homosexual, Roy Campbell of mod- sexuality of Orpheus in La Favola di Or- em South Africa, and Rabearivalo of the feo. The sculptor Michelangelo expressed island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, his passion for handsome young men in the latter writing in French. There is little sonnets and other forms. The homosexual record of homosexual poetry in Southeast poetry of Italy during this period is vast in Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and the quantity, and much of it, including work Pacific Islands. in the Bernesque and Burchiellesque gen- Although pederasty was wide- res, has never been translated into English. spread in Japan, and often expressed in In England, Richard Barnfield short stories and other works of fiction, composed openly pederastic poems, but the only Japanese poet noted for dealing stopped when he was condemned for this with it is the modem Matsuo Takahashi. ("If it be sin to love a lovely lad, oh then sin China is a different matter. Arthur I"). Shakespeare wrote his famous son- Waley once observed that there were an nets to a youth mysteriously known as enormous number of Chinese poems deal- "Mr. W. H." Christopher Marlowe and ingwithmalefriendships instead of hetero- Michael Drayton both dealt with Edward sexual love. Unfortunately, very few of 11. In France during this period, there were them have been translated into English. some poets who wrote about homosexual- One pederasticpoet has been the subject of ity, especially Denis de Saint-Pavin, the a biography by Waley, Yiian Mei (eight- '(king of Sodom." eenth century).
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