Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

3.11. Thame Valley:

This character area forms the link between the Park and Gardens of Eythrope and Hartwell and is moderately sensitive to change. The historic landscape is mainly composed of locally rare, irregular pre -18th century enclosures and older meadows running adjacent to the river Thame. These fields are under arable and have suffered some degree of boundary loss and would be benefit from restoration. There are also a few areas of modern enclosures created as the result of agricultural intensification. Although there are no settlements in this area, the impact of urbanisation in this area will have a negative influence on the setting of the designed landscapes of Eythrope and Hartwell. There are no scheduled ancient monuments in this area, although indications of the archaeological potential have been seen during fieldwork at Coldharbour Farm and in Stone itself where prehistoric, Roman and Saxon remains have been found. Further field evaluation would be required to assess the archaeological potential. The character area has only a limited potential to absorb new development due to the significance of the early field system and the wider impact development could have on the setting of the two historic parks.

Figs. 19 & 20:HLC Landscape and photograph of enclosures in the Thame Valley landscape

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3.12. Winchendon Hills:

This character area has a high degree of sensitivity. The historic landscape of this character area comprises irregular fields and meadows dating before the 18th century and the southern part of the Historic Park and Garden of Eythrope Park. Eythrope is one of five distinctive late Victorian landscapes created by the Rothschild family in Buckinghamshire and has been awarded Grade II status by English Heritage. The present park and garden was created for Alice de Rothschild as the grounds for her house, the Pavilion, which was built in 1883, although this superceded an earlier 18th century house and garden. Most of the 18th century parkland is now under arable. In terms of built heritage, the parkland contains a number of garden monuments and buildings with listed status, these include an 18th century grotto, estate lodges and a bridge over a designed weir and watercourse. The site of Eythrope medieval settlement, which survives as well preserved earthworks with associated ridge and furrow and possible mill, is probably worthy of scheduling. This is a very sensitive historic landscape which should be protected from major development, and the impact of nearby development on its setting considered.

Figs. 21 & 22: HLC map of the Winchenden Hills character area and picture of Eythrope House

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4. Settlements ‘Village Envelopes’

The character of any historic town, village or hamlet is normally perceived in terms of its immediate built environment and the associated curtilage of its buildings. By contrast, little attention has been paid to the immediate environs of settlements that also contribute to the distinctiveness and identity of places. Most of the areas surrounding our rural settlements are generally composed of small fields and closes that are often long established, dating to an earlier period and form a part of a settlement’s evolution and history. These locations also provide an aesthetic setting, with many enclosures having species-rich hedgerows, providing a habitat for a variety of wildlife. By preserving these areas as ‘village envelopes’ they would provide suitable small-scale local areas for green infrastructure and also act as buffer to preserve the sense of place and individuality of rural settlements from urban agglomeration.

4.1. Bierton:

This is a linear settlement set along the present A418. It contains 17 listed buildings and has been designated a conservation, the extent of which does not extend much beyond property boundaries, (Figure 3). In addition to these designations, the character of the village could be further defined by the presence of long rectilinear enclosures that abut the properties to the north and the south side of the village, (tawny coloured areas in Fig. 4). These closes were originally formed from the strips of open field farming but have subsequently provided convenient land allotment as crofts for the adjacent properties. These enclosures make a contribution to the surrounding environment of Bierton. It is recommended that these fossilised closes, where possible, be preserved and included in any subsequent revision of the village’s conservation area.

Fig. 23: Bierton: Current Conservation Area (Red ) Fig.24: Possible ‘Village Envelope’ for Bierton (Blue)

Figs. 25& 26: Enclosed strip fields north of Bierton village, location indicated by a circle in figure 24.

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4.2. Stoke Mandeville:

Although Stoke Mandeville does not have conservation area status, the village does have a distinct historic core at its western end. This area contains 18 listed buildings and coincides with a distinctive number of old enclosures to the north-western end of the village that should be considered for preservation, (depicted by the purple coloured areas). Provision should also be made to extend the village envelope to the south of the study area to incorporate the fields that enclose the deserted medieval village.

Fig. 27: Stoke Mandeville Village Envelope, proposed are demarcated by the blue line

Figs. 28 & 29: Small enclosures to the west of Stoke Mandeville highlighted by the circle in Figure 27.

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5. Green and Cultural Infrastructure

5.1. Introduction The final MKSM panel report (MKSM 2004), acknowledged the importance of accommodating ‘Green Infrastructure’ or ‘GI’ as an integral part of any proposed development plans, (English Nature et al 2004). The concept of Green infrastructure is to establish a network of green spaces at the heart of any development. The historic environment can make a significant contribution to the provision of green and cultural infrastructure both at a strategic and local scale. Key locations and opportunities can be identified both within the study area and beyond. This section identifies some key issues to be considered by the Aylesbury Vale Delivery Vehicle in the period to 2021. Most are only identified in outline at this stage with further study required to arrive at detailed proposals and costings. An exception to this is the Quarrendon Scheduled Ancient Monument where consultant studies are now available.

5.2. Strategic green/cultural infrastructure beyond the study area

• Aylesbury Historic Core: The historic core of Aylesbury around St.Mary’s Church, Kingsbury and Market Square needs sensitive conservation management. Proposals to “enhance” this area should be fully informed by appraisal of its historic character and ill- considered piecemeal change should be resisted. The contribution of the County Museum to providing a sense of place and information about local heritage should be promoted.

• Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty: The historic landscape of the Chilterns is of national importance. There are a number of important publicly accessible heritage sites in the Chilterns within easy reach of Aylesbury, notably Boddington and Whiteleaf Hills, which already attract many visitors from Aylesbury. The HLF-funded Whiteleaf Project demonstrates the potential of the historic environment to contribute to their management, including encouraging public participation. The historic environment should be considered in managing future recreation provision at sensitive Chiltern sites.

• Bernwood Ancient Hunting Forest: To the northwest of Aylesbury is a largely rural area with a rich historic environment that is currently being promoted by the County Council. Further measures to preserve the local distinctiveness and promote public access and awareness would be desirable.

• Waddesdon Park: Already a major tourist attraction in the care of the National Trust, this designed landscape will need ongoing conservation management.

5.3. Strategic infrastructure within the study area

• Broughton Moat and Barn: This scheduled medieval moat and listed aisled barn sit alongside one-another, although in different ownership, adjacent to the Aston Clinton MDA. The aisled barn is on the national “Buildings at Risk” Register. Ideally the two sites, and

27 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

their immediate settings, would be brought together as “green infrastructure” in public use, perhaps linking to a green corridor along the nearby canal.

• Quarrendon: This large scheduled ancient monument lies between the Berryfields and Weedon Hill MDAs. The monument and its setting will experience increased visitor pressure from the MDAs and have great potential for providing a large area of interesting and easily accessible public open space in easy walking distance of the new populations. A study commissioned by Aylesbury Vale District Council estimates the cost of providing sustainable access to approximately £676,700 over a 10 year period1 (Alison Farmer Associates 2004)

• Grand Union Canal (Aylesbury Arm): The waterway already provides a distinctive and intimate landscape feature and has potential for wider access. It will be important to protect the canal’s distinctive setting, including the late 19th century housing and industrial buildings along it. The redevelopment of the canal basin represents an opportunity to reintegrate the canal into the town centre but to retain character the detailed design could be informed by a conservation appraisal. The designation of the canal and its setting as a conservation area should be considered.

• Hartwell Park: Is likely to remain a more exclusive venue but should be protected and might have some potential for enhanced access.

5.4. Local green/cultural infrastructure

• Historic Settlements: In view of the pressures of new development it is suggested that each historic settlement likely to be affected by growth should be subject to an appraisal to determine whether designation of a conservation area is warranted or, if already designated, whether the conservation area extent and appraisal require review. Where review is justified, resources for appraisal and enhancement should be allocated from infrastructure funds. Consideration should be given as part of this process to the definition and protection of historic “village envelopes”.

• Buildings at Risk: The study area contains only one building on the national “at risk” register, Broughton Barn – this should be a top priority for action, if necessary by the provision of infrastructure resources for compulsory purchase. Other grade II listed and unlisted buildings are known to be or potentially at risk, such as Fleet Marston Church. A rapid survey of historic building condition within the study area would be desirable to identify buildings worthy of retention or restoration as part of the growth strategy. This would in part anticipate proposed changes to heritage legislation, which may allow locally important buildings to be protected from demolition.

5.5. Local heritage within Development Areas:

Each future MDA should be subject to detailed assessment to identify all local heritage interest so as to ensure that wherever possible they are preserved within

1 Note that this does not include items to be calculated and any allowance for land purchase.

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development areas. For example development can occur within the framework of pre-existing enclosure fields, local historic buildings of character should be retained as focal points, historic routeways can be retained with a distinctive character, archaeological sites can be retained in open space and features such as street names and environmental art can reflect local history. Such an approach can be secured through the planning brief and through integrating PPG15 and 16 based assessments fully into the development design process, following emerging practice at the Berryfields MDA.

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6. Conclusions and Recommendations

‘Heritage is all around us, it plays an important role in a community’s cohesion and sense of place’. ‘The historic environment is part of successful regeneration. New development should be sympathetic to its historic surroundings’.

(Les Sparks OBE Chair of English Heritage/CABE Panel)

This study has used the techniques of historic landscape characterisation combined with consideration of historic buildings and archaeological sites to assess the implications of future expansion of Aylesbury for the historic environment. It illustrates the limitations of why a simply designation-based approach, can fail to appreciate the subtleties of the historic environment. It shows how characterisation can lead to more informed judgments. Inevitably planning judgments must balance many, sometimes conflicting, policy objectives but it is important that such judgments are informed by the best information available. From an historic landscape perspective, the work has revealed the character and sensitivity of the landscape surrounding Aylesbury. In general, the character areas Northern Vale, Hartwell Park and the Winchendon Hills are shown to be particularly historically diverse, archaeologically rich, long established, well preserved for earlier periods and of significant educational and recreational potential. The southern character area of Stoke Mandeville and Weston Turville, has well-preserved field boundaries but in comparison to other areas is more fragmented by modern development and has the potential to absorb change and development more easily. The other character areas could all absorb at least moderate scale development provided this was sensitively located and designed. This study also allows us to make positive recommendations for protecting and improving the green and cultural infrastructure for Aylesbury with both strategic and more localised initiatives. In this way, the historic environment can help build sustainable communities with a sense of place and a good quality of life.

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7. Bibliography

Alison Farmer 2004 Quarrendon Scheduled Ancient Monument Associates Access and Interpretation Plan (unpublished report)

Clark, J. et al 2004 Using Historic Landscape Characterisation (English Heritage Lancashire)

DCMS 2001

English Heritage 2004 Milton Keynes South Midlands Study Historic Environment Assessment (English Heritage, Bucks County Council Milton Keynes Council)

English Heritage 2000 Power of Place (English Heritage)

English Nature 2004 A joint statement on the need for ‘Green English Heritage Infrastructure’ in the Milton Keynes & South Countryside Agency Midlands Sub-Regional Strategy

Fairclough, G. et al 1996 Yesterdays World Tomorrow’s Landscape (English Heritage)

Hall, D. 2001 Turning the Plough (English Heritage)

Kidd, A. 2002 Buckinghamshire County Structure Plan Review Northwest of Aylesbury Historic Environment Sustainability Assessment (Bucks County Council)

MKSM Panel 2004 Milton Keynes and South Midlands Strategy Public Examination: Report of the Panel

Parkhouse, J & 1997 ‘Investigations at the Prehistoric Site at Coldharbour Bonner, D Farm, Aylesbury in 1996’ Records of Buckinghamshire 39

Pevsner, N. 1994 The Buildings of England: Buckinghamshire Williamson,E. (Penguin)

Swanwick, C 2004 Landscape Character Assessment Guidance for England and Scotland. TOPIC PAPER 6: Techniques and Criteria for Judging Capacity and Sensitivity. (Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage)

The Countryside 2003 Landscape Character Assessment Agency TOPIC PAPER 5: Understanding Historic Landscape Character

31 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

Websites

Buckinghamshire County Council: Buckinghamshire HLC methodology www.buckscc.gov.uk/archaeology/hlc_and_mksm/index.htm

English Heritage: Characterisation and Sustainable Communities. www.english-heritage.org.uk

Historic Environment and Local Management. www.helm.org.uk

32 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

Appendix A: Landscape Summaries

A.1. The approach of this chapter is to examine the historic landscape in time periods, showing the contribution each age has made to the development of the present landscape beginning with the 20th century, regressing back through time to the prehistoric. Each section contains a map depicting the surviving elements of the landscape together with a discussion about the sensitivity, rarity and threats for each landscape type. The maps showing the surviving landscapes of earlier periods 15th and 16th Centuries and Medieval are also accompanied by reconstructions of the landscape from earlier maps, this is to provide an approximation of the landscape context.

A.2. 20th Century Landscape:

The landscape of this period is dominated by the development and expansion of Aylesbury, including the construction of distinctive late twentieth-century buildings in the town centre, most notably the County Hall Tower Block designed by F.B. Pooley and the blue mirror-glassed Equitable Life building in Walton Street. Urbanisation has also occurred in the surrounding villages of Stoke Mandeville and Weston Turville, while other settlements such as Bierton and Bishopstone have had piecemeal accretion of housing around the historic cores. Conservation areas have helped protect the character of Bierton, Bishopstone, Walton and the historic core of Aylesbury. The 20th century has also left its mark up on the wider landscape with the establishment of recreational areas such as leisure parks and golf courses, the latter located north of Weston Turville and at Hartwell. Changes in farming practices during this period have also had an impact on the countryside. Modern mechanised farming has had some influence upon the appearance of enclosures by grubbing up hedgerows to create large arable fields in some parts of the Northern Vale, although these alterations are modest compared to other parts of Buckinghamshire. Conversely, the modern patterns of farming age has also seen the creation of smaller enclosures or paddocks centred around farms and adjacent to the development of new roads such as the A41 bypass.

A.3. 18th and 19th Century Landscape:

The defining characteristic of this period was widespread enclosure of the landscape by Act of Parliament. Around two thirds of the parishes, (essentially the character areas of Bierton, Broughton, Bishopstone and Stoke Mandeville and Weston Turville), were all affected by the enclosure movement, altering an open landscape to the familiar one we see today of rectilinear, hedged enclosures of hawthorn or blackthorn. The earliest landscape enclosed by this process is at Stone with Bishopstone Farmland in 1777, while the remaining parishes are all enclosed by the early 19th century. It is also during this period that the area was being transformed by designed landscapes; both Hartwell and Eythrope are two of the most notable parks and gardens within Buckinghamshire. Aylesbury was not a centre of the industrial revolution and as a result has only a modest and late industrial heritage. The transport revolution in the 19th century has made its mark upon the landscape, the cutting of the Aylesbury arm of the Grand Junction canal in 1815, which runs west from Aylesbury through the ‘Broughton Farmland’ character area. This extension is still extant and in working order. The canal age was eventually eclipsed by the railway age and by the building of a

33 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

number of branch lines that focussed upon Aylesbury. One of the earliest was the Aylesbury –Cheddington branch line, opened in 1839 by the LNWR and then closed in 1953. Another railway line constructed was the Aylesbury – Buckingham railway built in 1898 that extended to the north of the area through Quarrendon and Fleet Marston, and still in use minor use for transporting freight. The remnants of closed lines still survive as embankments, cuttings and railway bridges. This period also makes a notable contribution to the built environment, varying from the grandeur of the Pavillion at Eythrope 1876 with its ancillary buildings of stables and grottoes, to the vernacular architecture of the period. The Aylesbury area also has a distinctive terraced housingradiating from itshistoric core. (Pevsner & Williamson 2004).

A.4. 16thand 17th Century Landscape:

This period saw the piecemeal enclosure of landscape by major landowners or by private agreement; notable examples of this process survive to the northwest of Aylesbury at Fleet Marston and at Quarrendon. The earliest designed landscape to be constructed in the study area was built at Quarrendon in the mid 16th century by Sir Henry Lee. Its remains survive as extensive and impressive earthworks, a national exemplar of its type. Many buildings in the core of villages are timber-framed and date to this period, and many of the villages themselves have seen little urban development, resulting in well-preserved settlements and street patterns that are not only historically rich but also aesthetically attractive. An exception to the unchanging character of these surrounding villages is Stoke Mandeville, the settlement has shifted north and east from its original position sometime in this period.

A.5. Medieval Landscape (5th to 15th centuries):

The early medieval period saw the establishment of the settlement pattern that largely endures to the present day. Aylesbury was the administrative centre for the “Three Hundreds of Aylesbury”, an important Saxon royal manor, site of a minster church, and developed into a market town. The villages of the study area all originated in the medieval period, probably prior to the Norman Conquest, in some places making use of earlier sites. The plan-form of these settlements’ historic cores still reflects this process. The dominant feature of the medieval landscape was the presence of extensive open field systems. These large open areas covered most of the landscape, although the coverage excluded the “old enclosures” in the immediate environs of settlements and meadows alongside rivers and streams. The remnants of fields survive as preserved earthworks visible on the ground and visible from aerial photographs. None of the areas within this report have sufficiently extensive survival of open fields to be considered of national importance in their own right, although ridge and furrow fields closely associated with contemporary scheduled monuments would be considered an important part of the monument’s setting (Hall 2001). In addition to ridge and furrow the Aylesbury environs contains some nationally important earthworks of former settlements, most notably the extensive deserted settlement sites at Quarrendon in the Northern Vale, and a number of moated sites including Weston Turville and Vatches Farm, both situated just off the A41 between Aylesbury and Aston Clinton. The area also has many ‘shrunken’ hamlets and villages, such as the settlements of Broughton, Sedrup and Fleet Marston.

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The representation of the built environment for this period are predominatly the parish churches of villages, most notably the 14th century church of St James at Bierton and the 11th century isolated, surviving medieval church at Fleet Marston. In contrast to medieval ecclesiastical buildings there are rare incidences of surviving vernacular architecture. The most notable example is the aisled barn at Broughton, however, it is possible that some timber-framed buildings hidden by brick and rendering may date to this period. Archaeological evidence of early Saxon settlements at Walton and Bierton and of a concentration of pagan Saxon cemeteries in the hinterland of Aylesbury, support hints from documentary sources that Aylesbury’s importance can be traced back to the 6th century AD, if not before.

A.6. Pre- Medieval Landscape (c 10,000 BC to AD 410):

There are relatively few visible features that provide rare tangible links to our pre-medieval heritage in the study area. The origins of a network of roads and lanes running down from the Chiltern scarp may well pre-date the Roman conquest whilst, more obviously Akeman Street Roman road runs through the study area, and now survives in part as the present day A41. However, most evidence for the period has been derived from investigation of buried archaeology. Excavation in the town has found evidence for occupation in the Bronze Age (Walton) and for the construction of a hillfort during the Iron Age, (St.Mary’s Church/Kingsbury area). Field survey in the surrounding rural landscape has revealed a large number of sites and demonstrated the potential for further significant archaeological discoveries. The known sites include a small Roman town near Fleet Marston and many smaller Romano- British settlements, including possible villas. Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements and associated field systems are also known, including indications of high-status Late Iron Age activity at Aston Clinton and Bierton. Earlier prehistoric (Mesolithic and Neolithic) people were certainly present in the area as indicated by finds of their artefacts (flint tools and waste flakes) but no undisturbed sites have yet been found. It is difficult to generalise about the distribution of human activity over such a long period and remains could potentially be found in almost any location across the study area not subject to deep modern disturbance. Nevertheless there is a general tendency for pre-medieval occupation in the study area to favour light soils developed on sands, gravel or limestone geologies over heavy clay soils. Proximity to water and/or prominent topographical locations also seem to be favoured as well as access to the historic road network, which as noted above has Roman and earlier origins.

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Appendix B: Historic Environment Constraints i) Scheduled Ancient Monuments

Site Name Description SAM No. Grid Reference Quarrendon Deserted village & 12004 Northern Vale earthwork SP 8041 1588 Quarrendon Deserted village & 12004 Northern Vale earthwork SP 7972 1593 Vatch's Farm Medieval Moated site 29403 Broughton Farmland and fishponds 200m SP 8655 1276 north west of Vatch's Farm Broughton Farm Medieval Moated site 29411 Broughton Farmland SE of manor farm SP 8645 1273 ii) Registered Parks and Gardens

Name RPG No. Grade Grid Reference Hartwell House 1098 II* Hartwell Park SP 797125 Eythrope House 4055 II Winchendon Hills SP 774136 iii) Listed Buildings

Character Area Grade Description List No Grid Reference Broughton Farmland 18th century timber-framed barn, 5/347 SP 86697 12566 with weatherboarding. II Bridge Over Canal. 1811-13 5/352 SP 85791 14106 II Bridge over the Aylesbury canal 5/353 SP 85561 14150 built 1811-13 Henry Povis II Red Brick in English Bond. II Milepost 5/354 SP 85481 14162 17th Century Timber-framed Cottage 5/306 SP 86036 11252 II 17th to 18th Century House. Brick 5/337 SP 85094 13010 with Stone Quoining II Bridge Over Aylesbury Canal: 1811- 4/190 SP 84605 14255 13 II 17th Century house, altered in the 5/305 SP 85958 11170 19th century for the purposes of the II Rothschild Estate Aisled Barn. Estimated to be late 4/42 SP 84566 13734 12th to early 13th century. II Timber –framed barn on brick plinth. 5/338 SP 85062 13024 18th century estimate. II 15th to early 16th century Hall House 4/41 SP 84647 13736 II Bridge Over the Aylesbury Canal: 5/351 SP 86618 14024 II 1811-13 Two cottages, formerly an inn, 4/43 SP 84537 13906 estimated to be 17th century with II subsequent alterations Bierton & Broughton 17th century timber framed house 1/29 SP 83776 15519 Settlement with colourwash II Front garden railings and gate to 1/32 SP 84262 15800 road. II

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Character Area Description List Grid Reference Grade Number Bierton & Broughton c. 14th century parish church, 1/36 SP 83624 15266 Settlement predominately of limestone. I Restored 1853. c. 18th century brick house, half - 1/45 SP 84132 15443 hipp roof, pan tiled. II c.15th to 16th century farmhouse. 1/10012 SP 84350 15859 II c. 17th century timber-framed house. 1/33 SP 84380 15884 Refronted in brick c. 18th century. II c. 17th century timber-framed 1/44 SP 84064 15703 cottage. Some subsequent II alterations made. c. 17th to 18th century house 1/30 SP 84155 15793 originally timber-framed. II Early 19th century house, red brick 1/31 SP 84250 15834 construction with a hipped roof of II slate. c.18th century house, brick built , 1/40 SP 84002 15654 with pan tiled roof. II c. 17th century timber-framed house 1/39 SP 83656 15303 later altered with brick render. II c.17th timber-framed cottage; later 1/35 SP 83574 15191 altered. II Early 19th century house. Red Brick 1/26 SP 83619 15351 with a hipped, slate roof. II COTTAGE ADJOINING NO. 70 1/27 SP 83619 15359 (QV) ON THE EAST II c. 18th century house incorporating 1/28 SP 83653 15394 an earlier fabric. II c. 18th century cottage, constructed 1/24 SP 83590 15299 of painted brick on a stone base. II c. 18th century house. Constructed 1/124 SP 84486 16133 of red and blue brick, (chequering). II c. 18th century house incorporating 1/37 SP 83633 15299 an earlier build and fabric. II c. 17th century house, timber 1/34 SP 84486 15934 framed, re-fronted in red brick II 17th Century or earlier timber- 1/25 SP 83602 15332 framed public house. Later II alterations. Bishopstone Farmland c. 18th century lodge to Hartwell 3/86 SP 79962 12375 House. Outward rendering. II c. 18th century cottage with a 3/111 SP 79946 11482 witchert render, possibly timber- II framed. c. 18th century public house and 3/181 SP 79527 12022 restaurant, rubble construction. II c. 18th century timber-framed barn. 3/186 SP 79800 11868 Built on a brick plinth. II c. 18th century house, brick 3/110 SP 79934 11496 rendered and painted. II c. 16-17th century house. Later 3/185 SP 79842 11855 alterations II

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Character Area Grade Description List No Grid Reference Bishopstone Farmland c. 17th to 18th century cottage with 3/112 & SP 79994 11442 witchert rendering, some 4/112 II subsequent alterations. c. 18th century cottage, witchert 3/183 SP 79944 11451 rendered. Some later alterations. II House dating to c. 1840, 4/1007 SP 80110 12373 constructed of stone rubble. II c.18th century house, subsequently 4/149 SP 81420 10388 altered, red and blue brick II chequering. th II c.18 century house. Later altered. 4/136 SP 83042 10174 Entrance Gateway to Hartwell 3/87 SP 79955 12342 House. Early 19th century. II c. 17th century timber-framed house, 4/133 SP 82538 10794 subsequently altered. II c. 17th witchert rendered cottage. 4/184 SP 80045 11460 Subsequently altered. II Early 17th century house. Altered 4/126 SP 83042 10174 and refaced. II Hartwell House c.18th century Lodge to Hartwell 3/86 SP 79962 12375 House . Stone rendering. II Parish Church, now redundant and 3/88 SP 79484 12463 roofless. II* c. 18th century stable Block and 3/90 SP 79517 12385 attached coach-house. II* Four stone busts grouped around a 3/91 SP 79626 12379 pool. II Statue of an equestrian figure, 3/92 SP 79578 12342 erected 1757. II* Wall with entrance porch or 3/93 SP 79510 12306 summerhouse. II Early 18th century obelisk. Believed 3/95 SP 79672 12218 to be created by James Gibbs. II Statue of a classical God and 3/96 SP 79671 12202 Goddess. II Column with statue on top. 3/98 SP 79833 12423 Originally located north west of the II garden. Ornamental bridge c. 1860 3/99 SP 79674 12607 replacing a bridge of 1780 II Icehouse constructed in the 1760'S 3/100 SP 79723 12578 II Tower c.1730 attributed to James 3/101 SP 79419 12520 Gibbs II c. 18th century house. Red and blue 3/102 SP 79430 12339 brick with a pyramid. II Alcove set into roadside bank. 3/105 SP 79392 12593 II A pair of c.18th century cottages 3/172 SP 79362 12782 with a Witchert render. II c. 16th to 17th century timber framed 3/173 SP 79323 12861 house 18th century brickwork. II Hartwell House, based on a c.15th to 3/171 SP 79342 12748 16th century building. Altered in the I 18th century.

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Character Area Grade Description List No Grid Reference Hartwell House House. 18th century red brick with 3/106 SP 79375 12848 blue brick headers, (chequer board II style) Cottage. 18th century, witchert 3/107 SP 79337 12771 rendered and painted. II Watermill. Disused dating to 1834. 3/109 SP 79375 14124 II Gateway Entrance to Hartwell 3/87 SP 79955 12342 House. Early 18th century II House with and attached range of 3/187 SP 79057 12617 outbuildings II Subway formed in c.1765 to give 3/94 SP 79451 12217 access to gardens II 18th century incorporating 17th 3/104 SP 79412 12214 century windows. II Cottage. 17th century witchert 3/108 SP 79374 12782 rendered and painted II Pavilion. C.1730 attributed to James 3/97 SP 79762 12316 Gibb II* Country House. Early 17th century 3/89 SP 79609 12452 altered and extended. I 18th century house incorporating an 3/103 SP 79431 12428 earlier 16th century structure. II Northern Vale c. 12th to 13th century parish church 5/5 SP 77971 15968 now redundant. II* c. 16th to 17th century house. Central 5/104 SP 78255 16044 bay. II Stoke Mandeville 19th century parish church built in 4/125 SP 83357 10535 Village 1886. Flint with Red brick II Early to mid 19th century house with 4/128 SP 83432 10346 possible earlier origins. II Block of2 cottages 17th century 4/131 SP 83074 10638 altered. Timber framed. II Range of three cottages 18th 4/140 SP 83538 10365 century (Date of 1725 on gable) II Two attached cottages, 17th century 4/145 SP 83414 10541 extension made in the 18th century. II Parish Church 1886. Flint with Red 4/125 SP 83446 10442 Brick II 17th century timber-framed cottage. 4/132 SP 83043 10707 Subsequenly altered. II Small House. 17th century, 4/130 SP 82864 10870 subsequently altered and heavily II restored. 16th century to 17th century house 4/134 SP 82756 10413 with later additions II 15th – 16th century timber-framed 4/143 SP 83481 10289 cottage. Subsequently altered in II the 17th century. th II Small House. Early 18 century. 4/129 SP 83269 10418 17th century cottage altered and 4/135 SP 83290 10300 heavily restored in the 20th century. II Small House. 18th century, a date of 4/142 SP 83448 10340 II 1745 inscribed on a stone tablet.

39 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

Character Area Grade Description List No Grid Reference Stoke Mandeville Public House. 17th century, 4/139 SP 83575 10352 Village subsequently altered and extended. II House,. 16th century. main block 4/144 SP 83464 10235 18th century (date of 1716 ) II 17th century timber. Framed House. 4/133 SP 82538 10794 Altered. II 17th century timber framed cottage. 4/141 SP 83519 10395 Some alterations II Pair of Red Brick Cottage. Old tile 4/138 SP 83584 10167 II Stoke Mandeville & Timber framed cottage. 17th century, 4/132 SP 83043 10707 Weston Turville altered. II Cottage.17th century, altered and 4/127 SP 83079 10720 extended II Winchendon Hills Bridge. mid- 18th century. dressed 7/110 SP 76768 13489 stone. Wide segmented II House. 1876-79 Much extended to 7/111 SP 76945 13753 north II Grotto. mid-18th century. Tufa and 7/112 SP 77151 21398 Roughcast. II House. Formerly accommodation 7/114 SP 77055 14138 for the gardener. II Lodge Cottage, c.1880- 90. 7/115 SP 77660 13528 II Lodge, (now a house). c 1880-90. 7/109 SP 76746 13538 II Includes flats 1-6 (consec.) 7/113 SP 77123 14131 Eythrope II Thame Valley House. 16th and 17th century timber 3/173 SP 79323 12861 framed building with 18th century II alterations. Cottage. 17th century witchert 3/168 SP 78074 12700 rendered. II Cottage. 18th century witchert 3/107 SP 79337 12771 rendered and painted. II Cottage. 17th century witchert 3/188 SP 79012 12580 rendered. Some alterations II Watermill now disused. 1834. 3/109 SP 79375 14124 II House with attached range of 3/187 SP 79057 12617 outbuildings II House. 18th century, incorporating 3/85 SP 79916 13767 17th century fabric. II House. 18th century. red and blue 3/174 SP 79026 13298 brick, hipped. II th II 18 century cottage. Extended 3/179 SP 78800 12487

40 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

List Grid Reference Character Area Grade Description Number 18th century red brick, old tile roof Aylesbury Urban II two storeys. 1/200 Red Brick & stucco, 1845 on frieze II on gateway. 7/1 18th century. Colour washed pebble II dash old tile roof. 6/205 18th century. Colourwashed stucco II front old tiled roof 1/8 Red brick house c.1840. Staled II roofs 3 storeys. 3/9 18th century house altered. Stucco. II Old tile roof. 1/216 th 18 century altered. Stucco front 2/225 & II colourwashed. 5/225 17th century and later brick building. II 2 storeys. 1/10 17th century brick, altered. 2 II storeys. Colourwash. 1/11 18th century altered. Cement II rendering old tile roof 1/226 17th –18th building with 2 storey II and attic. 1/12 16th –17th century timber framed. 2 II storeys and cellar. 1/13 C18. 2 storeys and attic. vitreous II 1/14 C18. 2 storeys and attic II colourwashed 1/16 A continuous range of small 18th II century houses. 1/18 17th century or early 18th century II refaced in stucco. Old tile roof. 1/236 18th century red brick stucco II fronted & old tiled roof. 1/237 Early 18th century. 2 storeys. red II* brick. Moulded. 1/21 Coach House and Stable II constructed of vitreous brick 1/21A 18th century wrought iron with II baluster rails. 1/21B An early structure refaced in the th II* first quarter of the 19 century. 1/22 Initials J. M. W. and date 1854 II carved on a brick. 1/241 II No.1 Market Square. 1/258 18th century. Front altered. II Colourwashed brick old. 1/248 II 1907. Bronze on stone pedestal 1/256 Early to mid 19th century. Frontage probably concealing an earlier II building. 1/260 18th century, 2 storeys, red brick 1/38 & II and pan-tiled roof 2/38 18th century 2 storeys, red brick II machine tiles 1/262

41 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

Mill House. Dated by a brick to II 1800. 2/10006 The entrance gateway. II 1/51A Church Street, Hickman’s II Almshouses. 1/23 17th century. 2 Storeys and attic. 4- II gabled front. 1/48 c.1840 The only remaining II example of 1/265 Late17th to early 18th century II building red brick fronting. 1/53 Late 18th century 2 storey brick II* building with stuccoed rendering. 1/58 Late 18th century to early 19th II century wrought iron gate. 1/58A Wrought iron 18th century II overthrow with lamphole 1/68B Much renewed; enlarged 1907. red II brick and tile 1/274 17-18th century. One brick has a II date of 1736. 2 storey building. 1/60 18th century 3 storey building. A II* front to a much older building. 1/63 18th century 2 storey building, II altered. Brick with slate roof. 1/64 18th century 2 storeys and attic. II Colourwashed. 1/66 18th century house. 2 storeys. II Vitreous and red brick. 1/67 18th century front. 3 storeys, brick II rendered. 1/72 18th century front. 2 storeys, red II brick old tiles. 1/281 16th century, 2 storeys, altered. II Red brick and old tiles. 1/282 19th century front to an earlier II structure. Stucco rendering. 1/283 Early to mid 19th century. Red brick II with Welsh Slates. 1/285 Library and reading room now a II restaurant built by the Rothschilds 1/310 No. 9 Market Street. Early 19th II century. 1/287 18th century. Front altered. Red II brick old tiled roof 1/289 Anglican/ non-conformist cemetery II chapel. 2/10002 18th century front. Red brick old II tiled roof. 2/291 17th century timber-framed house II with later alterations. 2/303 17th or 18th century timber-framed II with red brick nogging 2/293 Late 18th early 19th century. 3 II storeys and basement. 2/93 Late 18th century 2 storeys and II basement stucco rendering. 2/94

42 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

Early 19th century 3 storey building. II Stucco flat moulded elevation. 2/95 19th century front to an earlier II building. Stucco rendering. 2/296 Early 19th century. 2 storeys, II stucco painted. 2/97 Late 18th century front to older II building. 3 storeys old tiled roof. 2/98 Late 18th century 3 storeys stucco II slate roof. 2/73 Early 19th century 2 storeys and II basement. Brick and slate roof. 2/298 19th century alterations to earlier II 17th or 18th century building. 2/299 18th century altered. 2 storeys II Stucco, machine tiles. 1/305 18th century. Vitreous brick with red II brick dressings. 1/203 18th century. Vitreous brick with red II dressings. 1/6 17th century. Red brick old tiled roof II with corbel ends. 1/228 17th to 18th century house. 2 II storeys attic. Vitreous brick. 1/54 18th century. 2 storeys, attic and II cellar. Colourwash frontage. 1/7 The setting of the Church is in II effect… 1/68 18th century. 2 storeys and attic. II Painted stucco rendering. 1/74 17th century refronted in 19th . II stucco, old tiled roof. 1/219 Including No. 4 Kingsbury 1833. II ashlar stone. 1/258 19th century front to 17th century II structure. Stucco old tile roof. 1/220 17th century altered 19th . Stucco II front to timber framed building. 1/221 An unsymmetrical 18th century II refronting of a late 17th c. building. 1/85 18th century. 3 storeys. Painted II stucco moulded. 1/32 Mid 18th century. 4 storeys, red and II vitreous brick. 1/31 19th century possibly incorporating II earlier structures. 1/276 Early 18th century. 2 storeys and II attic with cellar. 1/57 18th century. Red with grey brick II old tiled roof. 2 storeys. 1/210 18th century front. Altered. Colour II washed & rough cast 1/208 18th century altered. 2 storeys. II Stucco old tiles. 1/209 17th century. 2 storeys. Part timber II framed AND PL 1/71 19th century. stucco Welsh slates. 3 II storeys 3 sash windows. 1/277 19th century frontage. 2 storeys and II attic with basement. 1/73 18th century altered stucco old tiled II roof. 2/73 th th II 18 or early 19 century. Red and 1/239

43 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

vitreous brick. 17th century. Whitewashed plaster. II Machine tiled roof. 1/229 No. 27. 18th century altered. Stucco II with old tiled roof. 1/230 Early Barn, formerly belonging to II the Prebendal House. 1/234 17th century refronted 18th century. II 2 storeys and attic. 1/15 17th or 18th century altered. Stucco II old tiled roof. 2 storeys. 1/235 18th century front. 3 storeys. II Vitreous brick with old tiled roof. 1/76 18th century. Vitreous brick, red II brick quoins. 1/290 Late 18th century. 2 storeys II originally service 1/59 House c.1857 built by George II Devey. 1/240 18th century substantially altered II with later ground floor. 1/267 Early building with an 18th century II front . 1/43 Includes No. 12 Buckingham II Street. 1/212 17th century altered. 2 storeys. II Colourwshed stucco. 1/44 19th century 2 storey house. stucco; II welsh slates. 1/278 19th century. Red brick low pitched II welsh slate roof. 1/264 17th century with rebuilt front II showing 2 posts. 1/251 Early 18th century. 2 storeys and II attic. Chequer brick old tile roof. 1/62 18th or early 19th century. Red II brick. Old tiled roof. 1/275 19th century. Red brick welsh slate II roof. 1/273 18th century altered. 3 storeys. II* Stucco rendered. 1/51 Formerly Prebendal Farm. House II to the north of the church. 1/50 15th or 16th century structure behind II an 18th century frontage. 1/25 Late 18th century. 2 storeys. Red II brick. 1/28 Mid 18th century. 2 storeys. Brick II stuccoed, pantiled roof. 1/55 18th century. 2 storeys. Brick II stuccoed and painted. 1/56 II No 1 Temple Street. 1/287 th II 18 century. 2 storeys. 1/75 18th century 2 storeys and attic II brick. 1/3 18th century brick refaced with II stucco. Old tiled roof. 1/270 Early 19th century. Stucco; hipped II Welsh slate roof. 3/211 18th century frontage. A 2 storey building. Stuccoed rendering, Old II tiled roof. 3/304

44 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

18th century altered 19th century. 3 II storeys, stucco raised. 2/37 Early 19th century. Yellow brick II hipped with Welsh slate. 2/89 17th century altered. Stucco, old II tiled roof with 2 storeys. 2/292 18th or early 19th century. Red brick II welsh slate. 5/214 Shop with living accommodation II over. 806/1/253 Built for the sister-in-law of the II sculptor. 3/101 18th century or earlier. Much II altered. Stucco exterior old tiling. 1/204 Bronze statue on tall pedestal of II stone. 1/254 18th or earlier much altered. Stucoc II old tiled roof. 1/204 Late 17th or early 18th century. Red II brick old tiled roof. 1/227 18th century frontage. 2 storeys and II* attic. 1/19 Late 18th century. 3 storeys. Red II brick. 1/49 18th century. 2 storeys and attic. II Red and vitreous brick old tiled roof 1/61 18th century or earlier altered. II Stucco and old tiled roof. 1/284 Early 18th century 2 storey building II with attic. Vitreous brick. 2/83 Early 19th century front to an older II building. 3 storeys. 2/99 Late 17th century 2 storeys and II attic Brick and old tiled roof. 2/84 Dark Lantern passage elevation II has 18th century… 1/69 Dated 1723 on rainwater head. 2 1/36 & II* storeys. 2/36 18th century front. Stucco old tiles. II 2 storeys. 1/263 16th century refronted 18th . Plaster II decoration and rendering. 1/24 18th century. 3 storeys and cellar. II* Brick with moulding. 1/78 18th century 2 storey house. stucco; II old tile roof. 1/253 15th century structure refronted in II the earlier 18th century. 1/26 18th century. 2 storeys and attic II moulded brick. 1/4 Early 19th century3 storeys. Stucco; II welsh slate roof. 1/232 Later 18th century. 2 storeys II vitreous brick with old tiled roof. 1/238 18th century. 2 storeys, red brick II old tiled roof. 1/261 17th century or early 18th century. II Colourwshed brick; machine tile. 1/271 Early 18th century 3 storeys. II Vitreous brick with old tiled roof. 1/65 18th to 19th century 3 storeys. Red II brick with Welsh slates. 1/286

45 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

Late 17th century 2 storey house II with attic. Brick and pebble. 2/84 19th century house. Stucco render II with Welsh Slates. 2 storeys. 2/297 Early 19th century house 3 storeys II and cellar stucco rendering 1/39 18th century frontage. Stucco II render, old tiled roof. 1/207 1 block with Nos 1, 2, 3 and 4 II (Parsons Fee) Church square. 1/23 Late 17th century. Front altered. 2 II storeys with attic. 1/52 Late 18th century front to an older II building. 3 storeys. 1/45 18th century altered in the 19th II century. Stucco; Welsh slate roof. 1/266 18th century. Vitreous brick; old II tiled roof. 2 storeys. 1/77 18th century. 2 storeys and attic II vitreous brick. 1/5 II Rain waterhead with initials A.W 1/233 15th –16th century and 17th century II* and later. 2 storeys. 1/33 18th century. Red brick piers with II ashlar cornices. 1/68A Early 18th century. 2 storey attic. II* colour wash. 1/79 Early 19th century 2 storeys II stucco. 2/96 1845 frieze gateway. Red brick II stucco 7/1 Hospital Currently unoccupied. II Built C1860-62. 3/000 Known as ' THE OLD BANK II HOUSE 1765' ). 1/259 Late19th century. 2 storeys. II Projecting plinth. 1/20 Project font built as 2 now 1. II 1/247 17th century altered in the 20th. II Stucco render; old tiled roof. 1/231 Bronze created in 1911 by Henry C II Fehe. Bronze on a stone pedestal 1/255 Painted Bronze or lead or cast iron II & stone 1/257

Enclosure Acts and Awards

Parish Enclosure Date CBS Record Number Aston Clinton 1815 IR/51 R Bishopstone 1778 IR/43 95 Broughton 1805 No reference Weston Turville 1799 IR/8 A Bierton 1800 IR/

46 Fig. 30: Statutory Archaeological Constraints

Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

Fig.31: The Current Landscape of the Aylesbury Fringe Area

48 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

Fig.34: 15th to 17th Century Landscape of the Aylesbury Environs

51 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

Fig.35: Medieval Landscape 5th to 15th Century

52 Aylesbury Environs Study: Natural and Historic Environment Assessment April 2005

Fig.36: Prehistoric and Roman Landscape

53