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Ercġyes Ünġversġtesġ Fen Bġlġmlerġ Enstġtüsü Bahçe Bġtkġlerġ Anabġlġm Dali

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Ercġyes Ünġversġtesġ Fen Bġlġmlerġ Enstġtüsü Bahçe Bġtkġlerġ Anabġlġm Dali T.C. ERCĠYES ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ BAHÇE BĠTKĠLERĠ ANABĠLĠM DALI TÜRKĠYE'DE YAYGIN OLARAK YETĠġTĠRĠCĠLĠĞĠ YAPILAN FARKLI SARIMSAK GENOTĠPLERĠNĠN MORFOLOJĠK VE MOLEKÜLER KARAKTERĠZASYONU (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Hazırlayan Hayrettin KIRAÇ DanıĢman Prof. Dr. Osman GÜLġEN Bu çalıĢma, Erciyes Üniversitesi Bilimsel AraĢtırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından FYL-2018-7721 kodlu proje ile desteklenmiĢtir. Haziran 2019 KAYSERĠ v TEġEKKÜR Tez konusu belirlenmesinde, araĢtırma aĢamasında, yön tayininde destek olan bilgi birikimi ve tecrübeleriyle maddi manevi sürekli desteğini hissettiğim ve bu günlere gelmemde büyük katkı sahibi değerli hocam ve tez danıĢmanım Sayın Prof. Dr. Osman GÜLġEN‟e teĢekkürü bir borç bilirim. Tezimin arazi ve laboratuvar çalıĢmalarında bana yardımcı olan bölümümüz ArĢ. Gör. Akife Dalda ġEKERCĠ, doktora öğrencilerinden Ömer Faruk COġKUN‟a, bölümümüz yüksek lisans öğrencilerinden Neslihan ASLAN‟a teĢekkür ederim. Tezimizin proje kısmında Kayseri ġeker Fabrikası proje ekibinde yer alan Bedrettin ÖZDEMĠR, Arzu KOCA, Hatice EġSĠZ, ve Veli KÖROĞLU‟na çalıĢmalarım boyunca farklı bakıĢ açıları deneysel çalıĢmalarım sırasında karĢılaĢtığım zorlukları aĢmamdaki yardımlarından dolayı çok teĢekkür ederim. Ayrıca; tez çalıĢma dönemi boyunca destekleri ve anlayıĢları için aileme sonsuz saygı ve sevgilerimi sunarım. Hayrettin KIRAÇ Haziran 2019, KAYSERĠ vi TÜRKĠYE'DE YAYGIN OLARAK YETĠġTĠRĠCĠLĠĞĠ YAPILAN FARKLI SARIMSAK GENOTĠPLERĠNĠN MORFOLOJĠK VE MOLEKÜLER KARAKTERĠZASYONU Hayrettin KIRAÇ Erciyes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Haziran 2019 DanıĢman: Prof. Dr. Osman GÜLġEN ÖZET Bu çalıĢma için 38 farklı lokasyondan sarımsak genotipleri toplanmıĢ ve Erciyes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi laboratuvarlarında morfolojik ve moleküler karakterizasyonu yapılmıĢtır. ÇalıĢmada kullanılan sarımsak tipleri arasında morfolojik ve moleküler seviyede büyük bir varyasyonun olduğu görülmüĢtür. Morfolojik karakterizasyon için baĢ yaĢ ağırlığı, baĢ kuru ağırlığı, baĢ çapı, baĢ yüksekliği, diĢ sayısı, diĢ atma durumu ve kabuk rengi gibi parametrelere bakılmıĢtır. Morfolojik verilerle SAS programı ile varyans analizi yapılmıĢtır. KahramanmaraĢ4 tipi yaĢ ağırlık, kuru ağırlık ve baĢ çapı gibi parametrelerde istatistiki olarak önemli düzeyde farklı çıkmıĢtır. Moleküler karakterizasyon açısından toplamda 17 inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primerleri ile test edilmiĢ ve kaydedilebilir net bantlar verdiği tespit edilen 10 primer seçilerek analizlerde kullanılmıĢtır. Moleküler verilere dayalı olarak NTSYS Version 2.1 programıyla Dice benzerlik matriksi yapılmıĢ ve bu da UPGMA dendrogramı çiziminde kullanılmıĢtır. Ortalama farklılık yöntemine göre oluĢturulan matriks ise neighbour-joining analizinde kullanılmıĢtır. Yapılan analizlerde Tunceli bölgesine ait TekDiĢ31 sarımsak tipi diğer sarımsak tiplerine göre istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde farklı çıkmıĢtır. Tek diĢ sarımsak hariç diğer genotipler arasında 0.85 ile 1.00 arasında değiĢen Dice‟ın benzerlik katsayıları arasında yer almıĢtır. Genel olarak bazı sarımsak klonları (MaraĢ3 ile Kayseri30, Urfa33 ile Topaklı35, Kastamonu22 ile Kastamonu28, Urfa10 Kastamonu14 Kastamonu15 Kastamonu20 Kastamonu25 Kastamonu29 ile Bademci23) tamamen birbirine benzer bulunurken diğerleri arasında çok az farklılıklar bulunmuĢtur. DNA ve morfolojik verilere dayalı benzerlik matriksleri arasında benzerlik bulunamamıĢtır. Sonuç olarak yapılan vii çalıĢmalar sarımsak bitkisinin klonal yolla çoğaltılmasına rağmen geniĢ bir morfolojik ve kısmen moleküler varyasyonu içinde barındırdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bulgulardan sarımsak genotipleri arasında meydana gelen varyasyonun büyük oranda mutasyon kaynaklı olabileceği kanaatine varılmıĢtır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sarımsak, Moleküler Karakterizasyon, Morfolojik Karakterizasyon viii MORPHOLOGĠCAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERĠZATĠON OF COMMONLY CULTĠVATED DĠFFERENT GARLĠC GENOTYPES ĠN TURKEY Hayrettin KIRAÇ Erciyes University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Master Thesis, June 2019 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Osman GÜLŞEN ABSTRACT For this study, garlic genotypes were collected from 38 different locations and morphological and molecular characterization were performed in the laboratories of Erciyes University Faculty of Agriculture. In morphology, parameters such as head wet weight, head dry weight, head diameter, head height, number of head, broken head status and shell color were examined. Analysis of variance was made with SAS program with morphological data. KahramanmaraĢ4 type was found to be statistically different in terms of wet weight, dry weight and head diameter. In terms of molecular characterization, a total of 17 inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers were tested and 10 primers which were found to give clear recordable bands were selected and used in the analyzes. Dice similarity matrix was made with NTSYS Version 2.1 based on molecular data and this was used in drawing UPGMA dendrogram. The matrix formed according to the mean difference method was used in neighbor-joining analysis. In the analysis, TekDiĢ31 garlic type belonging to Tunceli region was found to be statistically different from other garlic types. Among the other genotypes except single clove garlic, The similarity coefficients were between 0.85 and 1.00. In general, some garlic clones (Maras3 and Kayseri30, Urfa33 and Topakli35, Kastamonu22 and Kastamonu28, Urfa10 Kastamonu14 Kastamonu15 Kastamonu20 Kastamonu25 Kastamonu29 and Bademci23) were found to be completely similar, while little differences were found between the others. As a result, although the clonal propagation of the garlic plant has revealed a wide morphological and partially molecular variation. From these findings, it was concluded that the variation between garlic genotypes may be due to mutations. Keywords: Garlic, Molecular Characterization, Morphological Characterization ix ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER TÜRKĠYE'DE YAYGIN OLARAK YETĠġTĠRĠCĠLĠĞĠ YAPILAN FARKLI SARIMSAK GENOTĠPLERĠNĠN MORFOLOJĠK VE MOLEKÜLER KARAKTERĠZASYONU BĠLĠMSEL ETĠĞE UYGUNLUK ................................................................................. ii KABUL VE ONAY ........................................................................................................ iv TEġEKKÜR .................................................................................................................... v ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. viii ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER .............................................................................................................. ix KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................... xii ġEKĠLLER LĠSTESĠ ................................................................................................... xiii ÇĠZELGELER LĠSTESĠ ............................................................................................. xiv 1. BÖLÜM GĠRĠġ 1.1. Bilimsel sınıflandırma .............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Orijini ve tarihçesi ................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Besin değeri ............................................................................................................... 2 1.4. Dünya ve Türkiye üretim değerleri ........................................................................ 2 1.5. Literatür Özeti.......................................................................................................... 2 1.6. AraĢtırmanın Amacı ve Önemi ............................................................................... 6 2. BÖLÜM MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM 2.1. MATERYAL ............................................................................................................ 7 x 2.1.1. Bitkisel Materyal ................................................................................................... 7 2.2. YÖNTEM .................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1. Morfolojik Karakterizasyon ................................................................................ 8 ġekil 2.2. Deneme kullanılan bazı genotiplerin görünümü ....................................... 10 2.2.1.1. Morfolojik Karakterizasyon Parametreleri .................................................. 11 2.2.2. Moleküler Karakterizasyon ............................................................................... 11 2.2.2.1. DNA Ġzolasyonu................................................................................................ 11 2.2.2.2. ISSR Analizleri ................................................................................................ 12 2.3. Veri Analizleri ........................................................................................................ 13 3. BÖLÜM BULGULAR ve TARTIġMA 3.1. Morfolojik Karakterizasyon ................................................................................. 14 3.1.1. YaĢ ağırlık ............................................................................................................ 14 3.1.2. Kuru ağırlık ......................................................................................................... 16 3.1.3. BaĢ Çapı ..............................................................................................................
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