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The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 164:52–80, 2006 May # 2006. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. MULTIWAVELENGTH STAR FORMATION INDICATORS: OBSERVATIONS1,2 H. R. Schmitt,3,4,5,6 D. Calzetti,7 L. Armus,8 M. Giavalisco,7 T. M. Heckman,7,9 R. C. Kennicutt, Jr.,10,11 C. Leitherer,7 and G. R. Meurer9 Received 2005 May 31; accepted 2005 November 13 ABSTRACT We present a compilation of multiwavelength data on different star formation indicators for a sample of nearby star forming galaxies. Here we discuss the observations, reductions and measurements of ultraviolet images obtained with STIS on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST ), ground-based H , and VLA 8.46 GHz radio images. These observations are complemented with infrared fluxes, as well as large-aperture optical, radio, and ultraviolet data from the literature. This database will be used in a forthcoming paper to compare star formation rates at different wave bands. We also present spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for those galaxies with at least one far-infrared mea- surements from ISO, longward of 100 m. These SEDs are divided in two groups, those that are dominated by the far-infrared emission, and those for which the contribution from the far-infrared and optical emission is comparable. These SEDs are useful tools to study the properties of high-redshift galaxies. Subject headinggs: galaxies: evolution — galaxies: starburst — infrared: galaxies — radio continuum: galaxies — stars: formation — ultraviolet: galaxies 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, all wavelength regions have been exploited to track down star formation at all redshifts and trace the star forma- The global star formation history of the universe is one of the crucial ingredients for understanding the evolution of galaxies tion history of the universe. At high redshift the Lyman-break gal- axies (Steidel et al. 1996, 1999) provide the bulk of the UV light as a whole, and for discriminating among different formation from star formation, while SCUBA has been used to detect the scenarios (Madau et al. 1998; Ortolani et al. 1995; Baugh et al. brightest FIR sources in the range 1 P z P 3 4(e.g.,Bargeretal. 1998). Star formation is traced by a number of observables, often 1999, 2000; Smail et al. 2000; Chapman et al. 2003). The Lyman- complementary to each other. The ultraviolet (UV) is where the breakgalaxiesare,byselection,activelystar-formingsystems, bulk of the energy from young, massive stars is emitted, but it resembling local starburst galaxies in many respects (Pettini et al. suffers from the effects of dust extinction. The nebular emission 1998; Meurer et al. 1997, 1999), and possibly covering a large line H is a tracer of ionizing photons, and thus of young, mas- range in metal and dust content (Pettini et al. 1999; Steidel et al. sive stars, but it is also affected by assumptions about the stellar 1999; Calzetti 1997). The SCUBA sources occupy the high end of initial mass function. The far-infrared (FIR) emission comes from the dust-processed stellar light and reliably tracks star formation in the FIR luminosity function of galaxies (Blain et al. 1999), and are dust-rich objects. The relationship between the UV-selected and moderately to very dusty galaxies, but it is not a narrowband mea- FIR-selected luminous systems is not yet clear. Whether the two surement (like the UVor H ) and needs to be measured across the typesofgalaxiesrepresenttwodistinctpopulationsorthetwo entire infrared wavelength range. Finally, the nonthermal radio ends of the same population is still subject to debate (Adelberger emission is a tracer of the supernova activity in galaxies, but suf- & Steidel 2000). The answer to this question can drastically change fers from uncertain calibration. our understanding of the evolution, star formation history, and metal/dust enrichment of galaxies. 1 Based on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, The difficulty in relating the two types of galaxies stems from which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, the paucity of simultaneous UV, H , FIR(>100 m), and radio Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. 2 data for both low- and high-z galaxies. While multiwavelength Based on observations obtained with the Apache Point Observatory 3.5 m observations of high-z galaxies are hampered at present by the telescope, which is owned and operated by the Astrophysical Research Consortium. 3 Remote Sensing Division, Code 7210, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 sensitivity and positional accuracy limitations of current instru- Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375; [email protected]. mentation, multiwavelength observations of local galaxies are 4 Interferometrics, Inc., 13454 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 240, Herndon, VA20171. possible and are key for producing the spectral energy distribu- 5 Visiting Astronomer, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National tions (SEDs) that can be used as templates for higher redshift Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by AURA, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. observations. To be representative, such SEDs should cover as 6 Visiting Astronomer Kitt Peak National Observatory, National Optical As- completely as possible the parameter range of properties (metal- tronomy Observatories, which are operated by AURA, Inc., under a cooperative licity, luminosity, etc.) of galaxies. agreement with the National Science Foundation. 7 This paper presents a large, homogeneous data set of multi- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD wavelength observations of 41 local (closer than 120 Mpc) star- 21218. 8 Spitzer Science Center, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 220-6, forming galaxies, spanning from the UV to the radio. The UV Pasadena, CA 91125. observations are from our own HST STIS imaging centered at 9 Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 1600 8. The optical (H ) and radio (6 cm and 21 cm) data are Baltimore, MD 21218. from ground-based programs complementary to the HST obser- 10 Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721. vations. The FIR data are from archival Infrared Astronomical 11 Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Satellite (IRAS) and Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) observa- Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK. tions spanning the wavelength range 12–200 m. 52 MULTIWAVELENGTH STAR FORMATION INDICATORS 53 TABLE 1 Sample Characteristics Velocity Distribution a ; b Name (J2000.0) (J2000.0) (km sÀ1) (Mpc) (arcmin) E(BÀV ) Morphology (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) ESO 350-38 .................................. 0 36 52.5 À33 33 19 6132 81.8 0.5 ; 0.3 0.01 Merger NGC 232....................................... 0 42 45.8 À23 33 41 6682 89.1 1.0 ; 0.8 0.01 SB(r)a pec Mrk 555 ........................................ 0 46 05.6 À01 43 25 4156 55.4 1.4 ; 1.2 0.02 SA(rs)b pec IC 1586 ......................................... 0 47 56.1 22 22 21 5963 79.5 0.3 ; 0.3 0.02 BCG NGC 337....................................... 0 59 50.3 À07 34 44 1702 20.7 2.9 ; 1.8 0.08 SB(s)d IC 1623 ......................................... 1 07 47.2 À17 30 25 6016 80.2 0.7 ; 0.4 0.01 Merger NGC 1155..................................... 2 58 13.0 À10 21 04 4549 60.7 0.8 ; 0.7 0.04 Compact UGC 2982..................................... 4 12 22.6 05 32 51 5273 70.3 0.9 ; 0.4 0.14 Sm NGC 1569..................................... 4 30 49.3 64 50 54 40 1.6 3.6 ; 1.8 0.51 IBm NGC 1614..................................... 4 34 00.0 À08 34 45 4681 62.4 1.3 ; 1.1 0.06 SB(s)c pec NGC 1667..................................... 4 48 37.1 À06 19 13 4459 59.5 1.8 ; 1.4 0.06 SAB(r)c NGC 1672..................................... 4 45 42.1 À59 14 57 1155 14.5 6.6 ; 5.5 0.00 SB(r)bc NGC 1741..................................... 5 01 37.9 À04 15 35 3956 52.8 1.5 ; 1.0 0.06 Merger NGC 3079..................................... 10 01 57.8 55 40 49 1182 20.4 7.9 ; 1.4 0.00 SB(s)c NGC 3690..................................... 11 28 32.6 58 33 47 3121 41.6 3.0 ; 3.0 0.00 Merger NGC 4088..................................... 12 05 35.6 50 32 32 825 17.0 5.8 ; 2.2 0.00 SAB(rs)bc NGC 4100..................................... 12 06 08.7 49 34 56 1138 17.0 5.4 ; 1.8 0.01 (R’)SA(rs)bc NGC 4214..................................... 12 15 40.0 36 19 27 313 3.5 8.5 ; 6.6 0.00 IAB(s)m NGC 4861..................................... 12 59 00.3 34 50 48 880 17.8 4.0 ; 1.5 0.01 SB(s)m: NGC 5054..................................... 13 16 58.4 À16 38 03 1630 27.3 5.1 ; 3.0 0.03 SA(s)bc NGC 5161..................................... 13 29 14.4 À33 10 29 2247 33.5 5.6 ; 2.2 0.04 SA(s)c: NGC 5383..................................... 13 57 05.0 41 50 44 2333 37.8 3.2 ; 2.7 0.00 (R’)SB(rs)b:pec Mrk 799 ........................................ 14 00 45.8 59 19 44 3157 42.1 2.2 ; 1.1 0.00 SB(s)b NGC 5669..................................... 14 32 44.1 09 53 24 1387 24.9 4.0 ; 2.8 0.01 SAB(rs)cd NGC 5676..................................... 14 32 46.8 49 27 30 2237 34.5 4.0 ; 1.9 0.01 SA(rs)bc NGC 5713..................................... 14 40 11.3 À00 17 26 1872 30.4 2.8 ; 2.5 0.03 SAB(rs)bc pec NGC 5860..................................... 15 06 33.4 42 38 29 5520 73.6 1.0 ; 1.0 0.01 Peculiar NGC 6090....................................
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  • 00E the Construction of the Universe Symphony

    00E the Construction of the Universe Symphony

    The basic construction of the Universe Symphony. There are 30 asterisms (Suites) in the Universe Symphony. I divided the asterisms into 15 groups. The asterisms in the same group, lay close to each other. Asterisms!! in Constellation!Stars!Objects nearby 01 The W!!!Cassiopeia!!Segin !!!!!!!Ruchbah !!!!!!!Marj !!!!!!!Schedar !!!!!!!Caph !!!!!!!!!Sailboat Cluster !!!!!!!!!Gamma Cassiopeia Nebula !!!!!!!!!NGC 129 !!!!!!!!!M 103 !!!!!!!!!NGC 637 !!!!!!!!!NGC 654 !!!!!!!!!NGC 659 !!!!!!!!!PacMan Nebula !!!!!!!!!Owl Cluster !!!!!!!!!NGC 663 Asterisms!! in Constellation!Stars!!Objects nearby 02 Northern Fly!!Aries!!!41 Arietis !!!!!!!39 Arietis!!! !!!!!!!35 Arietis !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1056 02 Whale’s Head!!Cetus!! ! Menkar !!!!!!!Lambda Ceti! !!!!!!!Mu Ceti !!!!!!!Xi2 Ceti !!!!!!!Kaffalijidhma !!!!!!!!!!IC 302 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 990 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1024 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1026 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1070 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1085 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1107 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1137 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1143 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1144 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1153 Asterisms!! in Constellation Stars!!Objects nearby 03 Hyades!!!Taurus! Aldebaran !!!!!! Theta 2 Tauri !!!!!! Gamma Tauri !!!!!! Delta 1 Tauri !!!!!! Epsilon Tauri !!!!!!!!!Struve’s Lost Nebula !!!!!!!!!Hind’s Variable Nebula !!!!!!!!!IC 374 03 Kids!!!Auriga! Almaaz !!!!!! Hoedus II !!!!!! Hoedus I !!!!!!!!!The Kite Cluster !!!!!!!!!IC 397 03 Pleiades!! ! Taurus! Pleione (Seven Sisters)!! ! ! Atlas !!!!!! Alcyone !!!!!! Merope !!!!!! Electra !!!!!! Celaeno !!!!!! Taygeta !!!!!! Asterope !!!!!! Maia !!!!!!!!!Maia Nebula !!!!!!!!!Merope Nebula !!!!!!!!!Merope