2790 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·SENATE. JUNE 21 · ' 14-±0. By Mr. FULLER: Petition of the American Association 1464. By Mr. SINCLAIR: Petition of Ramsey County (N. of State Highway Officials, favoring Senate bill 1072; to the Dak.) Sunday. School Association, indorsing the Smith-Towner Committee on Roads. · bill; to the Committee on Education. 1441. Also, petition of the American Farm Bureau opposing ;1.465. Also, petition of ·women's Study Club and citizens of a tariff on lumber; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Wildrose, N. Dak., protesting against the pas age of legisla 1442. Also, petition of the Presbyterian Church of Grand tion granting the use of the waters of our national parks Ridge, Ill., favoring a conference of the nations to bring about for commercial purposes; to the Committee on the Public di armament; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Lands. 1443. By Mr. GOODYKOONTZ: Resolution of the Martins· 1466. Also, petition of Women's Nonpartisan , League Club; burg (\V. Va.) Chamber of Commerce, urging the passage of No. 18, of Donnybrook, N. Dak., urging disarmament; to the the Dowell road bill ; to the Committee on Roads. Committee on Foreign Affairs. 1.444. By l\1r. GREEN of Iowa: Petition of certain citizens of 1467. Also, petition of Women's Nonpartisan League Club, Iowa favoring recognition of the Irish republic; to the Com No. 72, of Parshall, N. Dak., urging disarmament; to the Com mittee on Foreign Affairs. mittee on Foreign Affairs. H45. By l\Jr. HERSEY: Petition of congregation of Church 1468. By 1\lr. SNYDER: Petition of :Middleville (N. Y.,) of the Advent, Limestone, Me., and the congregation of St. Women's Christian Temperance Union, favoring the Volstead Luke's Episcopal Church, Caribou, Me., urging limitation of bill for the enforcement of urohibition ; to the Committee on armament; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. the Judiciary. 14:16. By l\lr. KAHN: Resolution adopted by San Francisco 1469. By Mr. SWING: Resolutions of Methodist White Post. No. 1, .Ameriran Legion, relative. to the sick and disabled Temple Church, of Anaheim, Calif., reqtlesting the President World War veterans at the Palo Alto Hospital; to the Com· and the Congress ot the United States to call an international mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. conference to devise and carry out a general plan for disarma 1447. By Mr. KIESS: Resolution adopted by the Trinity ment; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hughesville, Pa., favoring con· 1470. By Mr. THOMPSON: Resolution of congregation of St. ference of leading nations looking to · reduction of armaments; Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Van Wert, Ohio, in favor to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. of definite action of the United States toward disarmament; to 1448. By Mr. KISSEL: Petition of 99 New York City resi the Committee on Naval Affairs. · dents, urging the passage of House joint resolution 18; to the 1471. Also, petition of Myrtle A. Conant and other constitu Committee on the Judiciary. ents of the county of Van Wert, Ohio, to secure permanent '1449. Also, petition of Mrs. Bridget Cogen, .T. Murphy, Mrs. relief for the imperiled peoples of the Near East; to the Com P. W. Griffin, Mrs. Mary Maher, and F. J. Coogan, all of Brook mittee on Foreign Affairs. lyn, N. Y., urging the recognition of the Irish republic; to the 1472. By Mr. WILLIAMSON: Petition of the Methodist Epis Committee on Foreign Affairs. copal Church of 'Vinner, S. Dak., urging a world conference of 1450. By l\1r. LYON: Resolutions adopted by the Chamber of the nations of the world for the purpose of arranging for an Colllmerce of Wilmington, N. C., favoring the enactment of immediate disarmament of nations; to the Committee on For-· House bill 3726, introduced by Hon. WILLIAM B. BANKHEAD, of eign Affairs. Alabama, May 10, 1921, providing for the development of agri 1473. Also, resolution of the South Dakota State Council, cultural re ources and establishment of rural homes through Knights of Columbus, indorsing the objects and work for the Federal and State cooperation; to the Committee on Irrigation recognization of• the republic of Ireland in its efforts to have of Arid Lands. the Government of the United States recognize tl1e republic of 1451. By Mr. MALONEY: Petition of citizens of Law Ireland, etc. ; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. rence, 1\:lass., urging Congress to order the suspension from 1474. By 1\Ir. WOODYARD: Petition of the ladies of the duty, and after substantiation of charges to direct the Grand Army of the Republic, Department of West Virginia,· di honorable discharge from service in the United States relative to Senate bill 742, regarding pension legislation; to the Navy of Admiral William S. Sims; to the Committee on Naval Committee on Peusions. Affairs. 1452. By 1\lr. PARRISH: Petition of people of Seymour, Tex., urging an international conference pn disarmament; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. SENATE. 1453. By l\1r. RAKER: Petition of R. H. Arnold Co., of Cali fornia, urging support of House bill 6678; to the Committee on TUE~DAY, June ~1, 19~1. Naval Affairs. 1454. Also, petition of C. A. Akin and others, of Los Angeles, The Chaplain, Rev. J. J. Muir, D. D., offered the following Calif., urging permanent relief for the Armenians ; to the Com prayer: mittee on Foreign Affairs. Our Father and our God, we bless Thee that Thou art so 1455. Also, petition of Pacific Aluminum Co., Fresno, Calif., accessible, no far-away deity but near to us, so that the breath urging a protective tariff on aluminum cooking utensils; to the ings of our souls are understood and interpreted by Thee. Mer Committee on Ways and Means. cifully direct our ways this day, and so help us to live that the 1456. Also, petition of California State Church Federation, record shall be acceptable in Thy sight. Through Jesus Christ urging the United States to lead the way in international dis- our Lord. Amen. armament; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. . 1457. Also, petition of San Francisco Zone, Western Con The reading clerk proceeded to read the Journal of yester fectioners' Association, urging Federal support for relief for day's proceedings, when, on request of Mr. CURTis and by Pueblo, Colo. ; to the Committee on Appropriations. unanimous consent, the further reading was dispensed with ant! 1458. Also, petition of H. L. Moody, of Redding, Calif., protest the Journal was approved. ing against the abolition of the zone postal law or changing MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE. thereof ; to the Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads. A message from the House of Representa lives, by l\lr. Over 1459. Also, letter of I. H. Morse, of San Francisco, Calif., hue, its enrolling clerk, announced that the House ha H. R. 6573. An act to further reclassify postmasters and em He also presented resolutions of the pastor and congregation plo·yees of the Postal Service and readjust their salaries and of the Church of the Brethren, of Sabetha; the congregation compensation on an equitable basis, and for other purposes; of the First Church of Brethren, of Conway ; and a resolution H. R. 6877. An act to permit a compact or agreement between adopted by a mass meeting ot- citizens at Rose Hill on June 13, the States of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New 1921; all in the State of Kansas, faYoring the calling of an Mexico, Utah, and ·wyoming respecting the disposition and international disarmament conference, which were referred to apportionment of the waters of the Colorado River, and for the Committee on Foreign Relations. other purposes ; He also presented petitions of sundry citizens of Independ H. J. Res. 112 .•Toint resolution authorizing the erection on ence and Ada, Kans., praying that relief be afforded the im public grounds in the city of Washington, D. C., of a memorial periled people of"the Near East, particularly of Armenia, which to employees of the United States Department of Agriculture were referred to the Oommittee on Foreign Relations. who died in the war with Germany; and He also presented a memorial of sundry citizens of Linn, H. J. Res. 153. Joint resolution permitting the admission of Kans., remonstrating against the enactment of legislation cre certain aliens who sailed from foreign ports on or before June ating a department of education, which was referred to the 8, 1921, and for other purposes. Committee on Education and Labor. He also presented a petition of the Chamber of Commerce of ADJUSTED COJ.IPENSATION FOR VETERANS OF WORLD WAR. Memphis, Tenn., praying for the enactment of legislation pro Mr. McCUMBER. Mr. President, I wish to give notice at viding for physical education, which was referred to the Com this time that on Thursday morning next, innnediately after the mittee on Education and Labor. close of the routine morning business, I shall ask the indulgence He also presented a resolution of sundry citizens of Green of the Senate to submit some remarks on the bill (S. 506) to leaf and Linn, Kans., favoring the recognition of the Irish repub provide adjusted compensation for veterans of the World War, lic, which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. • and for other purposes, with the intent at that time, as clearly Mr. McKELLAR. I ask unanimous consent to have printed as I can, to call attention to the provisions of the bill and the in the RECO.RD four telegrams on the subject of the pending coal reasons which actuated the Committee on Finance in reporting bill, including the names. it favorably to the Senate. There being no objection, the telegrams, with the names, PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. - were ordered to lie on the table and to be ptinted in the RECORD, ~s follows: Mr. CURTIS presented resolutions of the pastor and con NASHVILLE, TENN., Jtltle 11, 19zt. gregation of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Arlington, and Hon. KENNETH MCKELLAR, the Hebrew congregation of Wichita, both in the State of United States Senate, Washington, D. 0.: Kansas, favoring the calling of an international disarmament For reasons with which you are familiar all coal_ interests in this section are naturally very much opposed to governmental regulation as conference, which were referred to the Committee on Foreign expressed in . the Frelinghuysen bill, No. 1807, which I understand Relations. comes up for action to-day. It is estimated that we have represented He also presented a petition of sundry citizens of Independ in Nashville $100,000,000 in the coal industry. I hope you can find it consistent to vote against tbis bill. ence, Kans., praying that relief be afforded the imperiled peo WM. H. LINDSEY, ple of the Near East, which was referred to the Committee on President Crescent Coal Oo. Foreign Relations. Mr. NELSON presented a memorial of the Brooks Elevator MEMPHIS, TE~N., June !0, 1921. Co., of Minneapolis, Minn., remonstrating against the enact Hon. KENNETH McKELLAR, ment of legislation imposing a tariff duty on blackstrap mo United States Senate, Washington, D. 0.: We vigorously protest the passage of Senate bill 1806, being the lasses, which was referred to the Committee on Finance. so-called Frelinghuysen coal industry stabilization bill. We view with Mr. FERNALD presented a petition of sundry citizens of alarm the constantly menacing encroachment of the Government in Gardiner, 1\Ie., praying that relief be afforded the imperiled essentially private industries. The public is already amply safe guarded by National and State legislation preventing combination in people of the Near East, which was referred to the Committee restraint of trade or price fixing. As your constituents we urge that on Foreign Relations. you register your most vigorous protests against the passage of tbis 1\Ir. KEYES presented a resolution •of sundry citizens of law. We will always cooperate with the Government and furnish freely any information or statistics needed. Berlin, N. H., favoring the recognition of the republic of Ireland, W. T. C. Berlin, C. S. Eberhart, M. S. Lewman, M. A. which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. Whitten, J'. H. Rudisill, W. J' Prescott, Pettus Davis, He also presented a resolution of the Women's Auxiliary, J'. J'. Darragh, J'. P. Ridgeway, M. W. Connelly, F. W. Billingsley, Guy S. Turner, R. G. Watkins, C. S. Page, Gordon Bissell Post, No. 4, American Legion, of Keene, N. H., L. S. Laws. favoring the enactment of legislation for the relief of disabled ex-service men, which was referred to the Committee on KNOXVILLE, TENN., June 21, 1921. Finance. Hon. KENNETH MCKELLAR, Mr. ODDIE presented a resolution of the Chamber of Com Senate Office Building, Washington, D. 0.: I am relying upon you to oppose the passage of the Frelinghuysen merce of Reno, Nev., favoring the enactment of the so-called Senate bill 1807. Its enactment would mean chaos in the mining French-Capper truth in fabric bill, which was referred to the industry in this State, which employs approximately 8,000 persons, Committee on Interstate Commerce. all of whom would be adversely affected. It is an attempt to estab Mr. TOWNSEl\TD presented a petition of sundry citizens of lish Government control over private industry, the beginnin~ of Gov ernment paternalism that will stifle initiative and become a ·blight upon Fowler, Dewitt, and Eagle, :Mich., praying for the enactment further progress. It is an altogether unnecessary measure as well as of the so-called French-Capper truth in fabric bill, which was a violation of constitutional guaranties. A large number of mines in referred to the Committee on Interstate Commerce. this State are now. down for lack of market ; others operating at a loss. I feel sure that you are opposed to any form of Government control He also presented u petition of sundry members of the First which would add to the cost of production and that you will oppose Presbyterian Church, of Northville, Mich., praying that relief this measure because it is unnecessary and un-American in principle be afforded the imperiled people of the Near East, particularly and I believe and hope you will vigorously oppose its enactment. • of Armenia, which was referred to the Committee on Foreign L. I. COLEMAN. Relations. KNOXVILLiil, TENN., June 21, 19U. He also presented a resolution of the Public School Defense Senator KEN:NETH D. McKELLAR, League, of Flint, Mich., commending the recent speech of Rear Washington, D. 0.: Admiral William S. Sims in England in relation to conditions We are relying upon you to oppose the passage of Frelinghuysen Sen ate bill 1807. In your State there are substantially 150 coal-mining in Ireland and favoring free speech without reservations, which operations with an aggregate investment of more than $15,000,000, em was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. ploying substantially 10,000 persons that would be adversely atiected by Mr. WILLIS presented a resolution of Edgewood Grange, No. such a law. The measure is manifestly an attempt to establish govern mental control over private industry, generally the beginning of Gov 1970, Patrons of Husbandry, of Tiro, Ohio, opposing the so ernment paternalism that stifles initiative and is a blight upon further called Ralston-Nolan bill, placing a 1 per cent Federal tax on progress and is an altogether unnecessary measure as well as a violation all real estate in excess of $10,000 valuation, and also the en of constitutional guaranties. Senator FRELI:NGHUYSEN evidently knows that the inexot·able law of supply and demand is gradually assuming actment of a sales or turnover tax law, etc:, which was referred control not only of coal but all other commodities, and no doubt con to the Committee on Finance. ceives that his bill, if enacted, will gi\e him credit for lowering prices, 1\fr. CAPPER presented a resolution of the Kansas State which are now, wages considered, relatively lower than prewar prices. At present time 70 per cent of coal operations in your State are oper League of Local Building and Loan Associations, of Topeka, ating at a loss. ·I feel sure that you are opposed to any form of Govern Kans., favoringr the enactment of legislation exempting domes ment control which would add further to the cost of production, and that tic building and loan associations from income tax where the your interest in the welfare of your constituents, together with the unnecessary and un-American pl'inciple involved in this measure, will income derived by a member from savings in shares does not justify your vigorous opposition to its enact~ent . exceed $500, which was referred to the Committee on Finance. JOHN L. BOYD. LXI--176 • 2792 CONGRESSION A:t RECORD-SENATE .. JUNE 21,. ------~~. ------ DECLI ~' E I~ PrJ(:E AND PUitCHASING PO\VER OF FARM PRODUCTS. U~I'l'ED &l'AT1JS DBPARTMEXT O:Jl! AGRICULTURE, Wasltinoton, D. 0. ::\Jr. S~UTH. Mr. President, I have received fl:om. the Secre Indea> of pric.es {or May, 19'l1. tru.·y of Agriculture a table showing the purchasing power of [P;:ice.s for :M:ay, 19H=100.] farm products as of the 1st of 1\fay, 1921, compared- wJth the price aJJ Mr. FLETCHER. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator a Let me read you a notice that appeared in the Washington question? :Post this morning : Mr. SMITH. I yield. NEw YonK, Jun.e 20. 1\Ir. FLETCHER. If the F ederal reserve banks decide to re There was a continuation of the recent selling movement in the cotton market, which carried prices into new low ground for the session during duce the rates on l'ediscount to 5 per cent, could not they pro to·day's tra:ding, October contracts, for instance, sold off to 11.22, vide' conditions whereby the benefit Ums accruing could be ex making a net decline of 83 poin.ts and a break of over 2i cents per tended to tb:! borrower? In other words, that it should only pound as compared with the high price touched on the bullish crop conditions of last month. apply to those banks that mad~ not more than a certain profit out of the transaction? .A. decline in price of nearly .$15 a bale, while the farmer is Mr. S:MITH. They could under the general powers granted by holding his c0tton a..nd refusing to sell at the already low price the Federal reserve act: The F'ederal Reserve Bo:u·d could issue prevailing. They have beaten down the price nearly $15 a an order to the effect that as to certain paper rediscounted at 5 bale by a few men walking upon the floor of the exchange and per cent discounting banks would only get that rediscount upon saying, "I will sell 500 bales of July or August" at so much, the condition that they did not charge more than a certain addi while others repeat, " I will take it." Then this farcical per tional percentage for the primary discount. formance is reported in the columns of these papers that .there The conditions now a.re calling for this kind of relief. How do is a heavy selling movement and the price has gone down. What Senators suppose the citizens of this country who toil in the sort of a selling movement was it? There was no sale or deliv· fields from 12 to 14 hours a day to produce the food and clothing ery of cotton. They have no cotton; they do not handle real of the Nation feel when they pick up the balance sheet of the cotton, and yet the papers say that there is a selling moYement Comptrollel' of the Currency and see that our reserve is greater on, when nothing is sold and nothing delivered, and nothing but than ever before, and that the resources of our banks are larger the name of cotton is aealt in by men who use this fictitious than ever before, while the country is bankrupt and facing ruin? stuff to beat down the price of cotton. Again I call upon the If we can not tneet the situation, I hope and trust to God that Government to compel the cotton exchanges to sell and deliver the people will have sense enough to send men here who can meet real cotton and comply with the law or close their doors at once. it and make it impos. ible for a condition like that whicll now con Mr. President, this organized raid of bear gamblers on the fronts us e'\l"er again to ariSe. It does not behoove us to sit here cotton exchanges, with no resisting power on the part of the and say that this is a world condition. That may be true so far cotton producer, is like stabbing a crippled man bound hand and as war-ridden Europe is concerned, but America never felt the foot and prone upon the ground. Unless the cotton exchange is tread of a foreign foot, nor did she ever hear the sound of an helpful and of service to both the producer and spinner, there is enemy's gun. She financed the world during the war, and now no excuse for its existence. During the World War the Presi can not finance her own people during times of peace and recon dent suspended the operation of the grain exchanges, and it struction. may be that the cotton exchanges should now be closed. Mr. President, I have said this much. I hope that the confer Mr. President, I want to present another phase of the cotton ence that we nre to bave immediately in reference to this sub question. Suppose a man comes up and borrows money on cot ject will result in preparing and providing some kind of imme ton at 20 cents a pound when th~ price was higher than that. diate relief, and I trust that every Senator in this body will join The bea.,r gambler comes and beats the price down to 19 cents, hands with the distressed people in my section, who produce then to 18 cents, and so on, and the banker su.ys, "Why, the that out of which the balance of trade of America has been made, price of your produce is lower than it was when you borrowed to see that their great industr-y is not utterly destrqyed. the money on it, and I must insist that you pay your loan. · The Mr. HEFLIN. 1\Ir. President, I desire to say a few words in borrower says, "Why, I can not do it. Two bales of cotton line with what the Senator from South Carolina has just said. now would not pay what one would a few days ago"; but the I contributed as best I could to bringing about an arrangement miserable game goes on. by which the cattlemen could be relieved of the distress in I tell you, 1\lr. President, the Senator from South Carolina is which they found themselves. I rejoice that arrangements have right. Something has got to be done to lift the business of the been made to relieve them of the terrible condition that is upon cotton-growing States out of the mire of distress ·and gloom to them. which it has descended. The Government will run no risk. Mr. Presid-ent, it is absolutely necessary, as 1 have said before, Cotton is as good as gold. It is the only product in the country for the Government to take a hand in bringing about relief to every pound of which is converted into money. Every dollar's the farmers. merchants, and bankers of the cotton-growing worth of it contributes to the wealth of the Nation. Now, 'vhat States. There is serious distress in that section. Our farmers, risk do we run by the Government going to the rescue of the merchants, and bankers, who were doing business and fairly cotton industry, as it has gone to the rescue of the cattle indus prosperous on a 40-cent basis for cotton, have seen that price try? I rejoice •that our cattlemen are going to be taken care of, tumble down and down until it has reached the low and un and the cotton producers are entitled to the same character of profitable price of 12 cents per pound. That price is far below relief. the cost of production. Our farmers had borrowed money on If the Federal Reserve Board Y:ill not act in the interest of cotton, and were holding it for a better price. While they were the great · agricultural army of the country, a s it does act in doing that the cotton exchanges were ·gambling in futures, the interest of Wall Street every time it crooks its fin ger, I selling short, not making delivery of cotton, merely selling the call eyon the Congress to go upon record as ordering it to act. name of cotton, and beating down the price of that which the Where does the Federal Reserve Board get the power to ar farmer was holding in the hope that the price would go back rogate to itself the right to gather up th~ gold supply and ;. it and that he could obtain a price that would at least cover the on it while the cry of distress is ringing around the country? cost of production. The illustration of the Senator from South Carolina is the Mr. President, this is a serious situation that confronts our aptest thing that I have ever heard-a city burning _down, and people. Let me get this situation clearly in your minds. .A. the fire department Sl~ting back with folded aru; ~ , not corning farmer holding 20 bales of cotton has borrowed money on it, to extinguish the flames, but boasting, when the conflagration and he is hoping to see the price advance so that he can get back is -ended, "We have more water in our tanks than we ever had the money he has expended in producing it, and get a little before." How ridiculous ! profit if possible. Now, then, behold the cotton exchanges get· l't!r. President, I want to serve notice on the Federal Reserve ting all the money that the bear gamblers want. Not a dollar Board that unless it shows more consider:ation for the business has been withheld from them. They have obtained all the of agriculture than it is now doing I am going to be forced to money they needed to beat down the p1·ice of wheat, corn, and come upon this floor and discuss something that I know about cotton. Somehow they are enabled to raise every dollar they the lending of the people's money to certain interes.Ls in Wall want when it is for the purpose of beating down the price of Street. farm products; but how about those who a:re on the bull side? Mr. President, J. Pierpont Morgan, the older ~forgan, now They can not obtain any money, and therefore they do not go deceased, once said, "If you give me control of the credit of upon the exchanges, and the bear speculators are simply offering the country I care not who makes your laws," and he was right. this stuff for sale and fake bidders are going through the far· The concern that controls the credit of the country has the cical performance of pretending to buy. Frequently the same power of life and death over the business of the country. fellow who sold to-day buys to-morrow, and it is a wash-sale I make the assertion here to-day that there is more money game that they have. No cotton is delivered. The producer is in the United States at this hour than ever before in the his not called on for cotton with which to fill the contract, and the tory -of the country, and yet the channels of circulation are spinner has no cotton delivered to him. choked, stopped up. This money is not permitted to go where Senators, that is the situation you have going on to-da.Y in it can serve the needs of the people and relieve them vf dire di1- the New York and New Orleans Cotton Exchanges. It can not tress. The Government will not let you or me coin money. If be defended and should not be tolerated. it did, you would coin all you wanted to, and so would I, but / 1921. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. the Government reser\es that right to itself; and when it does, Mr. CURTIS. Very well; I withdraw my suggestion. the Go,ernment ought to see to it that nobody can corner it or The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the control it so that it will not flow out into the legitimate chan change of reference requested by the Senator from Oregon? nels of business. If partiality or favoritism is shown by the The Chair hears none, and it is so ordered. Federal Reser"Te Board one business will be helped and another ORDER OF BUSINESS. hurt. Look at what we have done for the cattle people, and that is Mr. JOHNSON. I move that the Senate proceed to the con. proper. If the Government had not come in, they would not sideration of Senate resolution 80, directing the Committee on ha\6 been relieved, and the cattle industry would probably have Education and Labor to investigate the recent acts of Tiolence been destroyed in the United States while we '7ere sitting here in the coal fields of West Virgipia and adjacent territor~ and in ession in both branches of Congress. Now since we have the causes which led to the conditions which now exist in aid ·gone to the rescue of that situation, let us go to the rescue of territory. the agricultural industry. Should we sit back and permit a Mr. CURTIS. I make a point of order against that. No few people to control the instrumentalities of the Government such motions are in order during this part of the morning hour. to the detriment, injury, and ruin of millions of people? I demand the regular order. · Here is the farmer down here, who responded to the call of Mr. SMOOT. It will take just a few minutes to get throtwh ills country in the hour of its peril. He produced in abundance with the morning business. as the Government called on him to produce. He sent his boys Mr. UNDERWOOD. The morning business has not be::>u dis to the battle front. Some of them are sleeping in France posed of. to-day; others are wounded here in our hof>-pitals, or back The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The order of busin~s is the home. There he is now with his produce on his hands, worth presentation of petitions and memorials. The Senator from hundreds of dollars a few month~ ago, now a drug on the Kansas makes a point of order that the motion of the Senator market. 'Why? Because he can not be aided so that he can from California is not in order at this time, as the Chair umier hold it for a price that will yield a profit. stands it. The Chair is in some doubt about it, but is inC'lined The Old World is yearning for our produce. If this Govern to sustain the point of order. ment will extend credit, they will buy our goods and pay us for Mr. CURTIS. I demand the regular order now. them with money loaned by this Government. We can extend The PRESIDENT pro tempore. If there are no further peti these credits. We are the richest Nation in the world. We tions or memorials,. reports of committees are next in order. have here in America half the wealth of the world, and yet here we are with the farmel's of the West and the farmers of the REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. South crying out in their distress for deliverance from conditions Mr. CURTIS, fl'om the Committee on Indian Affairs, to which that grip and hold them in the throes of financial disa!ster. were referred the following bills, reported them each without Senators, the people do not understand why we do not relieve amendment, and submitted reports thereon : the situation. They know that we are the richest Nation in A bill (S. 1168) to authorize the payment of certain taxes to the world. They know that we can relieve them, and they Stevens and Ferry Counties, in the State of Washington, and for wonder why we do not. That is the truth of it. I am not other purposes (Rept. No. 136) ; and . ~peaking of normal times and rules for business in ordinary A bill (S. 2022) promoting civilization and self-support among times, but I am speaking of a people who ra,llied to the call the Indians of the Mescalero Reservation, in New Mexico (Rept. of their country and saved it in the hour of its distress, and No. 137). now suffer from the evil effects of the aftermath of that Great Mr. CURTIS, from the Committee on Indian Affairs, to which War. I am calling on the country to come to their rescue and was referred the bill ( S. 1894) to amend section 26 of an act save them and their business from poverty and ruin. entitled "An act making appropriations for the current and con Senators, we owe it to them; and I trust, as the Senator from tingent expenses of the Bureau of Indian Affairs," and so forth, South Carolina l1as said, that we will wake up to a full realiza reported it with an amendment, and submitted a report (No. tion of the fact that something has to be done or you are going 138) thereon. to have a panic in this country. Some people may think that a He also, f1·om the same committee, to which were referred the panic in the South will not affect you. It will affect the East, following bills, reported them severally with amendments, and the North, and the West. We buy your automobiles. We buy submitted reports thereon: · your buggies, your wagons, implements, and machinery. We A bill (S. 513) granting a deed of quitclaim and release to are your customers in various lines. We buy grain, meat, and J. L. Holmes of certain land in the town of Whitefield, Okla. mules from the West, so whenever you strike down the pur (Rept. No. 139) ; chasing power of the South you hurt the whole country. If a A bill (S. 902) to amend an act entitled "An act for the relief panic grips the South, its evil influence will be felt in the of Indians occupying railroad lands in Arizona, New 1\Ie:rico, or other sections of our great country. California," approved March 4, 1913 (Rept. No. 140); So, Senators, I appeal to you, in the name of thirty-odd mil A bill (S. 1700) for the relief of Mrs. Benjamin Gauthier lions of people in the cotton-growing States, to join us in (Rept. No. 141) ; and . extending relief to those who are greatly embarrassed and A bill (S. 1829) for the relief of ·walter Runke (Rept. sorely distressed because they can not obtain the money neces~ No. 142). sary to carry on their business. The Government has it in its Mr. SPENCER. :E'rom the Committee on Claims I report power to relieve this situation, and I pray that it will see the back favorably without amendment the bill (S. 154) to extend nece sity for immediate action. the benefits of the employers' liability act of September 7, PROTECTION OF TIMBER IN OREGON AND CALIFORNIA. 1916, to Arthur E. Rump. I shall present the report when pre Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, on the 13th day of this month pared. I introduced Senate bill 2084. The purpose of that measm·e is The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The bill will be placed on the to make appropriation for the prevention of loss of timber calendar. • from insect infestations on reserved and unreserved publlc Mr. KENDRICK, from the Committee on Irrigation and Rec lands in Oregon and California. Through inadvertence the bill lamation, to which was referred the bill (S. 1251) providing for was referred to the Committee on Appropriations. I think investigations for irrigation works in Green River, Wyo., re· properly it should go to the Committee on Agriculture and For ported it without amendment. estry, because there is a provision in the annual Agricultural Mr. ·KING. From the Committee on NaYal Affairs I report appropriation act w~ich deals with this situation. I ask that back favorably without amendment the resolution (S. Res. 70) the Committee on Appropriations be discharged from the fur directing the Committee on Naval Affairs to in\estigate the case ther consideration of the bill and that it be referred to the of former Capt. Edmund G. Chamberlain, United States Marine Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Corps, and I submit a report thereon. Mr. CURTIS. I ask that the Senator defer his request until The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The resolution will be placed the chairman of the Committee on Appropriations can be here on the calendar. or I can consult with him about it. I do not know that he has ALLEGHENY RI\ER BRIDGE. any desire to retain the bill in the Committee on Appropri ations. 1\Ir. OALDER. I report back favorably without amendment Mr. McNARY. I would like to comply with the suggestion from the Committee on Commerce the bill (H. R. 5616) grant· of the Senator from Kansas, but this is emergency legislation, ing the consent of Congress to the commissioners of Venango and should properly go promptly to the Committee on Agri County, their successors and assigns, to construct a bridge culture and Forestry. I am sure the chairman of the Com across the Allegheny River, in the State of Pennsyl,ania, and mittee on Appropriations would not have any objection to the I submit a report (No. 135) thereon. I ask unanimous coT.lSent change of reference. for the present consideration of the bill. 2796 OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE. JUNE 21 1 There being no objection, the bill was considered as in Com ADDITIONAL JUDGE FOR THE DISTRICT OF MIN~ESOTA. mittee of the Whole, and it was read, as follows: Be it enacted, etc., That the consent of Congress is hereby granted to Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, I ask unanimotis consent for the commissioners of Venango County, Pa., and their successors and the present consideration of the bill ( S. 2089) authorizing the assigns, to construct, maintain, and operate a bridge and approaches appointment of an additional judge for the district of Minne thereto across the Allegheny River, at a point suitable to the interests of navigation, at Oil City, ra.. connectmg Petroleum Street, on the sota. south side of the river, with North Petroleum Street, on the north Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. Pre~ident, I am perfectly willing that side of the river, in the county of Venango, in the State of Pennsylvania, that should be accorded if there is to be no debate upon the in accordance with the provisions of the act entitled "An act to regu late the construction of bridges over navigable waters," approved March subject. 23, 1906. Mr. NELSON. I do not think there will be any debate. SEc. 2. That the right to alter, amend, or repeal this act is hereby The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the expressly reserved. present consideration of the bill? The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment, There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. Whole, proceeded to consider the bill, which was read, a fol BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS INTRODUCED. lows: .Be it enacted, etc., That the President of the United States, by and Bills and joint resolutions were introduced, read the first With the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint an additional time, and, by unanimous consent, the second time, and referred judge of the district court of the United States for the judicial district as follows: of the. State of Minnesota, who shall possess the same powers, perform the same duties, and receive the same compensation and allo'\'\"ance as By Mr. CURTIS : the present judges of said district. A bill (S. 2117) for the relief of R. W. Branson (with an ac SEc. 2. That whenever a vacancy shall occur in the office of the dis trict judge for the district of Minnesota by the retirement, disqualifi companying paper) ; to the Committee on Claims. cation, or death of a judge in said district, such vacancy shall not be A bill (s: 2118) granting a pension to Hester A. Record, or filled, and thereafter there shall be but two district judges in said Ricketts (with an accompanying paper) ; district. A bill ( S. 2119) granting a pension to Anna D. Blackford ~ The bill was reported to the Senate without amendment, (with an accompanying paper) ; ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, . A bill (S. 2120) granting a pension to Sarah Burford (with and passed. an accompanying paper) ; The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The morning business is A bill ( S. 2121) granting a pension to George Coghill; and closed. A bill (S. 2122) granting a pension to Vina Cochran (with CONDITIO~S IN THE COAL FIELDS OF WEST VIRGINIA. accompanying papers); to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. HARRIS: Mr. JOHNSON: Mr. President, I nioYe that the Senate pro A bill ( S. 2123) to direct the Secretary of the Treasury to ceed to the consideration of Senate re olution No. 80. loan to the Federal Farm Loan Board the sum of $200,000,000, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Cali and for other purposes; to the Committee on Banking and Cur fornia moves that the Senate now proceed to the consideration rency. of Senate resolution 80, "·hich, for information, the Secretary By Mr. UNDERWOOD: will state. A bill (S. 2124) to relinquish, relea. e, remise, and quitclaim The Assistant Secretary read the resolution by title, as all right, title, and intei·est of the ·united States of America in follows: and to all the lands contained within sections 17 and 20, town A resolution directing the Committee on Education and Labor to investigate the recent acts of violence in the coal fields of West Vir ship 3 ·south, range 1 west, St. Stephens meridian, Alabama; to ginia and adjacent territory and the causes which led to the con the Committee on Public Lands and Surveys. ditions which now exist in said territory. By l\11'. BURSUM : The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on the A bill (S. 2125) to amend an act approved June 22, 1910, motion of the Senator from California. entitled "An net to provide for agricultural entries on coal The motion was agreed to, and the Senate resumed the con lands"; to the Committee on Public Lands and Surveys. sideration of the resolution, which, as amended June 13, 1021, By l\Ir. ODDIE : . was read as follows : A bill (S. 2126) granting a pension to Richard H. Thomas; Whereas conditions of violence at present exist along the border be to the Committee on Pensions. tween West Virginia and Kentucky; and By l\Ir. GLASS: Whereas for a long period in the past in the coal fields of West Vir ginia there ha\e been disturbed conditions which have led to tur A bill (S. 2127) for the relief of the widow of W. J. S. bulence and violence and bloodshed ; and Stewart; to the Committee on Claims. Whereas the conditions referred to are a menace to orderly democratic By Mr. KING: . government and to the general safety and welfare of the people A bill ( S. 2128) to establish a bureau of submarines in the living in the territory affected: Therefore be it Resolved, That the Senate Committee on Education and Labor. or Department of the Navy; to the Committee on Naval Affairs. any subcommittee thereof, to be appointed by it, is hereby authorized By Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN: and directed to make a thorough and complete investigation of the A joint resolution (S. J. Res. 79) authorizing the President conditions existing in the coal fields of West Virginia, in the tenitory to require the United States Sugar Equalization Board (Inc.) adjacent to the border of West Virginia and Kentucky; that said com mittee ascertain the causes of the recent acts of violence upon said to take over and dispose of 5,000 tons of sugar imported from bordet· and of the conditions which have existed and do now exist the Argentine Republic; to the Committee on Agriculture and in the said coal fi elds, and generally investigate thoroughly the causes Forestry. which have led to conditions which have obtained in the past and which now exist in said territory and report its findings and con By Mr. TOWNSEND: clusions thereon to the Senate. The committee, or any subcommittee A joint resolution (S. J. Res. 80) authorizing the Postmaster thereof, is authorized to sit at such time and place as it may deem General to appoint delegates to the Pan American Postal Con necessary ; the expenses of said investigation to be paid out of the gress ; to the Committee on Appi·opl"iations. contingent fund of the Senate. Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President; I will delay the Senate but a PROPOSED \ETERANS' BUREAU. moment or two in reference to this resolution. Some debate l\Ir. HARRIS submitted an amendment intended to be pro ensued upon it when last it was before the Senate. It has posed by him to the bill (H. R. 6611) to establish in the Treas been reported favorably, first by the Committee on Education ury Department a veterans' bureau and to improve the facili and Labor, secondly by the Colilltlittee to Audit ancl Control ties and service of such bureau, and further to amend and the Contingent Expenses of the Senate. modify the war risk insurance act, which was referred to the The design of this resolution is to prevent, so far as it may, Committee on Finance and ordered to be printed. and those who favor it belieye that it will go a very great way in that direction, the civil war which is now proceeding in ADJUSTED COMPENSATION FOR VETERANS OF WORLD WAR. certain parts of West Virginia. If the resolution bad been l\lr. McCUMBER. I ask for an order for the printing of passed when it was before the Senate the other day, I do not 24,000 copies of Report No. 133, on the veterans' adjusted com think I speak extravagantly in saying that it would have saved pensation bill. I am informed by the Senator from Utah [Mr. one life, possibly more, because on the day following the debate SMOOT], after looking over the report, that this number can be here, when it was obvious that there was opposition to the printed for the use of the Senate without a concurrent resolu passage of the resolution, and when it was assumed in West tion. I ask that the order be made. Virginia that the Senate would not take cognizance of condi The PRESIDElii"T pro tempore. If there is no objection, it tions there, again occurred a shooting, which is described as a will be so ordered. most brutal murder by some of the interested parties in this The order was reduced to writing, as follows: specific controversy. Orde1·ea, That 24,000 audition.al copies of Senate Report 133 be There exists in West Virginia to-day an unthinkable and an printed fot· use of the Senate. intolerable condition. I am not disposed, becau e I am asking 1921. co TGRESSIO' TAL REOORD--BE.r ATE. 2797 that .a committee IJe :xppolnted for that J>urpose, -to lay the E>tant that "3. seD:.lltorial investigating ·committee is -appointed blame in any particular -dire.etion, but w.here\er the blame illlRY that -very instant this ctv:il wm· will cease, and that ve:ry roo rest, whether it be with one party to the conbJEJver y or ·::m- ment -the good will be accomplished. r -do hope that the Tesolu other, what rists there is something that can not be tolerated tion. will .pass, ·nnd that there 'Will be a committee sent without in a democracy., and .no body such a-s ours .should fo.:r an instant delay -into that territory to develQP what is transpiring there. permit it to continuc.i'f in any degree it can be ru:rested. I should like some of the Senators on the other 1Ude who '(}o In i:b.is teuitm·y in West Vitginia !tlle -only Jlaw which has not :belie.v.e in the investigation and who wonder JWhat we 'COuld in the past existed is that law w.hi'Ch is enforced by the domi- -do, to :look .at the photographs which J: nave here of the humble nant power there. It is claimed .to me ;that in certain -p.laees tents in that territory, to lnok at tile people who .aTe do-wn there when one got off a .railroad train .he was inspeeted .by .a theire, and then to say that they will not render the modicum of 'detective ih the employment of mine owners and anly permitted aid that we are 1abie to renner lin this instance. r trust the Sen to get off if he could pass that inspection. It is .a matter which ate will no •longer •tlelay in 1lhe passage ,of the resolution. can not be controverted that the tleputy shetiffs of certain Mr. MYERS. Mr. President, when this J.,-esolntion was before counties are paid by :the mine owners .and 1hose lli.eputy sheriffs the Senate last week 'I expressed my · opposition to it and said therefore yield their allegiance to the people w..ho thus pay. them. at that time nbout all I :eared to say on ,fue subject. I do not The re~mlt of course is obvious. Under .such circumstances, care -to .say much more nn-d do not know tllat there is need to there is no such thing as a Constitution. There is .no sueb say mnch more to show that the resolution should :not be thing as protection ·o:f ilre 1aw. There 1is no such .thing 1lS thee adopted. pursuit of hal'Jl)i:ness. a:'bere is no .such thing as -tl:m.t hich is Thei•e .is a complete answer to what the Senator from Cali~ guarn.nteecl by the laws and the ~ Constitution of this land. forma has so eloquently said, an-d fuere i.s .a perfectly constibu- Not only that, sir, ·but some Df those deputy "Sheriffs who a1re tiona! way of p.roceemng in the matter under disc:ussi~n. if thus in the pay u.f the mine owners, :some ·of :thos_e me-n who tlre conditions whieh the Senator from l()aillirnia has 1iBsctibed axe -thus sworn as deputy ·sbel,ill!S to -uphold the law, are private ceKist .in the territory inyp-Jved d.n the l)ending .1·esolu-t.ion, it is detectives employed by the mine -ownerS' association. These the ,duty i}f the State go-nm:tment of West "Virginia to iremedy facts have b€en pro.ven -and therefore r dare speak :o.f them. them and to suppress th-e ;lawlessness .and linstTrl'eetion, if able I do nut -sp-eak of. the outrages -said ·to ila-ve uccurred: .in :tb.at 1dis- to rdo so. if the State government of W:est Vi-I:ginia !is 'l1Il8:ble trict because it may be asserted there is a controversy _respect- · to do so, the governor of that State should can upon the P.r-esi ing them, but when 1 say that the :law bas been .enforced by the dent of the United State-s to declal"e martial law in the terri paid ·detectives of ;p.rtvately 2798 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JUNE 21, stop lawlessness. I know the Senator from West Virginia Of late years it has become a practice every time a strike [l\1r. SuTHERLAND] was questioned quite closely by one of the of any consequen.ce occurs in the United States for the strikers, Senators on this side of the Chamber as to what could be ex particularly, to fly to the United States Government or to some pected from a senatorial investigation of this condition, and be branch of it and ask the United States Government to take their stated very frankly, nothing but publicity. I think the Senator side, and for quite a number of years past they have been from California virtually admitted the same thing by being getting considerable support from one branch or another of unable to point .out what Congress could do except to investi the United States Government until workmen have been en gate, what Congress could do beyond an investigation, or what com·aged to believe that every time they go on a strike the Congress could do as a result of an investigation. strikers will get the sympathy or the support of some branch It was admitted by both Senators, I believe, who advocated of the United States Government, and enable them thereby to the passage of the resolution, that Congress could not enact any win their point, or to win at least a considerable part of what law to control the situation and that it CQUld not send any: they are demanding. armed forces into the field to remedy the condition complained I think the sooner the strikei,"s learn that they are not going of, and that so far as constitutional action is concerned the to get the United States Government to fly to their rescue Congress could do nothing but investigate and give publicity. every time they precipitate a strike the sooner stri-kes will wane, That was brought out, and it bas to-day again been acknowl and the sooner there will be industrial peace and prosperity in edged that all Congress can do is to bring about publicity. the country. When they learn that they are not going to get I am glad that fact bas been made plain ·to the Senate. If active support and sympathy and interference from some branch the Senate wishes to expend quite a sum of money, quite a few of the Federal Government, they will be a little slower about thousand dollars, at the expense of the people, for the purpose striking and precipitating industrial disturbances. I think the of giving publicity to an industrial disturbance in the State of time has come when they should learn that lesson. West Virginia, I suppose it has the power to do so, and there The section of the country which is covered by this contro is no way to prevent it, if the Senate wishes to go into the versy is under martial law, I un(lerstand, at the present time, publicity business; but I am glad that issue is before the Senate by proclamation of the governor of West Virginia. and that it is admittedly only a question of publicity, and what Mr. SUTHERLAND. May I interrupt the Senator? ever publicity could bring about, that may result from the pro Mr. MYERS. I yield with pleasure. If I ~m not correct, I posed investigation. should like to be corrected. I am opposed to investigations of this kind, as a rule, unless 1\fr. SUTHERLAND. I will say to the Senator from Mon there be some strong and exceptional circumstances which tana that there was a proclamation of martial law, but the make them necessary. and particularly urgent. I am opposed to Supreme Court of \Vest Virginia within the past week has de such investigations because I do not believe that they result in clared that martial law in that district or any dish·ict was an the accomplishment of any good. I think they simply consume incident to military occupation, and it therefore declared the time and money for no good purpose. - proclamation null and void. So there does not now exist mar I would have opposed the motion of the Senator from Iowa tial law in that district. [Mr. KENYoN] a year or so ago to authorize a committee of Mr. MYERS. That decision was rendered by the supreme the Senate to investigate the steel strike which was in existence court of the State, the Senator says? at that time had I been on the floor of the Senate when the Mr. SUTHERLAND. By the Supreme Court of West Vir matter was brought before the Senate. I was not then here, ginia. and therefore could not oppose the motion, but I did happen to Mr. MYERS. And it declared the proclamation of the gov- be here when the Senator from California brought up the pend ernor null and void? · ing resolution. Being opposed to it and being opposed to such 1\fr. SUTHERL.AJ\TD. The Supreme Court of West Virginia investigations in general, I deemed it my duty to oppose his so decided. resolution. I personally regret to launch my objection to these Mr. MYERS. I an glad to have that information. How indiscriminate resolutions for investigations on the particular ever, the affair is still in the hands of the State authorities. resolution offered by th(' Senator from California, for whom I Mr. SHIELDS. 1\fr. President, will the Senator from Mon have very high personal regard, but if we are going to take a tana allow me to ask the Senator from 'Vest Virginia a question stand. against useless investigations we have to begin some in relation to this matter? where; and I think the resolution offered by the Senator from Mr. MYERS. I yield with pleasure. California affords an excellent and most appropriate oppor l\1r. SHIELDS. About six years ago there was, on Paint tunity: to voice disapproval of useless investigations. Creek and Cabin Creek, trouble similar to that now existing, It is admitted that the passage of this resolution is urged and the Senate passed a resolution along the lines of that now by both sides to the controversy, by the mine operators as well pending. As I recall, in that case the resolution . was passed as by the striking miners ; so in opposing the adoption of the practically after the strike troubles were over. I was a mem resolution no discrimination can be charged in those who ber of the committee appointed under the resolution, which oppose against either the mine operators or the striking miners; went up to that district and spent several days and heard a no prejudice can be exhibited against either side, for both say great deal of testimony. I wish to ask the Senator from West they want the investigation. Virginia, because he fully lmderstands the situation, whether So I think this an excellent opportunity to oppose investiga that investigation did any good in 'Vest Virginia? tions of this kind, of which there are entirely too many. I Mr. SUTHERLAND. ·It is very difficult to say, Mr. Presi do not think either side is entitled to an investigation by the dent, whether or not that investigation produced the condition Senate. I think the public and the rights of constitutional of quiet which followed or which, perhaps, existed at the time government are entitled to more consideration than is either the investigation took place. There has not been since that side of this controversy. I do not believe that the situation in time, however, a serious disturbance on Cabin Creek or Paint West Virginia offers one exceptional or extraordinary circum Creek where the strike took place which was investigated by stance which would make it an unusual case, requiring investi the committee of which the Senator from Tennessee was a gation by a senatorial committee. There are too many useless member. and expensive investigations by Congress. 1\fr. BORAH. Mr. President-- It has become the custom of late years every time there is a The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator from strike or an industrial disturbance in the country for one side Montana yield to the Senator from Idaho? or both sides to fly to the United States Government and to 1\fr. MYERS. I yield with pleasure to the Senator from ask for relief; it is the first move of one or both sides to fly Idaho, to make an inquiry, with the consent of the Senator to the Federal Government and ask for interference or support from Tennessee. · of some kind; if nothing more, for an investigation. I think 1\fr. SHIELDS. Certainly; the Senator from Idaho was a the sooner employers and employees learn that neither side can member of the committee to which I have referred. expect support in controversies of this kind from the United Mr. BORAH: I was a member of the committee and intro States Government or from any branch of that Gove-rnment, duced the original resolution providing for an investigation. A and the sooner. they learn that they can not expect any inter similar resolution was afterwards introduced by the then Sena ference from the United States Government the sooner they tor from Indiana, Mr. Kern. will learn to settle and adjust their differences amongst them Mr. SHIELDS. I had forgotten about the Senator from selves, according to natural economic laws and in a constitu Idaho introducing the original resolution, but I know that tional manner. If the United States Government would quit Senator Kern pressed the resolution, although he never stated interfering in differences between employers and striking em any very good reason why it should be passed by the Senate. ployees, in my opinion there would not be nearly so many· or Mr. BORAH. He succeeded in having it passed, at any rate; frequent strikes. and I have no doubt at all that the investigation accomplished 1921. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2799 an immense amount of good. The fact that no law was passed known to the statutes of West Virginia and not in accordance is beside the question; the investigation was the. controlling with any punishment provided by the laws of West Virginia, factor in adjusting a very serious situation. but they had been sent according to the will and discretion of l\lr. SHIELDS. That is where the Senator and I differ. I the drumhead court-martial which was sitting to try men never took a great deal of interest in it at the time; but, as I remem indicted and charged with no offense defined by statutes. ber, the strike was practically over when the committee went Mr. MYERS. Did the supreme·court of the State ever pass to West Virginia, as was conceded by everyone; and the only upon that action? result of the action of the committee was that we disturbed the Mr. BORAH. They did. peace of the community and revived a good deal of bad feeling. Mr. MYERS. What was the result? The committee came home and did not file any report for a Mr. BORAH. I regret to say it upheld it. long time. The Senator from Virginia [l\Ir. SwANsoN] was Mr. MYERS. The Senator may, of course, disagree with the chairman of the committee and divided up the work and had conclusions of the court, but a court of last resort has the different members of the committee prepare reports on the last word on the rights of citizens. various aspects of the situation, and then he compiled the indi Mr. BORAH. For the first time in 300 years under Anglo vidual reports and presented them all as one report to the Saxon jurisprudence a court in the United States held that a Senate. It was published at a cost to the Government of con drumhead court-martial trial of a civilian- in time of peace siderable money. was a legal proceeding. I challenge the Senator to point to a Mr. MYERS. And that was the end of it, I take it? precedent for such a decision during the last 300 years of Mr. SHIELDS. Oh, no; that was not the end of it. It cost .Anglo-Saxon jurisprudence. the GoYernment considerable money to print the report, and Mr. MYERS. If it involved the Federal rights of citizens, then the report lay in the document room for a good while could there not have-.- been an appeal to the Supreme Court until it was taken out and burned or sold as junk, or ~orne of the United States? thing of that kind. That was the end of it. Mr. BORAH. There could have been an appeal if the men Mr. OVERMAN. Did anybody ever read it? • had been in a position to take an appeal, but the Senator can l\lr. SHIELDS. I never heard of a man who ever read it. I understand that here were 25, 50, or 100 men congregated as know I spent a week in preparing my part of it, but if anybody so many cattle in a corral, brought in and tried by men who ever read it he never said anything to me about it. I thought had been fighting them with guns a few days before. What I had done something, but it amounted to practically nothing, opportunity did these men have? Is it the business of the and I always thought that there were about three weeks of my United States Government to remain silent and inactive when time thrown away. _ the constitutional rights of its citizens are being taken from My observation then was that 'Vest Virginia was able to take them in that way? care of herself. As a member of the committee, I met the Mr. MYERS. I think the Senator from Idaho knows fully governor of the State, and I remember very well he did not as well as anybody that, as a rule, labor unions have plenty give us a very warm reception. I thought he was pretty icy of funds with which to defend their members who are accused when we called at his office. He thought he was able to take of crime and to take appeals if necessary. I have no reason care of West Virginia himself, and my observation was that he to believe that there was an exception in this case. Defendants was able to do so, and that we were there invading West Vir such as those were do not, as a rule, lack funds. ginia and interferjng with the police power of West Virginia Mr. BORAH. I will tell the Senator one thing that happened. in a very offensive and improper way. That is the conclusion They took these men, tried them by court-martial, and shaved that I carne to when I left there, and I was sorry I went there. their heads and sent them to the penitentiary like criminals. Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, I was glad the Senator went. Mr. MYERS. Every man who goes to the penitentiary is I enjoyed his company. However, it was the expression upon treated as a criminal. all sides there, both of the laboring men and of the mine l\Ir. BORAH. But they were not -criminals under any pro- ' owners and of the police, that the in-vestigation did assist in cedure known to the laws of the United States. They were not settling the situation; that it did stop the disturbance; that it criminals under any procedure known to the laws of West led to an agreement and understanding which, I believe, is still Virginia. They were only criminals because a drumhead court in existence, for there bas never been any disturbance to amount martial said they were. to anything at Paint Creek since then. I must say-and for l\1r. MYERS. They were only criminals according to the last the Senator from Tennessee I have the most profound respect word of the Supreme Court of West Virginia, then. that this is the first time I have ever heard it contended that Mr. BORAH. But I was going to say that the moment we that investigation did not result in great good in settling the arrived there, as the Senator from Tennessee [Mr. SHIELDS] situation. knows, they began to turn these men out of the penitentiary. Mr. President, the Senator stated that the State of West Vir They knew that they had no means of holding them there except ginia was able to settle the matter itself. The State of West by force, and the moment publicity was turned upon the transac Virginia was not able to settle it. What was the State of West tion they turned the men loose. Virginia compelled to do in order to deal with the situation? Mr. WALSH of Montana. Mr. President, I am very glad to The goverJ?,or of West Virginia declared a state of·martia.J. attest the fact that in a similar case coming before the supreme law to exist; he undertook to suspend the laws of the State, court of my State it was adjudged that the decrees of a court and undertook to suspend the laws of the United States. Men martial consigning men in similar conditions to the penitentiary were gathered in groups of 25, 50, or 100, tried in herds, and were wholly without jurisdiction and were annulled by the sentenced to the penitentiary for crimes and offenses unde supreme court of the State; fined by and unknown to-the laws of West Virginia. Mr. BORAH. The State of Idaho has had some trouble Mr. MYERS. l\1r. President, I should like to ask. the Senator about these situations. It is perfectly useless to say to those of a question there. us who have passed through these scenes, and who have seen the Mr. BORAH. I yield. bloodshed and the riot and the crime upon both sides, that the Mr. MYERS. If the State government of West Virginia is presence of the Federal Government is not a steadying and a unable to uphold law and order, is it not the duty of the gov desirable presence, and one that has a good effect upon the ernor of West Virginia, by proper constitutional methods, to situation. There is no reason in the world why the Federal lay the- facts before the President of the United States and ask Government, when its citizenship is thus being treated, should the President for aid to enforce the laws and to keep the peace? not inquire into the situation. What it can do in the way of Mr. BORAH. That is one way to settle it. legislation depends upon what it finds; but it had the effect in 1\Ir. MYERS. Is there any other constitutional way? West Virginia, I venture to say, of turning out of prison hun Mr. BORAH. Yes; there is another constitutional way. dreds of men who were there in violation of every law known Mr. MYERS. I should like to know what it is. to the State of 'Vest Virginia and the United States. Mr. BORAH. A man is not only a citizen of West Vir Mr. MYERS. Mr. President, I should like to ask the Senator ginia, but he is a citizen at the same time of the United States, a question. and we have just as much right to investigate concerning his Mr. BORAH. Very well. condition and to protect his citizenship as has the State of West 1\Ir. MYERS. If these lamentable conditions exist there again, Virginia. as the Senator says they €.-'risted there once before, is not the Mr. MYERS. What can Congress do to protect it after the President of the United States the proper party to apply Fed investigation is over? eral power, and is it not the duty of the governor of 'Vest Mr. BORAH. It it is necessary, it can do a great deal, as it Virginia to apply to the President of the United States for did in this instance. assistance ; and if he is applied to upon a proper showing, does Let me go a little further. As I have said, men had been not the Senator from Idaho believe that the President of the sent to the penitentiary not according to any defined crime United States will grant it? 2800 JUNE 21 ., .Mr. BORAH. .1\fr. President, if tlle President · 1921. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2801 habeas corpus and be relieved from an unconstitutional judg immune from them when clashes take place between employers rnent--,---one not authorized by law. They had a clear, unem and employees. barrassed remedy. There is no doubt about that. The Senator Mr. OVERMAN. That is true, but I wanted to know particu will agree with me that from the evidence a great many of larly whether the governor of the State and the authorities those men ought to have been in the penitentiary, and some on there have not hancUed the matter in suc)l a way that now both sides ought to have been in the penitentiary. quiet reigns in that part of the county. l\Ir. BORAH. Yes; I think there were some on both sides 1\fr. SUTHERLAl'\fD. I believe that quiet generally reigns that ought to have been in the penitentiary, but they ought to throughout that territory. I want .to correct, in this connection, have been sent there according to legal methods. a statement made by the Senator from California ll\1r. JoHN The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator from Mon soN]. He stated that there was no force there endeavoring to tana yield, and, if so, to whom? uphold the laws of the State except mine guards, privately paid. Mr. MYERS. I yield to the Senator from Idaho and the That is not the case. I know the Senator made that statement Senator from Tennessee, both, to exchange remarks ; each in inadvertently and without proper information. turn, as they may desire. Mr. JOHNSON. No; 1\fr. President, permit me to correct the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator yield for Senator. What I was endeavoring to assert was that the condi an inquiry? tions down there had been due to the fact that the law was Mr. MYERS. Yes; I yield for an inquiry of any length by administered by those who were in the pay of private corpora either. tions. There is to-day, of course, another force in the field Mr. SHIELDS. I just want to say further in regard to this besides the deputy sheriffs in the pay of the mine owners-! matter that I do not believe in expending money for this inves grant that very readily. tigation merely to accommodate the parties, although both of l\fr. SUTHERLAND. I misunderstood the Senator, and I did them want it and agree on it. It takes something more than the not want intentionally to misinterpret anything he said. I consent of two opposing parties to justify all this expense and understood the Senator to state that there is no force down all this trouble. I do not believe in these investigations unless there upholding the laws of the State except these mine guards, Congress can see how it can pass some legislation based upon privately paid. There is a State force down there, the State con the result of the investigations to remedy the evil. stabulary, a very efficient force, and it is due to their presence There is no one here, so far as I have beard, who bas asserted in that territory now, very probably, that there is a condition that there is any possibility-that there is any warrant under the of comparative peace and quietude. Constitution for interfering with the police power of West Vir The Senator also stated thaf there was no constitutional law ginia by such a proceeding. It is holding out a false hope and there. He was referring, possibly, to the condition which exists deluding those interested. It is not calculated to shake the con when two men armed get together and fight, for they are not fidence of the people in the authority of the State government obeying the Constitution. The population of that entire terri· and cause censorship. tory is living under constitutional guaranties. 'Villiamson, the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is upon agree county seat of that county, is carrying on its accustomed busi ing to the resolution as amended. ness. The people of the county generally, while they deplore the Mr. DIAL. Mr. President, it seems that they must have a situation and are disturbed by it, yet go about their ordinary good many investigations down in West Virginia. I askecl the avocations. Senator from Tennessee if the investigation he referred to was Yet I believe, l\lr. President and Senators, that an investiga a joint one, and he said not. I was talking with a Congress tion into this situation would have a quieting effect upon it, man just a few minutes ago, and he said that he was a member and .might tend to compose the differences between the belliger of an investigating committee several years ago which investi ent factions. I believe that it so resulted possibly in the case O'ated conditions in that State, and that he was satisfied it was of the Paint Creek and Cabin Creek clash. I believe that the : useless expenditure of money; and he said that hereafter he appointment of the committee which investigated the Colorado would oppose any such investigation; that it was entirely out of strike, of which I was a member, had such a quieting effect. place and unnecessary. I know from personal experience, as a member of that com 1\fr. OVERMAN. l\Ir. President, if the Senator from Mon mittee, that during the time the committee was in Colorado no tana will allow me, I desire to inquire of the Senator from violence of any kind occurred. The people on both sides were West Virginia whether this trouble is all over and quiet reigns put upon their good behavior because a body of men represent there now? That was suggested, and I would like to have the ing the legislative authority of the General Government was Senator inform us whether the trouble is over. there on the ground, ready to listen to any grievances which Mr. SUTHERLAND. l\fr. President, replying to the Senator either side might have. It had a decidedly quieting effect, and from North Carolina, the trouble is not over; that is, I can not there was very little if any trouble after that investigating say there is no violence rlor threats of violence in that terri committee concluded its labors and made its report. Whether tory. So far as the strike itself and the working of the mines that followed as cause and effect I can not say, any more than is concerned, it is true, I am told by those who are in that I can say whether the settlement of the strike difficulty in the territory, that they have all the men in the mines the_y need; Cabin Creek and Paint Creek sections was effect following cause. that the mines there are producing all the coal for wh1cb they But they were certainly coincident, and there is a fair presump have orders, and are getting out more nearly a normal per tion that both of those investigations did some good. centage of coal than is being produced in any other region in that State. The men who went on strike are, however, living 1\Ir. SHIELDS. I desire to ask the Senator from West Vir in tent colonies near by. They are being supported by the ginia a question. Is 'Vest Virginia able to administer its own national mine organization, and, of course, they have nothing police laws and preserve the peace of the State? much to do except to sit by and watch the proceedings. l\lt·. SUTHERLAND. Mr. President, in reply to the Senator, Mr. OVERMAN. What I want to know is whether there is I will say that I believe the State of 'Vest Virginia is abundantly quiet there, nr whether disorder and mob rule prevail at this able, under ordinary conditions, to maintain law and order. The time. State is somewhat at a disadvantage just at this time, due to the Mr. SUTHERLAND. I will say to the ·senator that the war. When we entered the war West Virginia had a splendid trouble extends over only a comparatively small portion of militia organization, consisting of two regiments of militia. one county and there is no great outbreak of violence. Occa They were taken down to the border. Later they were taken sionally so::Ue hot-headed person does an act that is not at aU to Europe in the Great World War and afterwards disbanded, as creditable, and the one described by the Senator from Cali were the militia of almost all the States. fornia a while ago, of course, is indefensible if the facts are Since the reorganization act was passed last June there has as stated. But there are events that lead up to those outrages not been an opportunity to reorganize our State militia ; and, on both sides. as a matter of fact, it is stated to me that the boys who were in The Senator has described the condition of these tent colonies. the service refuse now to enlist in the militia, and those who I do not defend the cutting of those tents or the firing upon the were not in the service, particularly in view of the fact that a men or women who are in the tent colonies; yet, on the other strike trouble is pending down in a section of the State, do not hand there has been firing upon the houses of the miners who want to go into the militia, and it has been impossible to are ~ttempting now to work the mines. There has been firing organize the State militia. Th€'ir mothers and fathers, too, upon the miners who are working to get out coal, and, of course, do not want their boys to go down into that territory. that creates a bitter feeling of hostility between the contending l\fr. SHIELDS. They are opposed to any more wars? factions, as is always the case. in such disturbances, no matter Mr. SUTHERLAND. They are opposed to any more wars. in what State thev occur. Such incidents occur in Philatlelphia, Mr. SIDELDS. Those are the same men \Vho were opposed and in New Yorl;, and in the country generally. The Senator to the League of Nations-to sending our boys over to maintain from Idaho bas stated that they occur out in Idaho. No State is order and p·eace in Europe-are they not? I I 2802 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. Mr. Sl:JTHERLAKD. Some of th-em are. Two years ago the not give publicity to their differences in othN' ways? Do they leg.slHture passed a law prortding for a State constabulary, ~ot know the facts, without Senators going up there ancl swea r~ not a large force, but quite an expensive one to maintain, which mg them and making them tell them, as '"'e di {12) Factories, creameries, hayricks. and other food of domestic The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senat01·'s motion was animals, owned by noncombatants, are burned and destroyed, leav not in ·order at the time it was made. The Chail· lays before ing thou.'3ands of people without means of gaining a livelibood and the Senate bills anu joint resolutions from the Bouie of Repre thus bringing on much suffering and starvation. (13) A policy of reprisals has been instituted, by which villages sentati\es, and those must be submitted to the Senate before are laid waste and homes are destroyed, contrary to the la,w of na· anything else is clone. House joint resolution 112 will be re t1ons and of humanity. ferred to the Committee on Pub1ic Buildings and Grounds. (14) The property of religious, educational, and ci-\ic institutions is destroyed. HOUSE .BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION REFERRED. And Whereas many thousands of loyal citizens of the United States a.re The following bills and joint resolution were severally read related by blood to .the victims of th-ese atrocities in Ireland ; and . twice by their titles and referred as indicated below: Whereas this situation is making it exceedingly difficult to maintain H. R. 4976. An act granting the consent of Congress to the unimpaired and unembarrassed the long-standing good will and com mon understanding between the United States and Great Britain, Trumbull Steel Co., its su~essors and assigns, to construct, which the Congress is zealously desirous of fostering and perpetuat maintain, and operate a dam across the Mahoning River in the ing: Now, therefore, be it State of Ohio; to the Committee on Commerce. Resf)l!ved, eto., That the Irish people are entitled to a goyernment of their own choice ; and H. R. 5756. An act to amend an act entitled "An act to declare That the Congress views with.horror and indignation the continue-d the purpose of the people of the United States as to the future violation of the dictates of huma:nity and the laws of war by the political status of the people of the -Philip.pine Islands, and to armed forces of Great Britain in Ireland and most solemnly protests to the world against the continuation of such acts of uncivilized war provide a more autonomous government for these islands," ap fare. proved August 29, 1916; to the Committee on Territories and SHALL IRELAND BE FREE? Insular Possessions. Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, in urging the Senate to pass H. R. 6573. An act to further reclassify postmasters and em this joint resolution, I desire at the beginning to say that I ployees of the Postal Service and readjust their salaries and have no ill-will against the British people. I have no desire to compensation on an equitable basis, and for · other purposes; to disrupt the British Empire. I want to live, and I want my the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads. country to live in entire peace and harmony With all th~ peoples H. R. 6877. An act to permit a compact or agreement between of the ~arth, and I am urging the passage of this joint reso the States CJf Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mex lution because I believe its passage will tend to bring about ico, Utah, and ·wyoming, respecting t~ disposition ·and appor such peace and harmony ·and continued friendship and good tionment of the waters of the Color·ado River, and for other will among the nations of the world. I desire not only that my purposes; to the Committee on Irrigation and 'Reclamation. country should remain at peace with the world but I am par H. J. Res.153. Joint resolution permitting the admission of ticularly anxious that such peace should exist between us certain aliens who sailed from foreign ports on or before June and the great English-speaking nation whose territory' reaches 8, 1921, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Immi around the world. I am anxious that no steps should be taken gration. by my country that will in any way interfere with the good Mr. WILLIMIS. l\Ir. President, a parliamentary inquiry. understanding and the friendly relations existing between The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator rrom Mississippi us and Great Britain. I want to avoid, if I can, taking any . will state the inquiry. action that would offend the sensibilities of the English people, Mr. WILLIAMS. What is the Senate bill which the Chair a and I Shall make no criticism of the British Government that I moment ago said is now before the Senate? He described it by would not make with equal candor against my own country did number only. I believe similar conditions warranting such c1iticism existed. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. It is a bill ·introduced by the While the criticisms I shall offer have as their primary object Senator from New Jersey [l\!r. FRELINGHUYSEN] and reported by the alleviation of the sufferings of the Irish race, they are the Committee on Interstate Commerce, rela.ting to rates on coal. nevertheless made in the hope and in the belief that they will l\lr. WILLI.Al\lS. I thought there was a request to lay it appeal to the f-ai-r-mindedness of the British people themselves aside temporarily. and to the liberty-loving people of the . civilized world. I Mr. KING. That was objected to. will not be dissuaded, however, or deviate from the course Mr. WILLIA:l\!S. Very well. that I have outlined by any fear ·Of danger or of censure that CO:"iDITIONS IN IRELAND. many honest people entertain that we must not speak the truth 1\fr. NORRIS resumed and concluded the speech begun by him for fear of bringing upon us and our country the enmity and yesterday. His speech entire ia as follows: the ill-will of any nation or people, however great and powerful. I hope-that what I shall say may be accepted in a spirit of Jlond.ay, J-une 20, 1921. kindliness ar.d friendliness, but I will not be dissuaded from Mr. NORRIS. 1\Ir. President, on the 16th day of April last I saying it even though the unreasonable and the unfair shall introduced a joint resolution which I now ask the Secretary to cry out that we must not raise our voices in 1Jehalf of down read. t1'odden and suffering humanity lest we gtve offense. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. W.IIJ:.Is in the ('haiT). Tlle The crime of permanently holding in subjection against their Secretary will read as requested. will a people or a nation who are able and co1111>etent to · The reading clerk read the joint resolution, as follows : govern themselves, is second only to that of human slavery. A joint resolution (S . .r. Res. 27) protesting against violations of the It is, in effect, slavery upon a large scale. The right of a people laws of land warfare committed by the British forces against the to be free is just as sacred as the right of an individual to be Irish ,people in their struggle for independence. free. Human freedom is an impulse of the soul. It is the .Whereas there is a state of war existing between the Government of Great Britain and the people of Ireland ; and sacred right of every person and of every nation. It may be Whereas the axmed forces of Great Britain in Ireland have violated the mainly a sentiment, but it is a controlling spii·it that is fostered · laws of warfare as set forth in The Hague Convention of 1907, to and nouri-shed in the breast of every civilized human being. which the Government of the United States is a signatory ·power, in the following particulars : It is more sacred than life itSelf, and the struggle of any civi~ {1) Prisoners of war are not treated as prisoners of the BritiSh lized nation for freedom and self-government is one that should Go>ernment but as prisoners of the individuals or corps that capture appeal, and does appeal, to all honest and iptelligent people. them. ( 2 ) Such prisoners are subjected to cruel and inhuman treatment. QQod government is desirable and is the aim of the common (3) Priso:ers are assassinated without excuse, or under the pre people of every civilized nation, but free government is the in text that they axe attempting to escape. alienable right of every civilized nation of the earth. It is just ( 4) The property of pri&oners is confiscated. (5) Prisoners, as well as noncombatant civilians, are compei:ted as unjust, just a-s unholy, and just as reprehensible for one by military force to perform excessive labor. • civilized nation to hold another civilized nation in subjection ( 0) Irish nationals are forced to take part in the operations of as it is for an individual to own the flesh and blood of his fellow wa r against their own people. (7) 1:Iostages are carried by the British forces when engaged in being and to sell and traffic in human slavery. wa t· operations. THE STRUGGLE OF IRELAND FOH EREEDOll. ( ) Irish nationals are forced to swear allegiance to the Govern reen t of the invading forces. For more than seven centuries the Irish people have struggled (9) Irish citizens are forced under extreme torture to give informa to be free. During all those years the Irish nation, against its tion about their armed forces. ( 10) Family riahts and honor, the lives of persons, and private will, has been held in national subjection by Great Britain by property are viola'ted by arson, pillagE>, and assassination. Husbands force and intimidation. No one who has given any study to and sons are killed in the presence of their wives anl.l mothers. In history and to present conditions has any doubt but what the nocent women and children are shot down in cold blood by soldiers driving through the streets in motor lorries. Irish people possess all the qualifications necessary for self (llJ Penalties are laid upon towns and villages as the result of government. They have never yet willingly submitted to British the acts of individuals for which they can not be held legally respon rule. During the centuries that have passed they have been sible; homes are broken into m the dead of night, tht:l inhabitants terrorized, and the houses looted and burned. During the year 1920 crying out to a sympathizing world for self-determination, for more than 48,000 homes were thus violated. their liberty and their freedom. They have suffered during 2804 GONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JUNE 21, these years the unjust and the humiliating rule of military How true, l\fr. President, as applied to Ireland ! Let me power. Under the control of a foreign Government, they have read it agn._in, and instead of saying " Russia , let me say not been able to develop their industries or enact the laws for "Ireland." With that one change, it will read as follows: their own goyernment, but, on the other hand, have been com l5upposing you • • • reorganize Ireland, what manner of gov pelled, to a very great extent, to see the results of their labors ernment would you set ·up there? and their energy devoted to the upbuilding of the powerful . You must set up a government which the people want; otherwise nation that holds them in subjection against their will. Their ~a~ould be an outrage on all the principles for which we fought in the natural resources remain dormant; their trade and their com merce exist mainly for the purpose of helping and assisting On November 9, 1914, the great Englishman, Arthur Balfour speaking in behalf of his country, used the following language; their conquerors and their masters. During the years of toil • • • We fight, not for ourselves alone, but for clvllization and strife they have seen their population dwindle and dis drawn to the cause of small States, the cause of all those countries appear until one-half of the people of their fertile island have whl.ch desire to develop their own civilization in their own way, fol vanished. lowmg thetr own ideals without interference from any insolent and The appeal of Ireland ought to come with particular force to unauthorized aggressor. That is the cause for which we fight. the people of America, the people whose forefathers rebelled On September 6, 1917, Lloyd-George said: from the same mother country and who obtained their freedom • • • But if this is the day of great empires it is also preemi nently the day of little nations. It is around them that the greatest upon the battle field on account of persecutions that in their struggle for liberty centers. severity can not begin to compare with the afilictions that have been suffered and are being suffered by the people of Ireland. And on January 5, 1918, the same statesman used the fol- 'Ve hold in sacred remembrance and the entire civilized world lowing language : . looks with admiration upon our forefathers who became traitors The settlement of the new Europe must be based on such grounds of to the mother country in order to be free. Those who believe reason and justice as will give some promise of stability. Therefore it is that we feel that government with the consent of the governed must in the sacred principles enunciated by our forefathers in the be the basis of any territorial settlement in this war. Declaration of Independence can not close their ears to Ireland's cry. Mindful of our own freedom and our own history, and Those fundamental principles laid down by the leading jealously believing in the righteousness of our forefathers' cause, statesmen of Gr~t Britain, if carried out to-day would with· we can not do less than in the words of the pending resolution c.iUt question give absolute independence and freed~m to Ireland. protest to the ch·ilized world against the holding in national . On January 12! ~917, ·the allied nations, which, of course, bondage, without their consent, one of the civilized races of the mcludes Great Bntam, sent a note to the American Government world. from which I take the following quotation: ' "\Ve have recentJy emerged from a great war in which we were . 'l'he allied nations are confident that they are fighting, not for selfish mterest, but above all to safeguard the independence of peoples right, one of the Allies of Great Britain. 'Ve announced to the world and humanity. • • • ' and Great Britain announced to the world that the war was Their war aims necessarily imply the reorganization of Europe "'Uar being fought for the protection of the rights of weak nations; antee? by a stable regime and based at once on respect for natio~alities for the self-determination of peoples. The American soldier ~~!l~berty of economic development possessed by all peoples, small and and the British soldier who fought side by side upon the battle - fields of Europe believed that they were fighting, yes, that they On March 22, 1915, Sir Edward Grey spoke as follows: were dying, for the principle of freedom and the right of every . We wish. the nation~ of Em·ope to be free to live their independent hve.s, workmg_ out the1r own forms of government for themselves and people to govern themselves. Not only the soldiers but the men, thetr own natwnal developments, whether they be great States or small women, -and children who sacrificed in every way at home to States, in full liberty. That is our ideal. keep the Army at the front, all believed that their saci·ifices On September 24, 1914, 1\fr. Winston Churchill laid down the were being made for humanity, justice, and civilization. We following as one of the ain1s of Great Britain in the World were all justified in this belief. Whatever disagreement might \Var: • have existed at the beginning it was soon abated by the slogans We want a natural and harmonious settlement which liberates races of the leaders of our country and of Great Britain, who con-_ restores the. integrity n November 9, 191u, the premier of Great Bntam, 1\Ir. As- l::iopposing you • • • reorganize Russia, what manner of gov-, qmth, spoke as follows: ernment would you set up there? But, be the journey long or short, we shall not pause or falter untU You most set up a government which the people want; otherwise we h~tve secured for the smaller States of Eutope their charter of inde it would be an outrage on all the . principles for which we fought in pendence, and for the world at large its final f:'mancipation from the the war. reign of force. 1921~ CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-_ SENATE. 2805 · f G e t Britain system of government which they resent. America:, speaking through. And pn January 7, 1917' thiS- same premJer 0 r a lts~President, declares that "the_ libe.rties of every other people" are maintained that his Government was in the war for no se~ as valued and are to be made secure, aye, as tire liberties of America. purpose by using the following languag~: Will Ireland fight for this freedom? America will see her rights are We have believed and we have maintained from the first day <>f the secured. · war that we are fighting for no selfish purposes, but in the general The object of this circular was to play upon the friendship- service o:f civilization and humanity. betwe-en Ireland and the United States. It was to induce Irish- Sir Edward Grey, on the 23d day ofFebruary, 1917, made the men to fight under the British flag, on the tfieory that such sacri- following promise : fices would bring independence and freedom to Ireland. It was This war • • • will secure to Europe • • • a. peace in holding out to Ireland that if her sons would enlist and fight, the which each nation will be able to live its own life. freedom of Ire-land would be. one of· the results of victory; and On February 4, 1917, Lloyd-George, in a political speech in it was pointed out to Ireland that America was in this fight England, said : and that America would see that Ireland obtained justice as The Liberal Party has special interest in. the causes for w~ich _we one of the results of victory. I wonder, Mr. President, if are struggling in this great war and the prm~~le that the. ri.ghts of .Ameri~a will see, according to the British circular, that Irelan ursclves, .we are- ~ghting world are bowed down with the burdens of taxation because they for the rights of other natwns * * * to hve their own believed the promises that were made. Unborn. generations must way • "' *. The one thing we are fighting for is peace and security toil and suffer because the leaders of our day in England and. for peace in the time to come. America promised this sacred boon to a suffering, bleeding As late as July 21, 1920, IJoyd-George made a speech in the world. House of Commorut, from which t1ie following is taken: THE PEOPLE AilE nEnusEn. Poland has chosen her own government by universal suffrage, and · f it is intolerable that any country from outside should come in and But the victory that was won on the- battle field on account o impose upon her a government which she does not want. these sac1ifices for humanity was surrendered and given away :Mr. Asquith, on September 29, 1917, described the peace that by the autocrats who sat in secret around the peace table at must come at the close of the war in the following language: Versailles-. Whe-n the truth emanated· from that secret chamber An international system in which there will be a place for great it was discovered that the same British statesmen who urged and for small States and under which both alike can be assured a stable the soldiers on to battle and who proclaimed the· doctrine of foundation and an indenend.ent development. self-determination to the workers behind the lin-es had their On January 5, 1918, Lloyd-George, at a labor conference, out- pockets stuffed with secret treaties, by which in tne day of their lined the object of Great Britain, as follows-: supremacy and their power eve-ry promise made to a civilized The sanctity of treaties must be established ; a territorial settlement world was betrayed and nullified. Ireland found that the free~ must -be secured based on the right of self-determination, or the consent dom and the liberty for which she had struggled for centuries of the governed. - and for which in this war many of her sons had giv~n their lives The English Government issued a statement on AuguS-t 3, was not only denied to her but that the very power which this • 1918, that was read. at all places of entertainment, ft~m which victory gave to her oppressor was to be used in further subje-ct- the following quotation is taken : ing her by a cruelty and inhumanity greater than she had ever We are in this war for no selfish ends. We are in it to-- reco-ver ff d b f H h d d to ask f fr ed freedom for the nations who have been brutally attacked. su ere e ore. er sons W 0 are · or e om were thrown into jail ; the homes of her people were wrecked and de-.. And on August 9, 1918, Lloyd~orge delivered an address at stroyed; her factories that gave employment to her sons and the Castle Hotel, from which the following profession of un- daughters were confiscated and burned to the ground; and Irish selfishness is. quoted : men were imprisoned and compelled to suffe-r ali manner o:f * * * The world is a world for the weak as well as for the cruelties and inhuman punishments. All thes..) things were done strong. If not, why did God make little nations? by the military forces of Great Britain, under the command of I want to read one more. On the 5th day of July, 19~8 • her officers, and in violation of every rule of war, peace, or Lloyd-George used this language in an address to American humanity, and Ireland is to-day held in subje-ction by the brute troops : force of military rule. President Wilson yesterday made it clear what we are fighting for. The treatment of the Irish people by the British forces almost What had President Wilson said the day before that was thus beggars description. These military forces now in control re- given world-wide approval by England's Prime Minister? It ~as sort to methods and practices that violate every rule' of ciVilized the spee-ch that President Wilson made in a place that is sacred to warfare and can not be defende.d before any honest tribunal the patriotic heart of every American. It was on .an occasion anywhere. No parallel for existing conditions in Ireland can that is likewise sacred to America, and President Wilson had on be found in civilization and in order to make any comparison this occasion as his audien~e the. entire civilize~ world. TJ:e ' with these conditions it' would be ne-cessary to go back into the speech was made at the tomb of George Washmgton, and. In darkest days of barbarism. Human rights are trampled undel" it the President made on behalf of all the Allies the followmg foot, property is destroye-d almost without lirnitr t!Ie homes and demand: firesides of innoce-nt and unoffending people are inv-aded in the The settlement of every question, ~hether of terrlt4?ry, of sovereignty, dead of night, and women and children against whom no charge of economic arrangement, or of pohtical relationship, upon the baSis . . d dr" fr th · fi "d to of the free acceptance of that settlement by the people immediately whatever lS rna e are 1ven ·om e1r res1 es on1 y see concerned, and not upon the basis of the material interest or ad-vantage their homes and all their earthly possessions going up in fhunes. of any other nation or people which may desire a different settlement EVIDE~CE OF THE BRITISH PEOPLE. for the sake of its own exterior influence <>r mastery * • ". What we seek is the reign of law based upon the consent of the governed, and We are not,confined alone to the evidence of Irishmen as to sustained by the organized opinion of mankind. the terrible conditions existing in that unhappy land, but there While the war was on, and when England was straining every is an abundance of testimony from Englishmen themselves. nerve to meet the onslaught of the enemy; when she was doing Men prominent in the councils of Great Britain have unhesitat everything possible to recruit her army, and for the purpose of ingly condemned the action of the British Government in Ire- influencing Irishmen to enlist under her banne·r, the War Office land. Various English organizations of men and women have of Great Britain circulated through Ireland the following cir· made investigation on the ground and have, without exception, cular-and this was after the United States had gone into the condemned their own Gove-rnment and have demanded that war : Ireland be accorded the right to govern herself. " ffiELAND AND AMERICA.'' OPDHONS OF ENGLISH LEADERS ON BRITISH POLICY IN IRELA:l\1>. The Star-Spangled Banner is unfurled for the fight. There is not the slightest ambiguity about the language ot President Wilson : I want to give, now, the opinions of some eminent English "Territory, soverrugnty, or political relationship-any or all of statesmen and leaders. . these-to be settled upon the basis of the free acceptance of that .settle On the 22d day of February this year the Archbishop of ment by the people immediatei:y- concerned." The President also said: ' We are concerting with our allies .to Canterbury, the head of the Protestant English Church, in an make not only the liberti~s of America secure but the liberties cf every address in the House of Lords, used this language, speaking other people as well." . No man can read these words without applying them to Ireland of Ireland: as well as to Belgiumt Poland, the J'ugo-Sta.vs, and the Ukraine. The What is now being ' r \ 2806 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-SEN ATE. JUNE 21, was that the German people acquiesced. Exactly the same charge can organized by officials in high places in Dublin. The attempt is not be brought against the British people if they acquiesce without pro merely to punish the guilty, but to break the whole spirit of Ireland by test in what is being done in Irelanu to-day. · inflicting punishment upon people who are as 'innocent as babes unborn. Tlle Rev. Duncan D. MacGregor, moderator of the Presby That was the system which, un - 1921. CONGRESSION£\-L RECORD-SENATE. 2807 Hon. A. Baldwin Raper (Unionist Member of Parliament) : " On the tiou to enforce discipline and put an end to police crime that his posi following day I was walking down Patrick Street (Cork) between 3.30 tion was deliberately rendered impossible and resignation forced upon and 4.30 when, without the slightest provocation, so far as I could see, him. a number of shots were fired by Crown forces over the people's heads, as a result of which, J understand, one civilian looking through a In other words, where there was a general who wanted to window was shot dead. stop the lawlessness, the barbarity, and the criminal conduct of " It must be obviolls to any impartial observer who has bad an oppor tunity of visiting the south of Ireland that measures and incidents British military forces be was compelled to resign. He states such as these can never have the desired effect of bringing peace, and in the article an instance where members of the British military must, in fact, deepen the cleavage between the British and the Irish forces disguised themselves as members of the republican army peoples." (Letter to London Times, Mar. 9, 1921.) . Bishop Gore: " The Government is engaged in the perpetration of and robbed the post office. He states another case where a crime in Ireland against justice and the foundations of civil liberty and priest was deliberately murdered and his body buried in a order. This accursed policy of reprisals must not be allowed to go on vault and false reports given out on account of it. He tells any longer." (Address at St. Mark's Hall, Feb. 28, 1921.) - Gilbert K. Chesterton : " The whole world thinks that England has somewhat of the truth about what happened at Croke Park, gone mad. * * * We are not ruling Ireland. We are simply raid where the military authorities interrupted a football game and ing Ireland, exactly as men raid across a frontier. Our rulers are in shot promiscuously into the crowd and killed a great many vading Ireland exactly as the Prussians invaded Belgium." (Article in Manchester Guardian, Mar. 6, 1921.) people. I shall not take the time to read it, but it is from the Lord Gladstone (in letter to Sir Hamar Greenwood) : " I detest your highest English authority, one of the English generals. I ask system of reprisals and a policy which gravely and in all parts of the that the entire article be printed as an appendix to my remarks. world compromises the fame of Great Britain for justice and common The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection it is so sense." (London Times, Feb. 24, 1921.) Right Hon. Alexander M. Carlisle, privy councilor (leading ship ordered. builder in Belfast) : "It is not merely that the Government have made [See Appendix B.] mistakes-gross, unpardonable mistakes of which they were fully Mr. NORRIS. There is in the world an international or warned-it is that they have endeavored to hide those mistakes by shameless duplicity and infamous dishonesty." (New York Evening ganization of women's clubs, the International League. Every Post, Mar. 17, 1921.) Government or country bas an organization that is a part of A. G: Gardiner: "The story of English rule in Ireland is the darkest the internatioDJll organization. The British branch, composed tragedy on earth, with the single exception of the tragedy in Armenia. We have assassinated the Irish nation for 600 years; we have burned entirely of English women of the International League, all its towns and put its people to the sword. We have destroyed its manu English citizens, at a meeting appointed a committee of 10 factures. Again and again we have placed in Ireland garrisons to over women to go to Ireland and make an investigation on the awe the population. We have driven the people from the soil, so that to-day the population is only one-half what it was a century ago. There ground. They went. I bold in my band a copy of their report is no tale of corruption so sustained, so malignant, in the annals of from which I desire to quote. They said in one place: civilized Europe." (Signed article in London Daily News, Nov. 26, The Government campaign against the Sinn Fein is carried on in 1920.) the following way : Lord Robert ·Cecil: "Anything which attacks justice, equity, and 1. Terrorism. freedom attacks the basis on which the British Empire stood. The 2. Destruction of Irish agriculture and manufactures and trades. supremacy of the law is the guaranty of freedom and for that all lovers 3. Propaganda. of freedom in our history have fou~bt. Reprisals are the negation of that supremacy." (New York Evemng Post, Mar. 17, 1921.) They wind up their report by saying: Lieut. Gen. Sir Henry Lawson, K. C. B.: "It probably would have We therefore advocate the immediate liberation of Irish political been impossible, had I tried, to find out to what extent the policy of prirJoners. collective reprisals so widely carried out by the Black and Tans and cadets was suggested anll approved from above. That it received It might be well to pause here and say that the jails and in something more than tacit approval is obvious from many public utter ternment camps in Ireland are filled with this kind of prisoners. ances. • * • We therefore advocate the immediate liberation of Irish political "It has further to be remembered that the instruments of this policy pi"isoners. had bad as a whole no previous touch with Ireland; probably the vast majority bad never crossed the Irish Channel before; they were specially That is a unanimous report signed by all the members of the enlisted for a repressive job1 and in the eyes of most of them they were committee and all English, let me add. engaged in a campaign agamst the Irish people for the suppression of acts of violence against police and soldtery. So far as one can judge There is another international organization of a religiou~ they appear to have treated the whole population on the same lines, nature, the Society of Friends, the Quakers of the world. The just and unjust, landlord, shopkeeper, farmer, and their point of view international organization is composed of delegates from tile seems to be that of mDitary forces operating in an enemy country against guerrilla warfare, very much like the Germans in France in various national entities of the international body. The Brit 1870 and i.n Belgium in 1914-1918." (Report to Lord Henry Bentinck, ish branch of the international organization of Friends or chairman Peace With Ireland Council, Dec. 27, 1920.) Lord Buckmaster (forml'r lord chancellor of Great Britain) : "It is Quakers selected a committee, all Englishmen, all living in only after careful sifting t'f information that ~ bave come to the con England, to go to Ireland and investigate conditions on the clusion that Government forces have been gmlty of murder, robbery, ground. I have before me a copy of the report of that com and arson." (Speech in House of Lords, Feb. 22, 1921.) Lord Nortbcliffe: "A settlement can only be reached when the English mittee. I wish to read an extract or two from it. public realize the futility of maintaining ·by force and under world At its September meeting the executive committee of the Society or wide condemnation an absolute form of government such as we have Friends (England~ .had before it the disturbed condition of Ireland. always been the first to denounce in foreign empires." (Article in .After serious consideration it was decided to send a deputation to visit Nineteenth Century and After, March, 1921.) the country to gather facts and impressions and report to a subsequent meeting as to the possibility of relief, reconstruction, and reconciliation. I wish now to take up a few extracts from organizations of The deputation numbered three, of whom the writer was one. It may English people. I am considering English evidence and con fairly be claimed that they went with open minds, anxious to receive light from whatever quarter it may shine. It is thought that some fining myself for the time being to the testimony of Englishmen acconnt of what was seen and what impressions were received may be about conditions in Ireland. I wish to read an extract now of general interest. from a manifesto issued by an organization of educated men That is the introduction to the report. It shows who they in Great Britain, a manifesto on Ireland by leaders of intellec were and the scope of their work. I wish now to read the con tual life in Great Britain. This is the way they commence: clusion of their report: We the undersigned, practicing the arts, the humaner letters, and As Ft·iends we must deplore the violence and the bloodshed on both the abstract sciences, or belon~ing to the churches and the learned sides that take place in such a state of war. As English citizens we professions of this country, bemg neither active nor interested poll- must surely chiefly feel the shame of the direct responsibility of our ticians, view with profound humiliation the present state of the Government for the policy of reprisal by the so-called black and tan, kingdom of Ireland. led by their officers, during which town after town is being ravaged and burnt and women and children are driven terror stricken into the I ask unanimous consent to print as an appendix to my fields and weeds to seek safety at night. remarks the entire statement, including the signatures. Those That from a. religious organization, from the Quakers of who care to examine it will find the leading clergy, the leading England, who have been there and made investigation on the professors, the leading universities all over England are ap- ground. pended to the statement which I have quoted. · There is still another English organization that sent a depu- Tbe PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection it is so tation to Ireland.· One of the great political parties of Eng- ordered. land, the Labor Party, decided that they would investigate what [See Appendix A.] was going on in Ireland. and they sent a committee over to Mr. NORRIS. One of the English generals over in Ireland Ireland to make an investigation. I have in my hand a copy was Gen. Crozier. The world was startled some time ago of their report. I wish to read a few extracts from it. In one by his resignation and his return to · England. I have a dis- place in their report they say: patch here from London, taken from the New York 'Vorld of In some places members of the Crown forces have compelled shop May 25, giving a synopsis of what Gen. Crozier said when he keepers to obliterate the Irish sioons over their doors and windows. returned to England and when be demanded an investigation of This, we know, has happened at Killarney, Pralee, and Listowel. Such conditions in Ireland. I quote from the article as follows: petty tyran~y creates ill. feeling. . · . I One spectes of terronsm to which reference must be made IS the Gen. Crozier asserts cases of murder, arson, looting, and other forms publication in the newspapers or by means of typewritten circulars of of terrorism were practiced by the Crown forces during the six months notices threatening punishment to the general public if certain things he held his Irish command, and it was in consequence of his determina- are done or not done. . LXI--177 2808 Iu another place they say : would, every one of them, as this report says, " blush with Tile following statement was given to the commission in evidence by shame" or would rise up as one. man and demand that these a lad of 18 who had been searched and a post-card photograph of the cruelties-: and barbarities cease. late lord-mayor of Cork found in his possession. Mr. bA FOLLETTE. Mr. President-- Bear in mintl this young man, thi::; lad, was found having· in The PRESIDENT pro tempore; Does the Senator from Ne liis possession a post-card· photograph of the lord mayor of bl·askm yield to the 'Senator from Wisconsin? Cork. That was his offense. This is- the statement: Mr. NORRIS. I yield. The Black and Tan who had searched me said I had a photo of Ma.cSwiney. The man in charge told me to go down on my knees. I Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Did I understand the Senator from did not go down. He struck me across• the face with his. clenched Nebraska to say earlier in his address the testimony which has fist. Then he told me again to go down on my knees. I did not go been furnished by various prominent English men and English down, and three or four ot the Black and' Tans who were around women and various organizations from which he has quoted pushed me down on my knees. The leader tlien took a bound book about the sft~ of a novel from under· his arm. He gave it to me· and had been denied publication in the English newspapers? told me to hold it above my head and repeat the following wor.ds.: Mr. NORRIS. Considering the statements themselves, I " I swear that I will have nothing to do with the Sinn Fein in· future." should judge they had been, but some of them we1:e published I took no notice. Tben• the leader• of·· the Black and 'llans put the barrel of his rifie to my forehead and told me to repeat the oath. in certain newspapers in England. AlL this time I ood said. nothing. I - repeated tbe oath. The leader THE RHPUBLIO OF ffiELAND. then said, " Say ' God l:lless the R: r. C.' " I sald nothing,. and the leader· struck me with his· fist on the face• and said, "Repeat ' God M'r. Presid-ent, Ireland has never voluntarily submitted to the bless the n. I. C.' three times." I said "God bless the R. I. C.'.' Then he took a large framed photo of De Valera from under hi& arm rule of· Great- Britain. For centuries she has been crying aloud and told me to SQit in De Valera's face three tim.es. I took: no notice. for independence and strivihg to be free. During all these years The leader again struck me on the face with· his fist. I made an she has been. held in subjection-in practiCal national servi attempt to do what I was told, but didn't actually db it, and one of the Black and 'Ca.ns snid, " They are very d.rr." 'llhe leader again tude-by the superior military. power of Great Britain. .After .:Jtruc.l{ me on the face. Then iliey all went away. the Great War, when_ it became evident that the promises: made In another plitc.e in the report this- committee say: to weak nations were not going. to be kept, when it became a.p~ 'l'Iii rough and. bmtal treatment of- women..- parent that the very power the- victory ga:ve to Great Britain was going. to· be used to further· sutidue and hold the Irish raee They had been describing some brutal treatment of women in. subjection, without their consent, the Irish people formall:y just abov.e· this quotation- proclaimed· their indep_endence. This occurred in January, 1919. This rough and brutal treatment of women is b.y no means•tbe worst tbat is to be said against men in the service of tbe. British Crown. The· members of Parliament elected' from Ireland, with the ex" It is, however, extremely difficult to obthin direct eVidence.. of' inci ception of a few in IDster, proceeded· to form a government. dents affecting females, for the women of Ireland· are· reticent on They electe On the 2'i.th of November, 1920, between 4 and 5 o'clock in diers took away a member of a household, it was the last time the morning, the house of Alderman Coughlan, at 19 Pine that ahy of the members of the family saw him alive. Street, Cork, was raided by the British military authorities. It On the 14th day of October, 1920, John Egar, a clerk in the was not the first time this house had been raided by the sol city hall at Cork, was searched when a military raid was made diers. On this occasion it was apparent from . what occurred upon the offices in the city building. Upon his person was that they were searching for the alderman. There was no found a ballot ticket for a drawing, the prize at which drawing crime charged against him ; there was no warrant out for his was to be a 32-caliber revolver and 50 rounds of ammunition, arrest, but he was a member of the city council, and the city and because he was found in possession of this ticket he was council was loyal to the new Irish republic. The alderman arrested. . He was_ taken to the military barracks and placed was not at home. He was, as the usual phrase goes in Ireland, in prison. The military authorities attempted to get some in "on the run," which means· that the military authorities were formation from him, which he declined to give. He was then hunting for him. He and his family live abt>ve a store, on the locked up and kept without food until the next day, and was second floor of the bu.ilding, and operate the store on the ground told that he would be killed unless he gave the information floor-a very common condition in the cities of Ireland. The which they desired. He was kept in a cell for 14 days, and soldiers broke in the glass windows of the storeroom and when they were unable to extract any information from him rushed upstairs, compelling Mrs. Coughlan to get out of bed he was finally released. and dress in their presence. The soldiers carried revolvers and On the 27th day of August, 1920, at about 1 o'clock in the flashlights. They made a complete search of the house for the morning, a raid was made by 25 soldiers upon the Buckley husband, but were unable to find him. They searched all the home in Ballyedmond, Middleton. The house was thoroughly bureau drawers for papers and documents. They robbed the searched by the soldiers, but nothing was found. Neverthe place of more than $100 worth of tobacco and then left. It less the two Buckley boys were placed under arrest, both of was a common thing for these soldiers when they raided a them handcuffed and taken to the barracks. The next morn place to supply themselves with anything they needed, and if ing they were placed in a lorry with several soldiers, both the residence raided was over a liquor store they always young men handcuffed as before, and while driving along imbibed freely of the liquor, and as a rule carried away with w.ere shot by the soldiers. One of the boys lived only a few them that which they did not drink or destroy. minutes after being shot, and the other was so badly in I might mention the case of Mrs. O'Grady. She is a woman jured that he has practically lost the use of his right leg and of international reputation and is known by many American right arm. No charge was ever filed against either of these people. She has devoted her life to the development of the men, and no claim has ever been made that either one of them poultry indush·y, and in 1913 took a special prize of £1,000 that violated any law. had been offered by the Poultry World. Mrs. O'Grady lives with On the night of the 28th of September, 1920, the home of her husband near the city of Cork. Between midnight and day Patrick Noonan was raided. The soldiers placed the son of light on the night of March 20, 1920, her house was raided by Mr. Noonan under arrest. There were no firearms in the the British military authorities. In a sworn affidavit that she house, no charge of any kind was made against these people, makes she says that . they broke into tbe house and came into but at the point of a revolver the young man was compelled her room "\Vhile she was still in bed. They demanded that she to hold up his hands. 'Vhile they held him in this condition get out of bed, and she asked that they leave the room while she other soldiers hit him in the face with their fists and with dressed herself. This they refused to do, and made her get out the butt ends of their revolvers. They searched his person and of bed and dress in their presence. They were armed with found nothing. All this happened in the presence of his father revolvers and guns. They tore everything to pieces in the and mother. Then the officer in charge ordered that he be residence, and made a complete search of the house, ostensibly taken out of the house and shot. This order was obeyed, and to find arms or mtmitions and documents. Her husband was the young man was taken out and shot three or four times and placed under arrest. 1.\frs. O'Grady had £63 in money in the then left for dead. Although he had a very close escape, he house, which money the soldiers took. This was money that finally recovered. I have seen the sworn affidavits of both the she had saved from her poulh·y business. Jewelry and silver father and the son, iu which they allege the facts to be as I ware to the value of several hundred dollars were taken by the have stated. soldiers and carried away. Furniture in the house was broken On November 23, 1920, 1\Ir. Coleman, a business man in Cork, and destroyed. The jewels which were stolen, 1\Irs. O'Grady who owns .a mineral-water factory, and in connection with his testifies, were mostly 1n.herited from her dead mother. Her business operates a bar, refused to sell liquor to the soldiers, husband, after being held in jail for five or six days, was re for the reason that they usually became intoxicated, and in a leased without any charge ever having been lodged against him. state of drunkenness committed all kinds of depredations. On It might be well to add that Mrs. O'Grady has a son who enlisted this date at about 3 o'clock in the morning, 1\ir. Coleman was and fought under the British flag in the recent World 'Var. awakened by a loud pounding upon the door of his place of On the 28th day of October, 1920, the residence of Mr. Court business. He and his wife both got up and came downstairs. l.l.ey, in Cork, was raided by the British soldiers. The raid took He opened the door, and there, in the presence of his wife, with place about 2 o'clock in the morning. Mr. Courtney in a sworn out any excuse whatever, he was shot dead. In addition to affidavit says that there were 16 -soldiers in the party, 6 of his wife, he left two children, the youngest child being about whom were officers. They broke in the door and smashed the 5 months old. No claim was even made that this man was windows. They kept him and his wife standing in the cold connected in any way with the new Irish republic. His only in their night clothing while they proceeded to cross-examine public affiliation was that he was a member of the Cork Indus them. The soldiers tore up the floors of the house ; they emp trial Development Association, and the only offense that he tied the contents of cupboards on the floor; they took family committed, even in the eyes of the British soldiers, was to re photographs and tore them to pieces. They asked Mr. Courtney fuse to supply them with intoxicating liquor. This incident was if he was a loyalist, and he bravely said he was not. They. only a part of the general reckless plan of terrorizing the ·asked him if he was a republican, and he admitted it. One of people. 'the soldiers placed a l'e\Olver at his right temple and demanded Kevin Barry, 18 years of age, a Dublin medical student, was ! that he tell the whereabouts of a man whom they seemed to cruelly tortured before he was hanged in October, 1920. He be desirous of capturing. He refused to give them the infor was arrested as one of the participants in a raid made upon the mation. Then they unbuttoned his clothing . and, placing a British soldiers. While he was in jail awaiting the execution revolver over his heart, threatened to shoot him instantly unless of his sentence, he made an affidavit before a justice of the he gave them the information they demanded. While the peace who went into the prison for the purpose of taking Mr. revolver of one soldier . was thus placed against him another Barry's affidavit. In this affidavit he states that shortly after soldier discharged his revolver, with the evident intention of his arrest he was asked to give the names of his companions in frightening Mr. Courtney and his wife, who was standing by the raid. This he refused to do. A bayonet was then placed dressed only in her night clothes. 'Vben 1.\fr. Courtney still at his stomach and he was told that he would be killed at once declined to give them any information they ordered him to unless he answered the questions he was asked and gave the dress, and took him away. They marched him down the street names of hi$ companions. He agafn refused. His face was then in the darkness, prodding him with bayonets, and making threats turned to the wall and the bayonet was placed at his back. against his life. After they had taken him away from home, Again he was notified that death would result .if he refused to they went through the same performance again in an effort give the officers the information they demanded. He still re to induce him to give them info'rmation. When he was finally fused. Let me quote from his affidavit : liberated and went home, about daylight, he found his wife in He {referring to the officer in command) ordered the sergeants to put a dazed condition, still in her night clothes. She was unable me face down on the floor and twist my arm. I was pushed down on the floor after my handcuffs were removed by the sergeant, who went to speak, sitting among the torn and shattered fragments and for the bayonet. When I lay on the floor one of the sergeants knelt other belongings of their home. She, of course, never expected on the small of my back, the other two placed one foot each on my to see her husband again. In most instances where the sol- back and left shoulder, and the men who knelt on me twisted my right 2810 OONGRESSION AL RECOR.D-SENATE. JuNE 21, .arm, holding it by the wrist with one hand while be held the hair what mass?" I said, "I wa.s at mass at Rossmore." He then asked with the other to pull back my head. The arm was twisted from me was I not responsible for raiding the training camp at Glandore last the elbow joint. year. I refused to answer. The two officers then gave me about 40 cuts each on my bare legs. Kelly then said, "Will you refuse to tell Mr. Barry states in his affidavit that this twisting continued me .was Prof. Gerald Sullivan commander of the camp?" I told him for five minutes, and that during all this time the officer in I dtd not know such a man. He said, "You are a damned liar." The charge was demanding of him that he answer the questions two officers then gave me >icious blows on the leg, and the blood was fto'Y~ down my legs from several wounds in them. (Dr. Shannon, regarding his associates. But, like thousands of other Irish dVlhan doctor of Cork prison, saw the scars that were on my legs.) men under the same kind of conditions, he still remained true The scars were visible for three weeks after this night's event. and refused to divulge any information. He was told, so he • • ~ He asked me what rank did John Buckley of Bandon hold in the Irish Republican Volunteers. I said, " He is a builder and a says in his affidavit, that he would be let ~ off if he gave the good Sinn Feiner at that." I was again viciously whipped 'for the information, but even with the promise of freedom on one statement. He said, "What position does your brother John hold and hand and the practical certainty of a conviction on his coming where is he staying?" I said, "I refuse to give you any information ab_out him." He then turned to the officer whom he had sent for the trial on the other, he remained steadfast and kept his silence. phe.rs, and he s~ted bending and twisting and. pinching my fingers at This treatment occuTred before Mr. Barry was tried; but the tJ?.e back. ~ H.e gnpped them at the back, placrng one portion of the affidavit in which he describes the treatment was made just pmchers agamst one side of my nail and the other portion of the pinchers against the other. He brought the blood to the tops of several after he had been given official notice of his conviction, and of my fingers, and for some time afterwards my fingers were black that the date of his execution had been fixed for the following on the tops, owing to congealed bloOd there. I was feeling extremely 1\Ionday, so it must be said in support' of his affidavit that it weak, almost fainting, and the blood was dropping down my legs. l was asked several questions about other individuals and about military was made with the practical certainty of almost immediate ~atters, but I ref~ed to give any information. Kelly also put the death. pmchers on my th1ghs, but my senses were becoming quite numb. I have an affidavit made by Thomas Hales, of Bandon, County Later on in the affidavit he states that his hands were untied Cork, who described the treatment that he and another pris and his trousers were pulled up and that they were "sopping oner by the name of Harte received at the hands of their wet with blood." He was ordered to stand up because his British captors. The affidavit of Mr; Hales is not directly knees were trembling, but he was almost too weak to stand. corroborated by other witnesses, and I have not seen or talked Lieut. Kelly then ·struck bim a terrific blow in the face with with any person having personal knowledge of the treatment his fist. He hit him several times in different parts of the body that these two men received. Mr. Hales in his affidavit, how and knocked four teeth out of his upper jaw. He was then ever, gives dates, places, and the names of other. witnesses who knocked down on the ground absolutely exhausted and faintiog. saw part of the treatment that was given them, and he also Mr. Hales states that his comrade, Harte, was treated in a gives the name of the British officer who had charge of him similar fashion and that the effect on him was such that it while he wa under arrest. Then, too, the incidents described caused him to go insane. therein are so similar to the experience of so many hundreds of The next morning at daybreak, on the 28th clay of July, he other prisoners that I have no hesitancy in giving it publicity. and Harte were again mistreated. They were put up against a The affidavit was given to me by Lord Mayor O'Callagha.n, of wall and notified that they were to be shot. They asked if they Cork. might be permitted to ee a chaplain, but were refused. The According to this affidavit, Mr. Hales and l\Ir. Harte were officer placed a pistol against the temple of Hales and said : arrested on the 27th day of J.uly, 1920, at a farmhouse occu One question, and on the answer of this question depends your life. pied by a man named Hurley. Hales was taken to an out Give me the names of the six battalions. house by British soldiers under the command of Capt. Kelly, To which Mr. Hales affirms he replied: where all of his clothes were removed and searched for documents. Hales says that some documents were found in Even if I knew the names of the six battalions, I would not tell you. his clothing, and that th~ officers claimed to have found some He was then informed by Kelly that he would give him one cartridges, but Hales denies that he had any cartridges in more chance, and that if he did not give him the names of the his possession. With Capt. Kelly was a Lieut. Keogh. battalions he would shoot bim dead, and Hales still refused to After Hales and Harte had been stripped, their hands were give the information. After that Hales says they ''"ere taken tied behind their backs with leather straps and other straps to the hospital, where, he states, they were given good treatment. put arou.n'd their necks and mouths. While in this condition, The prisoners were afterwards tried and sentenced to two years Lieut. Keogh struck Hales several times in the face and on at hard labor. the body with his fist. After a while the two men were again In order to show the reckless conduct of the British militarv dressed and their bands tied behind their backs as before. forces, it might be of interest to consider the story of Emil They were then tied together and marched 200 yards and put Pezolt, an American citizen. Mr. Pezolt was born in the city of in a lorry. During tbis time they were continually prodded Chicago, and he is 21 years of age, a bright, intelligent, fine with bayonets and Hales was hit in the nose by the butt end of looking young man. During the recent war he enlisted in the a gtm. Hales said that he was nearly blind from blood that Marine Corps and when he was mustered out at the close of the was running down his face from his injuries. They were taken war he went into the meTchant marine and shipped out of San to the military barracks and lined up to be shot. While they Francisco to various places on one of the American Shipping wero still tied with their hands behind their backs the soldiers Board's vessels. On November 6, 1918, he shipped on the ves el hit them with their :fists. Hales affirms that his sight was West Oamwn with a cargo of wheat from Portland, Oreg., to getting dim owing to the loss of blood and that he was exceed Cork, and he arrived in Cork on the 17th day of November. He ingly weak. They were pounded and pummeled while they was a junior engineer on this ship and his ship remained in were marched around the yard of the barracks. Their arrest Cork for five weeks. He says that when he went ashore it was took place about 5 o'clock in the afternoonf and this treatment a common thing for him to be held up by the military authori continued until after dark. He says that about midnight he ties. It got to be quite common to hear the word "Halt" and was taken to another room and that there were six British the cry " Hold up your hands." It was a very common occur officers present, four of whom he names in his affidavit. While rence to be thus held up by the British authorities and searched. his hands were still tied he was informed that he was about 1\fr. Pezolt bad in his possession, of course, a seaman's passport to be tried. I quote from his affidavit: and, as u rule, when they discovered who he was and that he Kelly took up a book which he said was a Bible, and opened it and belonged to a ship in port he was permitted to go. The harbor placed it in my hands behind my back. He told me to repeat the oath town formerly. ~own as Queenstown and now called Cove by which he was going to say. I said, "For what purpose?" He said, "We want your name, and for you to answer other questions on oath. the Irish, which, as I understand it, is really a s11burb of Cork, If you do not. you will be handed _over to the R. I. C., and they will was in a very dilapidated condition. quickly identify you and deal w1th you." I, of course, was well ·whole streets of stores had their windows broken in and known to Capt. Kelly. He had seen me many times before. and of course knew my correct name. I had previously given a false name had been looted, plate-glass windows were smashed, and all when I was arrested-that was before I knew Kelly was present. I kinds of depredations were committed by the military autholi said, " I bave no objection to giving my name." They let my trousers ties. Everybody on the ship, this man says, understood that down round my feet, my hands still being behind my back. "Now," said Kelly, "repeat the following words after me." He then started they must not walk the streets of Cork with their hands in saying some form of oath and included in it the name of the Blessed their pockets without danger of being shot. He states that it Virgin. I did not repeat the name of the Blessed Virgin', and two of was a very common thing to be stopped and halted by the sol the officers took their canes and beat me on my bare legs for about five minutes. I was powerless to do anything. Kelly then asked my diers. When they were stopped they were compelled to hold name. I said "Tom Hales." He said, "You are commander of a their hands above their heads while they were being searched. brigade." I said I was one time. He asked me who was the man He says l1e has seen instances where whole crowds were held next in command to me. I said I refused to tell him. I said, " You are foreigners to me, but I appeal to you, if you are gentlemen, to go up and aU of them were compelled to hold up their hands until ahead and get on with the shooting part of it. I am quite ready." the entire crowd was searched. On December 11, 1920, this man Kelly then told one of the officers to go out and get the pliers. He wus l1eld up while on the way to his ship by three British sol then said, "You are an anarchist and a murderer. You have organized all the murder and attacks on barracks in this part of the country." diers. He was compelled to hold llis hands up above his head He said, " Where were you on Sunday? Were you at mass, n.nd at while they searched l1im. They found his seaman's passport. 1921. CONGR.ESSION .._L\_L REOORD-SENATE. 2811 and he told them he was an American citizen and that he stroyed. Seventeen other houses in the same row with l\Ir. belonged to a ship in port. to which ship he was then going. Derham's residence were destroyed in the same ~way. The in Each of the three soldiers pressed a gun up against his body:, .and babita:nts had been driv<:>n out ·without time even to fully dress wllile they were thus holding him up and searching him other and all their belongings were fed to the flames. ' soldi~rs came upon the scene and one of the soldiers struck .him In addition to this, there were 56 residences in this town lie in the face with brass knuckles. They took everything that stroyed; nearly all the windows of the o-ther houses were br.oken he had on his person, including his fountain pen, his comb, his into; busine~s houses were burned and other places o:f business passport, and all the money that he had. They beat him and had been entered by the soldiers, such as grocery stores and the knocked bim down se\eral times and kicked him while he was like, and the -en:tire stock of goods dumped on the floor and tram down. Part of the time he was unconscious on account of pled under foot by the soldiers. Nearly all the women and Chi1- his Ilea~ striking the sidewalk when he fell. They backed him dren of the town had been driven out of their homes, and several up against a wall and held him there. They told him to go, .of the people had been kiUed. In desperation and in fright and then made him come back. They did this several times, the women of the town fled to the counu·y -carrying their babies .all the time abusing him with vile and indecent language. He dressed only in their night clothes, while the larger children, was dragged on t.he ground, his clothing was torn, his face -barefooted and nearly naked, were clinging :to them frightened was bruised and covered with blood. Complaint was made to beyond description. It was a cold, frosty September night, .and the American consul, and through him to ~e British authori- hundreds of barefooted and ·scantily clothed women .and chil ties, but it was claimed in reply that they were unable to dren spent the night in the fields resting beside hayricks, identify the soldie.I'S who were guilty of this dastardly conduet. -croucbing in barns and outbuildings, all expecting that their He had on his person British money to the value of $20 and husbands, fathers, and sons bad probably met death at fue $10 in American money, all of which was taken. hands of the military. The next day many of the wanderers, A former member of th€ Royal Irish Constabulary, who without food and suffering from cold, went back to the deserted resigned from the force because he could not canscientiously village and to their ruined homes. be a party to the cruelties of British military rule, has made During ev.ei~ ·night for several days thereafter the military an affidavit of instructions that were given to him and others kep.t up a continual .firing of guns and muskets and bombs. as to their conduct and as to their duty. Among a great many Th€y carried gasoline to the hosiery factory and then set it on other things testified to in this affidavit of a cruel and inhuman fire, and it burned to the ground with all its machinery and all nature the officer in charge in .,giving instructions issued the its C-Q.lltents. The people bad not only been rendered homeless following: and naked, but the only means -of employment by which the Ii the persons approaching carry their hands in their pockets and are men f th to o t d th · f T h d b t ,, in any way suspicious looking, shoot them down. You may make mis- 0 e 'Wll supp r e eu aml Ies a een a.u.en away. takes occasionally and innocent persons may be shot, but that caJJ. ~ot .Several of the child1·en and' women died a few days l.ater on be helped and you are bound to get the right persons sometimes. account of the eXJ)osure. The inhabitants had to be supported by In carrying out their program of terror and shooting -promi.s· charity and by a people who were already suffering near to sta.r cuously at houses and residences without any particular object vation, but this was not the end of it. When the good people of in view except to frighten the people and break down their the town gathered togethe-r the dead bodies of members of their will and determination for a free country, the case of 1\Irs. families, the J)J.ilitary added insult to injury by interfering \vith Quinn is an illuminating incident. The shooting· of ~irs. ·Quinn the last rites that it was desired to hold over the bodies of tOO was reported in the daily papers of November 6, 1920, and was dead. The interference with funerals by the military is not an afterwards admitted by Sir Hamar Greenwood, a member of exception, but is the general ru1e. 'Vhen t.he people meet .at the the British Cabinet, so there can be no doubt of the truth of place of worship to pay the last respect to departed relatives the report. :Mrs. Quinn was standing near her house in Gort, ,a they are met there by the glittering bayonets· of B~·itish soldiers. small .Irish village. The military authorities were passing ln The colors of the Irish republic are not permitted to be placed a motor lorry aucl following the usual practice of shooting :in- upon the coffins of those who die that the republic might live. dj~criminately at houses along the street. Mrs. Quinn was The soldiers enter the places of worship and see that no demon holding a small child in her arms and was within two months I stration ·Of. ho.stility to the British Government takes place. of another confinement. She was shot by the soldiers from the The officer m command usually announces the number that can lorry as they were passing Tapidly through the street. Sh~ .march in the ..f:rmeral ,procession, and those who are permitted fell to the ground, and, whil-e severely wounded and bleeding to go are continually within the range o'f pointed revolvers and profusely, she crawled into her house, dragging her baby with machine guns. British motor lorries and British tanks armed her, and died a few hours afterwards, after suffering great to the teetl:). march with the funeral procession and stand guard n.gony, and during which time her husband fainted, and the around the open grave to prevent the friends of Irish freedom gathering neighbors and friends grieved over her prostrate form. from making any demonstration in favor of their own liberty_ I would like to tell the storv of John Derham. John Derham Is it possible that this can happen in this day of civilization was a member of the town cauncil of Balbriggan. Balbriggan without at least a solemn protest going up from civilized is a little tL'wn of 2,500 people. It was inhabited mostly by humanity? Can suCh conduct be Ilru.·alleled or equaled any laboring people, who -em.·ned their livelihood and supported where in the world? Does Belgium offer anything to com}Jare their families from the employment they were given by a hosiery to it? Is the cruelty and the inhumanity of the Turk in the factory located in that town. Mr. Derham had a wife and same class? Can we find a parallel anywhere this side of tbe eight children. He was a shopkeeper, auu he and his family _days of barbarism? And all this is happening just after we lived in the rear and in the second story of the stone b-uilding have fought a victorious wm.· for the self-determination of where his business was conducted. On the night of September peoples, for the .rights of the poor and the protection of the 20, 192'0, between 11 and 12 o'clock, after he and his family had weak. Not only this but it is taking place under the direction gone to bed, their home was raided by the British military au- of th~ military officers who represent the great nation that thorities. They broke in the windows and doors, and 15 ar 20 during all this strife proclaimed so loudly to all the world that soldiers came into the house. The i'am:i1y did not have time to the peace would bring us the millenium of justice and equality. fully dress. Mr. Derham was taken from his family by the THE ll'UNC'lliO.NINo oF THE IRISH GOVERnn:NT. soldiers, rushed into the sb·eet, pounded npon the he.ad with As I have stated before, immediately after tbe decla:ration -of the butt end of muskets and revolvers, struck in the face by .!ndependenee by the Irish people the new government became the soldiers, insulted in every possible way, -and marched to an actual reality in ·au details. The executive, the legislative, the barracks. He was bareheaded and barefooted. He sufferert and ,the judicial d-epartments w-ere completely organized, and ail kinds of abuse and ill treatment during the night. the people of ireland, with the .exeeption of portions of Ulster, When be got to the ba'l..'racks he .found two of .his neighbors declared allegiance to the new government with practical there. One of them was the father of seven children, and with unanimity. There was more universal and unqualified al Mm were two of his children, one 4 years old a.nd the other 3, legiance to the new government than existed in our own country both barefooted and clothed only in their littl€ nightdresses. when -our forefathers issued the Declarati-on of Independence. These two neighbors during the night were both killed; not shot, This proposition bas been -officially admitted by the British . but pr-odded with bayonets until they died. One of them was Government. On Tuesday, the 15th day of February, 1921, in stabbed many times in almost all parts .of the body. One had a debate in the House of Commons, Lloyd-George, the prime a bayonet gash in each hip so that the blood ran down each minister af Great Britain, used the following language: leg~ and finally bayonets were thrust through their bodies. That was the condition of things a few months ago, and that is not Between 6 and 7 o'clock, Derham was released .and in a half all. The Irish republican organization had .all the symbols and they dazed condition he wandered back to his home. He found it had all the realities of a government. The courts of the Cr·own wexe superseded. They were deserted by witne-sses; they were boycotted b"Y burned to the ground; nothing but the stone wails were stand jurors. .Jurors never came there and litJiga"Dts never appeared. !::;inn ing ; all of his property, all of his furniture, and practically all Fein courts were held openly, attended by litiga"Dts, jurors, and advo of the clothing of himself and family had been absolutely de- cates, and their decisions -wer.e respected. \ 2812 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN l1TE. JUNE 21, nemember that is Lloyd-George. Do not forget the date. He many years ago there is a statute that permits any person whose saiU that on the 15th day of FebruaTy, 1921. He was speaking of property has been destroyed to bring an action for its Value the condition that bad preceded that time, as Senators will note against the Government. from the quotation. In order that the people of Ireland may be able to demonstrate In addition to this admission by Great Britain's prime from official British records the wanton and illegal destruction minister, I quote from an affidavit sworn to by Gen. MacReady, of their property, Irish citizens whose property has been de the British general, and filed in the John Allen case. I read as stroyed under the ruthless regime of British military power have follows: ~een encouraged to bring actions under this statute in the Eng The said rebel forces are organized as a trained and disciplined lish courts. A great many such actions have been brought. The military force under a scheme modeled on the former organization of the British Army, divided up into brigades, battalions, and companies. principal object, as I have stated, in bringing such actions is to The chiefs of the said rebel organization issue military orders, have a give official demonstration from British authority of the claims general headquarters, and are continuously engaged in levying guerrilla which are made against Great Britain as to her conduct in Ire warfare against the forces of the Crown. The scheme of the said war fare does not entail fighting in distinctive uniforms or in accordance land: They do not expect to recover on the judgments which they with laws of war, but under a system of guerrilla attacks in which in obtam, because one of the peculiarities of this statute is that habitants, apparently pursuing peaceful avocations, suudenly come when judgment is rendered it is paid by the levying of a tax together and carry out guerrilla operations, which often result in the death of, or serious injuries to, members of His Majesty's forces and upon. the community where the destruction has taken place, so police at the hands of the people who are posing as peaceful civilians. that m effect the owners of homes and business places that have The Irish Republic continued to function and is functioning been wrecked are, together with their more fortunate neighbors to-day, except \Yhere it is interferred with by the army of ~hose property escapes destruction, compelled to pay by taxa Great Britain. At first all the operations of the government tion upon themselves the damages inflicted under British military :were conducted in public. Courts were held in the courthouses. authority. I haye in my hand a copy of an official report made Aldermen met in the city halls.· But gradually the forces of by one of these British judges. The report is directed to the Right Great Britain were spread over the country and the gov Hon. Sir Hmnar Greenwood, a member of the British Cabinet ernmental operations of the proper and legally elected officials and the chief secretary for Ireland. In this repor t the judge says were more or Jess secret. To an ordinary person it is difficult that in the county of Clare there were 356 claims for compensa to imagine how a court can perform any of its functions when tion, amounting in all to .over £466,000. Please bear in mind the officials are being hunted down by the military forces. that this is pounds, not dollars, and if we convert it into We can hardly see, for instance, how such a court would be American money at the rate of exchange existing pr ior to the able to render a judgment of imprisonment in a criminal case war we would have claims in this one county alone amount with any hope that the person co.uld be confined in prison, or ing to over $2,000,000. The judge's report shows that at this that losing parties in a civil suit would not refuse to obey the session of court he tried 141 cases. He rendered judgment judgment by simply appealing to the military authority. Not against the Government in 139 of these cases. He found for the withstanding this, however, the courts haYe continued to dis Government in one case and be continued one case for further pense justice and the official are still performing the duties of hearing. The total amount allowed in the 139 cases was £187 046 their various offices, and the fact that this can be done and is 19s. 3d. This judge condemns in severe terms the action of' tile being done and the judgments of the courts are• being carried military authority of his own country. He describes the loot out is one of the greatest demonstrations that could possibly ing of stores and the burning of towns, all similar to those that exist to show the unanimity of the people in their allegiance to I have narrated but none of them the same. In speaking of the the new government and their determination to obey the man looting at Lahinch, he says : • • * The town of Lahlnch was attacked by a large body of the dates and the decr~es of heir own officials. armed forces of the Government. Rifle shots were fired, apparently at All kinds of cases are being tried and tried in secret. It must random in the streets, and a very large number of houses and shops we1·e be remembered that the parties to the suit and their witnesses broken into, set on fire, and their contents looted or destt'oyed. The inhabitants, most of them in their night clothes-men, women, and chil must all be told of the place where the trial is to take place. They dren, invalids, old people over 80. and children in arms-were com are all so loyal to Ireland tliat they maintain the secret inviolate, pelled at a Ill()ment's notice and at the peril of their lives to fly throuah and when they lose they abide lly the decision and still keep se back doors and windows to the sand hills in the neighbot·hood of tiie town, where they remained during the night, returning in the morning cret from British authorities all that has transpired. In the en to find their homes completely destroyed. tire history of civilization there can not be found an instance where the people of all classes, high and low, have with such . Referring to the raid that was made on Ennistymon, the unanimity refused to divulge to the authorities of the enemy of JUdge says: On the same night the town of Ennistymon was similarly invaded their country any evidence of any kind that would give any in by the armed forces of the Government. 8hots were fired in the formation valuable to the enemy and injurious to their own cause. streets. The town haH and a large number of houses and shops were The men constituting · the British authorities, trying to over broken into, set on fire, and, with their contents, destroyed. As in Lahincb, the inhabitants were compelled to fly for their lives. A throw the Irish government, are, of course, strangers in the young married man named Conole was seized in the street by a party community where they are operating, and in hunting for an of men under command of an officer. His wife, who was with him, individual whom they do not know they must depend, of course, pleaded on her knees with the officer for the life of her husuand, but he was taken away a short distance, shot, and his charred remains were upon information of people in the locality to enable them to found next morning in his own bouse, which had been burnt. Another identify the person sought. The Irishman "on the run" is safe young man named Linnane was shot dead in the streets while attempt from exposure in any Irish home or in any assembly of Irish ing to extinguish the flames. men. I am told that there are instances where British military This report shows that prior to these cases referred to, in officers have been hunting for Irishmen and have made inquiry the trial of other cases in this county, awards have been ren in hotel lobbies where men living in the locality were present dered to nearJy a quarter of a million pounds. The judge then and where the person wanted was among the number ; that the makes this recommendation: British official might be talking with the very man he was * * * 'l'bis constitutes, in my humble judgment, an impossible hunting for, in the presence of dozens of people who knew him, burden on the ratepayers of the county, many of them already hope lessly impoverished by the loss of their property and means of liveli and still remain in utter ignorance of his whereabouts. The hood, and I would strongly recommend that in the cases in which it is loyalty of the Irish people to the new government and the uni clearly proved that the criminal injuries were committed by the armed Yersal obeuience that is given by aU ·ciasses of people to the judg forces of the Government the compensation should be paid out of the ment of the Irish courts is well illustrated by an instance that public treasury. lu1ppened in a criminal case tried before one of these Sinn Fein Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed as courts. The defendant was found guilty of some minor offense, another appendix to my remarks the entire report of Judge and the judgment of the court was that he should be held in Bodkin, from whose official report I ha \e just quoted. imprisonment for a stated time. It was impossible, of course, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so to put him in a public jail, so the sentence was carried out by ordered. taking him to a small, desolate island near the coast 'vbere the [The report referred to will be found as Appendix D at the trial took place. The British military authorities in some way end of the speech of 1\ir. NoRRis.] discovered what the facts were, and two or three soldiers were A STATE OF WAH. detailed to go over to this island in a boat and release the 1\Ir. NORRIS. l\1r. President, there can be no ques.tion but prisoner. They reached the island and found the prisoner, but that a state of war exists now and has existed between Great he refused to be released and announced to them that be had Britain and Ireland eYer since Great Britain undertook to been sentenced to imprisonment on this island for a certain overthrow by armed force the Irish goYernment. It bas been length of time by the Irish courts and that be was going to obey officially determined by the British courts that a state of war the mandate of the court which he respected, and be declined exists. In the case of John Allen, who had been sentenced to the proffered assistance to set him free. death by the military authorities because he was found in pos There is one exception to the rule that the Irish people refuse session of a revolver and what was claimed to be some sedi to go into the British courts. Under the laws enacted a great tious literature, the court of the King's bench, consisdng of the , 1921. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2813 lord chief justice and four other justices, upon an application engaging in military operations they carry hostages in order for habeas corpus pre ented to them in behalf of .John Allen, to prevent the enemy :C-rom firing upon them-and they defend heW that- themselves before the civilized world by saying that they do It was impossible not to come to the conclusion that at th~ time of not carry women as hostages. Thts argument is, in effect, the lord lieutenant's proclamation a state of· war- actually ensted .and continued to exist at the time of the arrest of John Allen, and Slnce that while they are barbarous they are not as bad as they might then down to the present time. be. I presume from this argument that if the carrying of men This case was decided in February, 1921. To my mind, · as hostages did not make their soldiers safe from attack theY, whether you take either horn of the dilemma, there can be no would, of course, feel justified in taking women as hostages, justification for the conduct of the British military authori and if that did not prevent the attack of the enemy 'it would ties. No -rule of law or humanity of either peace or war c~n follow, I presume, that each British soldier would take an Irish in justify the inhuman and barbarous treatment that has been In child strapped upon his back whenever he went into battle, flicted upon the Irish people. If war exists, then those cap order to make him safe. • tured must under the rules of civilized warfare be held as 'Vhat a great satisfaction it ought to be to the women of prisoners of war. If war does not exist, then persons charged Ireland in particular and the women of the civilized world in with crime whatever may be its nature, and captured must be general to hear from the lips of the British ambassador in tried according to the laws that govern in the co~tr~ . wh~re America that in the prosecution of the war against Ireland the alleged offense is committed. There can be no JUstification "no woman has ever been carried as a hostage." But I want for what has happened and is happening in Ireland under any to warn these women that this great English statesman has rule, law, or regulation existing anywhere in civilization. given no assurance that women will not be carried as hostages. Great Britain has not admitted that she has not the right to HOSTAGES. carry women as hostages. She has simply announced to the It has become the custom in Ireland for the British military world that so far "no woman has been carried as a hostage." authorities, when they go out' on a raid, to take as captives with The women of Ireland are as patriotic as the men. They are them in the military lorries in which they travel one or more making as many sacrifices as the men. They are suffering well-recornized friends of the Irish republic, in order to make starvation and often death for the Irish cause; and as l\liss the milit~ry squad safe from attack by me~bers of the Irish 1\IacSwiney, the sister of the late lord mayor of Cork, has stated republican army. When it was announced to the world that from many an American rostrum, if the men of Ireland should in the name of the British Government such inhuman things surrender, the women of Ireland would still fight to the death; were being done the horror of it was so appalling that civilized they would take up the cause even though they knew they people could not believe it to be true. Like many of the other could not win, and fight until the last life was sacrificed. atrocities the honest American citizen put them down as false When the British military authorities send the soldiers out hoods. He could not believe that the great British nation,_boasting in lorries they claim that they are liable to be ambushed; that of its civilization and its justice, could be guilty of such mhuman Ireland had no army in uniform bearing arms; that her army, conduct. But the evidence continues to accumulate, and we are while organized according to the Btitish military tactics, is now able to prove from British official sources that the reports dressed in civilian clothes and scattered throughout the country; are true. I have copies of a large number of proclama~ons that by some means or secret communication, understood only by. in which the practice is officially announced. Proclamations them they are able to assemble in squads at designated places by British officers that hostages would be carried in military and at an appointed hour without anyone having any notice lorries have been made in the counties of Clare, Cork, KelTY, of it. They claim, therefore, that they are not fighting an and Dublin. A news item appeared in the Dublin paper of army, and that for this reason they are justified in the course February 5, 1921, stating that Col. Maurice Moore was, a few they are pursuing. . days before, taken as a hostage. Let us admit for the sake or argument that the Irish are I read from a portion of thaf item, as follo"s: murderers and assassins. What justification does that give Col Maurice Moore described to-day his experience last Saturday and Sunday when he was arrested by soldiers and driven around Dublin in for taking innocent people with them for the purpose of pre a military lorry as a hostage against Irish attacks, and finally released serving the lives of the officials who go out to arrest the without any charge being made against bim. murderers and assassins? Suppose that in an American city Col. Moore is more than 70 years 'bld, a brother of George Moore, tJ;te novelist and head of a great landowning family. Ire has a splendid the police were going out to capture a man against whom a military record, having been ~ommanding officer o~ the Connaught charae of murder had been laid, and for fear that they might Rangers, and holds the decoration of c;. B .. ( compamon of tJie bath), find fue man armed and that he might resist arrest, they were conferred by the King for gallant services m the South African war. While he is sympathetic with Irish nationalist deman~, be ha~ .taken to take some innocent person, preferably a friend of the man no part in any rebellious movement. His only pohbcal activity is they were seeking, and put him in front when they approached chairman of the commission of inquiry into the industrial resources of the locality of the alleged murderer. Where is the civilized man, Ireland. in America or elsewhere, who would condone such a practice? It was the design of the British authorities to give as much Where is ci>ilization, in any jurisprudence, can be found any publicity as possible to the fact that they were carrying h di tion to hang and shoot men for no other _reason than tht\.t tory. The announcement of this officer, given publicity by bini-, they ha,-e within their bosoms the spirit of liberty and of that a polic'Y of reprisals had been carried out in the case noted, freedon:i. reads as follows : It must be remembet:ed also that the Irish army is not guilty As a result of the ambush and attack on the police at Midelton a.nd of the British method of warfare. It is not charged even by the the Gle~e Hous!'l .it. was decided by the military governor that certaih hou~es lll the VICmJty of the outrages were to be destroyed, as the in British· Government that the Irish carry hostages, although habitants were bound to have koown of the ambush and attack and they have had ample opportunity to do so, because they have that they negl~cted to give any information either to the militai·y or captured a great many British soldiers. No British soldier has ·police authorities. The following houses were duly destroyed between even been taken prisoner by the Irish and punished for the 3 p. m. and 6 p. m. on January 1. off~nses for which the British authorities are inflicting the Then follow the names of the owners of seven homes which death sentence. Before the making of these military decre~s had been destroyed, and the announcement continues: on the part of the British the Irish army was in the open and Previous to the burnings notice B was served on the persons affected, giving them one hour to clear out :valuables, but not furniture. No wore a uniform. They captured in many instances the bar f?odstuffs, corn, or hay were destroyed. racks where British soldiers were stationed, and their uni • versal practice was to disarm all the .Prisoners they took and This notice is similar to all others where individual homes then give them their liberty. This despised nation, alleged by. were destroyed. It will be observed that it is not even claimed the British authorities to be mur4erers, were giving an ex- that any investigation was made. .ample to their British tormentors of their civilization and The people who are to be deprived of· their homes and all . upright honor and manhood. Until these decrees practic:;tlly their earthly possessions ~re not even given an opportunity to announced that whenever the British took prisoners they woul.d be heard in their own defense.- ·They are conclusively presumed, without any investigation, to have had prior knowledge of the be killed the Irish had not engaged even in ambushing ~ny British military squads. They have neyer carried hosf1:!ges. alleged attack and to have neglected to give notice thereof to the proper authority. It is not ei"en claimed that these people They have not killed their prisoners simply b~ause they be- longed to the other army, and are not doing so now. . partiC.:pated in the attack complained of. .. It is simply assumed The idea of the Irish was to obtain their independence by that because they lived in the ·vicinity of the place of the attack they must be driven from their homes and· their earthly. pos peaceful means. They had established· a gov~rnm~nt that was functioning in all its details. They asked _only to be let alone. sessions destroyed. . This particular case was .called to the at They had no way after war actually commenced .of getti.ng tention of Sir Hamar Greenwood in the House of Commons arms except as they captured them from the British Army. shortly after it occurred, and Sir Greenwood, representing the Their army was supplied to quite an extent with ammunition Crown, not only admitted that it had occurred but that it had that had been taken from the Britisll soldiers. It was only his full approval. But if additional evidence were needed to when, by these merciless decrees of British military authorities, show that Great Britain has been and is engaged upon a course aU the rules of war, peace, and humanity were set aside, and of reprisal against the Irish people, it can be furnished from the ·it appeared that the Irish wer.e going to be killed, and thei.r testimony of the British ambassador in \Vashington: In the howes and property destroyed, simply because they were un statement from which I quoted earlier in my speech he makes a willing to live under British rule, that the Irish were driven definite admission that British authorities .are guilty of re to conceal their arms, to drill their soldiers in secret, to dis prisals and that it is the . policy of the British . Governme"nt in pense with a uniform, and to pursue a method of warfare that Ireland. . I ·quote from the same statement referred to befofe, was made absolutely necessary by the action of the British as follows: The militat·y authorities have destroyed, as a legitimate penalty, the military authorities. The hanging and shooting of Irish prison property of persons who are known to have been able to prevent set·ious ers by the British military authorities is going on daily. Almost outrages but did not do so. every day the newspapers carry accounts of the fact that Irish Of course, the amb.assador has in this sbitetpent modified the men have been executed by the British because of attacks made policy just a little. The facts are that in no case that I have on British soldiers, or because they have been found in posses discovered has the B:ritish Government taken a1;1y pains to miike . sion of firearms or literature friendly to the Irish cause. an inquiry. even to asceJ;tain whet.IJ.er the persons .whose property I read from the Associated Press dispatch contained in the they. were about to destroy knew or could have known of .the papers of February 28, 1921 : contemplated . attack. All the evidence goes to indicate that CORK, Febrttat·y 28. Despite the appeal for clemency made recently by the Cork corpora parties in the vicinity would not under ~Y circumstances have tion, the six Irishmen in jail here, whose death was fixed for to-day on been able to know of the contemplated attack. · If these at charges of levying war against the Crown forces, were duly executed by tacks were secretly planned, as they surely wel'e, and as it is the military this morning. The men were shot in batches of two each conceded they were planned, the authorities who arranged th~m at intervals of 15 mi.nutes. would certainly know that publicity of their plans woul«;} .h!lve Then follow the names of the six men executed, and the dis- brought certain failure, and they would have given no informa patch continues: · tion of the. attack or the place thereof to any person to wh•om * * • The men executed were condemned for an attack upon the Crown forces at Drlpsey, County Cork, in January. Allen, whose home such notice was not absolutely necessary in carrying it out. was in Tipperary, was sentenced for possessing a revolver and· ammu On February -2, ·1921,_ a similar reprisal took place in Glen· nition. goole district, near Killenaule, and on that occasion the follow And thus the massacre goes merrily on, and as it increases in ing official typ~written notice, dated ll'ebruary _2, was served on barbarity and wretchedness the spirit for Irish freedom grows the.. owne~s.. of the property to be destroy.ed : · ' stronger and greater in the hearts of .those who survive. Whereas attacks by rebels were made on the forces of the Crown 1 [At this point 1\Ir. NoRRIS yielded the floor for the day.] · rnil.:: north of New Birmingham on January 24 ; and whereas It is con sidered that you were bound to have known· of the same, and that you Tuesday, J1me 21, 1921. neglected to give information to the police or military authorities, now, therefore, I, Col. Commandant N. J. G. Cameron, . C. B.. C. M. G., Mr. NORRIS. 1\fr. President, when the Senate adjourned on A. D. C., commanding Sixteenth Infantry Brigade, a.nd mllltat·y gov ernor, have ordet·ed the destruction o! your house. li'rom the time of yesterday I had reached the point in my address where I de receipt of this 11otice you have one hour's notice to remove from your sired to take up the subject of reprisals. house any valuables, foodstnffs, hay. or corn, but not furniture. REPRISALS. How any nation can lay claim to respectable stan de:>~ruction of their contents. I have a copy of a - sworn affi and ammunition. They made a surprise attack and in the davit ma~e by Mrss M~dge, O'Daly, whose borne is in Limerick. fight which. followed one soldier was killed. As a repri!'5al for She is a woman of ample means and until the 9th day of this the town of l\:Iallow was attacked by soldiers coming from April. 1921, sh::l lived in a beautiful and expensively, furnished two other villages in military lorries. The attack took place hgme in the suburbs· ·of Lim-erick. In Miss O'Daly's family at 10.30 o'clock at night. The troops were equipped 'wit.h in there were no men, but she lived with her mother, who was cendiary bombs and gasoline ·sprays, and they sacked and quite old and in delicate health, her mqther's sister, 83 years burned the town, destroying most of the houses and nublic of age, and Miss O'Daly's two sisters. Her brother and her buildings and a condensed-milk factory located about a- mile sister's husband, who had formerly lived in the house with her, from the city, which · gave employment to quite a large had both been executed by the English more than a year be number of the inhabitants of Mallow. - When the volunteer fore this date. Prior to this particular attack, and a long time fire department of the town attempted to put out the fire after the execution of her brother and her brother-in-law,-her British soldiers fired shots at them and drove them away. The house has been raided several times. In one week during the people were terrified and were driven from their homes. 1\Iany mouth of August, 1920, her home was raided five different times, of them fled to the cemetery. There was a certain woman in each time in the dead of nigllt. The rugs were torn up and in the town who had given birth to a child but a few days b~fore. some instances the floors were even torn up, and their furni She dragged herself and carried her babe with her into the ture, bedding, books, letters, clothing, and everything searched cemetery. She remained in the graveyard all nigllt wakhing and minutely examined by the soldiers. Often the inmates the destruction of her home and the homes of her neighbors, of the housf' were abused by the soldiers, and on one occasion suffering untold agonies. As a result of the exposure she most of the ·soldiers participating in the raid "\Vere so drunk died a few days later and was buried in the cemetery where ' tliey could hardly stand. One night in October, 1920, another this night of horror and hell was passed. · She was, however, raid was made on this home of these defenseless women at about not the only person who perished on account ·of exposure midnight. On this occasion both of the sisters of l\fiss O'Daly through the· long hours of this night. It happens in this case were maltreated by the soldiers. They were both frightened that the condensed-milk factory was owned by 'Englishmen by putting revolvers intv their faces. One of the sisters was whose homes were in England. Whether the military author knocked down and dragged out of the house by her hair, and ities knew this or not I can not say, but even if they did know after she had been· dragged out of the bouse they cut off her it it is probable that it ~ould have been tlestroyed for the hair, and in the struggle against this attack her hand was simple purpose of putting out of employment the Irishmen who severely cut, an artery being severed, so that her life was en earned their livelihoods on account of its existence. dangered for some time. · The uurning of the town of Lisburn illustrates the desperate I might say that the cutting off of women's hair is not an and heartless character of the men who controlled the British exception; there nre many cases where similar assnults have military authorities in Ireland. 'Vhile I am not able to say that been made upon women. On the 9th clay of April, 1921, another the burning of Lisburn was done directly by the soldiers them attack was made by the soldiers. The ordinary notice, similar selves, it was a direct and logical result of the reign of terror to those I have already read, was served on the occupants of the that was inaugurated and carried on throughout Ireland. housP, an Some time afte1· Swanzy had been transferred to Lisburn, just as the Irish people murdered Swanzy, and had such a thing one Sunday morning in September, 1920, as he came out of occurred in our ReTolutionury days the story of the murder church he was shot dead by unln10wn persons who had would be 1·ead in American history by every school child and driYen up in front of the church in three automobiles. The would hav_e been defended by every American citizen. murder of Swanzy took place, in the presence Qf practically It is useless to go on and give incidents of these horrible the entire congregation as they were emerging from the atrocities. I have undertaken to give only a few which illus church, but no one was able to identify any of the men trate the general rule of raids, of hostages, of reprisals, of who did the shooting. There was no question but what they cruelty, and of inhuman treatment. I think I might refer were strangers in the town, and .as far a-s I know the British briefly to one military order, the cruelty and inhumanity of officials have never been able to get any clue as to their iden which is so outrageous that it ought to be considered. tity. It was generally supposed, .and I think ~tis true, that the One of the military proclamations that has been issued by the men who killed Swanzy were members of the Irish repubUcnn British military authorities in Ireland reads, in part, as follows: army, and that they had come up f-rom southern Ireland for (d) "That a state of armed insurrection exists; that any person this purpose. taking pnrt therein or hal'boring any person wh"O has taken part therein, or procuring. inviting, aiding, "Or abetting any. per on to take part As a reprisal fOl' this the town of Lisburn was burned. thel'ein, is guilty of levying war against His Majesty the King, and is The tire was started from a large number of places in the liable on conviction by a military court to suffer death. town, and burned all night and part of the next day. Al It must be remembered that a large part of Ireland is prac though the fire lit up the beavens for miles, and although it tically unanim<>us in favo-r of Irish independence. This order was only a very short distance from Belfast, no attempt was would not only punish those who actually engaged in insurrec llUl.de to extinguish the flames. tion but it would punish the wife if she did not report to The fire was allowed to burn itsclf out. The women and chil British .authority in case her husband was a member of the dren of Lisburn were driven out of their homes and fled to the Irish republican ru.·m,y. He could not remain all night in his hills, many of them not fully 'dressed, a great many barefooted. own home without making his own wife liable to. "the punish Some of the women carried babies in their arms. They trudged ment of death H she did not report him. It would deprive the over the country and O\er the stony roads until their pathway mother of permitting her own son to sleep in her home. It is, was marked with the blood <>f their torn and lacerated feet. in effect, a death warrant that applied in some portions of Many of them wandered into the to'\tn of Belfast the next morn Ireland to all its inhabitants. The fact that it was not uni-' ing, some of them almost unable to travel. Most of them versall_y enforced is not the fault of the British Government. had lost everything that they possessed on earth-their homes, The facts are that the people of Ireland were so loyal that that represented the years of toil and sacrifice, all the clothing although orders like this made them traitors, they still refused except that which they wore-in fact, all that ·they had in the to divulge any information or give evidence as to the where world they saw go up in flames as they were wearily trudging abouts of any republican. their way over the hills. The world was terribly shockecl a few YE:ars ago when They were, of course, Qbjects of charity. Families were Edith Cavell, a well-known English woman, was tried, con divided and distributed among people who would care for demned, and shot by a German military tribunal in Bel them and give them succor. The charitably inclined people gium because she had vi<>latec1 an order lllilde by Germany of Belfast rented a vacant hall in the town, filled it with that was to all intents and purpose~ exactly the same as beds, and in this room many women with their little broods this one. A civilized world condemned the German GoYern were housed and fed and cared for. A woman perhaps with ment. All over Christendom no voice could be heard in defenstJ from three to fiye children had an improvised bed, with only Of the action of the German military authoritie , and Eclitb a few feet surrounding it, where she and her children had to Cavell's deat11 was mourned throughout the civilized world. If ~leep and live. we are to defend Great Britain in the proclamation of this The. condition of these people was described by 1\Irs. order, then if we are fair we ought to apologize to the German Robinso~ an Englishwoman, and a member of the ortho authorities whom we condemned for the death of Edith Cavell. dox Church of England, .and who was one of the committee If this order is just, then the killing of Edith Cavell was right; of ten that was sent by the English branch of the International and if the murder of Edith Cavell under a similar order made League of Women into Ireland to .study conditions. She was by Germany was murder, and I believe it was, then the makln~ there just a few days after the fire, and she declares that the of a similar order by the British Government ought to place her condition <>f these women and cnildren was perfectly beyond in the same category with Germany. human description and almost beyond the imagination. In this In this connection, and as bearing directly on this proposition, hall, filled with se\eral hundred women and children, where I want to read a portion of an editorial that appeared in the they bad to eat and sleep. and live., there was no place for the London Nation of January ~5, 1921. The editorial is headed children to play, no place for mothers to go; they occupieu :a bed " The Belgian Parallel," and reads, in part, as follows : at night and sat on the edge of the bed during the day. There A document that moved the whole world was published five years ago were no chairs, there were no toilet facilities, and the suffering by a commission apl?ointed by Mr. Asquith's Government to report on tbe German atrocities in Belgium. • • • These were the early and agony was simply indescribable. days of th~ war, and the indictment of Germany revealed to a llorrl It is unnecessary to defend the murder of Swanzy in order to fied world "tVhat militarism really means, and the reckless thoroughness with which it sacrifices every human right to military success. It was defend the atrocities that followed. No one has ever charged widely read in all countries: 4n England with burning indignation. that the people who suffered were in any uay. responsible for But, llke all such literature, it was soon pushed out of most people's Swanzy's death. It is admitted that these people were entirely minds t.y the events of the war. Those who read it nnw will be startled to find how exact is the parallel between Germany's reasoning in Bel· innocent of any plot to murder Swanzy. Very few of them knew gium and ours in Ireland. him, and I presume of those who did there were very few who knew anything ab<>ut ·his history. The inflicting of suffering The editorial then quotes a portion of this report, as _follows: An invading army may be entitled to shoot at sight .a civilian caught upon innocent women and children and the destruction of the red-handed, or anyone who, though not caught red-handed. 1s proved homes of hundreds of the poor, driving them out into the streets guilty "On inquiry. But this was not the practice followed by the Ger· homeless and almost naked, all these things were brought about ma.u troops. They do not seem to have made any inquiry. They seized entirely and solely because of the indefensible program of the the civilians of the village indiscriminately and killed them, or such as they selected from among them, without the least regard to guilt or British authorities to break the will of the Irish people and to innocence. quench in the hearts of the citizens of Ireland the flame for freedom and for liberty; but it should be said, I think, that the 'Then the arti-cle prQceeds tQ compare the condition in Ireland killing of Swanzy was likewise the natural and logical result with that in Belgium according to the Bryce report, using this of this same policy. It is true that his guilt had not been de language: · · termined by any tribunal that had jurisdiction to try him for In how many towns and villages of Ireland have men or boys been shot out of hand on this same principle? The tll.ree men murdered at the crime with which he was charged by the verdict of the jury Cork last October, to take an example, were chosen not because they at the coroner's inquest. He was entitled to a trial; but the had been associated with any crime but because they were representa tive Sein Feiners. The commissioners, after turning over various ex Irish people, while .anxious to give him such a trial, were de planations of the conduct of the German troops, hit upon a sentence prived of that right by the military power of Britain; and which exactly describes the policy defended and expounded by Sir when a Government denies to a subject people the right to Hamar G1.·eenwood in his speeches to the House of Commons and in the try men charged with crime it is natural, it is human nature, columns of his paper, the Weekly Summary. that these people will take the law into their own han{ls. The editorial then quotes again from the Bryce report on If a case similar to that of the murder of Lord Mayor Mac conditions in Belgium : Curtain had occurred in America in 1776, and this same The explanation seems to be that these ex.cesses were committed-in Brit)sh Government had protected the .man who was charged some cases ordered in others allowed-on a ·system -and in pursuance of a ·set purpose. That purpose was to strik~ terror into the civil popo with the murder, and taken him to another part of the lation arid dishearten the Belgian troops!.. so ns to .crush down resistance country, he would have been murdered by our forefathers - and extinguish the very spirit or self-derense. 1921. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2817 In the minds of Prus&ian officers war seems to have become a sort of ports from which an enemy could attack England are farther sacred mission, one of the highest functions of the omnipotent State, which is itself as much an army as a State. Ordinary morality and from England than is Holland, and neaTly as far as Denmark, the ordinary sentiment of pity vanish in its presence, superseded by a Norway, and Sweden. If England must hold Ireland because new standard which justifies to the soldier every means that can con Ireland is so close to her, then for the same reason England duce to success, however ehockinl? to a natural sense of justice and must take France and bold that country in subjection. She humanity, however revolting to hts own feelings. must take Belgium, and if we carry the argument still further, And then the editorial in the London Nation proceeds further she must take the United States, because the United States lies to compare conditions in Ireland to those described by Mr. Bryce closer to a British possession than Ireland does, and if England in Belgium: must be protected by owning everything that is close to her, why What better description could be written of the shooting of ~r. Gwynn, or the girl killed in the Dublin streets, or of the speeches m should not the same argument apply to every other nation? If which Hamar Greenwood told the House of Commons that the right we apply this reasoning to our own country, then the United way to pacify Ireland was not to control the armed servants of the States should take Canada, on the one band, and Mexico on the Crown. but to leave the Black and Tans to use their own methods? In detail, almost everyt.hing that is done in Ireland. w.as blamed by other, and after we have acquired Mexico we sllould for the the commission in reportin~ on Belgium. The commtsstoners report, same reason take Central America, and continue on until we for example, that a womnn was shot by some German soldiers as. she have captured everything down to Cape Horn, at the southern was walking home, and for no apparent reason. Doubtless the Retchs tag would have been told as the House of Commons was told by Sir extremity of South America. And England, after she has taken Hamar Greenwood, that the soldiers were in the habi~ of shoo~ing as France, would be compelled for the same reason to take Spain, they moved about in case there might be an ambush m the neighbor Germany, and so forth, until in the end England would have all hood • • • In the case of incendiarism the parallel is remark ably ·close. In Ireland houses have been burned in towns and villages Europe, Asia, Africa, and .America, so that the argumeut, fol by the hundreds on the excuse that somebody has been shot in the lowed to its natural conclusion, means that England must have neighborhood. Turn now to Belgium : under her flag the entire world. "At Morlanwitz • * • the Germans burned the Hotel de Ville and 62 houses. The usual accusation of ti.L'ing by civilians was made." THE ENGLISH CLAIM THAT THE RELEASE OF IRELAND WOULD EXDAXGER Later on in the editorial the writer proceeds, as follows: THJC EXISTENCE OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. For in our war on the Irish people, which is the consequence of The English opponents of Irish freedom, wlli.le in many cases racial pride we are copying the spirit which Lord Bryce and his col admitting that Ireland should have the right to govern herself leagues described as the spirit of Prussia. We represent that spirit in Ireland, and nothing else. and be independent, yet claim that Ireland's domination by Great Britain is necessary in order to preserve the Empire. Then the writer of tlle editorial quotes the conclusion of the While most strenuously denying this proposition, yet for the Bryce report : purpose of the argument let us for the moment admit it, and We venture to hope that as soon as the present war is over the nations of the world in council will consider what means can be pro what iL the conclusion that we must IT IS CLUMED THAT GTIEAT BRITAIN CAN GOVERN IRELAND BETTER THAN out in the ()Cean beyond her borders, stopping the progress of illELAXD CAN GOVER)~ HERSELF. any evil-disposed power that any time in the future might un This i'3 ~mother proposition tllat I unqualifiedly deny, but even dertake to attack the British Empire. But if England refuses if it be true, it constitutes no defense to England's control of to grant this independence, if she still persists in her cruelty Ireland. It is not a question of good government so much as it and her inhuman treatment, she increases the bitterness, if that is a question of self-government. I will concede that before be possible, that now exists between the two nations ; she makes Ireland is entitled to her freedom it must appear that she is every Irishman individually her enemy, and she makes an able to govern herself, but it is not necessary that she. should enemy collectively of the Irish people. If she continues to prove herself able to govern herself l.>etter than England could refuse this honest and just request, every Irish child born in goYeJ~n her. As far &...'> I know, it is not claimed anywhere in the future will be taught at its mother's knee to hate England. the worl Protestant aliJ{e. It thrives and g1:ows in the bosom of the .APPENDIX A. atheist. It is a common heritage of civilized man. Every MANIFESTO OF LEADERS OF THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE OF GREAT BRITAIN ON civilized person wants to be free, and his desire for freedom is IRELAND. entirely independent of his religious views. Protestant, as We, the undersigned, practicing the a1·ts, the humaner letters, I am, I would be ashamed of Protestantism if ·r were not will and the abstract sciences, or belonging to the churches and the ing to extend the same political freedom to the Catholic that learned professions of this country, being neither active nor I claim for myself. The desire for freedom is no such thing interested politicians, view with profound humiliation the that any person or any sect can have a monopoly of it. It is present stale of the kingdom of Ireland. not something that can be measured in quantity. It exists in the We see our country, which in the past and until very la(ely air we breathe. It is exemplified in the rippling brook as it made great sacrifices, thinking that it made them for the cause winds its way to the sea. Its song is heard among the rustling of oppressed peoples, now presenting to the world the aspect of branches of the trees and its gentle voice breathes through the a land hardly equaled in the past for ignorant and unavailing soul a message of love and fraternity to all mankind. The coercion, that coercion ·being practiced upon a nation that co heart that is imbued with the real spirit of human liberty seeks equally with ourselves has inherited our traditions of indi _ to give the same boon to his fellow men wherever they may be vidual liberty. Th1s not because of any. native fe;rocity, greed and whatever may be their condition and their belief. Like the of gain, or thirst for rapine in our people, but because of irreso grace of Gad, it grows upon itself. It spreads and promotes its lution, incapacity, and misreading of facts by those who hold silent influence wherever civilization prevails. The real spirit the reins of our Government. · of liberty is absolutely unselfish. The heart that is imbued and We therefore call upon the present ministry to find immedi controlled by its influence desires instead of impeding its growth ate means of arbitration or mediation between ourselves and that it be implanted in the hearts of all men. It is the highest the people of Ireland. And if the organized shedding of blood, symbol of civilization. It is the connecting link between God whether by the natives of Ireland or His Majesty's forces, or and man. arsons, robberies, and requisitions_by either party shall con In conclusion, it can safely and truthfully be said that the tinue, we demand the resignation of His Majesty's government Irish people, without any question whatever, are competent and and declare om·selves resolved in that case to leave unmad~ able to govern themselves; no effort to substitute one that will have for its first and most That there is almost a unanimous judgment amongst them urgent business that of finding the means of mediation until that they should .be permitted to do so; permanent peace shall be restored to the sister kingdom. That the giving of freedom to Ireland would not injure the Prof. Oharles R. Beazley, University of Birming British Empire, but, on the other hand, would greatly sh·engthen ham; Arnold Bennett; Edwyn Bevan; \V. Lyon her and extend her influence for good throughout the world and Blease; Wilfrid Seawen Blunt; Bernard Bosan through all the coming years ; quet, fellow of British Academy; Edward Car That there is no religious question involved in the issue; penter, G. K. Chesterton; Margaret Llewelyn That there is a strong and growing sentiment in England her Davies; W. H. Davies; Walter de la Mare; G. self among her greatest and her best people that Ireland should Lowes Dickinson; John Drinkwater; Havelock be permitted to make lter own laws for her own government in · Ellis ; Arthur Evans; E. Forster; Roger Fry; her own way; Prof. W. M. Geldert, University of Oxford; \Vil That the acknowledgment by England of Irish independence frid Wilston Gibson; Douglas Goldring; Jane would be hailed 'vith delight and satisfaction over the entire Harrison; Ralph Hodgson; Ford Madox Huef civilized world and that Ireland, like the American colonies, fer; Augustus E. John; J. M. Keynes, fellow, has the right to be free and independent. King's College, Cambridge; J. N. Keynes, regis This being true, what shall America say? What shall the de trar University of Cambridge; Rose Macauley; scendants of the forefathers of our Republic do? If we are H. J. Massingham; Alice Meynell; Harold .worthy followers of the courageous fathers of Revolutionary Monro; T. Sturge Moore; Prof. Ramsay l\luir, days, shall we not, at least, protest to the world in favor of Ire University of Manchester; Prof. Gilbert l\iur land? What condition of oppression existed in our fathers' ray, Oxford University; Charles S. Myers, direc days with reference to our country that does not exist now with tor of the Psychological Laboratory, University reference to Ireland? of Cambridge; Conrad Noel, Vicar of Thaxted; Our forefathers said, referring to the King of Great Britain: Alan Odie; Dr. W. E. Orchard, King's Weigh He bas plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, ruined our towns7 and House Church; Prof. J. S. Phillimore, Univer destroyed the lives of our people. sity of Glasgow; Prof. Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, In this sentence they summed up the charg_es contained in the University of Cambridge; Lady Rhondda; immortal Declaration of Independence. Every charge made Dorothy M. Richardson ; Siegfried Sassoon ; May against Great Britain on behalf of America then is true of Sinclair; Prof. M. A. Smith, University of Ox Ireland now, and shall we, the descendants of such forefathers, ford; Prof. Frederick Soddy, University of Ox having enjoyed for more than a century the liberty brought ford; R. H. Tawney, fellow of Balliol College, about by their courageous acts, remain silent without protest Oxford; Prof. J. Arthur Thomson, University of ing while Ireland suffers ten times greater than our tote Aberdeen; Sybil Thorndike;' Prof. A. J. Toyn fathers suffered? Having obtained our own freedom, shall we bee, University of London; Virginia Woolf. selfishly close our eyes to the last English-speaking nation that is now held in subjection against its will? Can we fully .APPENDIX B. enjoy the liberty· which by the sacrifices of our forefathers we [May 25, 1921.] have inherited while listening to the cry of stricken Ireland? CROZIER ACCUSES CROW-N FORCES OF MURDER AND ARSON IN IRELA!'>D Do we really appreciate that had it not been for succor that DECLARES CADET CONFESSED TO KILLING OF FATHER GRIFFIN IN GAL has been sent from America and other parts of the world to WAY-SWEARS HIGH OF.I!'ICIALS SUPPRESSED EVIDENCE-GIVES J\IANY Ireland, a large portion of her women and children during INSTANCES OF TllRllORISJII. the winter that has just passed would have died of starvation? [Copyright, 1921~ by the Press Publishing Co. (the New York World). Can we enjoy our own firesides in the midst of our families · ;::special cable dispatch to the World.] while we know that Irish women and Irish children are being LONDON, May 24. driven hungry anl.t naked from their homes and are subjected Sensational charges are made in the Daily News by Biig. to all kinds of ill treatment as they watch through blinding Gen. Crozier, lately commander of the auxiliary division of the tears the destruction of hearthstones that are the result of years Royal Irish Constabulary, against the authors and instruments of toil and strife? of the present regime in Ireland. In the name of liberty and the freedom for which our fore Gen. Crozier asserts cases of murder, arson, looting, and other fathers fought; in the uame of the silent voice of conscience forms of terrorism were practiced by the Crown forces during that breathes forth from the soul of every free man and the six months he held his Irish command, and it was in con woman; in the name of Christian civilization; in the name of sequence. of his determination to enforce discipline and put an progress and humanity, I appeal to the Senate to express the end to police crime that his position was deliberately rendered sentiment of the American people by protesting before a suf impossible and resignation forced upon him. These accusations fering, waiting world against the cruelties that are being heaped are embodied in a bulky dossier, each supported by· sworn evi upon the Irish people and demand for this long-suffering but dence, and many affidavits have already been taken. courageous and determined race the same freedom, the same The charges are specific in character and are made, in several liberty that by the will of Almighty God and the sacrifices of our instances, against men occupying high positions whose names forefathers we ourselves enjoy. are set down. The disclosures are set forth as follows: - 1921. OONGRESSION AL REUORD-SENATE. 2821 1. Disguised us members of the Irish republican army a com It is concerned with the problem of Irish goYernment and the pany of auxiliaries, Gen. Crozier says, held up the post office bestowal upon the people of Ireland of the freedom \\hich they at Kilkenny last September, gagged and bound the mail sorters, passionately desire. It is concerned also with the degradation and opened 20 bags of mail. All the money found-a consid which the British people are now suffering in consequence of erable sum-ex-cept £29, which was returned to police head the policy of repression and coercion which has been carried quarters, was stolen and the letters thrown in the river. Tele out in its name. On the general problem of the settlement of phone wires were cut and the district isolated by the police the political problem in Ireland, the Labor Party has declared themselves as a blind. its policy. The mamfesto embodying this policy is reprinted The company commander resigned soon after this operation as an appendix to this report. Labor representatives in the took place. The auxiliary division had only recently been House of Commons have protested against the policy of physical formed, and its development, the charges assert, dates from force applied to Ireland, as the Labor Party regards recourse the precedent officially set on this occasion. to methods of violence as a confession of bankruptcy of states 2. A captain resigned his command after a fortnight on ac manship. count of what he described as "the methods in vogue.'' Infor On October 25 Mr. Arthur Henderson moved in the House of mation as to the nature of these methods was subsequently Commons: "That this House regrets the present state of obtained, and was found to relate to the treatment of prisoners. lawlessness in Ireland .and the lack of discipline in the armed 3. Gen. Crozier says he is prepared to swear be was in forces of the Crown, resulting in the death or injury of inno formed, after leaving the force, by a certain cadet that he cent citizens and the destruction of property; and is of opin (the cadet) had murdered Father Griffin in county Galway, ion that an independent investigation should at once be insti and that a certain officer, whose name is given, stood by and tuted into the causes, nature, and extent of reprisals on the later buried the body in a bog. The officer is now alleged to part of those whose duty is the maintenance of law and order." occupy a position of great responsibility in Ireland. This proposed vote ot censure condemned the action of the The general states thnt a very highly placed official in Dub British Government and its agents in Ireland and asked for lin Castle and a police officer of standing in the west were an independent iru1uiry. The request for an inquiry was re directly involved in the suppression of evidence bearing on the fused. The situation in Ireland did not improve. Indeed it murder. He was himself, he says, intrusted with a message grew worse, and the Labor Party, therefore, decided to set up a betwee-n tlhese two persons conclusively proving this charge. commission under its own auspices to inquire into the whole 4. Gen. Crozier iS in a position to supply important informa question of reprisals and violence in Ireland. tion relative to the murde-r of Michael O'CaUaghan, former THE PRBSOX:-i'EL Oli' THE COMMISSION. mayor of Limerick. The Parliamentary Labor Party appointed three of its mem 5. Gen. Crozier alleges a former member of the auxiliary bers, Right Hon. Arthur Henderson, M. P., Mr. J. Lawson, M. P., dlrision who threatened an exposure of the circumsts.nces and l\1r. W. Lunn, l\1. P., to serve on the commission, whilst the under which three men were killed at Killaloe " while endeavor executive committee of the Labor Party appointed its chair ing to escape" was "squared" by the Irish Government. The man, 1\Ir. A. G. Cameron; its vice chairman, Mr. F ...W . Jowett; officer who executed this mission is now in London, the charges · and ~r. J. Bromley to represent the executive of the party. claim. At the fiTst meeting of the commission Mr. Henderson was SQUAEED EVIDENCE. unanimously elected as chairman. In view of the importance 6. Gen. Crozier is pr.epared to swear that in the course of a of the delegation's work and opportunities which it was thought serious conversation at Dublin Castle on February 17 with an might arise to assist the establishment of peace in Ireland, the officer in high command the Drumcondra case was mentioned. Right Hon. W. Adamson, M. P., was persuaded to join the This is the case in which two men were said to have been taken commission. Brig. Gen. C. B. Thomson became military -ad at night in a car from the castle and murdered at a lonely spot viser, and Capt. C. W. Kendall legal adviser. Mr. W. W. on the outskirts of Dublin. Henderson accompanied the commission as press secretary and Gen. Cro-zier also charges the following words, or words to Mr. Arthur Greenwood was appointed secretary of the com preci ely the same effect, were used to him by the officer mission. Mr. Tom Johnson, secretary of the Irish Labor Pnri"Y referred to : and Trade Union Congress, was attached to the commission "We managed to square the evidence in the guardroom, but and the services of Mr. E. Rooney as stenographer were placed I am afraid we can not do it here. However, I did my best at the disposal of the commission by the Irish Transport to fL'\: up Bland and convinced him, I think, that he was an Workers' Union. accessory before the fact." Sir Hamar Greenwood, chief secretary to the Lord Lieutenant The general furtner declares some of the police evidence in of Ireland, gave every possible assistance to the commission. As the case was, as a matter of fact, arranged and that he was a result of his instructions we were .supplied with permits to himself present at the rehearsal of a portion of the proposed enable us to h·avel by motor anywhere we wished to go and at . evidence before a prominent intel1igence officer. The trial any hour. We were everywhere received with the utmost cour resulted in an acquittal for the Crown officers and men con tesy by responsible officials, both civil and military. We wish, cerned. therefore, to place on record our sense of obligation to the chief 7. With regard to the Croke Park massae1·e, which followed secretary, to the officials of Dublin Castle, and to the l'espon the murder of eight officers in Dublin, Gen. Crozier states that sible milit.:'lry and police officers with whom we came into con one of his most trusted officers came to him directly from tact. We do so the more earnestly because the main burden Croke Park after the shooting and reported : of our report is a denunciation of the Government's policy. " It was the most disgraceful show I have ever seen. Black and Tans fired into the crowd without any provocation what THE DIARY OF THE COM.!IISS10~. eTer." The commission left for Dublin on Tuesday, November 30. · These seven items are merely selections from the mass of de That evening it met the secretary of the Irish Labor Party and tailed e·vidence gathered by the general, tending to show the Trade Union Congress. On the following day a long discussion conditions with which he had to deal. Faced with the impera took place between representatives of the Irish Labor Party tive necessity of restoring discipline and chech.'ing the police and the commission on labor policy regarding Ireland, the pos crime, one of his most valuable weapons was the pewer of sibilities of seeming a suspension of acts of violence, and the dismissal from the ranks of the auxiliary division. Of this he detailed work of the commission. Both the commission and the was deprived early in November, and his resignation was the Irish Labor representatives were in perfect accord, and the sequel to still further limitation of his autl:.Oiity. latter proffered every possible help to the delegates. They Hugh :M.ar.tin, the Daily News correspondent, says Gen. Cro placed at our disposal the services of Mr. Tom Johnson, whose zier's charges call for a public inquiry by a select committee assistance was invaluable. During the time -ve wer~ in Ireland of the House or a joint committee of the Lords and the Com Mr. Johnson acted as a liaison officer between the commission mons. The general, he declares, should be called upon to pro and Irish labor, both in Dublin and elsewhere. The attitude of duce his evidence and most thorough measures taken to protect the Irish labor movement toward the promotion of peace in the lives and property of any witnesses brought from Ireland Ireland is dealt with later in this report, and need not there to testify at the inquiry. fore be referred to here. The commission made Dublin its headquarters for ,several APPENDIX C. days. During this time evidence was taken at the Shelbourne REPORT OF THE BRITISH LABOR COMMISSIO~ TO InELAND. Hotel, and visits were paid to Balbriggan, Skerries, Croke Park, The situation in Ireland to-day is nothing short of a tragedy, and other places in Dublin itself. At Balbriggan-the scene of whether from the point of >iew of the Irish people or from the a reprisal on a large scale--the delegates \isited the hosiery standpoint of British honor and prestige. British labor is factory which was destroyed by fire. and the many houses and vitally interested in the Iri 11 situation from two p-oints of ·view. other premises which were burned in the nttack upon the town 2822 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JuNE 21, on September 20. The evidence of eyewitnesses was taken in On Tuesday, December 14, l\1essrs. Cameron, Jowett, and the town hall. Bromley left for London to attend the meeting of the executive At Skerries witnes es were examined with regard to the committee of the Labor Party, the remainder of the commis shooting of individuals there. At Croke Park the commission sion leaving Dublin the following day. reconstructed the scene of Sunuay, November 21, and took evi It will be seen that our inquiries were confine(] to Dublin and dence on the spot. In Dublin visits were paid to the Painters' neighborhood and to the southwest of Ireland, which is the most Trade Union Club and the Women's Trade Union Club, both of disturbed area of the country. We were unable, without pro which premi es had been raided, and ~orne <>f our members longing the inquiry, to nsit districts in which incidents have investigated incidents which bad occurred in private houses. taken place that merit close investigation. 'Ve believe, lJow In the meantime Mr. Henderson and Mr. Adamson inter ever, that the evidence we have been able to obtain is more viewed l\'1r. Arthur Griffiths in Mountjoy Prison, and visited than sufficient to justify the strongest condemnation of the the Archbishop of Dublin. Mr. Henderson also traveled to volicy of the British Government. .Armagh and interviewed Caruinal Logue. The work of the commission falls into two parts-the inquiJ.·y On Saturday, December 4, the commission visited Dublin into reprisals and the efforts which were made toward a cessa Castle and bad an interview with the chief secretary for Ire tion of acts of violence as a necessary preliminary to negotia land. The chief military, police, and civil officers of Dublin tions for a permanent settlement of the problem of Irish gov Castle were present at the interview. ernment. The first part of the report is concerned with On Sunday, December 5, l\lr. Adamson returned to Scotland reprisals, and j:he second section to the larger problem of peace. to fulfill an important engagement in Fifeshire, and on the fol Before embarking upon a discussion of reprisals, however, we lowing morning Mr. Henderson left for London. 1\Ir. A. G. feel it to be necessary to explain the method of inquiry which Cameron acted as chairman of the commission during the we pursued. remainder of his stay in Ireland. The evening prior to the de METHOD OF INQUIRY. parture of Mr. Henderson the commis ion met members of the Before our departure to Ireland we had recei\ed numerous executive committees of the Irish Labor Party and Trade Union letters calling attention to "reprisals" which were alleged to Congress for the purpose of reviewing the Irish situatiol} from have taken place. We had, of course, in our minds the various the point of view of the establishment of peace. occurrences in Ireland which had been the subject of questions On Monday morning, December 6, the commission traveled or debates in Parliament. During the whole of our stay in by train to Cork. We met the Lord Mayor, the senior Sinn Fein Ireland cases for inquiry were constantly being brought to our member for the city, and several members of the city counciL notice. By every post there came suggestions or appeals for The Lord l\layor kindly placed a room in the City Hall-since investigation into " reprisals " of which the writers had knowl totally destroyed by fire--at our disposal, and offered to supply edge. Telephone messages and telegrams calleu attention to the commission with all the information collected by the city acts of violence committed in various places in Irelanu by council concerning incidents in Cork. armed forces of the Crown. Personal callers came to bring We investigated several unfortunate occurrences which took " reprisals " to our notice. place during our stay in the city, and a large number of wit It was obvious from the commencement of our investigation nesses were examined with regard to reprisals carried out that to attempt to inquire into all the allegations of "reprisals" during the pa t few months. We paid visits to buildings which which in one way or another were forced upon our attention was bad been burned, and to houses and shops where furniture, to attempt the impossible. Some method of selection of cases fittings, and other property had been destroyed. l\1embers of for investigation · was essential. We therefore decided to ex the commission traveled by motor car from Cork to Bandon to amine various types of cases. 'Ve could, of course, have done see the hosiery works and other property which had suffered .this within easy reach of Dublin; but we were unanimous in destruction,. and to take the evidence of witnesses. the view that our inquiry would not be complete unless we On Wednesday, December 8, we left Cork for Killarney. visited the more disturbed areas in Ireland. Our representa Owing to the suspension of the passenger service on the rail tive cases are drawn, therefore, from Dublin and from the ways, we traveled by motor car through the southwest of Tre southwest of Ireland, though we have received sworn state la.nu. On Thursday we reached Tra1ee, which place provided ments relating to "reprisals" in other parts of the coun'try. us with abundant evidence of reprisals and terrorism. On the The cases dealt with in this report fall into two groups way to Tralee we in\estigated the circumstances of the burn outrages committe We should have been glad to receive the fullest possible evi stabulary are men of really bad character. Nevertheless this dence from official sources. Whilst responsible officers, civil and small fraetion has discredited the whole force as an instrument· military, have been willing to discuss with members of the com of policy by making it an object· of general dread and detesta mission cases investigated by us, we were not supplied with tion. Evidence in support of this statement was found in every copies of the official reports bearing on such cases. These docu district visited, though in some a distinction was made between ments are confidential, and we were informed that in conse members of the old constabulary and the Black and Tans. quence we could not be provided with copies of them. The The auxiliary division of the Royal Irish Constabulary is re chief secretary offered to arrange for the police or military cruited exclusively from ex-officers. Perhaps for this reason a concerned in cases we wished to examine to appear before us, license is permitted among the " cadets " (the rank and file of but as in very many cases the men concerned have been l~e the division) which makes their conduct depend more on the moved to other parts of the country since the occurrences on personality of local eommanders than on instructions from head which we desired their statements took place, time did. not per quarters. In Tralee the auxiliaries enjoyed a reputation for mit us to take evidence from them. good behavior and moderation among the inhabitants, but in other districts which we visited they inspired terror as the THE ARMED FORCES IN IllELAND. authors of reprisals whose brutality and destructive effects There is a state of war in Ireland, and what are called "out were only equaled by the skill and forethought with which they rages" and "reprisals" are but incidents in a bitter campaign. had been planned. On the one hand, there are the armed forces of the Crown; on In the auxiliary division the men who matter are those pos the other, the Irish republican army. It will be well before sessed of ability and education, who are inflamed by political describing the reprisals we have investigated to provide a passion, and who, so far as could be seen during the visit of background by explaining the composition, character, and tem the commission, were being given a free hand in the south and per of the opposing forces in Ireland. Only in this way is it west of Ireland. Wherever reprisals have been scientifically possible to bring individual incidents into relation with the carried out so as to cause the maximum economic and industrial general situation. loss to an Irish countryside or city, they·have almost invariably The Government forces in Ireland consist of: been the work of detachments of cadets. Several cases investi (a) The military garrison. gated by the commission revealed the fact that these detach (b) The Royal Irish Constabulary. ments had worked independently of, and brooked no inter (c) The auxiliary division. ference from, the other forces of the Crown. In view of the In regard to (a), some 50,000 soldiers are at present quar recent conduct, after the orders published in the .press forbid tered in Ireland; they are in the main young and inexperi ding all reprisals, they do not seem to recognize even the au- enced; few of them have had the training given to a recruit in thority of Dublin Castle, and the question suggests itself: prewar days before joining a service unit. The majority of the Under whom, then, do they serve? Some obvious deductions junior officers are equally ignorant of their professional duties; can be made from much that is uncertain and confused. This many in infantry battalions have not passed through the Royal division is essentially undemocratic in its composition. It is a Military College at Sandhurst. Under the conditions existing in class weapon which is being forged in Ireland and could be used Ireland up to and during the visit of the commission, these lads in England. Further, the method of its employment at the were continually being called upon to support the police against present juncture gives color to the suspicion that it is the in the civil population, a task which has always been distasteful strument of those reactionary forces which dictate the Irish to regular soldiers and should be confided only to highly dis policy ATTACKS UPON !llEi\lBERS OF THE C'I\OW:K FORCES. in the streets, but we can not IJelieT that for men to carry Member of the Royal Irish Constabulary hav-e been shot both rifles " at the ready " is a mean of protection again t th-e possi on and off dutv. These cases are regarded by Sinn. Feiners, bility of being shot from a -window or nt a tlistanee. Thls dis whether they approve of them or not, as " reprisals " rather !l:an play of arms assists to spread the feeling of terror. The ight "011trages." They were, it is said, the outcome of ~e Bnt1~h of "tin hats," c.lrawn bayonet , ._ nd revolvers, and here nnd Government' , policy of coercion and repression mun1fested m there of sandbags or machine guns or powerful earchlights is the impriS.onment of people without trial, the prohibition of calculated to terrorize the civilian population. public meeting and similar acts. The shooting of members But the insolent and provocative conduct of certain sections of the constab{llary and the subsequent resignations which of the Crown forces is e\en more likely to inspire fear or to took place were largely responsible for the " dilution " of the incite reprisals. In at least one town to our own knowledge old Royal Irish Constabulary by newcomers of a less desirable the Royal Irish Constabulary often ear1·y Black and Tan :flags type and for the enrollment of the auxiliary division of the on their motor lorries, glorying in the title w1lich has spread Royal Irish Constabulary, though, on the other hand, it is clear fear thl.-oughout the land. Sometimes below it will be found a that the resort by a section of the Sinn Fein movement t~ a small Sinn Fein flag, or the :flag of the Irish republic will be policy of physical force was itself but the outcome of a coerc1ve trailed at the tail of the lorry in the dust or mire of the road. policy on the part of the British Go\ernment. We would submit that no disciplined force would so deliberately Since the introduction into Ireland of reinforcements of the encourage bitterness of spirit or inflame feelings of retaliation Royal Irish Constabulary and the embodiment of the auxiliary in this way. division attacks by members of the Irish republican army We have witnessed with feelings of shame the insolent swag upon the forces of the Crown have increased in number, whilst ger of individual Black and Tans in the streets of Irish towns. the scale of operations has been enlarged. There have been We have heard raucous voices, to the accompaniment of the several ambushes in which many members of the Crown forces rumble of a police lorry, bawling the Royal Irish Constabulary have been killed or wounded. Th€Se incidents have been fully song: reported in the British press. But regrettable as these opera= We are the boys of the R. I. C.; tions are, they appear to us less reprehensible than the murder We are as happy :rs happy can be. of British officers and civilians in their beds on "bloody Sun Incidents such as these may not seem to be important, but day," November 2:1. Sinn Feiners have, as we shall show pres who can doubt that in Ireland to-day they intensify the hatred ently, been shot in cold blood; but "two wrongs do nat make a of the British Government and its ways? right," and by whomsoever it is earried out and whoever is the It is unfortunate also that the civilian population should wit victim the murder of individuals unable to defend themselves ness, as many have done, members of the Crown forces under is mur'der, whether committed by members of the British Crown the influence of drink. A member of the commission stated to forces or by Irish \Olunteer . his colleagues that he had seen in the street an auxiliary_cadet, VICTIMIZATIO~ OF PEOPLE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ROYAL IRISH revolver in hand, distinctly the worse for liquor. CONSTABULARY. At a railway station the members of the commission saw a The commis ion has obtained statements relating to acts of nlliilber of Black and Tans (they wore the Royal Irish Con victimization committed upon persons related to or associated stabulary uniform and were certainly not, to judge by their with members of the Royal Irish Constabulary. We have not general appearance and accent, members of the old Royal Irish had an opportunity of personally investigating any of these Constabulary) invade the refreshment room. We use the word cases. Those to which our attention has been drawn are for the "inva-de" advisedly. Their behavior was unmannerly, to say most part cases of what may be called petty victimization. the· very least. They shouted out the Royal Irish Constabulary though they are undoubtedly calculated to -embitter the Royal song and, in general, made the room intolerable for the Irish Constabulary. There are a number of cases where women travelers who were inside when t11e Black and Tans appeared. employed as Royal Irish .Constabulary barrack servant~ or Some of the uniformed men were wor e for drink, and one women on friendly terms with the constabulary have 1'ece1ved Black and Tan lurched along the platform of the station, using threatening letters. In some -cases women have had their liair his rifle, presumably loaded, as a walking stick. Again it may cut off. There are instances also of the wives or families of be said that these incidents are but small affairs. But such members of the Royal Irish Constabulary being turned out of conduct must arouse feelings of resentment or fear, or both, their homes, which have been burned. Some official police l'e amongst the civilian population. · ports concerning cases of victimization are printed in the In some places members of the Crown forces have compelled appendix. · shopkeepers to obliterate the Irish signs over their doors ancl So far as we have been able to a certain, the terrorization of windows. This we know has happened at Killarney, Tralee, and persons in orne way connected with the Royal Irish Constabu ListoweL Such petty tyranny creates ill feeling. lary has not been carried out on a scale comparable with the One species of terrorism to which reference mu t be made is terrorization of the mass of the Irish people. Nevertheless the the publication in the newspapers or by means of typewTitten policy of victimization is most regrettable and has tended to circulars of notices threatening punishment to the general pub embitter the relations between the constabulary and the Irish lic if certain things are done or not done. These notices are not people. sig1led by any responsible officer; but bear a signature such as THE GOVERl"~IE •• T AXD REPillSALS. "Black and Tans" or "Secretary of Death or Victory League." We shall in this report deal in some detail with a number of Notices of this kinc.l have been set up by printers at the point the recent tragic occurrences in Ireland. The Government bas of the re-rolve1;. Some of these Jtotices are reprinted in the ap- repe-atedly condoned reprisals, and the chief ecretary has de-· pendix. • fended the action of the armed forces of the Crown. On Perhaps the most potent method of spreading terror is that numerous occasions in the House of Commons he has given a which is frequently adopted during raids and searches. It is point-blank denial to statements made by members of the House said that these must be conducted quickly, as the. repre entatives on the basis of information received from nonofficial Irish of the police or military taking part in them are exposed to con- sources. He has made assertions a few of which he l1as ulti iderable risk. But this explanation does not seem to us to ex mately been driven, m·ost grudgingly, to withdraw. The- attitude cuse the forcing of doors and breaking of windows, the flinging of the Government, judged by its spokesmen, is that many of of papers about the rooms in which they at·e found, and the reck the unhappy events in Ireland of which the British public has Jess destruction of household or office effects. l\luch less does it heard during the past few months were either figments of the excuse the attil11de only too often adopted toward per ons. A imagination or incidents in which the acts of the Crown forces peremptory order to" put 'em up" is, until it becomes a frequent were justifiable. The results of our investigations will show occurrence, an unpleasant ordeal, but on night raids the pro how much truth there is in this point of view. cedure may be much more trying. GE •• ERAL TERRORISM AND PROVOCATIYE BEHAVIOR. As an illustration we may quote the case of a local trade-union In every part of Ireland tha_t we visited we were impressed official. We do not for one moment believe that the Government by the atmosphere of terrorism which prevailed. This is due can prove anything against him-unless to be a trade-union to some extent to uncertainty; people are afraid that their official is a crime--and we nre convinced of his veracity. Some houses might be burned; they fear that they might be arrested months ago he was arrested and imprisoned for five days with or ev-en dragged from their beds and shot. out any reason being assigned.. :More recently he was visited by But terrorism is accentuated by other le~ s These are the methods of the inquisition. Intimidation of this About a fortnight after the attack on the creamery at Ahbey kind but terrifies o1.· embitters innocent citizens and particularly dorney two policemen were fatally shot. Later in the dny ·a women and children who have in some cases witnessed it. body of Royal Irish Constabulary men inflicted damage to After curfew in Dublin we heard on several nights the firing property in the town. Since then the houses of the manager and of shots. As civilians out after 10 p. m. run the risk of being the foreman employed at the creamery have been burned. shot at sight, and as the police and military utilize the curfew (D) SHANAGOLDEN CREAMERY, hours for raiding purposes, it is a fair assumption that shots during the night are generally fired by them. We have been told The commission visited the village of Shanagolden. On that often this firing is not intended for purposes of destruction, August 24 an attempt was made to fire the coooerati ve cream in which case we can only conclude that its purpose is terrorism. ery there. We were not able to ascertain the -reason for this We have no desire to overstate the facts; but the atmosphere first attack on the building. \Ve were told that tl.Je attempt to of terrorism which has been created and the provocative be burn the creamery was made by Black and Tans from the neigh havior of armed servants of the Crown, quite apart from specific boring village of Foynes. The cheese shed was actually set reprisals, are sufficient in themselves to arouse in our hearts alight, .but the flames were extinguished. Next day the local feelings of the deepest horror and shame. \Olunteers arrested a Black and 'l'an and a policeman in connec tion with the occurrence of the previous evening and marched THE BURNING OF PROPERTY. them up and down the village street without theit· boots. A large number of buildings in Ireland have been destroyed As a reprisal, it is assumed, two lorries of Black and Tans by fire, but the Government has admitted only.a very few cases arrived at the village in the evening. They shot dead an old man of arson committed by members of the Crown forces. Generally, of 75 years. At the inquest a verdict of willful murder against as, for example, in the recent great fire at Cork, the chief secre the police was returned. They burned a huuse and attempted tary denies the existence of evidence showing that the fires were to burn a house and shop, but the occupier's wife succeeded in caused by forces which, theoretically, are under his control. sa\ing it. There is, however, ample evidence, in our judgment, to show The Black aLd Tans were seen to sprinkle petrol inside the that buildings have been deliberately burned and in many cases creamery. A 5-gallon tin of peo·ol was left behind by the utterly destroyed by servants of the Crown. The premises party. Immediately after they left the building there was a which have bE*n destroyed include creameries, factories, and loud explosion and the creamery burst into flames. A cardboard other large business premises, as well as shops, private houses, box, bearing the name and official address of a sergeant of tha and farms. Royal Irish Oonstabularyr was subsequently found in the shrub We give in the appendix to the report a statement showing bery. It is assumed locally, though there is no proof, that the particulars of 42 attacks made upon cooperative concerns, box had contained explosives. mainly creameries. In the large majority of cases the buildings The county court judge awarded £12,000 damages. Cheese to were wholly or partially destroyed by fire. The economic aspect the value of £4,000, which had been made for export to Great of this destruction we shall deal with later in this report. For Britain, was destroyed. Prior to its destruction the creamery the moment we are concerned more especially with the question had been receiving from 200 farmers in the district about 6 500 of the responsibility for these reprisals. gallons of milk per day, ' (A) TUBBEllCURllY AND ACHONRY CRE.HIERIES. On the night following the burning of the creamery four young men of the village were arrested by Black and Tans and The Chief Secretary for Ireland declared in the House of roughly handled. One of them was stripped naked and, . it is Commons on October 20 that be had " never seen a tittle of evi said (though we have not direct evidence), left 5 miles away dence to prove that the servants of the Crown have destroyed from the village. On the Elamc evening an attempt was made these creameries." Over a month later, however (on November to burn the local library. 25), he admitted that in the case of the Tubbercurry and The destruction of buildings in a district other than ('ream Achonry creameries " the burning was committed by members of eries at the time the latter are destroyed and other acts of the police force on October 1 in an outburst of passion evoked violence are not confined to Shanagolden. At Ballymacelligott by the brutal murder of District Inspector Brady and the men were shot and houses and other buildings and hayricks wounding of another of their comrades on the evening of the set on fire, as well as the creamery. A more detailed account previous day." of the incidents at Ballymacelligott is given in a later section In the face of this admission it is not unjust to infer that of this report. other creameries ha Ye also been burned by the Crown forces. {E) BALBRIGGAN HOSIERY WORKS. \Ve do not need, however, to rely upon inference, for we have a volume of direct evidence that many creameries, besides those Creameries are by no means the only business premises which· already referred to, have suffered destruction or damage at the have been fired by members of the Crown forces. The Govern hands of servants of the Crown. ment has admitted that tll'e fires at Balbriggan were caused by In the cases of Tubbercurry and Achonry we do not know of servants of the Ci'own. There were two hosiery works at Bal the existence of any proof that members of the two societies briggan. On the night of September 20 one of them (belong were concerned in the death of District Inspector Brady. It is, ing to an entirely English company) ' was destroyed by fire. however, clear from the chief secretary's statement that the The company employed 109 people in the factory and at least destruction of the two creameries was a reprisal and that, either 120 outworkers. The other hosiery works would probably have with or without authority, members of the Royal Irish Con met a similar fate had not the Royal Irish Constabulary been stabulary took vengeance upon the farmers of the district. dissuaded by a local resident. (B) Bll.LYMOTE CREAMERY, {F) BANDON HOSIERY WORKS. We ret;>roduce in this volume a copy of a telegram, dated Whilst we were in Cork some members of the commission November 3, from the district inspector of the Royal Irish Con visited Bandon and there saw the remains of the factory of the stabulary at Sligo, instructing the head constable of Ballagha Bandon Hosiery Co., whose premises were burned down on dreen to "inform all available auxiliary force to proceed at October 24. Two nights previous an attempt was made to fire once to Ballymote, \vhere a sergeant bas been shot." There the factory, but only slight damage was done. The company appears to us to be no reason why auxiliaries should be sent employed about 70 persons. The factory and stock were com to a place where a police sergeant had been shot, unless for ' pletely destroyed at the second attempt, and the damage caused purposes of revenge. On November a the Ballymote cooperative was estimated at £50,000. At the military inquiry 14 wit creamery was destroyed by fire. The society has no fewer than nesses deposed that the fire was the work of the military, and 980 members.• We have not personally investigated this case, it is understood that the authorities admit this to be the case. but we can not refrain from remarking upon . the coincidence of The Balbriggan factory was destroyed, with other property the date of the telegram with the date of the burning of Bally in the town, as a reprisal for the death of a police officer, but we mote creamery. have not been able to discover any similar motive for the attack (C) ABBEYDOR 'EY CREAMERY. on the Bandon works, though it is suggested as a possible ex planation that some of the employees were Sinn Feiners. The circumstances of the destruction by 'tire of the .Abbey dorney creamery were the subject of inYestigation by the com {G) PRINTING WORKS AT TRALEE. mission. There can. in our opinion, be no doubt that. the build Members of the commission saw the ruins of a printing.works ings were fired by uniformed men, who used petrol for the pur in Tralee. The damage done by the Crown forces is estimated pose of setting the creamery buildings alight more speedily and at over £50,000. At the works two newspapers were printed effectively. The store, which contained a good deal of in and 30 persons were employed. The destruction of the prem flammable material, was completely gutted. The manager ises is ascribed, though there is, of course, no positive proof of was ill-used. After the departure of the incendhn·:c:s 300 this, to the fact that the editor of one of the papers had criti· pounds of butter and two 80-pound cheeses had disappeared. cized the action of the authorities..• OONGRESSIO~AL RECORD-SEN ATE. JUNE 21 2826 ' {H) DESTRUCTIO:'l" Oil' SHOPS. received information of many cases into which we were not able The examples gi'Ven abO>e-all of them the subject (}f inquiry to inquire. But we consider the material which we have col by the commission-will gi'Ve some indication of the damage lected to be sufficient for oti.r purpose. done to industrial concerns. Large business premises of other The forces of the Crown in Ireland have been guilty of arson. kinds and shops have been burneQ. down in many places. We As we have pointed out, in a few instances the Government has need do no more than refer at this stage to the wholesale destruc admitted as mueh, and we have no doubt that, if the chief sec tion by fire of the premises of many important business firms retary were pressed to declare the facts in other cases he would in the center of Cork on the night -of December 12. Before this be driven, however I'eluctantly, to make similar admissions: disaster occurred we had visited other shops in Cork which had Incendi~:t.rism is part of the policy of the Black and Tans and suffered a similar fate. 'Ve refer to incendiarism in the city auxiliaries. It is, we believe, one of tbelr methods of terrorism of Cork later in the report. and revenge. At Bandon inquiry was made into the burning of a large In face of the admissions of the Government as to the origin haberdashery, stationery, and. boot store. Men in uniform were of the fires at Balbriggan, Achonry, and Tubbercurry the .,.en seen to throw petrol on the shop windows and doors, and. bombs era! public may well suspect the truth of the denials of the Brit through the windows. These exploded and flames broke out. ish Government as to the complicity of their servants in other The upper part of the building was used as a dwelling and sev cases, even if direct evidence were not available. Such evidence, eral people were in bed when the fi1·e occurred. They succeeded however, there is, and the legitimate sm·mises of those who mis in e caping, the girls clad only in their nightdresses. The house trust the Government's statements are proTed to. be well and hop were entirely destroyed. founded. (I) DESTRUCTIO:'l" OF FARMS AND PR1VATE HOUSES. It has been represented to us, however, that the pre~euce of Other cases of arson in which shops and stores suffered seri uniformed men at a fire is no proof that Crown forces are re ous damage or entire destruction could be given. But our pur sponsible for the outbreak. It has been suggested that Sinn pose is to give examples which we investigated. The commis Feine.rs have obtained police and military uniforms and that the sion made inquiries into the burning of a farm, the tenant of tires IDight be the work of republicans bent upon cr'eating hatred which was an aged and bedridden woman of 75 years. Members of the British Government. We can not believe that there is much substance in the argument. It is to be remembered that of the commission found the house ancl farm buildings in ruins~ with the exception of a small fowl house. This shelter, without in many ·places the curfew is in operation. During the hours when mo t of the burnings have taken place the police and mili windows and lighted only when the d~r is open, was occupied by the two daughters of the old lady, and a boy of about 8 years, tary were in possession of the streets, and any fit·es which broke their nephew. They are living now under deplorable conditions. out must soon ha\e become known to them, and they would have The tenant of the farm has been removed to the workhouse. been able; had they chose~ to drive off the incendiarie ·. We Two policemen and a number of men in civilian d1:ess came to have not recei\ed evidence of any street battle , which might the farm and asked for a son of the tenant. He was not at reasonably be expected to occur in these circumstances. More home. The occupants of the house were told to " clear out." over, if it were true that ar on was generally the work of Sinn The old lady, who was ill, was taken outside, and the two sisters, Feiner , it i reasonable to suppose that the patrol of Crown partly dressed and without boots, together with the small boy forces in the streets at night would not have allowed tbe incen in his nightshirt, left the hou e. The men poured petrol on the diaries to complete the work of destruction. They would, we beds aucl furniture, on the outhouses and pigsty, and e\en on the believe, ha\e taken all possible steps to subdue outbreaks of fire pigs and poultry. The buildings were burned to the gr-ound, caused by men to whom they are opposed. In point of fact, the fowls were all bul'ned to death, but the pigs were rescued. howe\er, there is overwhelming evidence to show that in the The family spent the night in the fields. On the morning after case of many fires, not only haV"e the Crown forces taken no the fire two full tin of petrol and some empty tins were found steps to suppres the outbreaks, but that, on the contrary, they in the farmyard. ha'Ve actually hampered those who desired to extinguish the In Balbriggan many small cottages ha \e been destroyed by fires. In a later section of this report, dealing with occurrences the Crown forces. 1\fanr citizens of Cork ha\e suffered the loss in the city of Cork, we refer to the cutting of fire hose by per of their homes. The countryside has oot escaped, for in our sons who clearly did not desire that the fires should be sub inquiries we came across hamlets where cottages here an-d there dued. We also received evidence from the responsible fire bri had been burned, usually by the Black and Tans or other Crown gade officials in another town of the cutting of hose by men forces, as part of a night's program_ In how many small coun who, it would seem, were members of the Crown forces. try towns there are to be seen the charred remains of homes we Many of the fires which have o.ccurred both in town and coun can not say, but it js beyond doubt that ar on ha been com try districts ha'Ve been those of houses occupied by known Sinn mitted on a large scale. Feiners. Sinn Fein halls have been destroyed by fire. Public Burning i not confined to business premi es, shops, farms, buildings in places where there is a Sinn Fein majority, or at and private houses. Public and quasi-public buildings have also least an anti-British majority, on the local authority have met suffered. It would appear that places where people gather to the same fate. To suggest that such burnings are the result o-ether are spedal objects of destruction, as we have already of deliberate Sinn. Fein activity seems to us unrea onable and, seen in the case of creameries. The effect of destroying public indeed, stupid, more especially as in many of these cases people buildings is clearly to r~nder almost impracticable the adminis have been shot or ill-treated. We can not conceive even the most tration of public affairs, and to impose serious obstacles to the extreme and violent Sinn Feiners operating a policy which would fulfillment by local bodies of their public responsibilities. result in destroying property of value to their own supporters Before the final destruction of the Cork City Hall several at and subjecting their friends to physical hurt. tempts had been made to fire the municipal building, which had As regards Cork, where there has been arson on a large scale, suffered partial damage before it was razed to the ground. we understand that the Government take the view that the work might be that of a loosely organized body of people acting with (J) Tll.iLEE COUKTY HALL. out authority. There is in Cork a body calling itself the Anti The Tralee County Hall, together with a theater attached to SinD Fein Society. We have no authentic information as to the it, were burned out during the early hours of the morning of composition of this intangible and nebulous organization, but it NoYember 1. The hall contained the eounty council offices, the is suggested that it is composed of discontents in the town, many urlxm district council offices, and the offices of the harbor board. of them ex-soldiers, and also of individual members of the Uniformed men were responsible for the fu·e. An officer said to Royal Irish Constabulary and the auxiliary division. We do a person who had been roused out of bed by the fire," Bad work not know how far this is the case. But if the facts are as stated. in Kerry to-night. Three of the Crown forces have been killed, the burning of the buildings by men, some of whom are servants but Tralee will pay for it." During the fire there was shooting of the Crown, argues the existence of an indiscipline for which from the police barracks near by, and the soldiers on the scene the Government must be held responsible. This argumen4 we of the conflagration had to take cover. It is I'eported, though may observe, is inconsistent with the view that in Cork the fires we ha Ye no direct evidence of the truth of the statement, that a are the work of Sinn Feiners. military officer was wounded by shooting from the barracks. Even if only a tithe of the fires which have admittedly oc After the fire the military assisted people to take back the furni curred in many parts of Ireland during the past few months ture which had been removed from their houses in case the were caused by Government agents, the case against the forces fire ·pread. of the Crown and the Government would, in our judgment, be (K) INCE.XDIARISM AS A POLICY. amply proved. In the foregoing st..•1tements regarding the desttuction of prop DESTI!.UCTIO:'l" OTUEI!. THAN BY BUI!.NING. erty by fire we hav-e confined our attention to ,cases we investi Fires are not the only method of destruction employed by the gated. In eve.l'Y in tance, except those of the Achonry and Tub British forces in. Ireland. We have investigated cases in which bercurry creameries, evidence 'WAS taken on tbe spot. We have · valuables of all kinds, including furniture and other household 1921. - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2827 effects and documents, have been wantonly destroyed. During On the contrary, we are convinced that there has been a very our tay in Cork certain houses and shops were entered by large number of thefts from houses and sh(}ps. 'Ve have also auxiliaries and shop fittings, minors, furniture, pictures, orna heard 'Of cases where Black and Tans 11ave entered shops, ob ment , and crocker~· were smashed wantonly and thoroughly. tained goods, and departed without paying for them. l\1embers of the -commission visited some of these places and During our ·Stay in Cork we received reports that whilst we with their own eyes saw the ha\OC which had been wrought. were in the city people searched in the streets had been robbed W-e leave aside for the moment the looting which tQok place. of money and other articles. We were not able to investigate EYen if nothing had been taken a way the destruction in the all the cases of which we had information. The cases in which shops and in t11e houses of people who had evidently taken great ·we did inquire, however, were, in our opinion, conclusive. We pride in their home is in itself sufficient to merit the strongest may quote the evidence taken in one case, where we had cor possible condemnation. It is said that the excuse which is roborative information : off~red for this wick-ed destruction is that people in these prem .At between 9 and 9.15 p. m. on December G, 1920, :t had just !eft my friend --- at his door in --- Street, Cork. I was walking i es jeered at the auxiliaries who were engaged in holding up toward ·my home when I was stopped by some auxiliary police. They and searching people in the street. According to the Go\eTn orden;d me to take my hands (!U.t of my pockets and hold them up. ment, the rea-son was that the police had been fired on in the I dld so and one of the aronharies searched me and took everything from my pockets except my watch. The searcher handed the contents "Vicinity. of my pockets to the men behind him. They were then banded back to To our astonishment, \Ye find that :M:r. Denis Henry's reply to me in one packet and I was told to retrace my steps and go home by a question by Mr. T. P. O'Counor in the House of Commons on another route or I would be &hot. When I arrived home I examined my papers and wallet and found that £48 in £1 notes, belonging· to my December 8 stated that " the allegations of looting and of -wan firm, was missing; also £35 in four £5 notes, one £10 note, and five £1 ton destruction of property in this case, and in the other cases notes, private money, together with £16 10s. 4d. in an envelope being referred to, are absolutely unfounded." We can not doubt what my salary for one month, had disappeared. I have not reported the we have seen with our own eyes, and we can not do otherwise matter to tile police, as I fear the consequences. than assert emphatically that the reports on which Mr. Denis Mr. Denis Henry, on the occasion above referred to, stated Henry based his answer are untrue. · that he had communicated with the police authorities, who had During our stay in Dublin members of the commission "Visited informed him that "the auxiliaries conducted a general search the head office of the Irish National Painters and Decorat~rs' of people in the streets of Cork on l\londay and Tuesday (Dec. Union, which was raided on November 24. The secretary was 6 and 7), but that the allegation of. theft of money, or any other arrested and the office searched for correspondence. In JIJ.a.king property, is -entirely untrue." Unfortunately for the Government the search the military succeeded in wrecking many of the office and its agents, there weTe too many wen-substantiated cases of fitments. theft in the streets of Cork for fhis blank d~nial to be accepted. The three rooms of the office had been left undisturhed since Frankly, we do not believe that a number of people would at the date of the raid, and we were therefore able to see the dis the same moment suddenly fabricate stories about theftS'. We order which prevailed. Books, papers, and correspondence were are not surprised that the auxiliaries would not admit to the thrown in heaps about the flooTs of the thTee rooms; tables were police that they were guilty of robbing persons \\hom they o>erturned, pictures smashed, and cabinets pulled to pieces. A searched. register of membeTs was torn up, as well as other papers and There are so many undoubted cases of looting and theft that correspondence. Even if the necessity of searching for docu the eommi ion must add these crimes to those of burning and ments be admitted, it apperu.·s to us unreasonable and vindictive destruction with which we have already dealt. We were filled to act in the manner in which the military cleru.·ly did act at with shame that, in the name of law and order, servants of th~ the painters and decorators' office. British Government should be guilty of besmirching in tile LOOT I~ G. eyes of Ireland the honesty of the British people. It is within the knowledge of t.be British Go>e1·nment that PHYSICAL "VIOLENCE A!\"'!> "BRUTALITY. there have been cases of looting. w·e understand that certain Many cases o:f 'beating and other forms of brutalit:y came to members of the Crown forces have been punished for tmis of our notice, some of which we were able to investigate. W-hilst fense, but looting is carried on more -extensively than the Gov we were in Cork we heard on the second day of our visit that ernment would be prepared to admit. Members of the commis during the afternoon auxiliaries with whips of the kind used by sion heard from .an auxiliary of cases where .allegations of drivers of jaunting caTs had struck pedestrians with them. We ·theft had been made against the Crown forces and where sub did not actually see the occurrence, but we took -evidence from a sequently the articles assumed to have been stolen had be~n town councilor who had witnessed the incident. The auxiliaries found. No doubt there are cases of this kind. On the other appear to haYe driven people before them, lashing the while hand, the evidence we have receiTed goes to show that a con with the whips. Most of the people who were struck did not siderable amount of looting has actually taken plac-e. There protest, probably through fear of woT-se consequences; but one are obviously opportunities for fheft where raids aTe being made man who did was called " An ITish swine "-an epithet com on premises. We took evidence from a witness who stated that monly applied by many members of the Crown forces to the o>er £300 worth of goods had been taken from his shop. Shortly :people of Ireland. The ev.ent naturally created deep resentment before th-e raid on his premises-which, it may be pointed out, in the city. was undertaken with a view to arresting a person in his employ In some places there has been a good deal of flogging of the dealer in lluestion and his assistants had i:aken stock. The people. We had before us in one town a witness with a record morning following the raid the assistants again took careful of 1.4 years' s~rvice in an Irish regiment. He served through the stock, allowing for the sales since the previous stock taking, and late war .and was a company sergeant major. Whilst in the goods to the value named above were found to have disappem:ed. street he was seized by five police and searched. The state Sir Hamar ' Green-wood has stated that there is no truth what ment he made may be given in his own words: ever in the assertion that goods were taken from the shop; pr~ Then they accused me of teaching Sinn Feiners the use of machine sumably, the chief secretary's infol'mation is obtained from guns. This I at once demed and said, "Yon should arrest me and put me on trial if you make such a serious charge against me." One of members of th-e Crown forces who took paxt in the raid, or their the police then. ca.lled me --- bastard, and nfled other very vile lan superior officers. The choice is between accepting the word of guage to me. I was compelled at rifle point to kneel in -the mud, and on threat of death made to take an oath that 1 was not a Sinn Feiner. the accuser or the word of the accused. We have formed the A framed photo of De Valera was then shown me by one•of the police opinion with regard to this case that the allegations made men, and I was ordered to spit on it three times or be sh~t. I was against the sel'\ants of the Crown are true, as we can not believe struck and kicked. I was then ordered to get up and clear off. I did that the witness and his assistants have deliberately invented a so, but was followed by about 12 policemen, who again set on me and very severely beat me with rifles, fists, and feet. I was knocked to the story of looting. ground and kicked whilst there. These men were not English ; they all \Vitnesses who saw the burning of creameries assert that spoke with an Ir.h;h accent, and "()Tie who spoke with a strong bro.gue butter and cheese were in some cases taken away by attacking served me worst. He said after a time, ' Let him go ; he .has: ilacl enough," but when the others desisted and I rose, he felled me ngain. parties. In some instances we know that the produce of the I was eventually allowed to go, but two of them continued to follow creameries was destroyed or damaged by fire. It is also beyond me, Jdcking and beating me. I believed they Llc:;:ire • 2828 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~SEN ATE. JUNE 21, fJ Y a lad of 18 who had. been searched and a post-carrl photo roughly handled the old widow, saying that if she did not tell graph of the late lord mayor of Cork found in his possession : them where her boys were they would burn do\vn the house. The Black and Tan who had searched me said I had a photo of Mac They placed a tin of petrol on the floor. The woman then told Swiuey. The man in cb:uge told me to go down on my knees. I did not go down. He struck me across the face with his clenched fist. the auxiliaries that her son·-- was in prison, but she did not Then he told me again to go down on my lmees. I did not go dcwn, know where-- and -- were. The widow told one of our and three or four of the Black and Tans who were around pushed me members who visited her that she prayed for mercy. The men down on my knees. The leader then took a bound book about the size of a novel from under bis arm. lie g:tve it to me· and told me to holcl left the house swearing that the~·e was" no bloody God." it above my he<..d and repeat the following words: "I swear that I This rough and brutal treatment of women is by no means the will have nothing to do with Sinn Fein in future." I took no notice. worst that is to be said against men in the service of the British Then the leader of the Bluck and Tans put the barrel of his rifie to my forehead nnd told me to repeat the oath. All this time I had said Crown. It is, however, extremely difficult to obtain direct evi nothing. I repeated the oath. The leader then said, " Say 'God dence of incidents affecting females, for the women of Ireland bless the R. I. C.' " I said nothing, and the leader struck me with his are reticent on such subjects. The following case which came fist on the face and said, "Repeat 'God bless the R. I. C.' three times." I said, "God bless the R. I. C.'' Then be took a large framed under our notice is, we fear, but an isolated instance. A young photo of De Valera from under his arm and told me to spit in De woman who was sleeping alone in premises which were raided Yalera's face three times. I took no · notice. The leader again struck by the Crown forces was compelled to get out of bed. and her me on the face with his fist. I made an attempt to do what I was told, but didn't actually do it, and one of the Black und Tans said, "'l'hey nightdress was ripped open from top to bottom. are yery dry." The leader again struck me on tbe face. Then they The cases of physical violence and brutal treatment which we all went away. have cited are, like the examples of other crimes "·hich we have For refinement of cruelty it would be difficult to find a worse giv~n, but examples. We could refer to more ca ·es, but we case than that of a witness we examined on the treatment he believe that the reader of this report will agree with us that bad recei':ed at the hands of men who clearly were members of they suffice to show the infamous deed:::; "'hi<:b lu:tve IJeen done the Cro·wn forces. This man was taken from his home by in the name of law and order. masked men with revolvers. He was asked questions which, SHOOTING. be says, he was unable to an ·wer. He was kicked and thumped, and later receiYed blows on the head from revolvers, and kicked The people of Ireland have become accustomct.l to tlle display again whilst on the grounq. He was asked 'vhether he pre of arms. 1\Ien who are being searched or interrogated are fre· ferred to be shot or drowned. He could not swim. He re quently covered by rifles or revolvers. The Crown forces are plied that he would rather be shot. The masked men dec.ided "gunmen" ever ready to brandish their '"eapons in order to :n that he should be drowned, and he was thrown into the river. spire fear or elicit information. Unfortunately, their arms Fortunately, the title was low and he was able to keep his head have been used for a much deadlier purpose. One of the most important cases of shooting on a large cale abo•e water. Two ~hots were fired after him. Then one of the men said, "He's gone where l\IacSwiney's gone," and left was the indiscriminate firing which took place at the Croke Par~\: the ,yitness, in the belief that he was dro,,'ll.ed. Football Ground, Dublin. This incident is dealt with more fullY elsewhere in the report. 'Ve may pqint out here, hO\VeYer, tba·t ~·e give these cases as illustrations of occurrences which are not infrequent and for which we can find no justification what there were far more casualties at Croke Park than at Peterloo. ever. Even if the individuals ill used were notorious an1 The killed and injured-numbering 73 persons in all- inclmled prominent Sinn Feiners and "gunmen," we should regard such both women and boys, who it is safe to say were perfec tly inhuman treatment as a disgrace to those directly and indi innocent victims. If the police succeeded in shooting a "gun rectly responsible for it. man," they did so by a pure accident. The IJrutal murder of British officers on the same day aprears to have oversh::ulowea Unfortunately, in their work of hunting down people the in the minds of the British public the equally callous murder of agents of the British Government often act in a way which i;:; ·innocent people at Croke Park. We believe the second. crime to terrifying to women. We took evidence in . a case where a be every whit as bad as the fir t. party of five or six men dressed in the uniform of the R. I. C. one of them drunk--ealled at a house after 1 o'clock in the We• received evidence of a considerable number of en e~ of morning in search of a man of over 70 years of age. His wife shooting-far more indeed than we can .refer to here. We ~in~. and. a g_irl were the only persons in the house. There was a howe•er, one or two examples. The following evidence was violent knocking at the door and some one called out, " Hurry given by a father relating to the shooting of his son: I was awakened by a loud knocking at our bouse door. I opened it up or the door will be broken in." The woman opened the door and saw a group of men standing outside. One of them asked me \\here as quickly as possible, and she was asked whether her husband my son was, and I answered, "In the British Army." The man then was at home. Her reply was to the effect that be was not. asked ills;! where my other son was, but before I could answer the boy him self shouted from his bedroom, "All right, father, I am here." Three men The evidence of the witness continued: in the uniform of the Royal Irish Constabulary then rushed in past me to One of the men then asked if there was any correspondence between my son's room; they told him to get dressed and hurry up. He put on a my::;elf and my husband. I answered "No," whereupon I was jeered at pair of trousers and his coat. The policemen then informed us that they and asked, " Is it likely that a husband and wife do not correspond? " only wished to ask our son a few questions and would not keep him A man of about 30 years of age, dressed in civilian clothes, with his long, after which they took him away. There was a man in a trench hair brushed back and his face smeared with some grayish-looking stuff, coat and soft hat with the party and, from the way in which he spoke was with the party. He was more offensive and violent than any of the to the others, I concluded be was an officer. uniformed policemen. He brandished a revolver in our faces and After some three hours, as my son did not return, I went to look for abused and scolded the girl, asking her why she stayed in my house. him, and eventually on looking over a wall saw his body Iring in a field and finally shouted at me that "If it is two years we will do for him." a few yards away. I carl'ied him back to the cottage. 'He was quite• I noticed that this particular man had an English accent of the north dead and had several wounds in his body, one in the left wrist and of It·eland. After this, all the men went out; then one returned and I v' 1921. CONGR.ESSIO:N. AL RECORD-SEN- ATE. 2829 asked him if he "'---a s a Sinn Feiner. He answered that he was ties, we propose to refer to three incidents-those at Balbrig a labor man and counc:ilm, whereupon both men shot at him with gan, Croke Park, and Ballymacelligott-and to the conditions re-volvers. He fell and I helped him to a chair and one of the prevailirig in the town of Tralee and the city of Cork. policemen fired in another hot after me. My husband, beyond CORK. answering the questions put to him, never said a word to the The atmosphere of Cork prior to the latest acts of incendiar policemen; he did not interfere with them in any way whatever. ism was beyond description. During the time we were in the l\Iy hu-sband sympathized with Sinn Fein, but was not a member city terrorism was at its height. Cork has perhaps suffered of the Irish Republican Army." longer from the brutal domination of ill-disciplined armed In these and other similar cases into which we have inquired, forces than any other town in Ireland, probably because it has members of the Crown forces have deliberately shot men in cold been regarded as one of the most important Sinn Fein centers. blood. These crimes occurring singly and often not reported in Within the past 12 months there have been three lord mayors the British press are as revolting as the murder of British offi of Cork. Lord Mayor MacCurtain was murdered in the pres cers in their beds and deserve equally thorough denunciation. ence of his wife. Mr. Terence MacSwiney died in prison. His Even if the Irish victims were " gunmen," we do not think tliat present successor is " on the run " and carrying out his duties this in any way lessens the guilt of those who committed the as best he can. murders. The proper administration of the city of Cork by the local The chief secretary for Ireland has referred on several oc authority has been rendered well-nigh impossible. Many mem casions to men having been shot whilst trying to escape. We bers of the council have been marked down for attention by the have informaticn which goes to show that prisoners alleged to Crown forces, and are able to attend the various meetings of have been fired upon and killed in an attempt to escape have committees only at considerable risk. Attempts haYe been made been shot in cold blood. Where men are killed the production to set on fire the City Hall, and several raids have been made of evidence from eyewitnesses is impossible, though it is suffi on the municipal offices. cient to know that in at 1east one case an examination of the The whole of the civilian population has been in varying dead body showed that bullets had entered in front and not in degrees under the terror. During the month of November alone the back. In another case where two men were shot in cir we were informed by the Cork city council that over 200 cur cumstances which made an attempt to escape the,maddest folly, few arrests had been made, 4 Sinn Fein clubs burned to the one survived. An Irish lawyer has informed us that he has ground, 12 large business premises destroyed by fire, in addi evidence from the survivor that -there was no effort made to tion to attempts made to fire others, including the City Hall; escape, but that the two men were deliberately shot. 7 men shot dead, a dozen men dangerously wounded, 15 trains We have heard of cases, though we have not taken direct held up, 4 publicly placarded threats to the citizens of Cork evidence on the matter, where men have been shot in mistake issued, and over 500 houses of private citizens forcibly entered for some other person. Such tragedies are the inevitable re and searched. This by no means completes the list of incidents sult of the policy of shooting men without making adequate \-Vhich occurred in Cork in the space of a single month. There inquiries as to their identity and throw light upoll the methods were, in addition, attempted arrests which were unsuccessful, of terrorism which are now in operation. much indiscriminate shooting, and many minor outrages upon There is a large number of men in Ireland who are " on the the people of Cork. run.'? We met many such men. Some of them were armed During the time that we were in the city there was provoca republicans and active supporters of the Sinn Fein movement. tive behavior on the part of auxiliaries, a large number of A proportion of them were members of the Irish volunteers. searches of individuals, a number of cases of theft from persons Others " on the run" are men who have little connection with searched, the wanton destruction of property,.and the incident the organized Sinn Fein movement. Amongst these are active of whipping pedestrians in the street. It is not surprising in trade-unionists. Those who are not extreme Sinn Feiners and these circumstances that the economic life of Cork has suffered are yet " on the run " are victims of police or military stupidity. considerably. As an illustration of the effect upon trade of Men who are " on the run " do not necessarily disappear en the prevailing unsettlement and terrorism, we may refer to tirely. For example, in one important town all but five of the information which we received that the receipts of certain the town councilors are men to whom the term could be ap traders in the city had during the past three months fallen by plied. Yet they do not, unless special danger threatens, absent 60 to 75 per cent. .This economic stagnation arises directly out themsel-v-es from the meetings of the council. Naturally, how of the state of terror which exists in Cork. There is, of course, ever, it is difficult for men in this predicament to play their unemployment in the city. People are indisposed to make pur part fully in public affairs. Many men " on the run " walk chases other than those which ar~ absolutely essential, and few abroad openly in the daytime, fairly secure in the knowledge people from the surrounding districts care to come into the city that they will not be recognized by the Black and Tans or auxil of Cork to shop. iaries, as the case may be. The Crown forces, however, possess The commission was impressed by the sense of impending their addresses, and the innume1·able raids which have taken disaster which overhung the city of Col'k during the time it was place dnring curfew hours have been made, very often, in order staying there. This uncertainty was ended by the tragic occur to find men who are " on the run." The only hope of securing rences on Saturday, December 12, when the Regent Street of ·them is to find them in their homes. The resuH is that men Cork was destroyed by incendiaries. By this date the com in whom the agents of the British Government are keenly in mission had returned to Dublin, but it decided to send two mem terested, in order to avoid being "looked up," as the phrase is, bers of the commission to Cork to make immediate investiga keep away from home. In some cases men have had to leave tions. The newspaper reports of the Cork fires conveyed but the distlicts in which they lived altogether. There are, of a faint impression of the terrible havoc wrought in the city. course, varying degrees of being "on the run," but almost all The most valuable premises in the town were utterly destroyed, of those who are so described fear that if they once fall into large business houses and massively fronted shops were reduced the hands of the Black and Tans or auxiliaries they will be shot to piles of smoldering debris, charred woodwork, and twisted where they stand. Many men are " on the run " not because of iron girders. anything which might be proved agai.n.st them, but because Shortly after 9 p. m. on Saturday, December 12, auxiliary experience of men, whom perhaps they knew, being shot at police and Black and Tans appeared in large numbers in the sight has led them to the view that once arrested they would streets of the city, and at the revolver point (before actual have no opportunity of disproving any charges. Probably the firing took l>lace) drove people to their homes earlier than the attitude of such men is unwarranted, but it is a sad commen curfew regulations required. This was regarded by the citizens tary on the way law and order is maintained in Ireland that as ominous and increased the nervousness which had been caused men should be driven to a belief that, if arrested, they would by the ambush at Dillons Cross and the apprehensions of re be murdered without trial. prisals that were naturally entertained by the people. The streets were soon entirely deserted and the work of destruction A· GE~ERAL VIEW OF REPRIS.!.LS. begun. In the foregoing section of this report we have given ex The first of the burnings took place at Grant's extensive prem· amples of cases of reprisals and evidence of different kinds ises in Patrick Street, and during the night new fires broke out. coming under the notice of the commission. We have not At 4 a. m. the city hall was fired, and the efforts of the firemen endeavored to search out merely the . very worst cases. The failed to save it. It was completely gutted. But a few days majority of incidents selected for mention are typical of many previously the commission had tal(en evidence in the cit~' hall similar occurrences. A number of the cases with which we of the unfortunate occurrences in Cork during the past few have dealt do not fall under a single heading, and therefore, in months. The city library adjacent to the hall was also destroyed. order to give an idea of the various elements of terrorism en The members of the commission made special inquiries r ef!;::trd· tering into particular incidents or practiced in particular locali- ing the origin and cause of the fires, and numerous witnesses 2830 CONGRESSIONAL-- r RECORD-SENATE. :were interviewed. They were unanimous in ·stating that the captured several others. They were fired at from the cream·ery ; they :fires \Yere caused by the Crown forces. Some persons had were fired at from the manager's house of the creamer·y. That is not the end of the story. Those who fot·med tbe aml;ush got reinforce witnes. ed the entry of members of the forces into buildings ments and came back, and toward 5 o'clock in the evening the police which shortly afterwards were on fire. In some c~ses explo retired t o ('astleislm.;t! fo1· reinforcements. 'l' bey came back this morn sions occurred. Others, again, saw them engaged m lootmg. ing and went into the creamery. They found a number of spent cartridges in it; they knew they had been fired at ft·om it; and, I say, The smashing of glass _and doors was heard as me!l forced their as an act of war, they were justified in burning a portion of it down. wav into business premises for the purpose of lootmg. It was within 20 yards of a road along which policc> men had to patrol Firemen of the local brigade received assistance from the mili frequently every day. It was the ce.nter of an ambush. More than that, I had looked at the recot·d of the manager of this crea m e r~· . He was tary enooaged on patrol duty during curfew hours. The old a rebel in 1{)16 and • • • was sent to jail for nea rly a year. He Royal I~·ish Constabulary men (as distinct from Black and is the organizer of all the raids in that neighborhood. • * * These Tans) were engaged mainly in conveying informa~ion to _the Auxiliary Division men went to the manager's bouse, knowing his record, and knowin."' t hat they had been fired at from the house, bnt brigade of further outbreaks of fire bccurrin¥ from tlme t~ time they found a woun,ded Sinn Feiner inside; and naturally, being chival- during the night. . 'l'wo members of the bngade were slightly • ~~~sh!~it~hth~o~~~~!cte~hgn~i~ef~ir. touch the house, but left it over wounded by bullets whilst carrying out their duties. vVe would point out that the fires occurred af_ter the Crown On November 17, in answer to a question in the House of Com forces had driven the people indoors, and that durmg the greater mons referring to the incidents at Ballymacelligott, the chief part of the time that outbreaks of fire took place the curfew secretary stated : regulations were in operation. Eyewitness~s observ~ng the. fi~es I have received a report regarding this occurrence, from which it from adjacent premises positively state- that the m~e~dranes appears that a police escort, with a party of journalists, while travel ing from Castleisland to •rralee, in County Kel"l"y, on the 12th ins'tant, ere agents of the British Government. We are of opmi?n that were attacked at Ballymacelligott by about 70 umed men concealed the int:·endiarism in Cork on December 12 was not a reprisal for near the crea mer-y, and were actually fired upon from the creamery. the ambush which took place on the same date at Dillons Cross. 'l'he police defended themselves, and in so doing killed four of their assailants and wounded others, but the exact number of wounded is not The fires appear to have been an organized attempt to de~t~oy known. Seven arrests were effected, including a doctot· and his servant, the most valuable premises in the city, and we do not thmk who were attending a wounded man inside the creamery. The doctor that the arrangements could have been carried out if they had and his servant were subsequently released, but the other prisoners have bEen reta ined for trial. The creamery and two or three adjoining . been hastily made after the unfortunate occurrence at Dillons homesteads. from which heavy fit·e was dil·ected upon the police, and a Cross. · · quantity of hayricks were burned. The creamery was found to contain On receiving the report of the delegates who had visited Cork, petrol and a numbel" of $pent cartl"idges. It was probably the bead quarters of the local Irish republic in Ireland. The hayricks burned the commission dispatched the following telegram on December with explosions, due undoubtedly to concealed ammunition. 15 to 1\lr. Henderson: Statements made by chief sect·etary in House of Commons _yesterday In ansTI"er to a further question, Sir Hamar Greenwood re con<'erning the turnin"' of Cork are grossly inaccurate. Parhamentary plied: members of labor co:D.mission who visited Cork yesterday convinced I have spoken to a gentleman who was in the ambush, and I am quite that fires· were work of Crown forces. Suggestion that fire spread from sure of my facts. During this particular day there were three fights Patrick Street across the river to city hall, a distance several hundred in the vicinity ff this creamery, and I am convinced of the facts that yards. can not be entertained by an:yone kno~ing. topography of Cor~. I bave stated in the house. I am ~lad tllat I ha,·e been able to interview We stand by om· statements regardrng the pres m .Cork, and call:, 1! one of my own staff who was in the ambush, and happily escaped with safety of witnesses guaranteed, p~odu~e ~ehable ev1d_en<:e on .subJe~t. his life, who was able to give me an exact description of one of these '\'c •nc~· <' fo : ·e demP nd indepf' nde11t mquu·y mto recent mct~e nt m Cork. ambushes, and an exact account of how one creamery, at any rate, was If Government refuse inquiry, British public will form Its own con destroyed. clusions. 7 The Government is "undertaking a military inquiry, presum " e are not for the moment concerned with the chief secre tary's code of ethics. Our main concern is with his state ably on lines simillar to those usually held, except that the report ments. The information supplied to Sir Hamar Greenwood on is to be published. We shall await the report with interest, but the case at Ballymacelligott is, as we shall show, untrue in cer we uoubt whether the court of inquiry will have at its dispo~al tain important particulars. Indeed, we would go so far a to the nonofficial information which is essential to a true findmg say that the account of the occurrences given by the chief sec of the cause of the fires. retary is a caricature of what actually happened, supplied to \Ve may here refer to the misfortune which befell the chauf him, apparently, by a member of his own staff. The actual feurs who had driven the commission through the l'Outbwest story of the occurrences, so far as we have been able to re ·of Ireland after they were dispatched home. to Cork from_ Lim construct it from evidence which is well corroborated, is as erick Junction Station. The four chauffeurs with their empty follows; cars happened to arrive at Dillons Cross about the time of the ambush. They were arrested by auxiliaries and placed against On Friday morning, November 12, a number of lorries con ·a wall. The auxiliary police refused to listen to their explana taining police and military stopped on the road outside the tion or to allow them to show their special permits. They creamery. So far as can b.e ascertained, no shots were fired were told that they were about to be shot. An officer, however, from the creamery or the neighborhood by other than Cro\Yn then came up and said t;hat they were not to be shot until they forces. It may be pointed out that none of the men who we1·e ha<.l been searched in the barracks. killed or wounded were carrying arms, and that no arms or They were ordered into their cars and told to drive to the bar ammunition of any kind were found in the creamery. \Ve are rack , three members of the force with revolvers accompanying convinced that had any arms or ammunition been cliscoYered. the fact would have been stated by the chief secretary for Ire each -drive-..·. They were then taken to the guardroom and land in the House of Commons. searched, after which they were put into a small cell with seven othei'· persons and detained until 2 p. m. on the following day. The members of the Crown forces jumped out of the lorries and the workmen in the creamery took to their heels and ran ~ On returning to their cars they found that a number of motor accessories and personal belongings, amounting in value to up the fields away from the road. It is not sllrprising that nearly £40, were missing. So far as we know at present the these men should have fled at the approach of armed men iu missing property has not yet been returned. uniform, especially in view of the events which had occurred prior to this date in the district. A railway worker bad been BALLYMACELLIOOTT AND THE u BATTLE OF TRALEE." shot through the neck two days previously, and a young furmet· The commission made a very close im·estigation into the cir named Hoffman, of Farmers Bridge, had also been shot, and cumstances surrounding the burning of Ballymacelligott cream died from his injuries. The Black and Tans fired upon the ery and the shooting which took place. In the fu.·st instance retreating men. Two men, John l\Iacl\1ahon and Pntr.ick it will be wen to give the statement made by the Government on Herlihy, were shot dead. The former was a farmer and a ·the Ballymacelligott case. The chief secretary, in the House of member of the committee of management of the cooperath·e Commons on November 24, said: society. He had brought a quantity of corn to the creamery Let me come to the case of the creamery destroyed at Ballymacelli that morning and was waiting to have it ground at the mill gott County Kerry. Here, happily, we can check the evidence printed in a' paper that gives a certain qualified support to the right honorable attached to the society's building. The latter \Yas emplo;\ed gentleman. 'J.'hat !"!vidence can be checked by officers of the Auxiliary Di as a dairyman at the creamery. Two men were wounded. The vision who were in the attack; and it happened also that a very gal first, Tim Walsh, the engine driver at the creamery, was very lant officer from my own office was present, in addition to two jour nalists and two photographers. Let ns· give the story. It gives an seriously wounded in the abdomen, and will probably not re idea of the fact of these creamery cases. • • • At Ballymacelli cover; the second was John McEllistrim * * * John l\IcEl gott, in Kerry, a nnmber of policemen were fired at on the morning of listrim, the creamery manager, sustained a compound fracture of November 12 from the creamery. They attacked the creamery, wounded one or two men, and killed one or two men. On the afternoon of the the arm. The police appeared to have acted in an aggre-.· ive same day along comes this party of journalists and photographers, manner, except when in the presence of the officer in charge of escorted by AuxHiary Division men, to the total number of 16. As the military escort. This officer telegraphed for the doctor they came near the creamery, which was within 20 yards of the road, 1 am told dozens of rifle shots rang out. There was an ambush. The and assisted with the wounded. A solclier standing near the trench part of the ambuscade is still there. These men got out of dead body of MacMahon was heard to say : " Disgraceful; it's their cars, attacked the attackers, killed several, wounded several, and a shame." Shortly after the shooting the parish priest and a 1921. CO~GRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE. ·~ nurse appeared on the scene and gave assistance. The doctor, direction of three burniDg- hayricks that they were only explo- :who had been sent for, arrived on the scene early in the after sives that the Black and Tans had put there. _ noon, and after attending to the two wounded meu who had The commission is strongly of the opinion that there are cer been moved. to the manager's house, departed to make a further tain sinister features in connection with the incidents at Bally call and promised to return for :McEllistrim and take hi!ll to macelligott on November 12 and 13, which should be the sub the hospital at Tralee. The Crown forces left and traveled ject of an independent inquiry. We do not think that the Gov to>mrd Castleisland. On this occasion no prisoners were taken. ernment should rely for its information in this case upon the At about 4 o'clock in the afternoon of the same day (Friday, ex parte statement of servants of the Crown, who appear to November 12) there came along the road from Castieisland have acted recklessly and without a sense of responsibility. On two Crossley motor cars and · two lorries. In the cars were the basis of the unchecked statements of one of the officials, the Capt. Pollard and Capt. Jones, the former an ex-journalist chief secretary has stated quite definitely that the burning of who is on the staff at Dublin Castle, and the latter, Capt. the Ballymacelligott creamery was justified. In our view, the Jones, the personal secretary of Sir Hamar Greenw:ood. There Ballymacelligott incidents are as discreditable to the Govern were from 15 to 20 men in the party, of·whom about half were ment as any of the occurrences for which the Government or its in civilian clothes. There were a few men about the creamery agents have been responsible. at the time, but certainly not anywhere approaching the 70 THE MASSACRE AT CROKE PARK. men who are alleged to have been present. On this occasion also shots were fired by the party who had The commission took considerable pains to elucidate the case arrived by motors. We have discovered that three men with of the Croke Park shootings. Certain points of fact had been rifles and bandoliers were seen walking up the road a way from admitted by the Government in official statements, and it was, the creamery and the main road between Castleisland and therefore, unnecessary to obtain substantiation of points which Tralee. Some little time after the Dublin Castle party had were not in dispute. The commission were more concerned to opened fire shots were fired in reply from the higher ground on secure reliable evidence on those points on which the official the left of the main road from Tralee. The return fire, how statements conflicted with unofficial versions or which the Gov ever, did not consist of more than half a _dozen sh~ts. A search ernment had categorically denied or glossed over or ignored. was made for the wounded, but not a single wounded man was The evidence accumulated by the commission from actual eye found. witnesses who were interviewed reveals certain important (lis The doctor, who had returned and was waiting for :Mclpllis crepancies between the official and unofficial accounts. In his trim to be dressed and prepared for his journey to Tralee, was official statement in the House Qf Commons on November 23, Sir arrested, as also was his chauffeur. Five rrten who were found Hamar Greenwood said that- The round-up and search of spectators was carried out by the author about the creamery were also arrested. The party with its ities according to a preconcerted plan with the object of securing Sinn prisoners proceeded to Castleisland. On f:bis occasion the Fein gunmen who had taken part in the assassinations of that morning creamery was searched and books and papers in the office were o.f 14 British officers in Dublin. • • • It had been arranged that after the military had surrounded the field an officer should announce scattered about. . to the crowd through a megaphone that a search was to be made by· the On Saturday afternoon, November 13, motor cars and lorries police, and th•t no anxiety need be felt by innocent persons. The police were seen approaching the creamery from the _ direction of force approached the neighborhood of the field while the military were encircling it, but before the military cordon was complete the police Castleisland. At Ballymacelligott the party stopped, it is said, were observed by civilians wbo bad evidently been specially posted to to look for the dead; apparently, however, no dead bodies were watch the approaches to tbe field. The police were fired upon from two found. A few shots appeared to have been fired, but none by corners of the field. Simultaneously men rose from their places on the grand stand and fired three quick shots from revolvers into the air. Of local people. Capt. Pollard and others who had taken part in this there is indisputable evidence. It seems quite clear that these the previous afternoon's proceedings were again in the party. shots were a prearranged signal of warning to certain sections of the The creamery was set on fire by some member or members crowd. A stampede was caused not by the firing alone, which caused considerable alarm, but also by a rush of men seeking to make their of the party from Castleisland. We have reason for believing escape from the field. They hurried mostly to one side of tbe field that it was not the military who were acting as escorts, nor where a corrugated-iron railing was the only barrier to be surmounted. can it have been the prisoners taken the previous day who were Through the fall a number of people were crushed. Meanwhile the armed pickets outside, jolned no doubt, by gunmen esca'ping from in being taken to Tralee. The Black and Tans tried to put out side the ground, were maintaming1 a fire in the direction of the police, the fire. Those who would have attempted to save the butter wbo returned the fire. The firing lasted not more tban three minutes. in the creamery were prevented from doing so by the person About 30 revolvers, thrown away by men who had formed part of the who appears to have been in charge of the party. spectators, were picked DP on the ground. As to the ·question of the trenches referred to by the chief The commission have no hesitation in recording their opinion secretary, it is undoubtedly true that there had been between that the Croke Park tragedy was not in the nature of a pre Ballymacelligott and Castleisland, about 3 statute· miles from IIJ,editated "reprisal." It is quite possible that the authorities -the creamery, a trench across the road 3 or 4 feet wide and had for some time been contemplating a round-up at Croke 3 feet deep. On the other side of the creamery, between Park when the match between the Dublin and Tipperary teams Ballymacelligott and Tralee, there had been a shallow trench took place. about 1! feet wide across the road. But we have positive But it woul(l appear from Sir Hamar Greenwood's statement knowledge that both these trenches were filled in at least four that the decision had been finally determined by the assassina days before the occurrences at Ballymacelligott. At Farmers tions of officers earlier in the day. It is inconceivable that the Cross, some distance away, there was also a trench which forces employed in the romid-up would not be affected by those had been filled in before the attack on the creamery. assassinations, and accordingly it is only reasonable to expect The facts, as outlined above, do not harmonize with the state that special precautions would be taken against any hitch in the ment made by the chief secretary for Ireland in the House carrying out of the plan for the encircling of the field by the mili of Commons. 'Ve do not believe that there was any ambush tary. Sir Hamar Greenwood states th~t the police arrived be on either day. The story of an ambush is due, apparently, to fore the military cordon was complete, and it would appear the hectic imagination of those from whom the chief secretary from this admission that the round-up instead of working to obtained his information. It is said that spent cartridges were plan was partially disorganized in its preliminary stages. Even found in the creamery on Saturday, November 13. This may if this initial blunder had not taken place the commission find ·well be, as it is asserted that the police fired after the retreat it difficult to concur in the view of the authorities that the ing men on Friday morning from the creamery. It is untrue scheme was a sound one. Mass psychology is often a sensitive to say that the Dublin Castle party were attacked by about and uncertain factor, and mob fears are quickly aroused. This 70 armed men. The statement that on the afternoon of Fri is particularly true in Ireland where the sudden arrival of day, November 12, four people were killed and a number Crown forces, particularly the Royal Irish Constabulary, has so wounded is without foundation. often been followed by tragedy. The burning of the creamery and the killing and wounding With regard to Sir Hama,r_ Greenwood's assertion that the of four persoos are not the only incidents in connection with police were fired on from two corners of the field, particular the Ballymacelligott affair. Sir Hamar Greenwood has ad attention was given to the point by the commission and every mitted that two or three homesteads were burned. effort was. made to bring to light evi!ience in support of it. These acts of incendiarism were committed on Saturday, No The commission are, however, compelled to declare that in the vember 13. We took evidence on these events and incidentally light of the mass of evidence available this charge would appear discovered that from one of the houses a small purse was taken to be quite untrue. Not one of the many witnesses exaJ1lined containing four sixpences, a half crown, and ls. 7!d. in coppers. colTOboJ;"ated.. it. On the contrary, evidence was submitted to The purse was afterwards found in the farmyard. The chief the effect that the police commenced to fire almost immediately secretary suggested that there were explosions from the hay the lorries came to a halt. Rifle fire was directed down Russell ricks due to concealed ammunition. · One of the soldiers told a Street whence the lorries had come, and also over the turnstile witness who was alarmed at the repeated explosions from the entrance to the football field at the spectators inside. The con- 2832 OONGRESSION AL- RECORD--SEN-ATE. JUNE 21, sequence o.f this was that a man was mortally wounded about rences with which we have dealt in this report is diametrically half way down Russell Street, a young woman was shot dead opposed to the view taken by the commission after investiga-" at iler fiance's side near the center of the field, and a small boy tion. The Government, on its side, bases its statements solely; perched ·in a tree just inside the turnstile entrance was brought upon information received from its own agents. We fear that' down wounded. · often the sources from which this information comes are tainted The commission was unable to obtain evidence to support or by prejudice. Moreover, the Grown forces involved in incidents to disprove the contention that signal shats were fired from the which would reflect little credit upon them are unlikely volun stand into the ·ai:r, alld it is quite possible that if this incident tarily to report with accuracy the occurrences in which they. did occur the reports of shots from the stand might have so have played a part. We can not imagine a body of Black and synchronized with those on the bridge as to be practically indis Tans guilty of the conduct described in this report, in connec tinguishable to anyone at a little distance. That large numbers tion with cases which the commission made the subject of in of spectators stampeded is but natural, and the indiscriminate quiry, presenting a report to their superior officers in accord shooting of panic-stricken men can not be even partly justjfied ance with the facts. These considerations render the state or defended on the ground that there might have been " gun ments made by the chief secretary untrustworthy. men " among them trying to escape. It was manifestly folly to The sources on which we mainly relied, on the other hand expect the crowd to disperse in an orderly fashion after firing were unofficial. As was to be expected we have had pressed had taken place fro.rq the bridge. It would not have been an upon us the point of view of the victims of l'eprisals. ~'hough easy matter to have secured an qrderly clearing of the field even we endeavored wherever possible to obtain the testimony of in if no firing !lad taken place and the officer had q.ccording to dependent people and the official view on eases coming under our plari, issued police inStructions through a megaphone. Finally, notice, we drew much of our evidence from people who had it is difficult to understand why, if pickets and " gunmen" actually suffered from the ac-tions of the Crowri forces. No " maintained a fire in the direction of the police," there were no doubt some of our evidence was prejudiced by political bias casualties among the polic~ or among the rnllitant civilians and against the British Government, as the evidence of the CrDwn no prisoners with arms captured. forces is prejudiced by bias against the Sinn Fein movement. Our conclusion is that the scheme in itself was dangerous, But we have, wherever we detected it, allowed for the bias of that its execution was a lamentable failure, and that there was witnesses whom we examined~ no justification for what occurred. Not even panic, itself a We had every desire to st-ate the fact.-; ns w2 have ~ound them sufficiently serious reflection in the case of a disciplined force, fairly and without exaggeration. But evl'.u if the wejght of can excuse the action of the police amongst whom there appears evidence which we have collected is somewhat colored by feel to have been a spirit of calculated brutality and lack of self ings of hostility against the British Government and its armed control which, as has been officially admitted, resulted in 12 servants, we think that it bears the stamp of truth in all es innocent persons losing their lives, 11 being injured serionsly sentials. Most of the evidence which we submit in this report enough to be detained in hospital, and 50 others being more or rings trne. The statements made on behalf of the Gove ~ mnent, less slightly hurt-a grand total of 73 victims. According to on the other hand, do not carry conviction. the evidence furnished to the commission, the opEVations were But what, in the opinion of the commission, is even worse conducted by the Royal Irish Constabulary and auxi1iaries. The than the misrepresentation of facts is the attitude of the Gov soldiers took no part. Finally, the central point of the Gov a~rrment toward reprisals. Terrorism and outrag'} on the part ernment's defense, namely, that the police were fired on from of members of the forces of the Crown in Ireland are condoned, two corners of the field, does not in face of the.. evidence sub defended, and justified. Deeds of a similar character perpe mitted to the commission appear to be tenable. Croke Park trated by other people in Ireland are denounced by the men was a ghastly tragedy resulting from official errors of judgment who give their support to " reprisals," by B1acl: and Tans and and incompetence. auxilia-ry police, as brutality, murder, and assassination. TR.ALEE. The fact that men are alleged to be aeting in support of law Tralee, more than any other place visited by the commission, and order under the authority of a Government dor not place exemplifies the demoralizing effects of coercion, repression, and them abo-ve the law. It does not elevate murder to the level of reprisals. The whole population seemed to be sunk in the a virtue. Murder in cold blood, callous and brutal treatment depths of morbid fear and contagious depression. There is no of innocent childl.'en, incendiarism, and theft are criL.les and curfew in Tralee but the streets become bare soon after the offenses against the mo-ral law, even when they are committed hour of darkness' sets in. The roads are narrow and in bad under the auspices of the British Empire and in the name of condition. There is littre evidence of active public services. It law and order. Sir Hamar Greenwood _has applied the term is not to be wondered at. We were told that the local council, " mmder gang " to the " gunmen " of Ireland. The epithet ean instead of meeting at the town hall, was compelled to meet iri be applied to those indivicluals who, in the pay of the British secret in some hidden ravine. '.I'ralee had been the vi-ctim of Government, kill people in cold blood. The chief secretary has reprisals early in November, the principal public buildings identified himself with a policy which is a disgrace to the Brit being destroyed by fire. When the commission vi~ited the town ish people and which we believe to be unparalleled in this the situation was compai'atively ealm. But the effects of the country. The criminal nature of this pold.cy of violence is clearly operation of " official determination " were very obvious. Petty seen by considering the essential features of reprisals and tyranny, beatings, intimidation, raids, threats of violence violence. against husbands uttered to wives, brutal assaults to make WHAT ARE REPRISALS? boys forswear Sinn Fein, to denounce the Pope, to spit on photo The burning of Balbriggan is regarded by the chief secre graphs of the late lord mayor of Cork, to chant the "battle tary for Ireland as a reprisal for the shooting of a police officer. cry" of the Royal Irish Constabulary, and innumerable other 1\Ien were shot, houses and other buildirrg::J were burned, women methods of terrorization, which were reported to the commission, an<} children terrified and driven to the fields. The police may, had left their marks upon the inhabitants. "'·e do not believe that or may not in this terrible havoc have punished those guilty of any official document would be worth the paper it was printed the death of the police officer. But even if they do, it is a upon if 1\Ir. Hugh Martin were to meet some of the policemen frightful procedure to inflict so much injury npoii the many. who displayed a keen anxiety as to his whereabouts. Names who are innocent in order that the very few who are guilty may printed above shops in Irish charac-ters have had to be obliter suffer. The destruction of the creameries at Achonry and Tub-" ated under penalty of vengeance. The Black and Tans used to bercurry in revenge for the death of a district inspector of drive about in lorries trailing a Sinn Fein flag through the police struck at the whole countryside about the two creameries, mud. Even in Cork, where the commission found a noticeable yet the burnings may not have struck at the individuri.ls impli ne1~vous tension and a dread of what " seemed about to hap cated in the shooting of District Inspector Brady. Reprisals pen," the people were not nearly so reduced in spirit as those of this kind are a cruel and inhuman policy, the resort of those in Tralee. The \ery atmosphere in Tralee was deadening. The whose bankruptcy of statesmanship is equaled only by their conditions there spoke eloquently of what the people had suf inc0111petence to deal with the situation which th~ have largely, fered under the Black and Tans. The£e have now been partly created. replaced by auxiliaries, and it is only fair to state that the Besides reprisals for specific occurrences there are the more commission were informed that the latter were conducting their general sort of reprisals-;-eprisals against all and sundry, not:. duties with greater consideration for the inhabitants than they for this or that particular crime, but for the general attitude had been· accustomed to experience prior to their introduction. of the bulk of Irish people townrd the British Government and THE GOVERNMENT AND THE TRUTH ABOUT lUlPRLSA.LS_ its paid servants in Ireland. The policy of sheer terrorism and The answers given by the chief secretary for Ireland in reply of brutal treatment to individuals is dh:ected against the people to questions concerning events in Ireland, and the statements as a whole. Again, the innocent certainly suffer and the guilty, made by ministers of the Crown, ~'l.Ve been characterized by a may ~r may not suffer with them. Reprisals and the whole disregard for truth. The official vlew of some of the occur- policy of violence are condemned because they are inhuman, 1921. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2833 and also because by driving the people to revolt or sullen despair We h~ve referred ~ earlier sections of the report to the they but intensify the problem they are designed to solve by destruc~on of creameries, about 40 of which have been totally crushing it out of existence. ' or partially destroyed. To these creameries comes the produce TilE GO\EnlHIE~T'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR REPRISALS. of the farmers in the neighborhood. The number of suppliers Unable or tmwilling to cope with the growing bitterness and of milk to a creamery may be a few Oi" several hundred. The violence which its policy of repression had enormously strength destruction of a creamery, through which a farmer 1:·eaches the ened, the Government resorted to the reinforcement of the Royal market, obviously strikes a heavy blow at the agriculturists in Irish Constabulary by ex-service men and the establishment of an .area, apart from the actual loss sustained to the cooperative a new type of armed force consisting of ex-officers. We do not society by the loss of buildings, equipment, and stock. The co wish to make any sweeping.accusation against the Royal Irish operative movement in Ireland has been built up in the face of Constabulary and the auxiliary division. But there are indi enormous difficulties, and with great sacrifice and enthusiasm. viduals in both forces-and the number we fear is not small It is in some ways one of the most remarkable developments of whose actions merit the strongest condemnation. recent years in Ireland, and the destruction of cooperative The worst elements in the two forces-notwithstanding the creameries has inflicted a grievous blow on a movement full of praise bestowed upon the Royal Irish Constabulary and the promise. auxiliary division by the chief secretary-are undesirable The destruction of factories, such as those at Balbrigooan and characters. Disciplined control might have restrained them. Bandon, to which we have already referred, of printing works, But the outstanding fact regarding lots of the Black and Tans as at Tr~ee,. At~lone, and elsewhere, of ather workshops, and and auxiliaries is thnt they are not under control. The Govern of lar?e distnbuhve stores (such as has taken place on a large ment has created a weapon which it can not wield. It bas scale m Cork) has meant both the loss of a considerable amount liberated forces \vhich it is not at present able to dominate. of wealth and a growth of unemployment. The men ba\e got out of hancl, and the Government can not The suppression of markets in many places has increased truthfully deny it. !;eland's economic troubles and in_flicted serious injury, par Tbe result has been seen in the tragic occurrences which we ticularly upon the peasant populatiOn. In Killarney for ex have described in this report. The Government had no choice ample, fairs have been prohibited, and the poorer sectio~s of the but to support its servants. It was represented to them that community who fattened pigs for the sale have no means of any other course would disbearten the Crown forces in the pur transporting them to adjacent markets. suit of their dangerous duties and play into the hands of the Moreover, the prevailing uncertainty has bad an adverse physical force section of the Sinn Fein movement. We do not effect upon trade everywhere. We have already pointed out belie\e that the Government directly and . definitely inspired for example, that distributive stores in Cork have suffered very reprisals and violence. But it brought into existence a new considerably in recent months. · constabulary, with its auxiliary division, which was undisci One of the most distressing features of the economic situation plined and virtually uncontrolled. The Government must take in Ireland is the discouragement of enterprise. As an example full responsibility for its own offspring. Moreover, whilst it we may quote an instance which was brought under the notice has perfunctorily denied certain occurrences which are beyond of the commission. A scheme was inaugurated for the erection doubt, it bas associated itself with and defended the crimes of an abattoir at Waterford to seiTe the farmers in five coun committed by the Crown forces in Ireland. The blame for the ties. The enterprise was to be on . . considerable scale, and present situation does not rest primarily with the members of £500,000 was needed for the purpose. Over half of this sum was raised when cooperative creamerin began to be burned. the Crown forces, but with the Government. The effect was to render it impracticable for the promoters to . THE RESULTS OF THE GOVERNMENT'S POLICY. 1n·oceed with the scheme. If small creameries were destroyed (A) THID HEA:bTH OF THE PEOPLE. there was no certainty that larger enterprises would be secure: Months of oppression, coercion, and physical violence can not This important new development of Irish industry has there but have far-reaching effects upon the people who suffer under fore been killed in the birth. To put the situation in genernl them. The future alone will bring to light the complete results terms, exist~ng conditions in Ireland are creating stagnation of tile awful e...-ents which have followed in rapid succession in and preventmg the growth of new economic activities. Ireland, particularly during the past 12 months. We may, (C) THE SPIRIT OF T~E PEOPLE. however, point to some of the consequences which are now obvi ous to all who have come into close touch with the Irish people. The Go\ernment has stated that it is "breakinb the terror" It is clear that the terrorism which prevails has had serious created by the " murder gang." The effect of their policy can effects upon the health Qf people. We may leave out of account not be so simply described. There are signs here and there that the ob\ious consequences likely to follow to the members of a the Government's policy, and the intimidation and cruelty for housel10ld who have been the horrified witnesses of bloodshed which the Crown forces are responsible, might force a section and violence in their own homes, and consider the effects of the of the people into a sullen acquiescence in the political govern terror upon those who have never experienced such an ordeal. ment imposed on Ireland by Mr. Lloyd-George's coalition, and There is medical testimony to show that the fear inspired by that the spirit of these people might be broken. We shall not Black and Tans and auxiliary police has bad the most adverse cotmt it for righteousness in the British Government if it achieves this end. On the contrary, we should regard it as the effects upon pregna~t women. Children naturally suffer from the effects of a terror-laden atmosphere, and we are informed worst of the crimes which could be charged against them. that the number of such diseases as St. Vitus's dance has con We do not think, however, that the real danger lies in this siderably increased. A large section of the population is " all direction. One of the most fundamental results of coercion and nerves." The strain has begun to tell, especially in those areas violence is the intensification of the spirit of revolt and the where the excesses of the Crown forces ha\e been most fre increased bitterness against British dominion. We ask what effect the harrying of Irishmen is likely to have upon their quent. (B) ECONOMIC LIFE. minds. It is more likely to engender deeper hostility than to encourage conciliatory feelings. Even if such men were to ab Equally disastrous has been · the effect of the existing condi jure their fai-th-which is not likely-=-it would not insure their tion ~ in Ireland upon the economic life of the country. The safety. Moreover, the murder or ill treatment of husbands creeping paralysis which has attacked Irish trade and industry and sons and brothers, the indignities to which large numbers is not without its influence upon Great Britain. Last year of people have been subjected, the threats which have been Ireland imported goods to the value of £158,000,000, wbilsf her hurled at them, and the pro\ocative behavior of members of exports amount to £178,000,000. The great bulk of this trade the armed forces in Ireland are creating a new bitterness of wns with Great Britain. Instead of expanding (as with settled spirit which a stern and relentless policy of violence will only peace it undoubtedly would) it may diminish to the detriment strengthen and can never allay. of both the Irish and British peoples. At a time when unem FA.ILt:RE. ployment is increasing, Ireland's economic activities are being slo\vly strangled. If Ireland were able to satisfy her needs, the Wbatever the Government may assert to the contrary, the effect upon British h·ade and upon employment in this country policy is a failure. It may yield an apparent and temporary would be appreciable, whilst the payment she would make in success, but the rising generation is being nurtured in an atmos tbe form of bacon, butter, eggs, cattle, and other produce would phere of hatred for all things British, and until reasonableness not be without their effect on the cost of living. and generosity supersede repression and \iolence the Irish The stagnation of trade in Ireland is due partly to the de problem will remain insoluble. The urgent cu ~tion which lies struction of industrial capital (in the shape of buildings, ma before the British people is that of peace in Irelm '. chinery, and other equipment), partly to the general atmosphere BRITISH LABOR'S PEACE J·:FFnRTS. o1 terrorism, and partly also to the actual suspens'ion of the The national executive of the Labor Partv and the Parlia railway service over a large part of the country. Fortunately mentary Labor Party have been concernin:; themse!Yes for a con however, the railway s~vice is to be resumed. ' siderable period witll the possibilities of bt·inging about an 2834 CONGRESSION_..t\_L RECORD- SENATE. JUNE 21, honorable and durable cettlement of the problem of IriSh gov This meeting of the Parliamentary Labor Party expre-s ses its deep ernment. The resolution adopted at the annual conference of horror of th~ brutal assassination of British subjects, civilian and military, in Dublin during the past weelr end. The Labor Party h.as the Labor Party held at Scarborough in June aimed at defining already emphatically denounced the British Government's inhuman the genen\1 principles which British labor regarded as the es policy of reprisals, but the parliamentary party, 'IYhil st associating sential ·basis of any ·solution that the majority pf the Irish itself fully with such denunciation, also condemns act s of violence com mitted against agents of the British Government and others, under people were likely to accept. whatever provocation. It holds that, from the political point of view On the occasion of the third reading of the government of such acts embitter public opinion, provide the Government with ap: Ireland bill in the House of Commons un November 11, the parent justification for their policy of reprisals, nnd jeopardize the efforts that are being made by the Labor Party under grave difficulties Right Hon. Willi~m Adamson, 1\f. P., chairman of the Parlia to bring ab9ut an early .and honorabie settlement of the Irish question. mentary Labor Party, made an important new pronouncement The Parliamentary Labor Party appeals to both sides for an immedi on labor's Irish policy which was in sh·ict harmony with the ate truce. It calls upon the leaders of Sinn Fein movement to repudi ate the outrages committed in the na me of Irish nationalism an Whilst the specific purpose of om >is1t ifl to inquire into ~ega- • enter any conference provided they are recognized _as being on tiom: which haye been made willi regarcl to ou.trages and repris~ls, terms of equality-as the elected representatives of one nati•n we tl('sire to say to the Irish p~ple that we are le s COJ?ffrned With apportioning responsibilit~· 'for yiol~>nee in Ireland than with proposals negotiating with the elected representatives of another 11ation. for termlnatin~ violence and disorder; and they m~y rely upon u~ to 4. a:.'hat, provided there is a real dispositiou on the part of give all the a<; ·ista.nce jn our power to any suggestion for re~st!lblish the British Government to respom1 to tile general call for a in"' pence tn Irel:.rnd. We should. 'indeed, be oflly too happ:y 1f lll any wnv our commlssion could become an instrument toward this en~. truce, there would be an equally ready disposition on the part if the bodies mentioned by .Mr. Sweetman express any desrre to of those in Ireland who wield enormous power to exert their secure our cooperation they will find us ready to meet th~. . We do influence with the -extremists in the direction of bringing ~ not wish to prejudice any chances there may be of tern;nna-ur:g the reign of violence in 1relant1, and we must th~re~ore wait until our period of calm and tranquility in t11eir country. • aood offices are invited. Moreover, before collliDlttmg ourselves to any 5. That, in the event of both sides earnestly endeavoring to particular method of helping forward the cause of peace,. we should give effect, in the first instance, to an informal policy on these wish to confer with our 1rish labor colleagues, whose policy for the settlement of the Irish question is in complete accord with that formu- lines, there were reasonable grounds for belieYing that a cessa lated by the 'Bxitish Labor Party. . . tion of strife could be effected, provided it was understood that We are convinced that once a halt IS called to the murderous strife negotiations for an official truce, to be f<>llowed by negotiatioll3 which is now rending the living body .of Ireland in twain, it will be possible to attain a permanent settlement on the lines of conciliation for a political settlement, would be inaugurated within n rea and consent. sonable perioq. 6. 'I'be bulk of the Irish population regard the British Labor The reception of this statement by the press, and especially Party as the final hope of rendering possible a settlement by the Irish press, was on the ''hole both sympathetic ·and encour- agreement. aging. . Fortified by the views which had been expressed to them .in On Wednesday, December 1, the commission held its .fir.st Ireland, 1\Iessrs. Henderson and Adamson returned to London meeting in Dublin, which was attenaed by Messrs. l\.ICPartlin in the belief that if the Go-vernment were sincere in their .ex (chairman), \Villiam O'Brien, Farren, ~'Farrell, and. T. John pressed desire for peace in Ireland and . were not irrevocably son (secretary), representing the executn·e of the Ir1Sh L~hor fixed to their policy of ruthless repression as to the only means Party and Trades Union Congreiiis. 1\lr. Henderson explained whereby they belie-ved peace would be realized, they were in a that the primary purpose of the commission \vas to inquire position to make .suggestions which would materially help to into the whole question of reprisals. But they were of the ward an expeditious settlement. opinion that it was especially desirable t? secure a cessa ti~n Ori Tuesday, December 7, "they were received by the Ill'ime of all acts of violence, so as to create a smtable atmosphere m minister, who ;listened to their Pl'OJ>Osals and their ~iews on the which officialne!!oti...'ltions for an official truce and subsequently Irish situation in the light of the lnformation they had gained for a political -settlement might be conducted between the and the impression they had formed during their visit to Ire 1·epreseiitatives of the British Government and accredited dele land. The J>Time minister at this interview was noncommittal. gates from the elected reJ)resent.. 1921. CONGRESSION .r\_L RECORD-SENATE,. DIRECTTID TO CALL FOR rrODY. which it was pro\ed that the climinal injmi:es were committed A farmer named Daniel Egan applied to me for compensa by the armed forces of the Go\ernment, and only in the 5 ti€>n for the alleged murder of his son. It was proved that a cases already mentioned were any witnesses examined to justify, number of men arrested his son and three other men at his deny, or explain. In no case was there any evi and carried them away in a boot. The next that the father TOO -HE~YY FOr. RATEPAYERS. heard of his son was u telegram from the police informing him I that he had been sb.ot on the bridge at Killaloe and directing The compensation already awarded in this county in crimi bim to come to Killaloe fo1· the corpse. On going to the police. nal injury claims amounts, I am informed, to well o\er a station he found his son's dead body in a coffin. U'here was a. quaTter of a million. "This coD.Btitntes, in my humble judgment, number of military and police present, but the only one he knew an impossible burden on the ratepayers of the county, many of was District Inspector GwJTine. I allowed the case to stand for them already hopelessly impoverished by the loss of their prop a "·eek for the production of the district inspector. The dis erty and means of livelihood, and I would strongly recommenu trict inspector did not appear, and I adjourned the case to next that in the cases in which it is clearly proved that the criminal sessions. injuries were committed by the armed forces of the Government COMPLAI~T OF AUXULUU:ES. the compensation should be paid out of the public treasury." Mrs. McDonnell, of Kielty, Tomgranny, claimed compensation _ In addition to the verbatim shorthand report, I also furnish for the burning of her house, furniture, and other property on herewith a detailed list of the cases in which I found on the December 3 by the armed forces of the Government. Mrs. evidence that the criminal injm"ies were committed by the Bridget McDonnell, daughter of the applicant, proved the burn armed forces of the Crown, acting without !awful authority, ing of the preperty and the harsh treatment to whieh she and showing the amount of compensation awarded in each crrse. her mother and sister had been subjected by the raiders. The In conclusion I venture to 1·epeat an opinion expressed at a house, she swore, had been pre\iously raided c.nd searched on previous session three months ago that law and ordel.' can not several occasions by auxiliary forces under the command of be restored or maintained by what I felt constrained to clescrilJe officers. On the night of the burning she recognized two of the .as a competition in crime. auxiliruies who had been there on prenous occasions. hl. McDoxr-.""Er.L B'bnrux, She went to the Lakeside Hotel, Killaloe, after the burning County Court Judge tor County Clare:. to complain to Col. Andrews, in command of the auxiliaries at .ARMY A.PPROPRllTiaN8--CONFEP.E"SCE REPORT. their headquarters there. While she was speaking to the colonel Mr. FRELli~GHUYS~. Mr. President, I understand thnt she recognized one of the men she had s~n at the burning, and the S-enator from New York [Mr. WADSWORTH] desires to mo\P . requested that the men should be paraded for indentification the co-nsideration of the conference report on the .Al·ruy appro af-ter having pointed out the man she had recognized. The priation bill. Knowing how important that measure is, I colonel made no reply, and the men were not paraded. am perfectly· willing to yield the time which I had Intendetl APPLtCATIOX DISYISSED. to take to address the Senate on the coa1 question for the con Patrick Fennessy applied for compensation for the burning of sideration of the conference re-port. I ~i:ll tl'lerefore ask that hay by men in uniforms. .After tl1e burning had been proved the unfinished business be temporality laid a ide, and to Head Constable Hillard deposed that the hay had been burned morrow,. after the convening o-'{ the Senate, I shall address it by u mixed force of police an{:l military, he being in charge of on th-e coal situatien if, as I understand from the Senn.tor frqm the police on th~ occasion. In the hay had been fotmd a number Kansas [Mt·. CURTIS], n: 1·ecess will be moved. of rifles, including one that had been taken from a murdered The PRESIDENT pro tem-pore. Is there oiJjectio-n to the policern_an some time before. There wns ammunition in the bay, request of the Senator from New Jersey that the nnfinislu>d which e~rploded during the burning. He directed the hay to be business be temporarily l-aid aside? burnt as a precaution. I decided that this was not a criminal Mr. UNDER,VOOD. For what purpose? injury, and dismissed the application. The PRESIDENT pro temp.ore. Fot the· eonsidt>.ration of JUIUSDICTIO~ NOT " OUSTED.'' the conference report on the Army appropriation bill. In four other cases, after proof of the burning of houses, M:r. NORRIS. Mr. President, I shall have to object to thaL hay. and other property by the Go\ernruent forces, military I do not want to be discourteous, but I am going to talk 011 that officers attended in court and proved that the houses, etc., had report at some length,· probably an haur OT such a matter, been burned by the military, in two of the cases (applicants and there are some other Senators "·hom I do not see in the O'Gorman and Honan) by the express direction of the officer in Chamb-er now who have, I undersmnd, said tl1at the:>y a.re command, aml in the other two (applicants McCarthy and going to opp-ose the conference report. I am not able to uo it Moloney) by the verbal authority of the competent military to-day. I shonid not object to taking it up even uuring the authority. There was no evidence or suggestion that any of morning. hour to-morrow. I do not want to. del:;ry it, but it the occupants of the houses or the OTI"ners of the property had will not take any longer to conside1r it to-mOT:row thU:ll it wiU been guilty of any offense.· It was argued by l\Ir. Cullinan, to-day. It will not take any more time one clay than another CrmYn solicitor, thnt the privy council decision in the ease of and simply for the reason that I do not feel ab-le to take up Marais during the Boer War ousted my jurisdiction. I held that matter now, and because I want to gather- togeth r some after argument that martial law not having then been pro few things before I start in on it, I shall han~ to object. claimed: my jurisdiction was not ousted, and that the authority The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Objection is made. of the military was limited by the restoration of order in Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, I suggest the ab ence. Ireland regulations. I held that I bad jurisdiction in the cases. of a quorum. I found on the facts that the burnings were in the nature of The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The- Secretary will cal! the· reptisals, and I decided that H the ordinary a\ocations of· life roiL and enjoyment of property had been interfered with," and that The roll was called, and the following;· Senators nn~ 1\ef~l to these burnings were not necessary or at all calculated to secure theiB names: the maintenance or restoration of law in Ireland. Ashurst Fletcher 1\IcKeilae Stanl~y PEOPLE TREATED WITH VIOLENCE. Broussard Fl"elinghuysen McNaPy Suthe-rland Bursum Harris Moses Townsend On November 1 a raid was made on the village of O'Briens Calder Harrison New Trammell B ridge by the armed forces of the Crown. .A. large number of Capper Heflin Norris Underwoo-d Caraway Jones, N. 1\Iex. Overman Wad.sw-orth the inhabitants, including women and children, were treated Cummins Kendrick Rn.nsdell Walsh, Mont. with great violence, and their houses, with the contents, burned. Curtis Knox: Sheppard Warren There were in all 25 applications in respect of this occurrence, Dillingham La Follette Shields Williams and I awa1~ded compensation to the amount of upward of £13,000. Elkins Lenroot S-mith W oleott On November 7 the town of Feakle was similarly invaded by Mr. CUR'J'IS. I have been requested to announce th::rt the the armed force~ of the Government. During the progress of Senator from Arizona [Mr. CAMERON] is absent on account of this raid a postman was wounded in the face by gunshot. There illness, and that the Senator from Washington [Mr. JoNEs] is were nine applications in respect of this attack, and I awarded necessarily detained on official business. compensation to upward of £7,000. Mr. SUTHERL~I\ND. I desire to announce that the junior NO CHA!lGES AGAI:XST YICTIMS. Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. W ..u.SH] and the sehior A large number of other criminal .injuries were committed by Senato1· from Ohio [J.\.ir. POllERE .,.E] are absent on official busi· Go\ernment forces elther in continuous 'raids or isolated cases. ness of the Senate. The total amount of lhe awards in cases in which it was p-ro-ved The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Fort-y Senators ha;-e an that Government forces committed the criminal injuries s:vvered to their names. There is not a quo:tmm present. The amounted to £187,046 19s. 3d. There were in all 139 cnses in S-ecretary will call the na.mes of the absentees. 2838 OONGRESSIO:N .A_L RECORD-HOUSE. JuNE 21, The reading clerk called the names of the absent Senator , lUr. President, to press for its consideration to-morrow, for vari and Mr. GERRY, 1\lr. KING, 1\lr. NELSON, Mr. NICHOLSON, l\1r. ous reasons. There are certain legislative provisions in the ODDm, 1\Ir. SPENCE!~, and l\Ir. 'VILLIS answered to their names Army appropriation bill which, as soon as they become law, when called. will operate to saYe the Government thousands and thousands of Mr. HALE, Mr. PoiNDEXTER, Mr. DIAL, Mr. Snn.IOl'S, l\Ir. WAT dollars, which will continue to be spent by the Go-vernment until SON of Indiana, 1\Ir. GLASS, l\Ir. HARRELD, Mr. KEYES, l\Ir. SwAN the bill becomes a law. As soon as the Senate reconvenes to soN, l\lr. PHIPPS, Mr. PoiXDEXTER, and Mr. JoHNSON entered the morrow I intend to ask unanimous consent to lay aside tempo. Chamber and answered to their names. rarily the unfinished business and present the conference report, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Fifty-nine Senators have and I a----pect to urge the Senate to accept the House amend· answered to their names. There is a quorum present. ment and close the entire incident. ENFORCED ~o ~PRO DUCTION OF COTTON. CAPT. EDMUND G. CHAllffiERLAIN: Mr. SMITH. l\fr. President, I would like to have the Senate l\'Ir. KING. I ask unanimous consent for the present con take up and consider a matter which surely can not lead to any sideration of Senate resolution 70, this day reported unani debate. It relates to the use of funds appropriated in the last mously from the Naval Affairs Committee. If it leads to any agricultural appropriation act for stamping out the pink boll discussion, I will withdraw it. worm. There being no objection, the resolution, which had been The Senator from 'Vyoming [Mr. WARREN], who objected yes submitted l\Iay 7, 1921, by l\lr. SHEPPARD, was read, consiuered, terday to the consideration of the joint resolution, after looking and agreed to, as follows : over the letter of the Secretary of Agriculture in relation to the Resolved, That the Committee on Naval Affairs is authorized and matter, bas withdrawn his objection and is perfectly willing to directed to investigate the facts leading to the court-martial as well as have it passed. It is a pressing matter, one urged by the Sec the court-martial proceedings and all the findings in the case of former Capt. Edmund G. Chamberlain, United States Marine Corps, and report retary of Agriculture, and I ask unanimous consent for the pres to Congress. ent consideration of the joint resolution, so that the Secretary SEASONAL COAL RATES. may avail himself of $200,000 of the amount appropriated. The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the con The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from South sideration of the bill (S. 1806) to further amenu the interstate Carolina asks unanimous consent that the unfinished business commerce act, as amended, to provide for seasonal rates for the be temporarily laid a ide. transportation of coal. l\lr. FRELINGHUYSEN. l\Ir. President, I have no objection, EXECUTIVE SESSION . if it will not take too long. I understand that the Senator from New York [l\Ir. WADSWORTH] is desirous of bringing up the con 1\fr. CURTIS. I move that the Senate proceed to the con ference report on the military appropriation bill to-morrow and sideration of executive business. wants to make a suggestion regarding it. If this is going to lead The motion was agreed to, and the Senate proceeded to the to extended debate-- consideration of executive business. After seven minute spent Mr. SMITH. It can not; there is nothing to debate. The in ex-ecutive session the doors were reopened. question is whether we shall grant the authority or not. RECESS. l\Ir. FRELINGHUYSEN. I have no objection. Mr. CURTIS. I move that the Senate take a recess -.:ntil to l\Ir. MOSES. What is the number of the resolution? morrow at 12 o'clock. Mr. SMITH. It is Senate joint resolution 72, introduced The motion was agreed to; and (at 4 o'clock p. m.) the Sen as a result of a request from the Secretary of Agriculture that ate took a recess until to-moiTow, Wednesday, June 22, 1921, at he be allowed to use $200,000 of the $400,000 that was appro 12 o'clock meridian. priated for stopping the ravages of the pink bollworm. The letter of the Secretary was printed in the RECORD at the request of the Senator from Wyoming [Mr. WARREN], who has read the CONFIRMATIONS. letter and is satisfied that the Secretary of Agriculture is Executive nominations confir-med by the Senate June 21, 1921. correct. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. Mr. MOSES. He asks authority to transfer money appro SOLICITOR GENERAL. priated for one purpose to another? Mr. SMITH. No; it merely grants him authority to use the James l\1. Beck. amount named in a method different from that prescribed in UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, DISTRICT OF NEBRASKA. the law; and the Secretary sets forth his reasons in the letter James C. Kinsler. to the Senator from Nebraska. The money is already appro I 'TERN AL REVENUE SERVICE. priated. It does not add a penny and establishes no prece
Congressional Record-·Senate. '
