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The Eurozone: Piecemeal Approach to an Optimum Currency Area
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Handler, Heinz Working Paper The Eurozone: Piecemeal Approach to an Optimum Currency Area WIFO Working Papers, No. 446 Provided in Cooperation with: Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna Suggested Citation: Handler, Heinz (2013) : The Eurozone: Piecemeal Approach to an Optimum Currency Area, WIFO Working Papers, No. 446, Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/128970 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu ÖSTERREICHISCHES INSTITUT FÜR WIRTSCHAFTSFORSCHUNG WORKING PAPERS The Eurozone: Piecemeal Approach to an Optimum Currency Area Heinz Handler 446/2013 The Eurozone: Piecemeal Approach to an Optimum Currency Area Heinz Handler WIFO Working Papers, No. -
MYNTAUKTION LÖRDAG 6 MAJ 2017 Svartensgatan 6, Stockholm
MYNTAUKTION LÖRDAG 6 MAJ 2017 Svartensgatan 6, Stockholm MYNTKOMPANIET Svartensgatan 6, 116 20 Stockholm, Sweden Tel. 08-640 09 78. Fax 08-643 22 38 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.myntkompaniet.se/auktion Förord Preface Välkommen till Myntkompaniets vårauktion 2017! Welcome to our Spring sale 2017! Det är med glädje som vi härmed presenterar vår tolfte It is with pleasure that we hereby present our twelfth coin myntauktion. auction. Sverige-avsnittet är denna gång extra fylligt med ett antal mynt som borde falla de flesta samlare i smaken. Bland ”topparna” The Swedish section this time is well represented with a number kan nämnas 1 daler 1559 i praktkvalitet, 1 daler 1592, det of coins that should appeal to most collectors. Some highlights begärliga typmyntet 8 mark 1608, 1 dukat 1701 och 1709, are 1 daler 1559 in superb quality, 1 daler 1592, the attractive samt ¼ dukat 1692. Typmyntet 2½ öre, ett av de vackraste 8 mark 1608, the stunning 2½ öre – one of the most beautiful 1 1 exemplaren av detta rara mynt, samt tre exemplar av /6 öre på specimens of this rare coin, three specimens of /6 öre on a en ej utstansad ten. Vi utbjuder även ovanligt många kastmynt planchet. We also offer an unusual number of largesse coins från 1620-talet och framåt. Bland de modernare mynten hittar from the 1620s onwards. Among the more modern coins we can vi ett ovanligt provmynt – 4 skilling banco 1844 med kungens find an unusual specimen coin – 4 skilling banco 1844 with the namnchiffer i stället för porträtt. -
The Scandinavian Currency Union, 1873-1924
The Scandinavian Currency Union, 1873-1924 Studies in Monetary Integration and Disintegration t15~ STOCKHOLM SCHOOL 'lJi'L-9 OF ECONOMICS ,~## HANDELSHOGSKOLAN I STOCKHOLM BFI, The Economic Research Institute EFIMission EFI, the Economic Research Institute at the Stockholm School ofEconomics, is a scientific institution which works independently ofeconomic, political and sectional interests. It conducts theoretical and empirical research in management and economic sciences, including selected related disciplines. The Institute encourages and assists in the publication and distribution ofits research fmdings and is also involved in the doctoral education at the Stockholm School ofEconomics. EFI selects its projects based on the need for theoretical or practical development ofa research domain, on methodological interests, and on the generality ofa problem. Research Organization The research activities are organized in twenty Research Centers within eight Research Areas. Center Directors are professors at the Stockholm School ofEconomics. ORGANIZATIONAND MANAGEMENT Management and Organisation; (A) ProfSven-Erik Sjostrand Center for Ethics and Economics; (CEE) Adj ProfHans de Geer Center for Entrepreneurship and Business Creation; (E) ProfCarin Holmquist Public Management; (F) ProfNils Brunsson Infonnation Management; (I) ProfMats Lundeberg Center for People and Organization; (PMO) ProfJan Lowstedt Center for Innovation and Operations Management; (T) ProfChrister Karlsson ECONOMIC PSYCHOLOGY Center for Risk Research; (CFR) ProfLennart Sjoberg -
A First Step Towards a Regional Risk Assessment,” Antipyrene Publishing, 2015
Preface Late in March of this year I attended a lecture by Professor Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing at Haus der Kulturen der Welt, where she presented a collaborative project, the Feral Atlas, an online repository of stories about the Anthropocene and how humans and nonhumans together make 01/19 worlds at scale. In her introductory remarks, she spoke of the demand often put forward by humanist colleagues to tell hopeful stories about the Anthropocene rather than view it as an undifferentiated destructive force slowly approaching a zero hour, a reckoning that will come too late. ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊIn her talk, Tsing spoke of the Anthropocene Michael Baers as “patchy,” with development arising in specific places and through specific human interventions, producing unforeseen ancillary A First Step effects (a conceptual framework that also structures her recent book, The Mushroom at the Towards a End of the World, an anthropological study of the international trade in matsutake mushrooms, a Regional Risk delicacy in Japan, that grows in “disturbed” forests). Tsing takes “patch” from “patch dynamics,” a term first coined by scientists in the Assessment 1940s to describe the interactive structure and dynamics of plants occupying discrete ecosystems, since used by ecologists when referring to the mosaic of heterogeneous, interactive sub-ecosystems found within specific biotopes. In Tsing’s usage, “patch” embraces both plant and human interactions resulting from capitalist disruption of natural habitats and modes of production: monoculture cotton farming (with the plantation as a model for industrialization) that transformed the boll t weevil from minor nuisance to a major pest n e s r throughout North and Central America; or global m e s a s trade, as in the recent introduction of the B e l s e s parasitic water mold Phytophthora from Germany a A h k c to the Western United States, where it has killed i s i M R Ê off natural woodlands. -
The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy
DENMARK, 1513−1660 This page intentionally left blank Denmark, 1513–1660 The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy PAUL DOUGLAS LOCKHART 1 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Paul Douglas Lockhart 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lockhart, Paul Douglas, 1963- Denmark, 1513–1660 : the rise and decline of a renaissance state / Paul Douglas Lockhart. -
Sweden in the Seventeenth Century
Sweden in the Seventeenth Century Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden in the Seventeenth Century European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany, 500–1300 Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871 Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939 Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Alexander Grab Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden is the Seventeenth Century Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy J.L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century A.W. Purdue The Second World War Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918 Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 David Sturdy Louis XIV David J. Sturdy Richelieu and Mazarin Hunt Tooley The Western Front Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 Peter G. Wallace The Long European Reformation James D. White Lenin Patrick Williams Philip II European History in Perspective Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–71694–9 hardcover ISBN 0–333–69336–1 paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. -
A Long Term Perspective on the Euro
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A LONG TERM PERSPECTIVE ON THE EURO Michael D. Bordo Harold James Working Paper 13815 http://www.nber.org/papers/w13815 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 February 2008 Paper prepared for the conference "Ten Years After the Euro", DGECFIN Brussels, Belgium, November 26-27, 2007. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2008 by Michael D. Bordo and Harold James. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. A Long Term Perspective on the Euro Michael D. Bordo and Harold James NBER Working Paper No. 13815 February 2008 JEL No. F02,F33,N20 ABSTRACT This study grounds the establishment of EMU and the euro in the context of the history of international monetary cooperation and of monetary unions, above all in the U.S., Germany and Italy. The purpose of national monetary unions was to reduce transactions costs of multiple currencies and thereby facilitate commerce; to reduce exchange rate volatility; and to prevent wasteful competition for seigniorage. By contrast, supranational unions, such as the Latin Monetary Union or the Scandinavian Currency Union were conducted in the broader setting of an international monetary order, the gold standard. -
Danish - Scottish Relations 1513-1542
Danish - Scottish Relations 1513-1542 by Stephen D. Cooper A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Department of History, May' 1962. McGill University, Montreal. PREFACE During the last fifteen years, a cons!derable interest has been shown by historians in the histories of countries thst are relatively small and were formerly of no importance in the general scheme of world politics. We have seen a multitude of works on numerous states in Latin .l\merica, Asia., and lately, Africa. The achievements of peoples without a history i~ the western European concept of the term are presented to us as a pageant of peoples striv::tng to free themselves from 6olonial domination and being prey to the disruptive forces of our mass civilization. Looking over this output of books., we are tempted to ask ourselvea why other areas which, on the contrsry., nave played an import ant part in the history of man and which now contribute a distinctive philosop~y of life have been almost completely relegated to the shadows of obscurity? ':!.he Scandinavian countries provide a good example of this. ln the hiatory of western civiliza.tion, from the time when the first Vikings left the shelter of their vikas '(:rotee tcd by the loft y mountains of t11eir fjords, and went out to England, Ire land., Normandy, r~orthern Russia., Constantin ople, Iceland, Greenland, and even Vineland, thrOl:gh the times of Queen Margarethe, Christian II, Gustavus Adolphus, Charles XII., Bernadotte, Bishop GrunJing, S9)'ren Kirkegaard., Henryk Ibsen, August Strindberg, and Hans Christiar.. -
Timeline1800 18001600
TIMELINE1800 18001600 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris-Euphrates planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest Europe. 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower Egypt. The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable foot soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling dynasties. Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in Bohemia. Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in Greece and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In Mesopotamia, helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE Sumer city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze. -
2. Swedish Monetary Standards in a Historical Perspective1
2. Swedish monetary standards in a historical perspective1 Rodney Edvinsson 2.1. Introduction Since 1873 the krona (crown, abbreviated SEK), divisible into 100 öre, has been the main monetary unit in Sweden. Before that date Sweden had various domestic cur- rencies that were used as means of payment. In various periods there was a fluctuat- ing market exchange rate between these currencies. Inflation figures, for example, will therefore differ depending on which monetary unit one follows because the value of some currencies fell more over time than the value of others.2 This chapter classifies the monetary standards in Sweden from the Middle Ages to the present, and gives an overview of the various currencies that were in use. A com- modity standard was in place during most of Sweden’s history, while the fiat stan- dard is a rather late innovation. The classification into monetary standards is also related to the issue of debasement under the commodity standard and the mecha- nisms behind the rise of multiple currencies. Exchange rates of coins often deviated somewhat from the theoretical exchange rates based on the relations between their intrinsic metal values. The monetary history of Sweden provides examples of imme- diate as well as protracted adjustments of exchange rates and prices in response to debasement. The term “Sweden” used in this book could be questioned from a historical per- spective. Up to the 17th century, the monetary history of various regions within the present borders of Sweden coincided with Denmark’s. Since Finland was part of the kingdom of Sweden-Finland up to 1809, the monetary history of Sweden and Fin- 1 I want to thank especially Jan Bohlin, Bo Franzén, Klas Fregert, Cecilia von Heijne, Lars O. -
Jezierski & Hermanson.Indd
Imagined Communities on the Baltic Rim, from the Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries Amsterdam University Press Crossing Boundaries Turku Medieval and Early Modern Studies The series from the Turku Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (TUCEMEMS) publishes monographs and collective volumes placed at the intersection of disciplinary boundaries, introducing fresh connections between established fijields of study. The series especially welcomes research combining or juxtaposing diffferent kinds of primary sources and new methodological solutions to deal with problems presented by them. Encouraged themes and approaches include, but are not limited to, identity formation in medieval/early modern communities, and the analysis of texts and other cultural products as a communicative process comprising shared symbols and meanings. Series Editor Matti Peikola, University of Turku, Finland Amsterdam University Press Imagined Communities on the Baltic Rim, from the Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries Edited by Wojtek Jezierski and Lars Hermanson Amsterdam University Press Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: St. Henry and St. Eric arriving to Finland on the ‘First Finnish Crusade’. Fragment of the fijifteenth-centtury sarcophagus of St. Henry in the church of Nousiainen, Finland Photograph: Kirsi Salonen Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 90 8964 983 6 e-isbn 978 90 4852 899 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789089649836 nur 684 © Wojtek Jezierski & Lars Hermanson / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2016 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. -
Sweden in the Seventeenth Century
Sweden in the Seventeenth Century European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany, 500–1300 Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871 Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939 Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Alexander Grab Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden is the Seventeenth Century Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy J.L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century A.W. Purdue The Second World War Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918 Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 David Sturdy Louis XIV David J. Sturdy Richelieu and Mazarin Hunt Tooley The Western Front Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 Peter G. Wallace The Long European Reformation James D. White Lenin Patrick Williams Philip II European History in Perspective Series Standing Order ,6%1KDUGFRYHU ,6%1SDSHUEDFN (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in the case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above.