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Interactions and Pathogen Transmission Between Carnivores in Madagascar Fidisoa Rasambainarivo [email protected]

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Interactions and Pathogen Transmission Between Carnivores in Madagascar Fidisoa Rasambainarivo Ftrz98@Umsl.Edu University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 4-10-2018 Interactions and Pathogen Transmission Between Carnivores in Madagascar Fidisoa Rasambainarivo [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Animal Diseases Commons, Biodiversity Commons, Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Rasambainarivo, Fidisoa, "Interactions and Pathogen Transmission Between Carnivores in Madagascar" (2018). Dissertations. 742. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/742 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Interactions and Pathogen Transmission Between Carnivores in Madagascar Fidisoa Rasambainarivo Student Education/Degrees DVM, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar, 2008 MSc, EpidemiologyUniversite de Montreal, Canada, 2013 A Thesis Submitted to The Graduate School at the University of Missouri-St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Biology May 2018 Advisory Committee Patricia Parker, Ph.D. Chairperson Matthew Gompper, Ph.D. Robert Marquis, Ph.D. Robert Ricklefs, Ph.D. Abstract Introduced carnivores exert considerable pressure on native predators through predation, competition and disease transmission. Improved understanding of determinant factors of interactions and pathogen transmission between introduced and endemic wildlife may help to predict disease emergence, avoid pathogen spillover and help control outbreaks. Using non-invasive camera traps, I identified areas where transmission of pathogens might happen through records of shared space-use within a protected area in Eastern Madagascar. I showed that indirect interactions between animals were more likely to occur near the research station which may constitute a disease transmission hotspot for carnivores in the landscape. Secondly, I investigated the associations between individual and spatial variables with the exposure to pathogens in multiple sympatric endemic carnivores. I showed that individual characteristics such as age, sex and species are associated with exposure to Toxoplasma gondii, but not Leptospira spp. or Canine Parvovirus. Finally, I revealed where exchange of microbes has already occurred by using microbial genetics of Escherichia coli. Specifically, DNA fingerprinting methods were used to construct a microbial- sharing network between carnivores in the Betampona natural reserve ecosystem. Collectively, the results that are presented here may help the conservation efforts of the unique Malagasy carnivores by highlighting the need for disease monitoring and mitigation at the domestic animal and wildlife interface of Madagascar. 2 Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to express my most sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Patricia Parker for giving me the opportunity to conduct a project that I am passionate about. Patty, I am extremely grateful for your support, patience and guidance throughout the course of this project. Thank you for inspiring me to believe in my abilities to “do good” in science and conservation, and for modeling excellence in teaching. I am proud to have you as a mentor. I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Dr Matthew Gompper, Dr Robert Marquis, Dr.Robert Ricklefs, Dr Eric Miller and Ingrid Porton for their insightful comments and encouragement, but also for the hard questions which incented me to widen my research from various perspectives. Particularly, I am thankful to Ingrid Porton for her hospitality, support and friendship. Thank you for believing in me. I am thankful to all the members of the Parkerlab and of the BGSA (Biology Graduate Student Association) of UMSL for their friendship. Thank you for helping me keep my sanity during these years. I am thankful to all the staff and faculty at the UMSL biology department for their assistance during the past five years. You have made graduate school an enjoyable experience. i I would like to thank my friends and colleagues in Madagascar without whom this work would not have been possible. Torisy, Flavien, Dr Andrianizah Hertz, Dr Mamy Navalona Andriamihajarivo and Dr Natacha Rasolozaka, I am grateful for your hard work and assistance in collecting the data and samples for this project. I would like to acknowledge the incredible institutional support I have received from the Saint Louis Zoo Wildcare Institute, Harris World Ecology Center at UMSL, Madagascar Fauna and Flora Group, the Department of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine of the University of Antananarivo and Madagascar National Parks. I would like to thank my funding sources, Saint Louis Zoo Wildcare Institute, Rufford Small Grants Foundation, DesLee Collaborative Vision Initiative at UMSL and Madagascar Fauna and Flora Group. Last but not least, thank you to my family. Liz, Jhon, Eliane, Haja, Dominique, Mathias and Loic. Words cannot express my gratitude for your continued support throughout this adventure and my life in general. Thank you for encouraging me in all of my pursuits and inspiring me to follow my dreams. Your love pushed me forward. ii Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARNIVORES IN MADAGASCAR AND THE RISK OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION ........................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 8 METHODS .......................................................................................................................................... 11 Study area ................................................................................................................................... 11 Camera trap survey .................................................................................................................... 12 Geographical Information System data ..................................................................................... 13 Data analysis ............................................................................................................................... 13 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 18 DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 20 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................................. 43 CHAPTER 2: PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO SELECTED VIRUSES AND PARASITES IN INTRODUCED AND ENDEMIC CARNIVORES IN WESTERN MADAGASCAR ......................... 55 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 56 MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................................................... 58 Study sites ................................................................................................................................... 58 Sample collection ........................................................................................................................ 59 Laboratory analysis..................................................................................................................... 60 Statistical analysis ...................................................................................................................... 61 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................ 62 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 64 LITERATURE CITED ...................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 3: PATTERNS OF EXPOSURE OF CARNIVORES TO SELECTED PATHOGENS IN THE BETAMPONA NATURAL RESERVE LANDSCAPE, MADAGASCAR. ............................... 86 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 87 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................................. 88 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 90 DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 90 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................................ 94 CHAPTER 4: SHARING IS NOT CARING, MICROBIAL TRANSMISSION NETWORK AMONG CARNIVORANS IN BETAMPONA, MADAGASCAR. ....................................................................104 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................105
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