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Sydney Water in 1788 Was the Little Stream That Wound Its Way from Near a Day Tour of the Water Supply Hyde Park Through the Centre of the Town Into Sydney Cove
In the beginning Sydney’s first water supply from the time of its settlement Sydney Water in 1788 was the little stream that wound its way from near A day tour of the water supply Hyde Park through the centre of the town into Sydney Cove. It became known as the Tank Stream. By 1811 it dams south of Sydney was hardly fit for drinking. Water was then drawn from wells or carted from a creek running into Rushcutter’s Bay. The Tank Stream was still the main water supply until 1826. In this whole-day tour by car you will see the major dams, canals and pipelines that provide water to Sydney. Some of these works still in use were built around 1880. The round trip tour from Sydney is around 350 km., all on good roads and motorway. The tour is through attractive countryside south Engines at Botany Pumping Station (demolished) of Sydney, and there are good picnic areas and playgrounds at the dam sites. source of supply. In 1854 work started on the Botany Swamps Scheme, which began to deliver water in 1858. The Scheme included a series of dams feeding a pumping station near the present Sydney Airport. A few fragments of the pumping station building remain and can be seen Tank stream in 1840, from a water-colour by beside General Holmes Drive. Water was pumped to two J. Skinner Prout reservoirs, at Crown Street (still in use) and Paddington (not in use though its remains still exist). The ponds known as Lachlan Swamp (now Centennial Park) only 3 km. -
Groundwater in the Botany Sands Aquifer – Water for the Past, Water for the Future?
CASE STUDY 1.008 Groundwater in the Botany Sands Aquifer – Water for the past, water for the future? Author: Chris McAuley* The Botany Sands Aquifer is a layer of sand containing a large volume of water surrounding Botany Bay south of Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. At a local scale, the aquifer runs from Centennial Park south east of Sydney city centre to the Botany Wetlands and into Botany Bay. The Botany Sands Aquifer is layer of sand filled with water beneath the ground. It covers an area of approximately 141 square kilometres. The average groundwater salinity is around 500 milligrams per litre (mg/L) of dissolved solids. Before European settlement, it formed an important source of water for wetlands supporting aboriginal communities. The Botany Sand aquifer was once Sydney’s main water source. It remains an important source of water for parks, municipal and residential gardens, industry and wetlands. It may form an important part of Sydney’s water future by capturing and storing stormwater for later use. The aquifer is recharged by rainwater percolating through sand and sandstone which act as natural filters to remove solid litter, silt and harmful nutrients. The water holding capacity of the sand aquifer is enormous and has been estimated to contain up to 300 litres of water per cubic metre of sand. It is estimated the aquifer can sustainably supply 22,500 megalitres per year (ML/ yr - a megalitre is one million litres) of groundwater. Currently only approximately 6,000ML/yr is allocated for use. Figure 1: Extent of the Botany Sands Aquifer The groundwater helps to support natural and man-made pond systems along its flow path. -
Of the 90 YEARS of the RAAF
90 YEARS OF THE RAAF - A SNAPSHOT HISTORY 90 YEARS RAAF A SNAPSHOTof theHISTORY 90 YEARS RAAF A SNAPSHOTof theHISTORY © Commonwealth of Australia 2011 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher. Disclaimer The views expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defence, the Royal Australian Air Force or the Government of Australia, or of any other authority referred to in the text. The Commonwealth of Australia will not be legally responsible in contract, tort or otherwise, for any statements made in this document. Release This document is approved for public release. Portions of this document may be quoted or reproduced without permission, provided a standard source credit is included. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry 90 years of the RAAF : a snapshot history / Royal Australian Air Force, Office of Air Force History ; edited by Chris Clark (RAAF Historian). 9781920800567 (pbk.) Australia. Royal Australian Air Force.--History. Air forces--Australia--History. Clark, Chris. Australia. Royal Australian Air Force. Office of Air Force History. Australia. Royal Australian Air Force. Air Power Development Centre. 358.400994 Design and layout by: Owen Gibbons DPSAUG031-11 Published and distributed by: Air Power Development Centre TCC-3, Department of Defence PO Box 7935 CANBERRA BC ACT 2610 AUSTRALIA Telephone: + 61 2 6266 1355 Facsimile: + 61 2 6266 1041 Email: [email protected] Website: www.airforce.gov.au/airpower Chief of Air Force Foreword Throughout 2011, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) has been commemorating the 90th anniversary of its establishment on 31 March 1921. -
Download the Warrane Street Walk (Student Version)
STREET WALK YANA GARUWANGA GURAD (WALKING THE STORIES OF COUNTRY) LEFT Plan de la ville de Sydney, 1802. Jean Baptiste Antoine Cloquet after STUDENT VERSION Charles Alexandre Lesueur. State Library of New South Wales: Ref: F980/P Atlas [1811], II RIGHT Portrait of Bungaree, a native of New South Wales, with Fort Macquarie, Sydney Harbour, in background. Augustus Earl, 1826. National Library of Australia: 1 TANK STREAM 2 ABORIGINAL 3 BUNGAREE FOUNTAIN HERALD WALKING TRAILS (BOON-GUH-REE) SQUARE CORNER PITT AND WELCOMES CORNER GEORGE AND ALFRED STREET, NEW ARRIVALS ALFRED STREET, CIRCULAR QUAY CIRCULAR QUAY CIRCULAR QUAY Created and maintained using the careful application of fire, Aboriginal You are standing in a similar spot to The Tank Stream was created by a walking trails throughout Sydney quickly Bungaree in this image, at the harbour fresh water spring that arose from became access routes for European foreshore. Bungaree was born on swamplands in the current day location people upon arrival in Sydney Cove. Guringai Country (Broken Bay) just a few of the city block bordered by Pitt, The walking trails were initially only years before the arrival of Europeans. In Elizabeth, Park and Market Streets. approximately one metre in width and 1798 he went on his first sailing voyage were intended for use by two people to Norfolk Island during which time he DISCUSSION POINTS walking side by side. met Mathew Flinders. Bungaree went How did the European way of on many voyages including the trip to using the freshwater stream DISCUSSION POINTS circumnavigate Australia with Flinders differ from the Aboriginal use? Why do you think new arrivals in from 1801 to 1803. -
Bridge Types in NSW Historical Overviews 2006
Bridge Types in NSW Historical overviews 2006 These historical overviews of bridge types in NSW are extracts compiled from bridge population studies commissioned by RTA Environment Branch. CONTENTS Section Page 1. Masonry Bridges 1 2. Timber Beam Bridges 12 3. Timber Truss Bridges 25 4. Pre-1930 Metal Bridges 57 5. Concrete Beam Bridges 75 6. Concrete Slab and Arch Bridges 101 Masonry Bridges Heritage Study of Masonry Bridges in NSW 2005 1 Historical Overview of Bridge Types in NSW: Extract from the Study of Masonry Bridges in NSW HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO MASONRY BRIDGES IN NSW 1.1 History of early bridges constructed in NSW Bridges constructed prior to the 1830s were relatively simple forms. The majority of these were timber structures, with the occasional use of stone piers. The first bridge constructed in NSW was built in 1788. The bridge was a simple timber bridge constructed over the Tank Stream, near what is today the intersection of George and Bridge Streets in the Central Business District of Sydney. Soon after it was washed away and needed to be replaced. The first "permanent" bridge in NSW was this bridge's successor. This was a masonry and timber arch bridge with a span of 24 feet erected in 1803 (Figure 1.1). However this was not a triumph of colonial bridge engineering, as it collapsed after only three years' service. It took a further five years for the bridge to be rebuilt in an improved form. The contractor who undertook this work received payment of 660 gallons of spirits, this being an alternative currency in the Colony at the time (Main Roads, 1950: 37) Figure 1.1 “View of Sydney from The Rocks, 1803”, by John Lancashire (Dixson Galleries, SLNSW). -
7 a Short Geological and Environmental History of the Sydney
View metadata,citationandsimilarpapersatcore.ac.uk effect on floods and droughts in Australia', Climatic change, vol. 25, pp. 289–317. 7 Wilby R L, 2005. 'Uncertainty in water resource model parameters used for climate change impact assessment', Hydrological Processes, vol. 19, pp. 3201–3219. Young P, 2003. 'Top-down and data-based mechanistic modelling of rainfall-flow dynamics at the catchment scale', Hydrological Processes, A short geological and environmental history vol. 17, pp. 2195–2217. of the Sydney estuary, Australia Young W, Brandis K & Kingsford R, 2006. 'Modelling monthly streamflows in two Australian dryland rivers: matching model complexity to spatial scale and data availability', Journal of Hydrology, Gavin Birch vol. 331, pp. 242–256. Zhang L, Dawes W R & Walker G R, 2001. 'Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation changes a catchment scale', Water Abstract Resources Research, vol. 37, pp. 701–708. Zhang L, Walker G R & Fleming M, 2002. 'Surface water balance for Sydney is blessed with one of the most beautiful harbours in the world. recharge estimation', CSIRO publishing, Collingwood, Victoria. However, like many large, capital ports world-wide, this environment has been exposed to relentless stress due to a rapidly increasing population density and extensive residential, commercial and industrial expansion. In this chapter, we explain why the coastal zone is such an important environment, especially for the people of Australia, and describe changes to the Sydney estuary as an example of environmental transformation due to anthropogenic pressure. The geologic development of the Sydney estuary is briefly traced, showing how the feature was eroded into the Hawkesbury Sandstone, mainly during low sea levels of the glacial periods. -
New Evidence on Arthur Phillip's First Landing Place 26 January 1788
New evidence on Arthur Phillip’s first landing place 26 January 1788 Michael Flynn and Gary Sturgess The location of Governor Arthur Phillip’s first landing and the flag-raising ceremony in Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 has been an issue of dispute and uncertainty among historians since the 19th century. The cove was divided into an east and west side by the Tank Stream and it was clear that the ceremony was held very close to the landing place, as described by Judge-Advocate David Collins. None of the generally known eyewitness accounts mentioned on which side of the cove the landing took place. History is full of blind spots where chroniclers failed to record something that seemed obvious or commonplace at the time, or because there was so much else going on. Since 2011 we have been working on a close analysis of sources, which allow the spot to be pinpointed with much greater accuracy. Early maps and paintings of Sydney Cove and manuscript journals collected by various institutions over time are now readily accessible through online digitisation. New evidence has emerged, the most significant item being an obscure letter from a First Fleet sailor John Campbell identifying the site as lying on the west side of the cove, the only surviving primary evidence from a First Fleeter. This is supported by the 1847 obituary of First Fleet convict John Limeburner and an entry in the 1806 NSW Pocket Almanack, published when Philip Gidley King (an eyewitness) was Governor. All three sources accord with the persistent 19th century oral tradition of a landing at a spot near the bottom of Bethel Steps, The Rocks (behind the south end of the present Overseas Passenger Terminal),i and a flag raising ceremony held on or very close to George Street, between Cadman’s Cottage and the former Mariners’ Churchii at the corner of Hickson Road.iii In 1789 John Campbell, a seaman on the Lady Penrhyn transport, sent a letter specifically indicating the west side location. -
Richmond Base 75-YEAR COMMEMORATION RAAF’S FIRST HOME in NSW Defencebank.Com.Au 1800 033 139
SPRING 2019 WINGS 71 NO.3 VOLUME MILITARY AVIATION EVOLUTION A glimpse at the Mirage era of transition THE GREAT ESCAPE richmond base 75-YEAR COMMEMORATION RAAF’S FIRST HOME IN NSW defencebank.com.au 1800 033 139 Everything a cadet needs, and then some. Created especially for cadets - our Cadet Saver is fee free. • Your choice of camo Visa Debit card. • Visa payWave. • Apple Pay, Google Pay™, Samsung Pay. Fitbit Pay and Garmin Pay. • Online banking. • Award-winning app. Then, on top of all that, a healthy interest rate on your savings. .00 p.a.% 2 Variable rate.* Talk to us today to find out more. *Terms and conditions, fees and charges may apply in certain situations. Interest rate is current as at 27 April 2017 and is subject to change without notice. Before acquiring any product please read the Products and Services – Conditions of Use (DPS) available from www.defencebank.com.au to consider whether any product is right for you. Defence Bank Limited ABN 57 087 651 385 AFSL / Australian Credit Licence 234582. CONTENTS. MANAGER’S MESSAGE YOUR MAGAZINE NEEDS YOU defencebank.com.au Welcome to the Spring 2019 edition 1800 033 139 of Wings, we hope all our readers and contributors enjoyed our Winter (first) edition in the modernised format. With the ongoing arrival of the F-35A ushering in a new fighter presence, we take a step back in this edition to the Mirage era, largely stimulated by the Friends of The 38 Mirage (FOTM) reunion organised by Barry “Bones” Einam (see page 56). WGCDR Marty Susans (retd) also kindly allowed us to publish a precis of his book The RAAF Mirage Story (page 20). -
Ground Tanks and the Elusive Indian Archipelago
Chapter 5 Digging deeper: ground tanks and the elusive Indian Archipelago Heather Goodall THE INLAND RIVERINE PLAINS of western NSW and Queensland, which form important elements of what John McCarty described in the 1970s as the ‘Inland Corridor’, used to be depicted as the stable and productive grain bowl of the national economy. It was certainly the locus of some of the nation’s most powerful settler myths, including the iconic legend of the mateship of the itinerant bush workforce. From the earliest colonial governors, the goal of the settler state had been to bring order to the colony by defining and allocating its land. Survey lines, later materialised as fences, have sym- bolised this focus on land as a basic structure of the economic, politi- cal and social order of the nation, as they marked out the freehold, the leasehold and the reservations, giving boundaries to the names traced onto the parish maps which testified to the consolidation of this symbolic as much as material order. The ethos of the itinerant workers might seem to have contradicted this stable order of set- tled residents, yet for all the camaraderie of the track, bush workers despised, but also longed for, the cocky’s block. McCarty’s work attempted to open up this sense of stability, sug- gesting the region had the qualities of a passageway, yet the sustained desire for a secure and productive rural agriculture proved hard to shift. The focus on land and fence lines has continued, even as the commercial viability of the region has been fragmented by drought and changing markets. -
The Tank Stream Today
Front cover photo: In the Tank Stream today. Photograph: Sydney Water. The Tank Stream Mason’s marks in the block work inside the Tank Stream tunnel. In recognition of the importance of the Tank Stream to the people of Sydney and New South Wales, it was protected by a Permanent Conservation Order in 1989 and entered on the NSW State Heritage Register in 1999. The Tank Stream is recognised as being of national importance to the European settlement of Australia. Aboriginal occupation Due to the almost immediate impact of European colonists, our knowledge of Sydney’s Aboriginal people is limited. Early settlers casual and systematic observations provide some insight, but basic information is missing or ambiguous. Even the names of the Aboriginal landscape with the names of the stream and the other features in the catchment have been lost. Recently researchers favour Gadigal (often spelt Cadigal) as the name of the group that had some rights and obligations for the land around Sydney Cove. The Gadigal spoke the coastal dialect of Dharug, which makes them part of a larger group within the Sydney region. SW94 09/10 Printed on recycled paper John Skinner Prout, The Tank Stream, Sydney, circa 1842. A tour group inspects the Tank Stream. pencil,watercolour, opaque white highlights, 25.5 x 37.5cm Purchased 1913 Collection: Art Gallery of NSW The Tank Stream runs underground from near Hyde Park to Circular Quay. Photograph: Brenton McGeachie of AGNSW ydney’s first water supply As the water source for both humans and their Major Grose made a significant environmental livestock, it was essential to maintain water quality decision. -
An Australian
SUMMER 2019 WINGS 71 NO.4 VOLUME MOSQUITO TALES WWII STORIES FROM BURMA & FRANCE Battle of Britain FLYING INTO CINEMATIC Big ideas HISTORY Students reach for the stars defencebank.com.au 1800 033 139 Everything a cadet needs, and then some. Created especially for cadets - our Cadet Saver is fee free. • Your choice of camo Visa Debit card. • Visa payWave. • Apple Pay, Google Pay™, Samsung Pay. Fitbit Pay and Garmin Pay. • Online banking. • Award-winning app. Then, on top of all that, a healthy interest rate on your savings. .00 p.a.% 2 Variable rate.* Talk to us today to find out more. *Terms and conditions, fees and charges may apply in certain situations. Interest rate is current as at 27 April 2017 and is subject to change without notice. Before acquiring any product please read the Products and Services – Conditions of Use (DPS) available from www.defencebank.com.au to consider whether any product is right for you. Defence Bank Limited ABN 57 087 651 385 AFSL / Australian Credit Licence 234582. CONTENTS. from the MANAGING DIRECTOR TO ALL OUR READERS, It’s that time of year when we reflect on the year gone by and wonder where it went. For RAAFA Publications, 2019 has been an exceptionally busy and challenging year, with the addition of the quarterly Wings magazine to our ‘stable’ of 38 Welcome to handbooks. The response to this challenge by our core group of regular part-time staff – editor Sandy, designer Katie and sales executive Sue, has been simply magnificent, particularly considering CONTENTS that we published our three Welcome to handbooks in-between two consecutive wings SUMMER volume 71 / NO.4 editions of Wings – that’s five magazines 4 FROM AIR COMMANDER AUSTRALIA in three months! They’ve earned their short 5 FROM THE PRESIDENT break over the Christmas-New Year period. -
A Strange Natural Environment: Colonists in Eighteenth-Century Sydney
A Strange Natural Environment: Colonists in Eighteenth-Century Sydney GRAEME APLIN t is important to examine documents and other evidence from the past in the context of the societal norms, knowledge, and perceptions Iof the time, allowing for reinterpretation according to twenty-first- century equivalents without letting these dominate. This article deals with perceptions by the earliest Sydney residents of their new environment in the closing years of the eighteenth century. It also discusses the ways in which that environment limited and otherwise affected their activities. The early colonists’ perceptions of their newfound environment around Sydney Cove and beyond in the last twelve years of the eighteenth century was more crucial in determining how they interacted with it than was a more objective and scientific view of it. The more objective view tended to only come later, especially as ‘experts’ were in very short supply in those early years. Governor Phillip, for example, is Sydney Journal Vol 4, No 1 (2013): 19-37 ISBN: 1835-0151 © UTSePress and the author Sydney Journal | Aplin quoted by Burrell as saying: ‘I must beg leave to observe, with regret… I am without one botanist, or even an intelligent gardener in the colony.’1 Hence decisions involving interactions with the environment were based almost entirely on the perceptions of laypersons. The settlers, by and large, had very little prior information about this strange new place. The few educated, literate persons among the very earliest European settlers may have read reports from Cook’s 1770 expedition, particularly those of Joseph Banks. Later, such people, before they left England, may have seen reports from those already in the colony, but the information contained therein was often inaccurate, as discussed below.