DOCSLIB.ORG

Concentrations of Platinum.Group Elements and Gold in Sulfides from the Strathcona Deposit, Sudburv, Ontario

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Concentrations of Platinum.Group Elements and Gold in Sulfides from the Strathcona Deposit, Sudburv, Ontario 523 Canadian Mineralogist Vol.30, pp. 523-531 (1993) CONCENTRATIONSOF PLATINUM.GROUPELEMENTS AND GOLD IN SULFIDESFROM THE STRATHCONA DEPOSIT, SUDBURV, ONTARIO CHUSI LI, ANTHOI\IY J. NALDRETT ANDJOHN C. RUCKLIDGE Departmzntof Geology,University of Toronto,Toronto, Ontario MSS 3BI LINASR. KILruS IsoTracelaboratory, Universityof Toronto,Toronto, Ontarto MSS 1A7 ABSTRAc"T Sulfide mineralsand magnetitefrom the Strathconadeposig Sudbury, Ontario, have beenanalyzed for the platinum-group elements(PGE) and Au with iz siar, ultra-sensitiveaccelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). $rrhotite containsk, Rh and Ru at levels closeto thoseofthe bulk sulfide ores (recalculatedto 1007osulfides), ranging from tensto more than 100ppb; Pt, Pd and Au are presentin the pyrrhotite at much lower levels than in the bulk sulfide ores. Among all the other minerals,including pentlandite,chalcopy'rite, cubanite, bomite and magnetite,pentlandite is the only phasethat accommodatessignificant amounts of Pd, with concentrationsin the rangefrom hundredsto thousandsof ppb. The concentrationsof the other PGE and Au are extremelylow in all ofthe sulfidesand magnetite in comparisonwith thevalues ofthe ores.They rangefrom severalppb to sub-ppb levels.Although pentlanditecontains significant amounts ofPd, its overall contributionto the ore ofthe DeepCopper Zone is not greatbecause the ore containsonly small amountsofthis mineral.Mass-balance calculations indicate that most ofthe Pt, Pd and Au in the ore is not presentin the sulfidesand magnetite,but mustoccur in discreteaccessory rninerals. The partition coefficients ofPGE benveenMss and sulfide liquid havebeen estimated from the compositionsofminerals and ore to be 6.5 x t0-3 to 4.6 l0-2forPt,6.8xl0-3to3.9x10-2forPd,4.7x10-3to8.0x10-2forAu,and5.gto6.Tforlr.Thevariationsintheconcenuations of ft and Ir in the depositcan be explainedby a processinvolving fractional crystallizaiionof monosulfidesolid solution (Mss) from a parentalsulfide liquid andmixing of varyingproportions of variablyfractionated liquid with Mss,if thepartition coefficients betweenMss and sulfide liquid are lessthan 0.1 for Pt andfrom 6.7 to 3.5 for Ir. Keywords:platinum-group elements, partition coefficient, fractionation. sulfides, acceleratormass sp€ctrometry,Strathcona deposit,Sudbury, Ontario. SoNrlaerns Nous avonsanalysd les sulfureset la magn6titeprovenant du gisementde Strathconad Sudbury,en Ontario,pour les 6l6ments du groupedu platineetpourl'orparspectrom6trie de masse avec acceldrateur, m6thode rn silz ultra sensible.I-a pyrrhotitecontient h, Rh et Ru i desniveaux semblablesi ceux dansles €chantillonsde minerai (recalcul6ssur une basede I@Vosulfures), dans I'intervalle de dizainesi plus de l@ ppb. Par contre,Pt, Pd et Au sont pr6sentsdans la pyrrhotite i desniveaux beaucoup plus faiblesque dans le mineraiglobal. De tousles autresmin6raux, y comprispentlandite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, bomite et magndtite, seulela pentlanditepeut accommoderdes concentrations appr6ciables de Pd, dansl'intervalle de centainesi desmillien de ppb. la concentrationdes autres mindraux du groupedu platineet de l'or estextr6mement faible danstous les sulfureset la magn6tite en comparaisondes valeurs pour les 6chantillonsde minerai, de quelquesppb d des niveaux infdrieurs au ppb. Quoique la pentlanditecontienne des concentrations importantes de Pd, sa contributioni la constitutiondu minerai dansla zonedite "Deep Coppe/' n'est pasimportante. Des calculsdu bilan desmasses montrent que la plupart du Pt, du Pd et de I'Au dansle minerai se trouveraitnon dansles sulfuresni la magn6tite,mais plutdt sousforme demin6raux accessoires distincts. Le coefficientde partage des6l6ments du groupedu platineentre solution solide monosulfurde et liquide sulfurda 6t6estim6 i partir de la compositiondes mindrauxet du minerai: entre6.5 x l0-3 et 8.6 x l0-2 oour le PL entre6,8 x l0-3 et 3.9 x l0-2 oour le Pd- entre4.7 x 10-3et 8.0 2 x l0 pourI'Au, et entre5.9 et 6.7 pourI'lr. t-esvariations dans la concentrationde Pt et de Ir dansle gisements'expliquenr par un processusimpliquant cristallisationfractionn6e d'une solution solide monosulfur6eA partir d'un liquide sulfurd parent, et m6langeen proportions variablesd'un liquide variablementdvolud et du monosulfure,si les coefficients de partageentre monosulfureet liquide sulfur6sont inf6rieursa 0.1 pour le Pt, et entre6.7 et 3.5 pour I'Ir. (Traduit par la Rddaction) Mots-clds:6ldments du groupe du platine, coefficient de partage, fractionnement,sulfures, spectromdtriede masseavec acc6l6rateur,gisement de Strathcona,Sudbury, Ontario. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-pdf/31/2/523/4802592/i1499-1276-31-2-523.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 524 TTIE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST INTRoDUCnoN results in the elimination of all moleculeswhose mass could matchthat ofthe selectedisotope. This procedure Knowledge of the distribution of platinum-group reducesthe backgroundto vanishinglysmall levels,and elements(PGE) in sulfideminerals is importantnot only thus givesextraordinarily good sensitivities for the trace for mineralprocessing, but alsofor a full understanding elementsbeing studied. The light group of isotopes, of the fractionationof theseelements during the crystal- l06Pd,I03Rh and lolRu,were analyzed in the 5+ charge lization of a sulfideliquid. hevious attemptsto establish state,energy 12 MeV, whereastheheaviergroup, le7Au, whetherthe PGE,other than thoseoccurring as discrete le6lt, le3lr and l88os,were analyzedin the 6+ charge platinum-groupminerals (PGM), also occur as dilute state,energy 14 MeV. Mean countrales were converted solid-solutionsin the mineralsfrom the Sudburyores, to elementconcentrations with referenceto the sulfide were made with the electron microprobe (Cabri & beadof the SARM-7 standard. Laflamme 1976) and proton microprobe (Cabi et al. The detectionlimits, quoted on the basis of equal 1984).Pt, Pd or Rh were not detectedin chalcopyrite, counting times of 100 seconds,are down to Au 0.003 pe[tlandite and pyrrhotite becausethe analyseswere ppb,I't 0.18 ppb, Rh 0.57 ppb, Ir 0.6 ppb, Pd 2.1ppb, limited by detectionlimits in the ranges30G-500 ppm Ru 4.6 ppb,and Os 48 ppb. (electron microprobe) and l-60 ppm (proton micro- probe). Recently,iz siru analysisof sulfidesfor heavy Ne utron- activ ation analys is elementsby acceleratormass spectrometry (AMS) at the IsoTraceLaboratory" University of Toronto, has been PGE and Au were determinedwith a fire-assayand developedto thepoint at which samplescan be routinely neufon-activation technique modified after that of analyzedfor the PGE and Au at the ppb and sub-ppb Hoffrnan et al. (1978). Cu-rich ore samples were levels(Wilson et al. l99l).T\is techniquehas been used reducedto l0 grams, and additional Ni was addedto as a complementarytool to the electron and proton achievea ratio Ni/Cu greaterthan 3 in the fire-assay microprobesin the measurementof concentrationsof bead.The contentof sulfur in themixture was calculated PGE and Au in sulfide minerals from Sudbury (Li & to achievethe stoichiometricratio of NiS andCurS. The Naldrett 1990).As a follow-up to the initial AMS study, sulfide beadswere then dissolvedin hydrochloricacid, base-metalsulfide mineralsfrom different ore-zonesof and the residues were collected in plastic bags for the Strathconadeposit at Sudburywere analyzed.The irradiation.Samples were irradiated for threeminutes at selectedsamples of oresalso were analyzedfor whole- theNuclear Reactor Center of McMasterUnivenity, and rock PGE and Au using the technique of neutron then countedthree minutes for Pd and Rh after a decay activation combined with fue-assaypreconcentration. of threeminutes. For the other elements,samples were The distribution of PGE and Au in individual minerals irradiatedfor onehour andthen counted about 1.5hours and its significanceto the metal zonationin the deposit after one week decay in the Departmentof Geology, form the main subjectofthis paper. Universityof Toronto.Samples with low levelsof Os, Ir and Ru (<0.2 ppb) were countedanew for Os, Ir and Axarvrrcar TScHNIeIJ'Es Ru after approximately four weeks of decay. The dgtectionlimits (threesigma times the squareroot of the Acce le rator mass spe ctrometry background)are down to Ir 0.01,Au 0.02,Rh 0.5, Os 1.0,Ru 3, Pd 3 andft 5 ppb. Specimensused in this analysisare polished mineral surfaces.The preparationtechnique has been described Gsor-octcal BACKGRoUNDAmo Seuplrs SEtsglEn by Wilsonet al. (1991).Inclusion-freeareas of coarse- grained crystals selectedwith an optical microscope The Strathconadeposit is locatedon the North Range werefurther examinedby scanningelectron microprobe of SudburyIgneous Complex (SIC) (Fig. l). Theore lies to assessthe presenceof very small inclusionsof PGM. at the basalcontact of the complex and in the footwall Selectedtargets were then drilled out under water with (Fig. 2). The geologyofthis deposithas been described a hollow, diamond-edgedcore drill of 4 mm internal by Naldrett& Kullerud(1967), Cowan (1968), Abel et diameter at a speed of 4750 rpm. The cylindrical al. (1979),Abel (1981),Coaa & Snddr(1984) and Li "minicores"were washed and driedin air. A setof 12 et al. (1992). Four types of ore are observed.Dissemi- such cores, including standardsof pure copper and natedsulfides of the HangingwallZone occur within the SARM-7 in a sulfide bead,were loaded into the sample Sublayer norite. This zone is underlain by the Main chamber of the acceleratormass spectrometerand Zone, which consistsof massiveand disseminatedore alignedoptically prior to bombardingwith
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paolovite Pd2sn C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Paolovite Pd2Sn c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. As irregular grains embedded in other minerals. Twinning: Polysynthetic. Physical Properties: Hardness = n.d. VHN = 329–378 (10 g load). D(meas.) = n.d. D(calc.) = 11.08 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Lilac-rose. Luster: Metallic. Pleochroism: Dark lilac-rose to pale rose. R1–R2: (400) — , (420) 44.4–46.5, (440) 44.6–47.2, (460) 45.0–48.2, (480) 45.5–49.1, (500) 45.9–50.3, (520) 46.7–51.6, (540) 47.7–52.8, (560) 49.0–54.1, (580) 50.9–55.4, (600) 52.9–56.7, (620) 55.3–57.7, (640) 57.7–59.2, (660) 59.8–59.5, (680) 61.5–60.3, (700) 62.7–60.6 Cell Data: Space Group: P bnm. a = 8.11(1) b = 5.662(6) c = 4.324(2) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Oktyabr deposit, Russia. 2.28 (100), 2.16 (70), 1.955 (50), 2.36 (40), 1.397 (40), 1.315 (40), 1.120 (40) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Pd 64.8 64.3 64.19 Pt 2.5 Sn 35.5 35.0 35.81 Sb 0.3 Bi 0.2 Total 103.3 99.3 100.00 (1) Oktyabr deposit, Russia; by electron microprobe, corresponding to (Pd1.98Pt0.04)Σ=2.02Sn0.98. (2) Western Platinum mine, South Africa; by electron microprobe, corresponding to Pd2.02Sn0.98. (3) Pd2Sn. Occurrence: In Cu–Ni sulfide ores; in cubanite–chalcopyrite, cubanite–talnakhite, and cubanite–mooihoekite assemblages (Oktyabr deposit, Russia).
    [Show full text]
  • Cu-Fe-S Phases in Lunar Rocks
    American Mineralogist, Volume 58, pages 952-954, 1973 Cu-Fe-SPhases in LunarRocks LawnnNcn A. Tevronl Departmentol Geosciences,Purdue Uniuersity, Lalaye t te, I ndiana47 907 KBNNrrn L. Wnrrnus Departmentof Applied Earth Sciences,Stanlord Uniaersity, Stanford, Calilornia 943 0 5 Abstract The sulfide minerals reported to be present in lunar rocks include troilite, mackinawite, the discredited mineral "chalcopyrrhotite", sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and cubanite. Apollo 12 sam- ple l2D2l,l34 contains these last two minerals, and the first chemical analyses of the Cu-Fe-S phases are presented. These minerals occur along cracks and grain boundaries within troilite and are probably exsolution products formed at low temperatures (i.e, 100"-300'C) from a cupriferous troilite. Introduction Cu-Fe-S Minerals The opaqueminerals, although constituting only a "Chalcopyrrhotite", a discreditedmineral (Yund minor amount of a given sample,have proven useful and Kullerud, 1966; Cabri, 7967) , hasbeen reported as indicators of the genesisand cooling histories of from Apollo 12, 14, and 15 rocks (El Goresyet al, the lunar rocks (e.9., Reid, 1971; Taylor and Mc- l97la,b; 1972a,b). It wasdescribed as a yellowish, Callister, 19721,Taylor et al, I973b). The most chalcopyrite-coloredphase which appearsisotropic abundant opaque mineral is ilmenite, and many of and is alwaysfound within troilite. It is probablethat the oxide phasesin lunar rocks are unique (e.6'., this phase is either talnakhite, a mineral originally armalcolite as per Anderson et al, l97A). In addi- describedby Cabri (1967) andhaving a composition tion to native Fe metal, native Cu, and schreibersite, of CusFesSro(Cabri and Harris, 1971) near chal- the remaining opaqueminerals consistof sulfides.
    [Show full text]
  • MACKINAWITE from SOUTH AFRICA W. C J. Van RDNSBU*.O, Geological Surtey Oj Soulh Africa, Preloria, Soulh A.[Ri Co, L. Lrbnunsbyc
    TI.IE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST, VOL 52, JULY AUGUST, 1967 MACKINAWITE FROM SOUTH AFRICA W. C J. vAN RDNSBU*.o,Geological Surtey oJ Soulh Africa, Preloria,Soulh A.[rico, AND L. LrBnuNsByc, Deparlment of Geology,Llnit:ersity of Pretoria, Pre!oria,Soul h Africa. ABSTRAcT Mackinawite has been identified in mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Bushveld igneous complex and Insizwa and also in the carbonatite and pegmatoid of Loolekop, Phalaborrva complex in South Africa. The mineral occurs predominantly as somewhat irregular to oriented intergrowths in pentlandite in all these occurrences and less commonly as regular oriented lamellae in chalcopyrite and rarely in cubanite. The textural evidence suggests that mackinawite may represent an exsolution product of pentlandite, chalcopyrite and cubanite. INrnonucrroN The iron sulphide, mackinawite was recently named in a paper by Evans, et al, (1964). Natural occurrencesof this mineral f rom Finland were describedby- Kouvo et al (1963)and from the Muskox intrusion in Canada by Chamberlain and Delabio (1965). During the presentinvestigation mackinawite was distinguishedfrom valleriite in the carbonatite and pegmatoid of Loolekop, Phalaborwa complex, in the Bushveld igneous complex, and from Insizwa, Cape Province.The mode of occurrenceof the mackinawite in the carbonatite difiers somewhatfrom that in the mafic rocks of Insizwa and the Bush- veld complex. MrNnn.q.rocv The physicaland optical propertiesof mackinawitefrom the Bushveid complex,Insizwa and Loolekop are very similar and are in closeagree- ment with the propertiesgiven for the same mineral from the Muskox intrusion by Chamberlain and Delabio (1965). The mineral takes a fairly good polish,particularly after buffing with a chromic oxide slurry.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Pressure Crystal Chemistry of Cubanite, Cufers
    American Mineralogist, Volume 77, pages 937-944, 1992 High-pressure crystal chemistry of cubanite,CuFerS, CarnnnrNr McClvrmoNr* JrNvrrN ZruNG, RonBnr M. HlznNo Llnnv W. FrNcBn GeophysicalLaboratory and Centerfor High-PressureResearch, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251Broad Branch Road NW, Washington,DC 20015-1305,U.S.A. ABSTRACT We have studied cubanite, CuFerS, (orthorhombic, space gtoup Pcmn, a: 6.46, b : 11.10, c : 6.22 A), using single-crystalX-ray diffraction in a diamond-anvil cell at room temperature from 0 to 3.68 GPa. Refinementswere performed aI 0, 1.76, and 3.59 GPa, and cell parameterswere measuredat 20 pressuresup to 3.68 GPa. The linear compress- ibilities of the a, b, and c crystalaxes are 0.00513(5),0.00479(5),and 0.00575(4)GPa ', respectively.Compressibility data were fitted to a Birch-Murnaghan equation of statewith parametersKo : 55.3 + 1.7 GPa with Ko' constrained to be 4. High-pressurerefinement data indicate that the principal responseof the crystal structure to compression is a re- duction in Cu-S bond lengths, whereasFe-S bond lengths remain essentiallyunchanged. Results are compared to bulk moduli and polyhedral bulk moduli of other sulfides. INrnonucrroN lography provides an excellent means for examining the effect of pressure on individual atomic configurations. The crystal structure of cubanite, CuFerSr, is ortho- Cubanite is a worthy candidate becauseof the interest in rhombic with ordered tetrahedral cation sites and S at- the effect ofpressure on intervalence transitions (see,for oms in approximately hexagonal closest packing. The example,Burns, I 98 l) and becausevery few sulfideshave structure was first determined by Buerger (1945, 1947) beenexamined with this technique.We undertook a crys- and described as slices of wurtzite structure parallel to tallographic study of cubanite at high pressurewith the (010) with widthb/2,joined such that every other slab is following goals: (l) to determine the relative axial com- inverted, resulting in edge-sharedpairs oftetrahedra.
    [Show full text]
  • Covellite) Probed by NQR
    Phase transition and anomalous electronic behavior in layered dichalcogenide CuS (covellite) probed by NQR R.R. Gainov 1*, A.V. Dooglav 1, I.N. Pen’kov 2, I.R. Mukhamedshin 1,3, N.N. Mozgova 4, A.V. Evlampiev 1, and I.A. Bryzgalov 5 1 Department of Physics, Magnetic RadioSpectroscopy Laboratory, Kazan State University, Kazan, Kremlevskaya str. 18, 420008, Russian Federation 2 Department of Geology, Kazan State University, Kazan, Kremlevskaya str. 4/5, 420111, Russian Federation 3 Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France 4 Institute of geology of ore deposits, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry (Russian Academy of Science), Staromonetny per. 35, Moscow 109017, Russian Federation 5 Department of Geology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Vorob’evy gory, 119991, Russian Federation * Corresponding author: tel.: 7-843-2315175; fax.: 7-843-2387201. Electronic address: [email protected] (R.R. Gainov). Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) on copper nuclei has been applied for studies of the electronic properties of quasi-two-dimensional low-temperature superconductor CuS (covellite) in the temperature region between 1.47 and 290 K. Two NQR signals corresponding to two non- equivalent sites of copper in the structure, Cu(1) and Cu(2), has been found. The temperature dependences of copper quadrupole frequencies, line-widths and spin-lattice relaxation rates, which so far had never been investigated so precisely for this material, altogether demonstrate the structural phase transition near 55 K, which accompanies transformations of electronic spectrum not typical for simple metals. The analysis of NQR results and their comparison with literature data show that the valence of copper ions at both sites is intermediate in character between monovalent and divalent states with the dominant of the former.
    [Show full text]
  • EXPERIMENTAL STUDY of CRYSTALLIZATION PRODUCTS of CНALCOPYRITE SOLID SOLUTION Tatyana A
    86 New Data on Minerals. 2011. Vol. 46 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CRYSTALLIZATION PRODUCTS OF CНALCOPYRITE SOLID SOLUTION Tatyana A. Kravchenko Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography Siberian Branch RAS, Novosibirsk, [email protected] In order to understand the conditions of formation of cubanite СuFe2S3, talnakhite Cu9Fe8S16, mooihoekite Cu9Fe9S16 and haycockite Cu4Fe5S8 in magmatic Cu-Fe ores of the Norilsk type the method of melt cooling from 1150–1100°C up to room temperature and subsequent annealing at 600 and 800°C phase associations of the cen- tral part of Cu-Fe-S system have been synthesized: 50 at.% of S, Cu/Fe = 1.22–0.25, 47 at.% S, Cu/Fe = 1.12–0.63 and 45 at.% S, Cu/Fe = 1.44–0.69. According to the received results, cubic cubanite enriched in cop- per (Cu/Fe і 0.5) crystallizes in associations with tetragonal chalcopyrite Cu1xFe1+xS2 and cubic talnakhite. The new data concerning steady phase equillibriums of mooihoekite with bornite Cu5FeS4 and cubic pc phase of the haycockite composition with cubic cubanite enriched in iron (Cu/Fe Ј 0.5) bornite and pyrrhotite Fe1xS are received. 1 figure, 1 table, 20 references. Key words: Cu-Fe-S system, chalcopyrite solid solution, crystallization of melt. Introduction system for determination of phase composi- tions and phase equillibriums in the sphere of Cubic talnakhite Cu9Fe8S16 (Bud`ko, Kula - chalcopyrite solid solution. gov, 1963; Cabri, 1967), tetragonal mooihoekite Cu9Fe9S16 (Cabri, Hall, 1972; Muraviova et al., Methodics 1972), rhombic haycockite Cu4Fe5S8(Cabri, Hall, 1972) and cubic cubanite CuFe2S3 (Cabri, 1973) Up to now the most complete experimental are attributed to the products of crystallization of research of phases from the sphere of chalcopy- chalcopyrite (Yund, Kullerud, 1966) intermedi- rite solid solution is the work by L.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Troilite Fes C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Troilite FeS c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m. Massive, granular; nodular. Physical Properties: Hardness = 3.5–4.5 VHN = 250(3) D(meas.) = 4.67–4.79 D(calc.) = 4.85 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Pale grayish brown, tarnishes rapidly on exposure. Streak: Dark grayish brown. Luster: Metallic. Anisotropism: Strong. R1–R2: (400) 24.3–28.4, (420) 24.9–29.6, (440) 25.8–30.9, (460) 27.1–32.6, (480) 28.4–34.0, (500) 29.9–35.5, (520) 31.3–36.7, (540) 32.7–37.9, (560) 34.2–39.0, (580) 35.5–40.0, (600) 36.9–41.0, (620) 38.1–41.7, (640) 39.2–42.4, (660) 40.2–43.1, (680) 41.1–43.5, (700) 42.0–44.0 Cell Data: Space Group: P 63/mmc. a = 5.958 c = 11.74 Z = 12 X-ray Powder Pattern: Del Norte Co., California, USA. 2.09 (100), 2.66 (60), 1.719 (50), 2.98 (40), 1.331 (40), 1.119 (40), 1.923 (30) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Fe 62.70 63.0 63.53 S 35.40 35.0 36.47 Total 98.10 98.0 100.00 (1) Del Norte Co., California, USA. (2) Cranbourne meteorite. (3) FeS. Occurrence: In serpentine (Del Norte Co., California, USA); with Fe–Cu–Ni sulfides in a layered ultramafic intrusive (Sally Malay deposit, Australia); and as nodules in meteorites. Association: Pyrrhotite, pentlandite, mackinawite, cubanite, valleriite, chalcopyrite, pyrite (Wannaway deposit, Australia); daubr´eelite,chromite, sphalerite, graphite, various phosphates and silicates (meteorites).
    [Show full text]
  • Metals from Ores: an Introduction
    CRIMSONpublishers http://www.crimsonpublishers.com Mini Review Aspects Min Miner Sci ISSN 2578-0255 Metals from Ores: An Introduction Fathi Habashi* Department of Mining, Laval University, Canada *Corresponding author: Fathi Habashi, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada Submission: October 09, 2017; Published: December 11, 2017 Introduction of metallic lustre. Of these about 300 are used industrially in the chemical industry, in building materials, in fertilizers, as fuels, etc., chemical composition, constant physical properties, and a A mineral is a naturally occurring substance having a definite characteristic crystalline form. Ores are a mixture of minerals: they are processed to yield an industrial mineral or treated chemically and are known as the industrial minerals Figure 3. to yield a single or several metals. Ores that are generally processed for only a single metal are those of iron, aluminium, chromium, tin, mercury, manganese, tungsten, and some ores of copper. Gold ores may yield only gold, but silver is a common associate. Nickel ores are always associated with cobalt, while lead and zinc always occur together in ores. All other ores are complex yielding a number of metals. before being treated by chemical methods to recover the metals. Ores undergo a beneficiation process by physical methods and grinding then separation of the individual mineral by physical Figure 2: Metals and metalloids obtained from ores. Beneficiation processes involve liberation of minerals by crushing methods (gravity, magnetic, etc.) or physicochemical methods pyrometallurgical, and electrochemical methods. Metals and (flotation) Figure 1. Chemical methods involve hydrometallurgical, metalloids obtained from ores are shown in Figure 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Scanned
    Tnn AuERTcAN M rxuRAr,ocrsr JOURNAL OT'THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Vol. 19 JULY, 1934 No. 7 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CUBAN- ITE SEGREGATION PLATES, CHALCOPYRITE MATRIX, AND SECONDARY CHALCO- PYRITE TWINS N. W. Buancnn eNn M. J. Burncrn, M assachusettsInstitute of T echnology, Cambrid. ge, M ass. ABsrnncr The orientation of cubanite plates unmixed from chalcopyrite have been said to parallel | 111 | of the chalcopyrite matrix, but the best method hitherto used to determine this does not lead to a unique solution. rn this paper, the orientations of the cubanite plates as well as certain twin lamellae, occurring in the coarse grained chalcopyrite from Corinth, Vermont, are uniquely determined by a study of the traces of these features on two polished surfaces. The general method of determining the pole of a plane making traces on two datum planes is discussed with the aid of the stereographic projection. The method is then applied to the cubanite and twin lamellae traces, resulting in a composite stereographic projection of these features. The orientation of the chalcopyrite crystal containing these is determined from the symmetry of this composite pro- jection. This, in turn, permits the poles to be easily indexed. cubanite plates are found to be parallei to {1111, as previously surmised. Two new twin lamellae are discovered, the first, parallel to {1101, called grid twins, the second parallel to { 101 }, called erhelon twins, the names being desciiptive of the habit of the lamellae. Both groups of lamellae are secondary, resulting from plastic deformation. The possible causes of this include external forces, unmixing stresses) and possible in- version stresses.
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • And Associated Ni-PGE Mineralization from Gondpipri Mafic-Ultramafic Complex, Bastar Craton, Central India
    Cent. Eur. J. Geosci. • 6(4) • 2014 • 506-517 DOI: 10.2478/s13533-012-0185-9 Central European Journal of Geosciences Tsumoite (BiTe) and associated Ni-PGE mineralization from Gondpipri mafic-ultramafic complex, Bastar Craton, Central India: mineralogy and genetic significance Topical issue M.L. Dora1∗, H. Singh1, A .Kundu2, M.Shareef3, K.R. Randive4, S. Joshi2 1 Geological Survey of India, Shillong, 793003, India 2 Geological Survey of India, Faridabad, India 3 Geological Survey of India, Bangalore, India 4 Dept of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440001, India Received 25 March 2014; accepted 19 June 2014 Abstract: This paper reports the occurrence of Tsumoite (a bismuth telluride) in the Heti Cu-Ni-PGM prospect, Gondpipri mafic-ultramafic complex, Central India. The Gondpipri complex consists of several tectonically dismembered gabbronorite-gabbro- anorthositic gabbro - olivine gabbro -websterite disposed in ~10 km long tonalite-trondhjemite- granodiorite (TTG) and charnockite-enderbite suite of rocks. The mineralization occurs in the sulphide zone hosted by gabbro variants. The host rocks have been deformed and metamorphosed to granulite grade and subjected to various degrees of hydrothermal alteration. The mineralization comprises chalcopyrite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite, cubanite, millerite, and pyrite. In addition to these, occur (1) tsumoite (2) PGM in the form of moncheite, merenskyite, Pd-mellonite, and Pt-Pd-Te-Bi-Fe-S alloy. The present study indicates that the mineralization occurs in two stages related to: (i) magmatic and (ii) hydrothermal remobilization and transport of Cu-rich sulphides, tsumoite and PGM, and their re-deposition in hydrosilicate alteration zones. It is possible that the mineralization at Heti formed at different stages of bismuth activity under variable fS , T, and fTe conditions due to change in total concentration of Te and S and /or cooling.
    [Show full text]
  • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, MINERAL CHEMISTRY, and SULFUR ISOTOPES1 Katsuo Kase,2 Masahiro Yamamoto,2 and Tsugio Shibata2
    Detrick, R., Honnorez, J., Bryan, W. B., Juteau, T., et al., 1990 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 106/109 13. COPPER-RICH SULFIDE DEPOSIT NEAR 23°N, MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, MINERAL CHEMISTRY, AND SULFUR ISOTOPES1 Katsuo Kase,2 Masahiro Yamamoto,2 and Tsugio Shibata2 ABSTRACT In Snake Pit massive sulfide fragments and friable, unconsolidated material recovered during ODP Leg 106, isocubanite and pyrite are generally the predominant phases, followed by marcasite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrrhotite. Detailed analyses of paragenetic relations of minerals indicate that isocubanite first precipitated together with pyrrhotite. With decreasing temperature, chalcopyrite and sphalerite precipitated, and at the latest stage colloform sphalerite-pyrite (or colloform marcasite) formed. Isocubanite usually has exsolution lamellae of chalcopyrite and less commonly of pyrrhotite. The average bulk chemical composition of the friable, unconsolidated material indicates that it is rich in copper, reflecting the dominance of isocubanite in the specimens, and is characterized by high Co, low Pb, and Ag contents. Sulfur isotope ratios are very uniform, ranging in S34S from +1.2 to +2.8%c. The obtained values are apparently low, compared to those for the eastern Pacific sulfide samples, reflecting a smaller contribution of seawater sulfate in the Snake Pit sulfide deposit. INTRODUCTION from the Snake Pit sulfide deposit and examine its depositional conditions. During ODP Leg 106, an active high-temperature vent field was discovered on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) rift valley ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES near 23°22'N, 44°57'W. The active vent field named the Snake Data acquisition for this study consisted of ore microscopy, Pit hydrothermal area is located on a small terrace near the microprobe analyses, bulk major and trace element analyses, and crest of the median ridge about 25 km south of the Kane sulfur isotope analyses.
    [Show full text]