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Nordan Manz.Pdf PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Nordan Manz Metáforas políticas no gênero tokusatsu : A metamorfose dos signos na mídia japonesa MESTRADO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E SEMIÓTICA São Paulo 2013 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Nordan Manz Metáforas políticas no gênero tokusatsu : A metamorfose dos signos na mídia japonesa MESTRADO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E SEMIÓTICA Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de MESTRE em Comunicação e Semiótica na área de concentração Signo e Significação das Mídias pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, sob a orientação da Profª. Drª. Christine Greiner São Paulo 2013 BANCA EXAMINADORA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Para meus professores e colegas que me ajudaram a perceber o mundo através de um novo prisma. METÁFORAS POLÍTICAS NO GÊNERO TOKUSATSU : A METAMORFOSE DOS SIGNOS NA MÍDIA JAPONESA RESUMO Esta dissertação apresenta exemplificações do tokusatsu , gênero que faz parte do cinema e televisão japoneses, identificando como, a partir da 2ª Guerra Mundial, surgiram alguns dos mais importantes personagens e suas metáforas políticas. Após a emergência da chamada cultura pop, muitas destas metáforas foram descontruídas e despolitizadas. O objetivo do trabalho é analisar o processo evolutivo destas produções, focando nas mudanças epistemológicas, cujo principal sintoma é, justamente, a banalização das questões que marcaram o início do movimento. A fundamentação teórica parte da obra de Yoshikuni Igarashi (2011) que analisou o nascimento dos corpos monstruosos em diversas mídias japonesas (TV, cinema, mangá, etc.), assim como as representações simbólicas da guerra e do pós-guerra. Além disso, partimos das teorias de George Lakoff e Mark Johnson (2002) acerca das metáforas cognitivas e outras bibliografias específicas referentes ao cinema japonês. Como corpus da pesquisa foram analisadas quatro séries japonesas de cinema e televisão lançadas entre 1954 e 1985: Godzilla (1954) de Ishiro Honda, primeiro filme a apresentar um monstro gigante; Ultraman (1966) de Eiji Tsuburaya, que apresenta discussões de cunho ecológico; a série de P-Production, Spectreman (1971) que também problematiza temas ecológicos e doutrinação dos corpos; e, finalmente, O Fantástico Jaspion produzido pela Toei Company, durante a década de 1980 e teve ampla divulgação no Brasil. Espera-se contribuir com uma bibliografia crítica pouco conhecida no Brasil e que analisa as tensões entre produções midiáticas japonesas de cunho político que, gradativamente, parecem tornar-se mero entretenimento e objeto de consumo, amplamente disseminadas pela cultura J- POP. Palavras-chave : tokusatsu , cinema japonês, metáforas cognitivas. POLITICAL METAPHORS IN THE TOKUSATSU GENRE: SIGN METAMORPHOSIS IN THE JAPANESE MEDIA ABSTRACT This dissertation presents tokusatsu examples, a genre that is part of the Japanese cinema and television, identifying how, since World War II, some of the most prominent characters and political metaphors aroused . After the emergence of the so called pop culture, many of these metaphors were deconstructed and depoliticized. The goal is to analyze the evolutional process of these productions, focusing on the epistemological changes, whose main symptom is, precisely, the trivialization of the issues that defined genre landmarks. The theoretical grounding rises from the works from Yoshikuni Igarashi (2011) who analyzed the birth of monstrous bodies in several Japanese media (TV, movies, Manga, etc.), as well as war and post-war symbolic representations. Beyond that, we depart from George Lakoff e Mark Johnson (2002) theories surrounding on cognitive metaphors and another specific bibliography relative to the Japanese cinema. As the research corpus four cinema and television series launched between 1954 and 1985 were analyzed: Godzilla (1954) by Ishiro Honda, first movie to present a giant monster; Ultraman (1966) by Eiji Tsuburaya, which presented discussions with ecological scope; the P-Production series, Spectremen (1971) which also questioned ecological themes and bodies control; and, finally, The fantastic Jaspion , produced by Toei Company during the 1980 decade, which received great disclosure in Brazil. We hope to contribute with a critical bibliography almost unknown in Brazil, which analyzes media tensions in Japanese political productions that, gradually, seemed to become only entertainment and consume object, widely disseminated by J- POP culture. Keywords : tokusatsu , Japanese cinema, cognitive metaphors. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................................................... 4 CAPÍTULO 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Contextualização histórica do Tokusatsu .................................................................................... 7 1.2. O papel dos monstros ................................................................................................................ 21 CAPÍTULO 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 35 2.1. A metáfora como fundamento do tokusatsu ................................................................................. 35 2.2. Análise das primeiras séries e seus desdobramentos políticos ................................................ 39 2.3. Redes de Consumo e infantilização: a soberania do merchandising ........................................ 79 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ............................................................................................................. 109 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS .............................................................................................. 112 REFERÊNCIAS AUDIOVISUAIS ................................................................................................... 113 INTRODUÇÃO A presente dissertação foi gerada a partir da vontade de entender o processo de construção dos personagens e narrativas das séries e filmes do gênero tokusatsu , com um olhar voltado para as fontes de inspiração de seus autores e seus contextos. A princípio, as séries e filmes pareciam ser amálgamas de histórias de super-heróis e de ficção científica, oriundas dos EUA e da Europa, com o folclore japonês. Entretanto, no desenvolvimento do projeto, durante as primeiras análises dos objetos de estudo, algo mais profundo emergiu. Essas produções foram se revelando extremamente marcadas por questões políticas, representadas de forma metafórica. Para um olhar mais superficial, tais questões passavam despercebidas, criando a falsa percepção de que o gênero tokusatsu possuía apenas produtos voltados para o entretenimento do público infantil. O corpus da pesquisa foi demonstrando que tal gênero era um campo muito mais rico, propício a um estudo de ordem comunicacional e semiótica. Buscou-se entender de forma mais minuciosa como se davam as construções desses personagens, quais as influências dos contextos social, político e econômico em que estavam inseridos, e como essas questões eram representadas de forma metafórica nas produções estudadas. Deste modo, o trabalho foi dividido em dois capítulos, com o intuito de tornar mais claro o processo de construção e desconstrução dessas metáforas, mais especificamente, nas produções selecionadas como corpus do trabalho. O primeiro capítulo é dividido em duas partes. Na primeira parte, realizamos uma contextualização histórica apresentando o desenvolvimento das produções do gênero, seus principais personagens, franquias e produtoras responsáveis. A partir de 1954, com o filme Godzilla , nascem os primeiros super-heróis japoneses, como Super Giant – uma série de curtas metragens que ganhou versão adaptada para o mercado estadunidense. Abordamos os primeiros personagens criados para a televisão, como Gekko Kamen , da produtora Toei Company, mais tarde responsável pela criação de franquias de grande sucesso. A primeira parte prossegue demonstrando a importância do gênero no Japão e no mundo. Para dar continuidade à contextualização, descrevemos o surgimento das principais franquias, como Ultraman , da Tsuburaya Productions, com dezenas de séries e filmes, que gera novas produções com o herói alienígena enfrentando monstros gigantes até os dias de 4 hoje; Spectreman da P-Productions que seguia o mesmo estilo de Ultraman ; Kamen Rider da Toei Company e Super Sentai da mesma produtora, que também geraram dezenas de produções; e finalmente os Metal Heroes , também da Toei Company, que na quarta série da franquia apresentaria um dos personagens mais emblemáticos do gênero para o público brasileiro: O Fantástico Jaspion . Este personagem retomaria na década de 1980 a questão dos monstros gigantes. A pesquisa enfatiza, ainda, a importância do Tokusatsu no mundo, ao apresentar um pequeno panorama das séries e filmes diretamente inspiradas no gênero produzidas fora do Japão, muitas vezes por iniciativa dos próprios fãs, como France Five (França), Insector Sun (Brasil), Squadron Sport Ranger (Tailândia), dentre outros. A segunda parte do primeiro capítulo trata da figura do monstro, amplamente utilizada no gênero e emblemática para o público. Os monstros, carregados de significações, foram selecionados como ponto de partida para o estudo das
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