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Assessment of Ecological and Economic Balance of the Territory of the Karaganda Region

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POLISH JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE VOL. LIII/2 2020 PL ISSN 0079-2985 DOI: 10.17951/pjss/2020.53.2.211 ANAR RAKHMETOVA*, RAIKHAN BEISENOVA*, KAMSHAT AKPAMBETOVA**, BUREN SCHARAW*** ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC BALANCE OF THE TERRITORY OF THE KARAGANDA REGION Received: 21.11.2019 Accepted: 08.09.2020 123Abstract. Currently, Kazakhstan is faced with the problem of a serious deterioration of the state of natural resources and the environment in all the most important environmental indicators. Almost a third of agricultural land is now degraded or is under serious threat, and more than 10 million hectares of potentially arable land in the past have been abandoned. This article discusses various methods and also carries out a comprehensive assessment of the environmental and economic balance of the Karaganda region. For the study on the state of the regional-scale object, the choice as the basis for analyzing the structure of the land seems to be the most adequate, since it is the land-use device that objectively reflects the current state of industrial, agricultural and recreational impact. A comprehensive assessment of the ecological and economic balance of the territory of the Karaganda region was carried out according to the ratio of the main land-use categories tak- ing into account the intensity of anthropogenic load. The coefficient of natural protection of the territory is determined and the outlined trends in the ecological and economic state are analyzed. Keywords: ecological and economic balance, Karaganda region, anthropogenic load, nature pro- tection, geoinformation technologies, ecological cartography, ArcGIS 10.1 * L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan; corresponding author: [email protected] ** E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan. *** Fraunhofer IOSB-AST, Ilmenau, Germany. 212 A. RAKHMETOVA et al. INTRODUCTION Soil is the most vital and precious natural resource that sustains life on Earth (Khadka et al. 2019). Monitoring and environmental assessment of a landscape structure development is commonly implemented on the basis of surface rep- resentation of the main land use forms. Several types of ecological stability coef- ficients are used to quantify this evaluation. Different approaches of evaluation are represented here. Some factors are based only on spatial assessment of land reserves; others include also a rating of individual landscape elements (Bažík et al. 2014). The ecological and economic balance of the territory is a balanced ratio of various types of activities and interests of various population groups in the territory, taking into account the potential and real possibilities of nature, which ensures sustainable development of nature and society, reproduction of natural (renewable) resources and does not cause environmental changes and conse- quences (Pomazkova and Faleychik 2017). A cartographic assessment at the same time allows you to fully visualize the results obtained in the form of var- ious cartographic works, work with which will further facilitate the perception and understanding of the current situation in a particular territory and will allow you to take the most correct decision (Karpik 2004). To maintain healthy eco- systems, natural-disturbance-based management aims to minimize differences between unmanaged and managed landscapes (Tittler et al. 2012). The problem of selecting the correct land for the cultivation of a certain agriculture product is a long-standing and mainly empirical issue. The increased need for food pro- duction and the shortage of resources stimulate a need for sophisticated meth- ods of land evaluation to aid decision makers in their role to both preserve high- ly suitable lands and satisfy producers demand for increased profit (Hossein et al. 2015). The purpose of this research work is to determine the main directions in terri- torial and economic zoning based on the ecological and economic balance and the ecological clustering of the regions of Karaganda region. During the study, one of the current tasks was the mapping of objects and the information obtained in the territory of the object of study. MATERIAL AND METHODS The tool for solving this problem was GIS (geographic information systems) (Kalogirou 2011). One of the most advanced mapping programs at the moment is the ArcGIS program, along with it the SAS. Planet program is used to obtain satellite images with reference to the coordinate system. These two electronic pro- grams are quite advantageously used in tandem (ArcGIS 2011). Using the SAS. ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC BALANCE… 213 Planet program, you can create a qualitative basis for the future map, using the ArcGis software modules, the map itself is created (Nikolaeva 2016). As an indicator of a comprehensive assessment of the ecological state of land- scapes, we used anthropogenic load indices (AL) (Kochurov and Ivanov 1999), which allow calculating and comparing the load levels in the territory with vari- ous forms of their manifestation taking into account the main forms of such loads expressed in dimensionless indicators (Panchenko and Dyukarev 2015). The general assessment of ecological and economic balance can be carried out using the suggested coefficients (Table 1) (Kochurovet al. 2004). Table 1. Coefficients of assessment of ecological and economic balance of the territory The name of Characteristics of Formula Used data the coefficient changes in values Areas of territories with Coefficient high anthropogenic load – of absolute AL6 areas of territories with Cа ↑ – rising tensions environmental minimal anthropogenic load stress (as a rule, protected areas) – AL1 Cr→1 – the tension Coefficient Area of territories of of the ecological and of relative different types of land use, economic balance of the environmental typical for transformation territory is balanced Сr stress processes in the region ↑ – rising tensions Land area with medium Cnp ↑ – the growth of Coefficient and resource stabilizing the natural protection of of natural functions (Rsf) = AL1 + the territory protection of 0.8 AL2 + 0.6 AL3 + 0.4 Cnp < 0.5 – critical the territory AL4 Sta-Area of the studied level of protection of the territory territory RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Being the ninth largest country in the world, Kazakhstan is endowed with a large territory and vast natural resources such as oil, gas, uranium and cop- per (Orazgaliyev 2018). Karaganda region is the largest region of Kazakhstan by territory and industrial potential, rich in minerals and raw materials. Central Kazakhstan is one of the regions of the Republic experiencing strong anthropo- genic pressure (Akpambetova 2016). High rates of development of mineral and raw materials, energy and agricultural resources led to the emergence of large urban and industrial agglomerations (Karaganda, Zhezkazgan, Balkhash) and many urban-type settlements (Aksuat, Konyrat, Satpayev, Kairauty, Zhezdy, Topar, etc.) (Bodeeva and Mukasheva 2017). 214 A. RAKHMETOVA et al. Almost a tenth of the total population of Kazakhstan lives in the region. The territory of the region is 42,798.2 hectares (15.7% of the total area of Kazakh- stan), occupies 49th place in the list of the largest administrative units of the first level in the world and is distributed over nine rural areas (Fig. 1) and nine cities of regional importance (Kazakhstan 2018). Fig. 1. Map of Karaganda region within the districts The environmental and economic status indicator is obtained by determin- ing the degree of AL on various groups of lands by introducing expert ballistic scores for them (Table 2). ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC BALANCE… 215 Table 2. Point classification of land areas of the Karaganda region according to the degree of anthropogenic transformation (AL) Types and categories of land Land area Indicator / No. (thousand Region ha) plantations Agricultural land (arable land, fallow pastures) Residential area transport, Lands of industry, communications, defense and other non-agricultural purposes Specially protected natural reserve lands areas (PAs), Lands of water fund, forest fund Hayfields, perennial Degree of anthropogenic load Very Very low Low Average High Higher high Number AL1, ha AL2, ha AL3, ha AL4, ha AL5, ha AL6, ha 1. Abay 672.5 140.3 3.2 332.5 98.9 79.2 18.4 2. Aktogai 5,199.7 2,929.1 74.9 1,658.8 120.2 345.2 18.5 3. Bukhar-Zhyrau 1,440.3 189.6 13.7 566.6 277.6 372.2 16.9 4. Zhanaarka 6,234.8 1,792 21.5 1,588 70.1 313.4 11.8 5. Karkaraly 3,547.2 1,282.3 25.2 1,504.2 161.3 541.9 32.3 6. Nura 4,632.6 2,139.8 0.3 1,703 367.2 412.6 9.7 7. Osakarov 1,126.1 97.1 21.1 382.1 469.7 145.1 11 8. Ulytau 1,2293 6,408.2 57.9 2493.7 96.7 282.9 15.3 9. Shet 6,569.5 1,722 8.4 2,152.3 187.3 619.9 14.5 On the basis of the point classification of lands of Karaganda region accord- ing to the degree of anthropogenic transformation, the coefficients character- izing the ecological and economic condition of the study area were calculated (Table 3) and maps of the distribution of values of these indicators are con- structed using geographic information system ArcGIS (Fig. 2–5). As a result of the joint processing of all available data in the geographic information system ArcGIS 10.1 (ESRI 2011), a map was constructed with land diagrams for the types of agricultural land use in the Karaganda region (Fig. 2). The analysis of cartographic material showed that the basis of the land reserves is agricultural land, which occupies 97.2% of the area of the districts. The distribution of agricultural land within individual farms of administrative districts depends on the features of the relief. Pastures prevail in the territories of Aktogai (98%), Zhanaarkа (96%), Karkaraly (91.9%), Ulytau (96.3%) and Shet (94.7%).
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