Appendix: Media for Growth of Euglena
A. The medium for Euglena gracilis Z will serve for other highly heterotrophic strains of E. gracilis, such as var. bacillaris.
COMPOUND GRAMS/LITER MOLES/LITER
K3P04 0.20 (as K) 0.003 MgS04"7H2O 0.10 0.0004 MgC03 0.50 0.006 CaC03 0.10 0.001 DL-Malic acid l.50 0.011 L-Glutamic acid l.50 0.010 Glucose 10.00 0.055 Urea l.00 0.017 Succinic acid 0040 0.003 Glycine l.00 0.013 DL-Aspartic acid l.50 0.011 DL-Lactic acid 0.60 0.007 Thiamine HCl (Vitamin B1) 5.0 X 10-4 Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin Bd 2.0 X 10-6 "Metals 47" 0.56
174 Appendix: Media for ,Growth of Euglena 175
METALS 47 GRAMS/LITER
Zn as Zn(S04)2'7H20 2.64 Mn as MnS04,H20 1.24 Fe as Fe(NH4MS04)2,6H20 1.40 Co as CoS04'7H20 0.24 Cu as CuS04'5H20 0.04 Mo as (NH4)6Mo7024,4H20 0.018 Vas Na3V04,16H20 0.018 Bas HaBOa 0.057
All the ingredients of this medium may be stored and dispensed as a dry mix, except for the lactic acid, which is added separately. For use, the ingredients are dissolved in distilled water with the aid of gentle warming, and the medium is sterilized. One millimeter of the metals solution is added per 100 ml of medium. The pH of the final medium is 3.3 to 3.6 (See Hutner et aI., 1958).
B. Hutner et ai. (I966) have devised several new media which give more rapid growth as well as greener and denser cultures.
Heterotrophic Acidic Medium
COMPOUND GRAMS / LITER MOLES/LITER
KH2P04 0.40 (as K) 0.002 MgS04'3H2O 0.10 (as Mg) 0.0006 MgCOa 0.40 (as Mg) 0.005 CaCOa 0.10 (as Ca) 0.001 DL-Malic acid 5.00 0.037 L-Glutamic acid 5.00 0.034 Glucose (anhydrous) 10.00 0.055 Urea 0.40 0.007 Na2 succinate-6H2O 0.10 (as succinate) 0.0004 Glycine 2.50 0.033 DL-Aspartic acid 2.00 0.015 "Metals 60A" 0.20 Thiamine HCI (Vitamin B1) 6.0 X 10-4 Vitamin B12 5.0 X 10-7 pH = 3.1-3.4 176 Euglena
Metals 60A
GRAMS PER 1,000 MILLIGRAMS METAL LITERS FINAL PER 100 ML COMPOUND MEDIUM FINAL MEDIUM
Fe(NH4h(S04)206H20 42.0 Fe 0.6 MnS04oH 2O 15.5 Mn 0.5 ZnS0407H2O 22.0 Zn 0.5 (NH4)6M07024 04 H 2O 3.6 Mo 0.2 CuS04 (anhydrous) 1.0 Cu 0.04 Na3V04016H2O 3.7 V 0.04 CoS0 07H 0 ,. 0048, 1:10 trit. Co om 4 ,. 2 H 3 B03 0.57, 1: 10 trit. B 0.01
,. To ensure even distribution, the Co and B salts are dispensed as 1:10 triturates with pentaerythritol, e.g., a 1: 10 triturate of CoS0407H20 is prepared by grinding together 1 g of the salt and 9 g of pentaerythritol.
Low-pH "A uta trophic" Growth Medium
COMPOUND GRAMS/LITER MOLES/LITER
KH2P04 0.15 0.001 MgS0403H20 0.20 0.001 MgC03 0.3 0.004 CaC03 0.02 0.0002 K3 citra teo H 20 0040 0.001 Citric acidoH 20 4.00 0.020 NH4HC03 0.50 0.006 L-Histidine HCloH20 1.00 0.005 Thiamine HCl (Vitamin B1) 0.001 Vitamin B12 2.0 X 10-5 HEDTA 0.20 "Metals 60A" 0.18
pH adjusts to 3.2-3.5 Appendix: Media for Growth of Euglena 177
Neutral Medium
COMPOUND GRAMS/LITER MOLES/LITER
MgS04'7H20 0.50 0.002 Kg citrate' H 20 1.00 0.003 Na acetate'3H20 1.00 0.007 Glycine ethyl ester HCI 1.00 0.007 L-Glutamic acid y-ethyl ester HCI 1.00 0.005 L-Asparagine-H 20 1.50 0.010 N a2glycerophosphate'5H20 0.50 0.002 (NH4)2S04 0.02 0.001 Thiamine HCI (Vitamin B1) 0.01 Vitamin B12 4.0 X 10-6
In addition, trace metals are required (in milligrams): Fe, 1.0; Mn, 0.8; Zn, 0.5; Mo, 0.05; Cu, 0.05; Co, 0.05; B, 0.01; V, 0.005; I, 0.004; Se, 0.002. pH = 6.8.
Alkaline Medium
COMPOUND GRAMS / LITER MOLES/LITER
K2CgH7P06 0.40 0.0016 MgS04'7H20 0.25 (0£ Mg) 0.0010 (0£ Mg) NH2CH2COOH (glycine) 2.00 0.026 L-Asparagine· H 20 1.50 0.010 Sodium butyrate 1.00 0.009
(N H4)6Mo7024·4 H 20 2.0 X 10-4 (0£ Mo) 1.1 X 10-6 (0£ Mo) Na3V04'16H20 4.0 X 1;)-5 (0£ V) 5.9 X 10-7 (0£ V) N itriloacetic acid 0.10 Thiamine HCI (Vitamin B1) 5.0 X 10-4 Vitamin B12 4.0 X 10-6 "Metals 44" 0.28 178 Euglena
For studies at alkaline pH's:
MEDIUM 18 GRAMS/LITER
K2C3H7P06 0.40 MgS04'7H20 0.25 NH2CH2COOH 2.00 L-Asparagine 1.50 Sodium butyrate 1.00 (N H4)6Mo7024 ,4 H 20 2.0 X 10-4 Na3V04'16H20 4.0 X 10-5 Nitriloacetic acid 0.10 4 Thiamine HCl (Vitamin B 1) 5.0 X 10- Vitamin B12 4.0 X 10-6 "Metals 44" 0.28
One millimeter of metals solution per 100 ml of medium.
METALS 44 GRAMS/LITER EDTA 2.5 ZnS04'7H2 0 17.6 MnS04'H20 9.2 CuS04'5H20 0.25 Fe(NH4)6(S04h,6H20 0.70 H 3B03 0.57 CoS04'7H20 0.04
Adjust pH with KOH. Check stability of pH by pressure cooking (KOH may contain much carbonate, which gives up CO2 on autoclaving, with a rise in pH). Appendix: Media for Growth of Euglena 179
Euglena High-Yield Medium *
COMPOUND GRAMS / LITER MOLES/LITER
KH2P04 0_27 0_002 MgCOa 0.80 0.010 CaCOa 0.16 0.001 (NH4)2S04 0.27 0.002 NH4 HCOa 0.27 0.003 DL-Malic acid 8.0 0.60 L-Glutamic acid 5.0 0.34 Na2 succinate·6H20 0.14 0.0005 Glycine 0.27 0.004 L-Aspartic acid 0.27 0.002 L-Arginine 0.14 0.008
Thiamine HCI (Vitamin B1) 0.14 (mg) as trit. Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) 7.0 (mg) as trit. "Metals 61" 0.13
Note: These ingredients have been chosen for compatibility as a dry pre• mix which can be stored at room temperature. The triturates are made up with pentaerythritol. Mannitol can also be used .
.. Unpublished results of S. H. Hutner (1966), private communication. 180 Euglena
Metals 61
GRAMS 1,000 FINAL CONC. GRAVIMETRIC LITERS FINAL METAL, MG% DRY MIX FACTOR g MEDIUM
Fe 0.6 as Fe(NH4MS04ho6 H20 X 7.0 X 10,000 42.0 Mn 0.5 as MnS04oH 2O X 3.1 X 10,000 15.5 Zn 0.5 as ZnS0407H2O X 4.4 X 10,000 22.0 Mo 0.2 as (NH4)6M07024oH20 X 1.8 X 10,000 3.6 Cu 0.04 as CuS04 (anhydrous) X 2.5 X 10,000 1.0 V 0.02 as NH4V03 X 2.3 X 10,000 0.46 Co om as CoS0407H 2O X 4.8 X 10,000 0.48 B 0.01 as H 3B03 X 5.7 X 10,000 0.57 Ni 0.01 as NiS0406H2O X 4.5 X 10,000 0.45
According to our calculations this metals mix should be used at 8.6 mg percent to yield the indicated final concentrations of trace metals; however, we have found that we get highest yield with Euglena when this mix is used at 13.0 mg percent. Therefore, the actual metal concentrations in the final "high-yield" medium are as follows (in mg percent): Fe 1.0 Mn 0.8 Zn 0.8 Mo 0.325 Cu 0.065 V 0.03 Co 0.016 B 0.016 Ni 0.016 References
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Complete references are given on pages indicated by italics
Aaronson, S. 103, 181, 187 Calvin, M. 66, 100,109, lID, 181, 182, Ackerman, E. 181 189,192 Akerman, L. 183 Carnahan, J. E. 189 Allen, M. B. 48, 181 Carrel, A. I, 182 Amesz, J. 22, 186 Carter, H. E. 104, 182 Andersson, K. J. 1. 189 Caspersson, T. O. IS, 16,182 Appleman, D. 94, 184 Castle, E. S. 163, 183 Arnold, W. 125, 135, 181, 184 Chance, B. 16, 114, 183 Arnon, D. 1. 44, 62, 119, 181 Chargaff, E. 30, 182 Astbury, W. T. 35, 181 Chayen, J. 183 Child, F. M. 142, 190 Baas·Becking, L. G. M. 64, 181 Cieciura, S. J. 191 Bach, M. K. 187 Clarke, A. E. 24, 183 Baker, H. 103, 181, 187 Clayton, R. K. 135, ISO, 153, 161,181, Bamji, M. S. 47,181 183 Bartsch, R. G. 114,115,181 Cole, H. 17,186 Bassham, J. A. 100, 181 Colmano, G. 51,55,183,194 Batra, P. ISO, 181 Conmar, C. L. 40, 196 Bendall, F. 114, lIS, 186 Cramer, M. 74, lID, 183 Benson, A. A. 103,181,192 Crane, R. K. 133, 183 Bergman, B. 194 Cury, A. 187 Bernal, J. D. 139, 181 Bernstein, E. 186 Danielli, J. F. 103, 183 Bloch, K. 103, 104, 181, 184, 186 Davenport, H. E. 1I4, ll5, 183 Bogorad, L. 37, 182 Davies, H. G. 67,183 Bovee, E. C. 142, 187 Davson, H. 103, 183 Branton, D. 12, 182 Delbriick, M. 163, 183 Brawerman, G. 30, 182 Denton, E. J. 16, 183 Brown, H. P. 182 Diehn, B. ISO, 167,183,188 Brown, J. S. 48,181,182 Dobell, C. 5, 183 Brown, P. K. 16, 155, 156, 182 Dubos, R. 70, 183 Bruce, V. G. 167,182 Dusi, H. 3, 189 Biinning, E. ISO, 153, 155, 156, 167, 182 Edelman, M. 31,183 197 198 Author Index
Egle, K. 75, 192 Hanson, E. A. 64, 181 Eisenstadt, J. M. 30, 182 Hastings, J. 167,186 Elbers, P. F. 64, 183 Hedges, E. J. 137, 186 Emerson, R. 125, 184 Hellstrom, H. 194 Engelmann, T. W. 142, 184 Henry, B. 17,186 Engle, E. K. 52, 190 Hill, A. V. 186 Epstein, H. T. 31,183, 186, 188, 189 Hill, H. Z. 186 Erwin, J. 103,184,186 Hill, R. 101, 114, 115, 142, 183, 186 Eversole, R. A. 109, 184 Hodge, A. J. 66, 186 Eyring, H. 187 Holmes, S. J. 145, 186 Holt, A. S. 67, 186,187 Faure-Fn?miet, E. 163, 184 Honegger, C. M. 101,194 Fawcett, D. W. 35, 184 Hoogenhout, H. 22, 186 Fermindez-Moran, H. 12, 184 Hooke, R. 10, 186 Finkle, B. J. 94, 184 Hovasse, R. 31, 58, 191 Fischer, H. 74, 184 Hubbard, R. 124, 186 Fiske, C. H. 133, 184 Hulanicka, D. 104,186 Florida, R. 195 Hutner, S. H. 2, 3, 10, 22, 24, 54, 98, Fogg, G. E. 110,184 175, 179,187,191 Forsberg, R. 195 Huxley, T. H. 2 Fox, D. L. 37,184 Huzisige, H. 86, 190 Fraenkel, G. S. 143, 184 Frank, O. 86, 187 Jacobs, E. E. 67, 187 Frank, S. R. 75, 76, 87, 184 Jahn, F. F. 6, 187 French, C. S. 48, 181, 182, 184 Jahn, T. L. 3,6, 35, 52, 142,186,187 Frey·Wyssling, A. 64, 67, 69, 185, 189 Jamikorn, M. 46, 75, 185 Fu jimori, E. 108, 185 Jane, F. W. 7 Jennings, H. S. 142, 187 Gallik, G. 195 Johnson, F. H. 129,187 Gibbs, S. P. 28, 185 Johnson, L. P. 52, 187 Gibor, A. 30, 60, 185 Jucker, E. 37, 42, 187 Godnev, T. N. 185 Goedheer, J. C. 67, 185 Kalishevich, S. V. 185 Gojdics, M. 4, 6, 185 Kamen, M. D. 114, 115,181,187 Goldsmith, T. H. 47,188 Karrer, P. 37, 42, 187 Goodwin, T. W. 37, 44, 45, 46, 47, 52, Katz, E. 135, 187 75, 100, 185 Kay, D. 13, 188 Gosse!, I. 54, 185 Kidder, G. W. 94, 188 Govindjee 48, 185 Kiessling, W. 86, 190 Granick, S. 30, 37, 40, 41, 60, 75, 82, Korn, E. D. 103,188 83,87,185,189 Koski, V. M. 78, 82, 188 Greenblatt, C. I. 195 Kreger, D. R. 24, 188 Grell, K. G. 4, 186 Krinsky, N. I. 47, 181,187, 188 Gross, J. A. 46, 55, 88, 100, I 15, 119, Kupke, D. W. 125, 193 172, 185, 186, 195 Gunn, D. L. 143, 184 La Cour, L. F. 183 Lee, J. W. 148, 149, 188 Halldal, P. 150,186 Leedale, G. F. 21, 24, 100, 101, 188 Hanawalt, P. C. 30, 31, 191 Lehninger, A. L. 32, 188 Author Index 199
Lewin, R. A. 3, 7, 142,188 Pa1ade, G. E. 12, 27, 28, 32, 33, 70, Liebman, P. A. 16, 188 190, 195 Liesegang 136, 137 Pease, D. C. 13,190 Lindes, D. A. 188 Peeker, M. 103, 192 Lipmann, F. 133,183 Perry, R. 183 Livingston, R. 108, 185 Phillips, J. N. 137, 140, 188 Loeb, J. 150, 188 Picke1s, E. G. 124, 125, 193 Lomakka, G. M. 15, 182 Pintner, 1. J. 191 Lowe, M. B. 137,140,188 Pitelka, D. R. 35, 142, 190 Lowndes, A. G. 155, 188 Pittendrigh, C. S. 167, 182, 191 Lwoff, A. 2, 3, 74, 187, 189 Pogo, A. O. 101, 191 Lyman, H. 101, 189 Pogo, B. G. T. 101, 191 Lynch, V. H. 109, 110, 189 Pohl, R. 167, 191 Lythgoe, R. S. 129, 189 Polissar, M. J. 187 Pollister, A. W. 16, ·191 McDonald, E. 102, 189 Porter, K. R. 33,35,184,189,190,191 McKinney, G. 44, 189 Price, C. A. 96, 192 McLean, J. D. 186 Pringsheim, E. G. 1, 4, 22, 24, 32, 58, MacNichol, E. F. 16,189 60, 172, 173,188,191 Manten, A. 150, 151, 155,189 Pringsheim, O. 191 Manton, 1. 35, 189 Provasoli, L. 4, 10, 22, 54, 98, 172, Marcus, P. 1. 191 187,191 Mast, S. O. 142, 145, 150,189 Puck, T. T. 22, 191 Mauzerall, D. 40, 185, 189 Putnam, F. W. 120, 191 Meeuse, B. J. D. 24, 188 Mellon, A. D. 75, 76, 82, 85, 88, 107, Quilliam, J. P. 129, 189 128,195 Mercer, F. V. 186 Rabinowitch, E. 1. 37, 47, 48, 66, 185, Miller, G. L. 189 191 Millot, N. 156, 189 Rasch, E. 16, 193 Minnaert, K. 183 Ray, D. S. 30, 31, 191 Montgomery, P. O'B. 16, 189 Reichardt, W. 163, 183 Moor, H. 12,182,189 Robertson, J. D. 103,191 Mortenson, L. E. 119, 189 Rosenberg, A. 104, 191 Muhlethaler, K. 189 Rosenberg, B. 103, 135, 155, 166, 192 Myers, J. 21, 22, 74, 110, 183, 189 Ross, G. 1. 187 Rouiller, C. 163, 184 Naka, K. 1. 166, 190 Rudolph, H. 75, 192 N eilands, J. B. 56, 190 Runge, W. J. 16, 192 Nelson, R. C. 135, 190 Nieman, R. H. 132, 190 Saftsrom, R. 182 Nishimura, M. 86, 114, 115, 190 Sager, R. 58, 108, 192 Noack, K. 86, 190 Saha, N. N. 35,181 Nojima, S. 182 St. George, R. C. 131, 192 Schatz, A. 191 Ohno, K. 182 Schiff, J. 31,183,186,189 Olson, J. M. 114, 183 Schneider, E. 96, 192 Olson, R. A. 52, 190 SchneiderhOhn, G. 150, 155, 156, 182 Ornstein, L. 16, 191 Schoenborn, H. W. 101, 192 200 Author Index
Schooley, C. N. 35,190 Tischer, J. 52, 194 Schwertz, F. A. 27, 52, 64, 195 Tollin, G. 150, 167, 181,183,188 Seybold, A. 75, 192 Trurnit, H. J. 51,194 Sherwood, H. K. 135, 181 Shibata, K. 44, 192 Valentine, R. C. 189 Shin, E. 148, 195 Vandenheuvel, F. A. 103, 194 Siegel, B. M. 13, 192 van Neil, C. B. 2, 106, 194 Siekevitz, P. 33, 190 Vattner, A. E. 187 Sjostrand, F. S. 161, 192 Vennesland, B. 132, 190 Smith, E. L. 124, 125, 192, 193 Von Euhler, H. 194 Smith, J. H. C. 78, 82, 86, 125, 188, 193 Wald, G. 40, 121, 194 Stanazev, N. Z. 182 Waldner, K. 189 Stanier, R. Y. 107, 193 Wallace, P. M. M. 16, 194 Stern, A. 74, 137, 184 Weibul, C. 35, 194 Stern, K. H. 193 Wichterman, R. 101, 194 Stone, B. A. 24, 183 Wilkins, M. H. F. 183 Strain, H. H. 37, 75, 193 Willmer, E. N. 161, 194 Strother, G. K. 16, 17,48, 52, 54,193, Wolken, J. J. 16, 17, 27, 28, 40, 47, 195 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 60, 64, 70, Stumpf, P. K. 56, 190 75, 76, 82, 85, 88, 95, 103, 107, Subbarow, Y. 133, 184 109, 115, 119, 121, 123, 128, Svensson, G. 182 148, 161, 171, 183, 184, 186, Sweeney, B. M. 167, 186 193, 194 Swift, H. 16, 193 Szent Gyorgyi, A. 135, 193 Young, V. M. K. 193 Takashima, S. 125, 193 Taylor, G. I. 156, 193 Zahalsky, A. C. 187 Thomas, J. B. 67,171,183,193,194 Zalokar, M. 108, 192 Thorell, B. 183 Zechmeister, L. 37, 195, 196 Tipton, Z. L. 182 Zscheile, F. P. 40, 196 Subject Index
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) Carotenoids-Continued 133 xanthophylls-Continued Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 132, cryptoxanthin 47 141 lutein 44, 54 Amino acids 35 neoxanthin 47, 54 Antheraxanthin; see Carotenoids, zeaxanthin 47 Xanthophylls Cell fixatives 12, 60 Ascorbate 133 Cell membrane; see Pellicle Astacene; see Carotenoids, Xantho• Chlamydomonas reinhardi 4, 108, 145 phylls Chlorella 22, 48, 51, 75, 94, 100, 102, Astasia 6 110 Astaxanthin; see Carotenoids, Xantho• Chlorophyll macromolecule phylls holochrome 125 Autotrophs 3, 105 lipoprotein 68, 125 Azaserine 100, 101 molecular weight 69 Chlorophylls 28, 37, 44, 52, 60, 62, 64, Bacterial chlorophyll 107 65, 66, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, cytochromes 119 79, 80, 84, 87, 90, 94, 95, 96, photosynthesis 106, 107 97, 101, 104, 107, 108, 109, Barbital 100 110, Ill, 119, 125, 135, 169, Beer's law 13 171 Boron 95, 96, 97 bacterial chlorophyll 107, 108 Bovine albumin 121 chlorophyll a 4, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, n-Butyl methacrylate 12 46, 48, 62, 67, 72, 74, 135 chlorophyll b 4, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, Cadmium selenide 17 108, 135 Carbohydrate synthesis 102 Chloroplast 21, 27, 32, 44, 103, 120 Carbon dioxide fixation 109, 110 absorption spectra 48 Carotenoids 28, 37, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, chlorophyll concentration in 63, 67 47, 54, 57, 63, 65, 66, 87, 107, lipids 90, 120 132 structure 58-68 {I-carotene 46, 47, 54, 108, 135, 155 Chloroplastin 120-135, 137, 172 'Y-carotene 47 molecular weight 125 xanthophylls Chromatium 115 antheraxanthin 47 Chromatography 44-47 astacene 47, 52 Chromosomes 21 astaxanthin 47, 52 Chromulina 163 201 202 Subject Index
Cobalt 95, 96 Eyespot 6, 21, 27, 33, 34, 44, 47, 52, Colchicine 100 53, 54, 55, 58, 98, 99, 148, 155, Copper 95, 96 157, 159, 160, 163, 166 Corn leaves 78 Eyespot and flagellum 161, 172 Cryptoxanthin; see Carotenoids, Xanthophylls Ferredoxin 119 Cyanide 98 Flagella 21, 27, 34, 35, 141, 155, 156, Cytochromes 55-57, 113, 114-119, 170 157, 159, 160, 161, 163; see bacterial cytochrome 119 also Eyespot cytochrome bs 114 Formaldehyde; see Cell fixatives cytochrome c 114, 115, 133 Fungi 4 cytochrome f 114, 115, 119 cytochrome-552 55-57, 119 Gelatin 137 cytochrome-556 55-57, 119 Glucan 24, 134 Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 30, 31, 134 32 Glutamic acid 24 satellites 31 Gluteraldehyde; see Cell fixatives Detergents 120-124 Gonyaulax 167 digitonin 109, 120, 121, 123, 124, Growth 21 172 Gullet 26, 34, 169 nacconal 120 tergitol 120 Haematococcus pluvialis 52 2,6-Dichlorobenzenoneindophenol Hela cells 21 131, 132 Helium II 12 Digitonin; see Detergents Hematochrome 54, 55 Diphenylamine 100 Hemoglobin 171 Heterotroph 3 Echinenone 47 Hexane 44 Electron microscopy 11, 12-13, 24, 29, Hexokinase 134 33,60 Holochrome; see Chlorophyll macro• negative staining 12-13 molecule Elodea densa 66 Hydroxylamine 98 Endoplasmic reticulum 33 Endosome 99 Epoxides 12, 108, 109 Iron 95, 96, 106 Escherichia coli 100 Isoprene 42 Ethy lenediaminetetraacetit acid (EDTA) 97 a-Ketoglutarate 133 Euglena granulata 6, 54 Krebs cycle 23, 24, 98 Euglena heliorubescens 52 Euglena mutants Lambert's law 13 heat-bleached (HB) 57, 103 Lead salts; see Cell fixatives streptomycin (SM) 57 Liesegang phenomenon 136, 137 Euglenarhodon 52 Lipids 60, 67, 103; see also Chloro- Eutreptia 5 plast Exoskeleton; see Pellicle galacto lipid 103, 104 Eye 161, 166, 169 a-linolenate 103, 104 retina 52 Lipoprotein 60; see also Chlorophyll rods and cones 161, 163 macromolecule Subject Index 203
Liquid-crystal 137, 139, 141 Phycomyces 161, 163 Lutein; see Carotenoids, Xanthophylls Phytoene 108 Phytol 38, 65, 108 Magnesium 94,95,97, 103, 133 Platinum chloride; see Cell fixatives radioactive 95 Porphyria 100 Magnetic fields effect on Porphyrins 37, 38, 40, 60, 63, 64 chlorophyll synthesis 87 Potassium chromate; see Cell fixatives growth rate 87 Potassium dichromate 137; see also Manganese 95, 96, 97 Cell fixatives Mercury 98 Potassium permanganate; see Cell fixa- Microsomes 103 tives Microspectrophotometry, 15, 16, 17, 18, Poteriochromonas stipitata 64 44, 48, 72 Pressure effects on 88 Mitochondria 2, 27, 32, 98, 103 Proplastid 60 Mitosis 21, 100 Protein synthesis 102 Mnium 66 Protochlorophyll 39, 40, 75, 82, 84, Molybdenum 95, 96, 97 86, 170 Myelin 139 in various plants 86 Protoporphyrin 83 Nacconal; see Detergents magnesium 40 Neoxanthin; see Carotenoids, Xantho• Protozoa 3 phylls Purines 24, 100, 101 Nucleus 21, 27, 30, 35, 98, 99 Pyrenoid 32 Nutrient medium 10, Appendix Pyribenzamine 100 Pyrimidines 24, 100 Osmium tetroxide; see Cell fixatives . analogs 101 Oxalacetic acid 98 Pyruvic acid 98 Oxygen 108 Radiation, ionizing 101 Palmelloid 6, 74, 100 Radio-frequency field effect 87, 88 Paraflagellar body 34; see also Eyespot Respiration IIO, II 1 Paramecium 149 Retina; see Eye Paramylum 24, 35 Rhodopsin 52, 121, 129, 131 Pellicle 27, 28, 100 Rhodospirillum rubrum 152, 161 Peranema 4, 173 Riboflavin 133 Phaseolus multiflorus 75, 125 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 30, 31, 96 Pheophytin 72,74,90, 101, 171 Rods and cones; see Eye pheophytin a 39, 74 Scenedesmus 109 pheophytin b 39 Serum 137 Phosphatase 94 Silver dichromate 137 Phosphotungstic acid 13 Spectroscopy 13, 14 Photobacterium phosphoreum 133 Stigma; see Eyespot Photoconductivity 135, 155 Streptomycin 98, 99, 101 Photodynamic action 108 Photokinesis 143, 153 Temperature, effects on Photosynthesis 98, IIO, II I, II3 chlorophyll synthesis 88, 90 bacterial 106, 107 chloroplasts 90 Photosynthetic bacteria II4 growth 89 Phototaxis 143, 150, 154, 155, 161 Tergitol; see Detergents Phototropisms 40 Tetrahymena 94, IIO 204 Subject Index
Time clocks 166, 167 Vanadium salts; see Cell fixatives light-compass reaction 166 Vitamin A 52 Tolypothrix 155 Vitamin B2 ; see Riboflavin Triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN) Vitamin BI2 24, 97 119, 134 Vitamin K 133 reductase 119 Volvox 145, 149
Ultraviolet radiation 10 1 Zeaxanthin; see Carotenoids, Xantho• Uranyl acetate 13 phylls Uranyl nitrate; see Cell fixatives Zinc 95, 96