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Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character: Tci A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER: TCI My heart leaps up when I Samet Kose* behold A rainbow in the sky: CLONINGER’IN PSIKOBIYOLOJIK MIZAÇ (HUY) VE KARATER So was it when my life be- KURAMI: TCI gan; So is it now I am a man: ÖZET So be it when I shall grow Cloninger kiflili¤in iki temel bilefleni olan mizaç ve karakterdeki normal ve anormal varyas- old, yonlar› aç›klayan boyutsal bir psikobiyolojik kiflilik modeli gelifltirmifltir. Cloninger, mizac›n Or let me die! temelini ve karakterin geliflmesini aç›klayarak, kiflili¤in ikisi aras›ndaki etkileflimin son ürü- The Child is the Father of nü oldu¤unu öne sürdü. Mizaç ve Karakter Envanteri (TCI) kiflili¤in yedi temel boyutunu the man; ölçmeye yarayan bir kendini de¤erlendirme ölçe¤idir. TCI önceden gelifltirilmifl kiflilik mo- And I could wish my days dellerini kuramsal ve ampirik aç›dan desteklerken, klinik kullan›mdaki baz› s›n›rl›l›klar› or- to be tadan kald›rm›flt›r. Cloninger’in kiflilik kuram› kiflili¤in genetik temelinden, davran›fl›n nöro- Bound each to each by na- biyolojik temellerine, kiflili¤in biliflsel ve emosyonel yap›s› ve gelifliminden, kiflilik boyutla- r›nda bireysel farkl›l›klar›n davran›flsal ba¤lar›na, kiflilik yap›lar›n›n geliflimsel etmenlerle tural piety. etkilefliminden, psikiyatrik bozukluklara yol açmas›na uzanan çok say›da alanda kapsam- l› bilgi sa¤lama potansiyeline sahiptir. Geliflmekte olan beyin görüntüleme yöntemlerinin -William Wordsworth katk›s›yla, Cloninger’in kiflilik kuram› kiflili¤in beyindeki ba¤lant›lar›n› aç›kl›¤a kavufltura- rak, normal ve patolojik durumlar›n daha iyi anlafl›lmas›na katk›da bulunacakt›r. Bu yaz›da THEORETICAL DEVELOP- Cloninger’in kiflilik modeli ve TCI’nin kuramsal altyap›s› ampirik bulgular ›fl›¤›nda sunul- MENT OF THE TCI mufl, genel toplumda ve psikiyatrik hastalarda potansiyel klinik kullan›m› tart›fl›lm›flt›r. Keywords: kiflilik, mizaç, karakter, TCI The Model of Tempera- ment A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND Cloninger began work on CHARACTER: TCI the structure of personality to develop a general model to ABSTRACT explain the differences bet- Cloninger developed a dimensional psychobiological model of personality that accounts ween patients with somatiza- for both normal and abnormal variation in two major components of personality, tempera- tion disorder and generalized ment and character. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a self-administe- anxiety disorder (Cloninger red dimensional questioannaire constructed to assess the seven basic dimensions of per- 1986). He observed that pati- sonality. TCI maintains the strong theoretical and empirical support of previously develo- ents with somatic anxiety had ped psychobiological models while overcoming some of their limitations for clinical use. impulsive aggressive persona- Cloninger’s model of personality has a tremendous potential to provide comprehensive in- sight into human personality at multiple levels of analysis, including including the genetics lity traits, whereas those with of personality, neurobiological foundations of behavior, the cognitive emotional structure generalized cognitive anxiety and development of personality, the behavioral correlates of individual differences in per- had obsessive compulsive sonality dimensions, and the interactions of personality constellations with developmental personality traits. Hysterics factors in relation to the vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. Within emerging neuroima- and others with somatic anxi- ging technology, Cloninger’s model of personality will provide novel opportunities for elu- ety had been described by Ey- cidating the characterization of neural correlates of personality, and enable a better un- derstanding of normal and pathological states. In this article, both underlying theory and senck as neurotics extraverts, empirically valiated findings along with its potential use in in both general population and whereas neurotics with cog- psychiatric patient population were reviewed. nitive anxiety had been desc- Keywords: personality, temperament, character, TCI ribed as neurotic introverts using the Eysenck Personality and Extraversion had been specified on the basis of Questioannaire (Eysenck and Eysenck 1976). factor analyses of the phenotypic (observed) structure Cloninger sought a general model that may be app- of personality. Phenotypic variation is the product of lied to both normal and abnormal personality like the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors, model of Eysenck, but concluded that Eysenck’s mo- and Eysenck assumed that the phenotypic and genoty- del was unacceptable. The dimensions of Neuroticism pic structures were the same. However, this assumpti- * Psikiyatri Uzman›; From the Brain Stimulation Laboratory and the Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC / Medical University of South Carolina Center for Advanced Imaging Research 67 President Street Room No: 502 N Charleston, SC 29425 e-posta: [email protected] 86 Yeni Symposium 41 (2): 86-97, 2003 S Y M P O S I U M yeni on was questionable. In particular, it was already that was previously rewarded was later maintained known that extraversion is genetically heterogenous for a while without continued reinforcement, and an (Eaves and Eysenck 1975). It is composed of two fac- individual differences in such maintenance was cal- tors that are largely genetically independent-impulsi- led “Reward Dependence”. Reward Dependence ini- vity and sociability-and appears to be a single behavi- tially included the sociability and persistence descri- oral dimension because of shared environmental influ- bed by Sjobring as aspects of low stability. However, ences. In other words, genetic and environmental inf- recent work has shown that dependence on warm so- luences do not influence behavior in the same way, cial attachments and persistence despite intermittent which is contrary to Eysenck’s assumption. Besides, reinforcement are usually dissociated and are inde- Gray (1982) had shown that anti-anxiety drugs affec- pendently inherited (Cloninger et al. 1993). ted both neuroticism (decreases) and extraversion TPQ was developed to test these hypotheses and (increases), suggesting that anxiety was more parsimo- to evaluate their adequacy as a general model of per- niously defined by a single dimension combining the sonality. Each of the three major dimensions had four two, that is, by a dimension corresponding to neurotic subscales, including Persistence as one subscale of introvert. Likewise “impulsivity” was defined as a di- Reward Dependence. Subsequent factor analysis sup- mension independent of anxiety, that is, by neurotic ported the proposed factor structure with Persisten- extraverts. In addition, he showed that the rate of ope- ce as a fourth dimension (Nixon & Parsons 1989, Clo- rant learning in response to signals of punishment was ninger et al. 1991). maximal along the “anxiety” or compulsivity dimensi- In both normal and abnormal samples, the putati- on, not Eysenck’s neuroticism factor. ve dimensions were highly reliable and stable despite Two dimensions were too few to provide a comp- mood state; only Harm Avoidance was transiently inc- rehensive model of personality. Eysenck’s psychoti- reased when individuals were agitated or depressed cism dimension was genetically heterogeneous and (Cloninger 1987, Cloninger et al. 1991, Brown et al. was an unsatisfactory scale to measure a third dimen- 1992, Svrakic et al. 1992, Perna et al. 1992, Joffe et al. sion of heritable personality traits (Heath et al. 1994). 1993), and Novelty Seeking may be transiently incre- Other models derived by factor analysis of behavioral ased when bipolar patients are subclinically hypoma- phenotypes, such as the so-called Five Factor model, nic (Strakowski et al. 1993). include neuroticism and extraversion factors; accor- Most importantly, recent large scale twin studies dingly, they suffer the same inadequacies as the mo- have confirmed that the four dimensions of tempera- del of Eysenck. Fortunately, the Swedish psychiatrist ment, Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward De- Henrick Sjobring had described a model of persona- pendence (now limited to social sensitivity) and Per- lity in terms of its underlying neurogenetic basis that sistence are genetically homogenous and independent provided clues to the content of a third dimension. of one another (Heath et al. 1994, Stallings et al. 1996). Sjobring (1973) called his three dimensions as solidity It is remarkable that the four factor model of tem- (vs impulsivity), validity (vs compulsivity), and stabi- perament can, in retrospect, be seen as a modern in- lity (vs moody sociability). He modelled the descripti- terpretation of the ancient four temperaments: indivi- on of the low variants of these three on impulsive duals differ in the degree to which they are melanc- hysterics, compulsive psychasthenics, and sociable holic (Harm Avoidance), choleric (Novelty Seeking), depressives, respectively (Schalling 1978). Therefore, sanguine (Reward Dependence), and phlegmatic Sjobring’s description stability provided a tentative (Persistence). However, now the four temperaments construct for a third heritable dimension of tempera- are understood to be genetically independent dimen- ment. Because of the ambiguity of such descriptive sions that occur in all factorial combinations, rather adjectives, Cloninger next developed a neurobiologi- than mutually exclusive categories. The four tempe- cally based operant learning
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