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Components of Religious Beliefs, Religious Maturity, and Religious History As Predictors of Proscribed and Non-Proscribed Explicit and Implicit Prejudices

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Components of Religious Beliefs, Religious Maturity, and Religious History As Predictors of Proscribed and Non-Proscribed Explicit and Implicit Prejudices Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2010 Components of Religious Beliefs, Religious Maturity, and Religious History as Predictors of Proscribed and Non-Proscribed Explicit and Implicit Prejudices Luke Fiedorowicz Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Fiedorowicz, Luke, "Components of Religious Beliefs, Religious Maturity, and Religious History as Predictors of Proscribed and Non-Proscribed Explicit and Implicit Prejudices" (2010). Dissertations. 240. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/240 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2010 Luke Fiedorowicz LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO COMPONENTS OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, RELIGIOUS MATURITY, AND RELIGIOUS HISTORY AS PREDICTORS OF PROSCRIBED AND NON-PROSCRIBED EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT PREJUDICES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BY LUKE FIEDOROWICZ CHICAGO, IL MAY 2010 Copyright by Luke Fiedorowicz, 2010 All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ONE: PREJUDICE AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPT .......................... 1 Roots and Theoretical Explanations of Prejudice ........................................................... 2 Discrimination as a Behavioral Consequence of Prejudice ............................................ 8 African-Americans and Homosexuals as Targets of Prejudice ....................................... 9 Theoretical Explanations of Racism and Sexual Prejudice ........................................... 13 CHAPTER TWO: ATTITUDES AS A MAJOR COMPONENT OF PREJUDICE ....... 19 Definitions of Attitudes ................................................................................................. 20 Origins of Attitudes ....................................................................................................... 20 Tripartite Model of Attitudes ........................................................................................ 24 Functional Perspective of Attitudes .............................................................................. 25 Properties of Attitudes ................................................................................................... 27 Explicit and Implicit Attitudes ...................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER THREE: RELIGION AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPT ...................... 40 Definitions of Religion .................................................................................................. 41 Psychological Theories of Religion .............................................................................. 44 CHAPTER FOUR: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PREJUDICE ..................................................................................................................55 Proscribed versus Non-Proscribed Prejudice ............................................................... 55 Components of Religious Beliefs ................................................................................. 56 Religious Maturity........................................................................................................ 62 Religious History.......................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER FIVE: PURPOSE ........................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER SIX: HYPOTHESES ..................................................................................... 81 Layer 1 - Relationship of the individual aspects of religiosity to prejudice.................81 Components of Religious Beliefs…………………………………………………...81 Religious Maturity…………………………………………………………………..82 Religious History……………………………………………………………………82 Layer 2 - Relationships between aspects of religiosity when predicting prejudice..…83 CHAPTER SEVEN: METHODS .................................................................................... 85 Participants ................................................................................................................... 85 Materials ....................................................................................................................... 86 iii Procedure ..................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER EIGHT: RESULTS ........................................................................................ 96 Descriptive Information ................................................................................................ 96 Test of Hypotheses ...................................................................................................... 101 Layer 1 Hypotheses ................................................................................................. 101 Layer 2 Hypotheses ................................................................................................. 111 CHAPTER NINE: DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 123 Discussion of Hypotheses ........................................................................................... 123 Layer 1 Hypotheses ................................................................................................. 123 Layer 2 Hypotheses ................................................................................................. 133 General Discussion ...................................................................................................... 138 Proscribed versus Non-Proscribed Prejudice .......................................................... 139 Implicit versus Explicit Attitudes ............................................................................ 140 Limitations and Future Directions .............................................................................. 141 APPENDIX A: RELIGIOUS INVOLVEMENT SCALE .............................................. 145 APPENDIX B: EXTRINSIC/INTRINSIC SCALE........................................................ 147 APPENDIX C: QUEST SCALE .................................................................................... 149 APPENDIX D: RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM SCALE ..................................... 151 APPENDIX E: RELIGIOUS EMPHASIS SCALE ........................................................ 154 APPENDIX F: RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE EPISODE MEASURE ........................... 156 APPENDIX G: RELIGIOUS MATURITY SCALE ...................................................... 160 APPENDIX H: THE SYMBOLIC RASCISM 2000 SCALE ........................................ 162 APPENDIX I: MODERN HOMOPHOBIA SCALE ..................................................... 164 APPENDIX J: SHORT VERSION OF THE RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM SCALE ...............................................................................167 APPENDIX K: NON-RELIGIOUS MORALIRTY SCALE ......................................... 170 APPENDIX L: PARENT’S ANTI-BLACK AND ANTI-GAY SENTIMENTS SCALES ......................................................................................................................173 APPENDIX M: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION .................................................... 175 iv APPENDIX N: TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 11 WITHOUT CONTROL VARIABLES IN THE MODELS ...............................................................................177 APPENDIX O: TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 13 WITHOUT CONTROL VARIABLES IN THE MODELS ...............................................................................179 APPENDIX P: TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 14 WITHOUT CONTROL VARIABLES IN THE MODELS ...............................................................................181 APPENDIX Q: TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 15 WITHOUT CONTROL VARIABLES IN THE MODELS ...............................................................................183 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 185 VITA ............................................................................................................................... 198 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Descriptive statistics for all variables ........................................................................98 2. Correlations between all variables ........................................................................... 99 3. Regression models predicting prejudice from aspects of religious beliefs without control measures............................................................................. ………102 4. Regression models predicting prejduice from aspects of religious beliefs with control
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