Ancient Civilizations UNIT 2

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Informative Essay 5/30/13 1:44 PM 31 CorrectionKey=A DO NOTEDIT--Changesmustbemadethrough“Fileinfo” 9_LNLEAS147591_U2O.indd 32 32 Informative Essay UNIT 2 Inca. Maya, theAztecs,and about thesuccessesof Write aninformativeessay TASKTHE PERFORM different. pyramids arealikeand the MayanandEgyptian contrast essayonhow Write acomparison/ TASKTHE PRACTICE Picchu. on Cuzco,Peru,andMachu Evaluate informativeessays MODEL THE ANALYZE

these textstructurestoplanandwriteyouressays. used inthewritingofinformativetext.Youwilluse study avarietyoftextstructuresthatarefrequently nonfiction articles,graphics,anddatadisplays.Youwill In thIsUnIt, civilizations andstructures. this unitdiscussrealfactsandeventsaboutancient The nonfictiontopicsthatyouwillreadaboutin true-life adventurestories. biographies, speeches,movieandbookreviews, newspaper, magazine,andonlinearticles,aswellin their ownpurposes.Nonfictionwritingcanbefoundin of nonfictionshapeinformationinawaythatmatches written toconveyfactualinformation,althoughwriters A and explains.Unlikefiction,nonfictionismainly essay, isashortworkofnonfictionthatinforms n informativeessay,alsocalledanexpository you willanalyzeinformationfrom 5/30/13 1:44 PM

ANALYZE THE MODEL

Exploring Peru

You will read: You will analyze: ▶ AN INSTRUCTIONAL ▶ TWO STUDENT MODELS ARTICLE Cuzco, Peru Chart a Course That Works! Machu Picchu © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image © Credits: Frank Slack/Flickr/Getty Images Unit 2: Informative Essay 33

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Source Materials for Step 1 Ms. Margolis’ students read the article below to help them learn strategies for structuring informative essays. As you read, underline information that you find useful.

NOTES Chart a Course That Works ! You probably have already had tough writing assignments that required you to plan, research, and write an informative essay. Whether the subject is science, history, or another nonfiction topic, you should decide in advance how you will structure your essay. Don’t just start somewhere and keep on writing until you have met the page requirement. Structure first! What do I mean by structure? A structure is a system in which the parts all have a function. When you write an informative essay, each part should support your message. Graphic organizers can help you plan your organizational structure.

Main Idea and Supporting Details The purpose of any informative essay is to give your reader more information about a topic, whether that be explaining a topic or describing a process. Use a graphic organizer like the one below to focus on your main idea and the details or descriptions to support it. Jot down your main idea or central point. Then identify the details you will use to support or explain your main idea. To keep on track, refer regularly to your graphic organizer as you write.

MAIN IDEA

Detail Detail Detail Detail Detail © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

34 1. Analyze 2. Practice 3. Perform

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© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company sequence of events that occur in time order. time in sequence of occur events that Events order, chronological happen in one that event means which follows another. There a is 3. 2. Multiple-Causes Organization 1. Developing YourTopic the next event to happen, and that causes another event event another to next occur. causes tothe happen, that and lead to event multiplesingle outcomes. can some one In situations, event triggers multiplerelationships. factorscontribute Sometimes to one a event. Sometimes What aresomeeventsthat canbetoldinchronologicalorder? Discuss andDecide on acityblock. The powergoesout options leadstopooreatinghabits. Chronological Order Cause-to-Effect Organization Many scientific and historical essays revolve around cause-effect revolve essays cause-effect around historical and scientific Many Many teensdonotgetenough Limited accesstohealthyfood First Obesity beginswithpoor CAUSE childhood nutrition. physical exercise. Then a streetwithoutlights. A mancannotfindhiscaron Cars moveslowlywithout A womancan’tfinishher presentation forwork. traffic lights. is ontherise. obese teenagers The numberof EFFECT Then by a number of factors. Teenage caused is obesity people inmultipleways. A power outage affects Unit 2: Informative Essay Finally 5/30/13 1:45 PM 35 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A CorrectionKey=A

Analyze Two Student Models for Step 1 Ken structured his informative essay topically, Ken’s Model relating the main idea first, followed by its supporting details. Read his essay closely. MAIN IDEA The red side notes are comments made by his Cuzco is a unique city. teacher, Ms. Margolis.

Festivals Prestigious History Architecture & Food Awards

Ken Norris Ms. Margolis, English March 15

Cuzco, Peru In southeastern Peru, nestled in the Andes at a height of 11,200 feet above sea level, is one of the world’s most amazing cities. It’s Cuzco, or Qosqo as it was called in ancient Incan times, a name which means “navel of the earth.” Perhaps the most amazing thing about Cuzco is its history. The city is said to be one of the oldest inhabited developments in the Americas. The earliest inhabitants were the Killki; their good chronological culture was dominant in the area for over a thousand years. The account of the history next important group in the area were the Incas. Their civilization of the area began in the 12th century, and by the early 1400s the Inca Empire began to expand very quickly. Sometime around 1450, the inca (king) Pachacutec developed Cuzco into the capital of the empire. The city was designed in the shape of a puma, and two rivers were diverted with canals to prevent flooding. By 1500, Cuzco was one of the richest and most important cities in the Americas. But then something new happened on the continent. Spanish conquistadors arrived. The Incas were involved in civil war, many fell victim to European diseases, and their warriors were no match for Spanish armored horseback cavalry. In 1533, a Spanish force of just 180 men under Francisco Pizarro took the city. Three © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

36 1. Analyze 2. Practice 3. Perform

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© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company List, and is also aWorld also is and List, Heritage Site. Heritage to UNESCO’s named Cultural been has Americas, of the capital city. archaeological the It no is wonder called been it has that history. its sacred and temples palaces, and (suchindigenous foods “cuy,” famed the as pig), its guinea roasted architecture. baroque Spanish layoutits Inca stonework numerous Inca and of examples both and retains foundations. city Inca The on the churchesown palaces and but their built Inca’s buildings, destroyed the political and religious They pounds. temple weighed five each nearly that Qorikancha the gold 700 from including panels precious took the metals, Spanish over weighs tons. 30 The of awall part as such remains block that nostone need for was there were cutthat mortar. One accurately so Great had ever of seen. blocks Spaniards nothing were like metals stonework Inca The Cuzco. in precious and of architecture mix 1821,until independence. when Peru declared rule Spanish under remained it. Cuzco to reclaim unsuccessfully later, tried years Incas aforce 100,000 and 10,000 of between text evidenceinyourdiscussion. Discuss atleasttworeasons whyCuzcoisconsideredaWorldHeritagesite.Cite Discuss andDecide For these and many other reasons, Cuzco is a most amazing amost is amazing Cuzco reasons, other many and For these its city’s the festivals, in delight will visitor toA modern Cuzco remarkable conquest the was Spanish ofOne the results of the festivals? influence on these an have conquerors Spanish Did the city in the remain both influences Incan and Spanish the learn how to interesting very Unit 2: Informative Essay 5/30/13 1:45 PM 37 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A CorrectionKey=A

Claudia chose to use a chronological text structure for her essay. In this essay, Claudia describes the history of Machu Picchu, from its discovery to its classification as a World Heritage site. Ms. Margolis made her notes in red.

Claudia’s Model

Machu Picchu’s Hiram Bingham Machu Picchu Location beginnings and Machu Picchu in the present

Claudia Zhang Ms. Margolis, English March 15

Machu Picchu

Machu Picchu’s Beginnings Machu Picchu, “The Lost City of the Incas,” is the site of one of the most well-known set of ruins in the world. Historians believe that Machu Picchu was constructed during the height of the Inca Empire in the 15th century. About 100 years after it was built, Machu Picchu was abandoned, though historians are not sure of the exact reason why. The Spanish had arrived in South America That is quite the around this time, so some consider this a possible explanation for mystery! Are there its abandonment. However, there is no evidence that the Spanish any other theories ever entered Machu Picchu. Some historians believe a smallpox to account for its epidemic forced the Inca to leave Machu Picchu. abandonment? Another mystery that surrounds Machu Picchu is what its purpose was. Some archaeologists believe that the city was a royal estate for Inca nobles and emperors. Other guesses have included a women’s retreat, a city created solely for the coronation of kings, a prison, or a site for testing new crops. The belief that Machu Picchu might have been a religious site is supported by its geographic location, close to the mountains and other natural features that were important to the Inca. Hiram Bingham and Machu Picchu Hiram Bingham, an American archaeologist, was searching for the Incan city of Vilcabamba when he arrived at Machu Picchu in © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

38 1. Analyze 2. Practice 3. Perform

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© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company that tourists exercise proper care when visiting the site. the exercise proper when visiting tourists care that erosion,mountainside stepsto governmentensure the taken has ToAmerica’s prevent and ruins. most famous ruins protect the Wonders World. of the It Peru’s is South as site, well most as visited Machu PicchuinthePresent neighborhood. aresidential and area, asacred district, zone, aroyal a farming city, of sectors the different including the in would have useful been without mortar. stones larger together snugly, the stones used to hammer Incas eye.The to the beautiful is asight that creating sloping mountains, out peek the from stairways and Terraces, Andes. walls, Peruvian Location centuries. 20th early and 19th the at Machu explorers other Picchu and had arrived in missionaries made Machu world, to the Picchu but known that it believed is for world.become the atravel destination but had peasants, Picchu no longer local was to justthe known Machu Trail. Inca had made the along Bingham journey same the Incas to Yale City of the Lost The University. abook called wrote He also 11-year-old saw Machu boy, Picchu. first Bingham an and group of peasants led by July On 24, asmall mountain. top at the of the told ruins ofValley the them Afarmer Peru. in Urubamba tofoot the traveled on and Cuzco from to mules journey of 1911. summer the on of explorers team walked his and Bingham Why isMachuPicchuknown asthe“LostCityofIncas”? Discuss andDecide In 2007,In Machu one Picchu named New of was Seven the acomplex that and system fields irrigation siteThe terraced has forests ofMachu mountain the Picchuthe located in is person who the as listed is Bingham books, history the In site brought the from and them excavated artifacts Bingham that prompted many eager tourists to travel to Peru and make prompted to travel that to make Peru and tourists eager many site’s purpose. presented about the you theories the Strong facts support advanced society. The were Inca an beennever lost! since had it Picchu, Machu to “discover” person as the be named I see why wouldn’t he take? trip the did paragraph: long how detail in this more Think about including Unit 2: Informative Essay 5/30/13 1:45 PM 39 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A

Terminology of Informative Essays Read each term and explanation. Then look back and analyze each student model. Find an example to complete the chart.

Term Explanation Example from Student Essays topic The topic is a word or phrase that tells what the essay is about.

text structure The text structure is the organizational pattern of an essay.

focus The focus is the controlling, or overarching, idea that states the main point the writer chooses to make. supporting The supporting evidence is relevant evidence quotations and concrete details that support the focus. domain-specific Domain-specific vocabulary is vocabulary content-specific words that are not generally used in conversation. text features Text features are design elements that help organize the text, such as headings, boldface type, italic type, bulleted or numbered lists, sidebars, and graphic aids including charts, tables, timelines, illustrations, and photographs.

Prose Constructed-Reponse Which essay provided more details to support its main idea? Support your claim by citing text evidence. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

40 1. Analyze 2. Practice 3. Perform

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