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VICTORIA
• VICTORIAN TRANSPORT STUDY
REPORT ON BACKGROUND TO STA'UE·- DEVELOPMENT -i:· . •
Ordered by the Legislative Assembly to be printed .. ,. ~- ~-. F . D. ATKINSON, GOVERNMENT PRlNTER MELBOURNE 1980 ... .J " VICTORIAN TRANSPORT STUDY
The Honourable R.R.C, Maclellan, M.L.A., Minister of Transport 570 Bourke Street MELBOURNE, VIC. 3000.
Dear Mr. Maclellan, I have the pleasure to submit herewith a report on Background to State Development. This is one of a series of reports being prepared to make known the results of the Victorian Transport Study.
Yours sincerely,
W.M. Lonie. BACKGROUND TO STATE DEVELOPMENT
CONTENTS
Summary 1. Basic Data for Victoria. 2. Urban Areas.
3. Major Natural Resources. 4. Planning Control. 5, Encouragement of Decentralization. 6. Transport Survey Conducted by the Department of State Development, Decentralization and Tourism. 7. Development of Particular Areas. 8. References. • SUMMARY
The Victorian Transport Study is "a study into all freight and passenger transport within Victoria, and to and from Victoria, in order to produce a co-ordinated transport system capable of meeting the needs of all residents of Victoria, having particular regard to the effect on the balanced development of the State." Because of the need to consider "the balanced development of the State," considerable information relating to State development has been collected. Much of this information has been summarised for record purposes in this report. This report includes information on: *Basic data for Victoria, including area, population, climate, and local Government *Urban areas *Major natural resources, including energy and minerals, water, forests, and primary production *Planning control, including planning schemes, Statements of Planning Policy, and State Environment Protection Policies *Encouragement of decentralization, including policies, incentives, and major manufacturing projects *The results of a transport survey conducted by • the Department of State Development, Decentralization, and Tourism *The development of particular areas, including Melbourne, Geelong, Ballarat, Bengido, Albury Wodonga, Portland, the Latrobe Valley, and Melton and Sunbury, "'
• 1.
1. BASIC DATA FOR VICTORIA
AREA AND POPULATION 1.1 The State of Victoria has an area of 227,6000 square kilometres and a population of just over 3.8 million (30 11 June 1979 preliminary estimate -Victorian Year Book, 1979), This corresponds to 26.8 per cent of Australia's population and to an average density of 16.78 persons per square kilometre (Victorian Year Book, 1979). Approximately 71 per cent of the State's population lives within the Melbourne statistical division (about 440 persons per square kilometre) while at the other end of the scale approximately 1.5 per cent lives in the Wimmera statistical division (about 1.7 peron per square kilometre), In 1976 the population comprised 49.8 per cent males and 50.2 per cent females (Victorian Year Book, 1978). · 1.2 Projections using various mortality, fertility and migration rates give forecast populations for Victoria in the year 2001 of about 4.7 to 5.1 million (State Co-ordination Council, 1979) and of about 4.7 million (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1979).
GEOGRAPHY 1.3 Victoria's area of 227,600 square kilometres is 2.96 per cent of Australia's area of 7,682,3000 square kilometres. 1.4 A wedge of mountainous country extends across Victoria. It tapers from the high peaks of the north-east and far east of the State to the western limits of the highlands at the lower Dundas Tableland near the South Australian border (Fig. 1). This belt of high country, which includes the Great Dividing
11 Range, separates the Northern Wimmera and Mallee plains from the plains and uplands of the coastal areas and forms the watershed dividing the northern flowing tributaries of the Murray River from the southern flowing streams. 1.5 Considerable physiographic and geological variation occurs in the highlands with granitic intrusives, volcanic complexes and sedimentary, metamorphic and tectonic structures all in evidence (Fig. 2). Broad plateaus, high plains and extensive ridge and valley terrain are the chief topographic characteristics with only occasional high peaks and deep gorges occurring. A broad low pass to the north of Melbourne (the Kilmore gap) provides an easy route across the highlands and this is utilised by the major road and rail links to the north. The Kilmore gap provides a convenient reference point at which to divide the highlands into eastern and western sections. The highest mountains in Victoria are Mt. Bogong
(1,986 metres) and Mt. Feathertop (1 1 922 metres). ~~~ NEWER VOlCANIC$ • HIGH PlAINS GRAMPIANS
Mount Cobberos Mount Bogong Mount Feothertop Mount Hothom NlW SOUTH WAlES 5 The BkJff Movnt Bvller < ~ ~ X s:5
N
ll-;.=.--:·- "' -_·.=c ___ SOUTHERN OCEAN STRAIT
FIGURE MOUNTAIN AREAS OF VICTORIA
(Source: Victorian Year Book 1978)
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VI
FIGURE PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF VICTORIA
( Source: Victorian Year Book 1978 ) 4.
1.6 The Victorian coastline comprises many types of environments. Broad sandy beaches and impressive cliffed headlands along the ocean contrast with mangrove-fringed mudflats and marshland of the sheltered embayments ·and estuaries (Fig. 3). There are approximately 1,200 kilometres of ocean coast between Cape Howe and the South Australian border; in addition three large embayments - Port Phillip Bay (260 kilometres), Western Port (140 kilometres) and Corner Inlet (80 kilometres) - partially enclose protected waters and provide opportunity for port and harbour development.
CLIMATE
1.7 Victoria is situated between latitudes 35°S and 39°S in the south-east of the Australian continent. The major topographical determinant of the climate is the Great ~ividing Range, running east-west across the State, and rising to nearly 2,000 metres in the eastern half. This acts as a barrier to the moist south-east to south-west winds, causing the south of the State to receive more rain than the north. 1.8 To the south of Victoria, except for Tasmania and its islands, there is no land for 3,000 kilometres. This vast area of ocean has a moderating influence on Victoria's climate in winter. Snow, which is a common winter occurrence at similar latitudes on the eastern seaboard of the great land masses of the northern hemisphere, is rare in Victoria below elevations of 600 metres. To the north of Victoria, the land mass of Australia becomes very hot in the summer, and on several days at this time of the year the temperature over the State may rise to between 35°C and 40°C, often with a strong northerly wind. 1.9 The State consists of four principal climatic divisions - Northern plains, Highlands, Western districts, and Gippsland - as described in the Victorian Year Book (1978). 1.10 The distribution of average annual rainfall in Victoria is shown in Figure 4. Average rainfall ranges from 250 mm for the driest parts of the Mallee to 2,600 mm at Falls Creek in the Alps.
1.11 Except for east Gippsland, more rain falls in win~er than in summer. Summer rainfall is more variable and the higher evaporation of this season greatly reduces the effectiveness of the rainfall. 1.12 All parts of Victoria are occasionally subject to heavy rain and monthly totals exceeding three times the average have been recorded. ~
MELBOURNE -~ W•u;::J. ~()Rf c·•' ••
GHlor-.:,:, ['···~···_ PHIWP ..... 0 •••~n•lgl!onr DISCOVERY·.. ~··) BAY o"""" ' . .. ~-- ... I w BAY • ."'m
FIGURE 3 PREDOMINANT COASTAL LANDFORMS IN VICTORIA
(Source: Victorian Year Book 1978) lEGEND
BElOW JOOmm NOTES 300 • 500mm 500 · 700mm 700 ·IOOOrnm 1000 -l400rnm
OYER 1400mm 3. I! shovld be noted thot ~l the avt"roge<' reft!r la unequor periods of r.eort lhpy Me offeoed 11'1 vory.,g degree~ hy ptolot'lged $pets of dry ond wffl teos.:'lns ond therefore or~ not strid'"r comporablft.
4 1-ool'>yeh ore 1r1 miflmptres.
:! ~ t:; ::> <( I: ~
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FIGURE 4 ANNUAL RAINFALL IN VICTORIA
(Source· Victor~an Year Book 1978)
.. 7.
1.13 The average annual number of days of rain (0.2 mm or more in 24 hours) is over 150 on the west coast and west Gippsland, and exceeds 200 over the Otway Ranges. The average number of wet days a year is reduced to 100 at a distance of approximately 160 kilometres inland from the coast. 1.14 It is not possible to give a complete description of rainfall at a place or in a district by using a single measurement. The common practice of quoting the annual average rainfall alone is quite inadequate in that it does not convey any idea of the extent of variability likely to be encountered. Examination of rainfall figures over a period of years for any particular place indicates a wide variation from the average; in fact it is rare for any station to record the average rainfall in any particular year. 1.15 The variability of annual rainfall is closely associated with the incidence of 9rought. Droughts are rare over areas of low rainfall variability and more common where this index is high. The severity of major droughts or dry spells is much lower in Gippsland and the Western District than in northern Victoria.
1.16 Flooding occurs in all districts but is most frequent in the North-East and in Gippsland. The occurrence of flooding in place and time is highly variable as it depends on the location and intensity of rainfall. In general, in Victoria, flooding is most likely in late winter or early spring, as this is the time of maximum rainfall and maximum catchment witness, but floods can occur at any time of the year. The extent end effect of flooding is dependent not only on rainfall but also on topography, land use, water control structures and the location of towns. 1.17 Snow in Victoria is confined usually to the Great Dividing Range and the alpine massif, which at intervals during the winter and early spring months may be covered to a considerable extent, especially over the more elevated eastern section. Falls elsewhere are usually light and infrequent. Snow has been recorded in all districts except the Mallee, Wimmera and northern country. The heaviest falls in Victoria are confined to sparsely populated areas and hence general community disorganisation is kept to a minimum. Snow has been recorded in all months on the higher Alps, but the main falls occur during the winter, The average duration of the snow season in the alpine area is from three to five months,
1.18 January and February are the hottest months of the year. Average maximum temperatures are under 20°C on the hiQher mountains and under 24 C along the coast, but exceed 32 C in parts of the Mallee. Average maxi~um temperatures are lowest in July, when they a5e below 10 C over most of the Dividing Range, and less than 3 C on the higher mountains. Over the lower country in auly there is little variation across the State, ranging from 13 C near the coast to l6°C in the northern Mallee. B •
1.19 In summer, high temperatures may be experienced throughout the State except over the alping area. Most inland places have recorded maxima over 43 C. 1.20 Night temperatures, as gauged by the average minimum temperature, are, like the ~aximum, highest in January and February. They are below 9 C over the higher mountains, but otherwise the range is chiefly 13°C to 15°C, Average July minima exceed 6°C along parts of the coast, but are below 0°C in the Alps. 1.21 Frosts may occur at any time of the year over the ranges of Victoria, whereas along the exposed costs frosts are rare and severe frosts (air temperature 0°C or less) do not occur. 1.22 Generally, humidity in the lower atmosphere is much less over Victoria than ~ther eastern States. This is· because the extreme south-east of the continent is mostly beyond the reach of tropical and sub-tropical air masses. The most humid weather in Victoria occurs when light north easterly winds persist for several days in summer, bringing moist air from the Tasman Sea or further north. 1.23 The predominant wind stream over Victoria is of a generally westerly direction, although it may arrive over the State from the north-west or south-west. Easterly winds are least frequent over Victoria, but are often associated with wide-spread rain in Gippsland, There are wide variations from this general description; for example, Melbourne has a predominance of northerlies and southerlies, while Sale has an easterly sea breeze on most summer afternoons.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT • 1.24 Local government is a tier in the tripartite structure of government in Australia (namely, Commonwealth, State and local). As it is closely connected with the life of communities, it can become sensitive to, and aware of, their needs. Local government in Victoria is administered by 211 municipalities operating under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1958 and under the oversight of the Minister for Local G vernment, and his permanent head, the Secretary for Local Government, with a staff of some 270 officers as well as about 60 members of various boards, most of whom serve part-time, 1.25 The Minister and his Department also administer a number of other Acts of the Victorian Parliament, but the majority of the powers and duties given to municipal councils are set out in the Local Government Act. There are several amendments to this act each year, as a result of changing community circumstances which affect most citizens. 9.
I. 25 (Continued) The Act sets out the frame~ork ~ithin ~hich each council is free to exercise control over matters of local concern, and the role of the Department is essentially to assist councils in executing the ~ishes of their electors ~ithin this frame work of statutory po~ers (Victorian Year Book, 1979).
1.26 While there are no programmes by ~hich the Common~ealth Government makes direct payments solely to local government, there 'are a number of schemes under ~hich local governments have been among the organisations considered eligible for Common~ealth assistance by ~ay of direct payments, For example, Victorian municipalities have received assistance in this ~ay under the follo~ing programmes : Childhood Services Programme, Regional Employment Development Scheme, Special Works Projects Scheme for the employment and/or training of Aboriginals, community art activities, and the Aerodrome Local Ownership Plan.
1.27 In addition to the direct assistance received by way of the programmes outlined in the preceding paragraph, there are schemes under which portions of the funds made available to the States are passed on to local government authorities. General purpose ("untied") grants from the Common~ealth Government are also paid through the State Government. The degree of influence as to the amounts to be disbursed to municipalities varies from programme to programme, the amounts passed on being left, in some cases, wholly to the discretion of the States. Portions of the funds made available to the States under the follo~ing acts and programmes have been passed on to municipalities : Pre-school and child care services, State Grants (Home Care) Act 1969, Senior Citizens Centres, Employment Assistance, Aboriginal Advancement, Gro~th Centres, Area Improvement, Urban Flood Mitigation, the National Sewerage Programme, Capital Assistance for Leisure Facilities, Urban and Regional Development (Financial Assistance) Act 1974, Tourism Development, the Roads Assistance Programme, and the Regional Organisations Assistance Programme,
1.28 Under the Roads Assistance Programme the Common~ealth Government provides grants to Victoria for expenditure on the construction and maintenance of roads, including roads which are the responsibility of councils. Although the relevant Common~ealth legislation does not determine any particula~ amount ~hich the State must provide to councils, in each State amounts determined by the State are passed on to councils for expenditure on roads ~hich are the responsibilities of the councils (Victorian Year Book, 1978). 10.
1.29 State Government financial assistance is provided for a number of special purposes. These grants are in addition to the Commonwealth Government assistance referred to earlier. They include funds for the constructibn and maintenance of roads, pre-natal and infant welfare services, creches, day nurseries and pre-school centres, home care • services, elderly citizens clubs, immunisation programmes, recreation and tourist facilities, swimming pools and libraries, public halls and local public works, traffic control and road safety measures, vermin and noxious weed destruction, natural disaster relief, soil conservation, pensioners' rate remissions and drainage schemes. Further assistance to augment their funds is provided to certain rural municipalities which have substantial areas of non-rateable land, occupied by State forests, etc. Municipalities have also been assisted by the ability to carry out certain works under various government financed schemes for unemployment relief,
1.30 Municipalities throughout Victoria undertake construction and maintenance work on main roads within their boundaries on behalf of the Country Roads Board under the provisions of the Country Roads Act. Expenditure on this work is incurred in the first instance by the municipalities, but, subject to adherence to prescribed conditions and satisfactory performance of the work, this expenditure is refunded to the municipalities by the Board. Each municipality undertaking main road maintenance work, however, is required to make an annual contribution to its cost and this is calculated by the Board as a proportion of the total maintenance expenditure on each road for the particular year. The proportion payable varies according to the capacity of the municipality to pay, and the extent to which it has benefited from the work done (Victorian Year Book, 1978).
1.31 In August 1978 the Minister for Local Government appointed a Board of Review to inquire into and report upon *the role which local government in Victoria should perform in serving its ratepayers and citizens; *whether the structure and administration of local government (both overall and internal and at both council and officer levels) require any and Wh3t rationalisation or changes to enable municipali~ies more effectively and economically to fulfil the role envisaged for them; and *any matters relevant to the foregoing which the Committee considers desirable to inquire into, or which are referred to it by the Minister. And in making any recommendations to have regard to the resources available and likely to be available to local government. 11.
1.32 Submissions to the Board were requested from Commonwealth and State departments, municipal councils, professional, educational and other bodies and persons interested in the operation and future of local government.
1.33 In order to acquire background information about local government in Victoria the Board arranged for two types of # research to be undertaken : material about municipalities was collected and analysed by the Board; and in-depth studies on particular dimensions of local government were commissioned, Board members also conducted their awn investigations of other local government systems, In addition, a wide range of information was obtained from individuals and organisations associated with local government in Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, 1.34 In the course of its deliberations, the Board identified a number of principles; ~~3ched a number of conclusions and made 93 recommendations relating to the role, structure, administration, resources and relationship of local government in Victoria. Full details are contained in the Board's final report (Victoria, Local Government, 1979), commonly referred to as the Bains Report, after the Chairman of the Board of Review, Mr. M. Bains. The conclusions reached are summarised in six parts as follows Part One : Local Government in Victoria 1.35 Local government in Victoria emerged as the first comprehensive municipal system in Australia in the middle of the 19th Century, Since then local government in Victoria has changed less than the other State systems and become ossified. It displays a number of 19th Century characteristics which impair municipal performance in relation to each of the role dimensions outlined below. 1,36 In order to clarify the need for and purpose of local institutions three principal dimensions of the role of local government have been identified : *community representation and participation; *development of community resources; *ensuring effectiveness in service delivery. 1.37 These dimensions are developed in the five other P2rts of the Report on the role, structure, administration, resources and relationships of local government in Victoria, 12.
Part T~o : Role
1.38 A six-fold functional classification is developed of the activities and services undertaken by Victorian local government : transport, trading, protective, environmental, cultural and recreational, personal.
1.39 Those functions and services are described ~hich are well-established and relatively stable, as well as those which are likely to expand significantly in the near future, For the most part, it is anticipated that the expansion of these areas will continue to evolve gradually. In two of the functional areas - ~ater and sewerage, the town and country planning - there is a need for more direct State government intervention in the process of reform.
1.40 From this cone'~~4ation of the emerging role of local government, implications arise for structure, administration, resources and relationships with the community and other spheres of government.
Part Three : Structure 1.41 The present structure has failed to adjust to social change in the 20th Century, as has been manifested in the durability of municipal boundaries which no longer reflect either communities of interest or viable administrative units. Many services cannot readily be provided by small municipalities which have relatively high costs and often an undue dependence on grants. For more than a century, official inquiries in Victoria have observed that many local authorities lack the resources to respond positively to the challenges of chan The lack of success of these inquiries in producing signi icant structural change suggests that a new strategy of reform is needed. The most important principles and guidelines involved in restructuring are viability, accessibility, community of interest, interdependence of town and country and economics of scale.
1.42 A Municipal Organisation, Property and Staffing Commission is proposed as the body which should undertake the extensive review of the existing structure. The Commission should be enjoined to complete its task of restructuring the Statewide system within three years, and accord first priority to an examination of the major provincial centres, 13.
1.43 The Melbourne metropolitan area is given separate treatment because of its unique position within the State. Consideration is given to such deficiencies as the fragmentation of functions between separate unaccountable statutory authorities, and the experience of other metropolitan reorganisations. A directly elected Melbourne metrop~litan council should be established which will be responsible for local government functions that need to be undertaken for the region as a IDhole, while municipalities would continue to exist for local functions. Part Four : Administration 1.44 The present internal organisation and administration of municipalities are surveyed. From this review the folloiDing deficiencies clearly emerge as warranting attention: the lack of a managing body, inefficient use of committees, separation of function= g,ld departments, lack of an administrative head and misuse of manpower resources. 1.45 A corporate approach to municipal organisation and processes is proposed as the main means for overcoming the limitations of the present arrangements. Municipalities should determine suitable roles for councillors and officers and encourage delegation to committees and officers. The council should work through a policy, resources and priorities committee to be responsible for the overall affairs of the municipality and which monitors and reviews performance. A chief officer should have the responsibility for the executive direction of the municipality and work in conjunction with a senior officer management team. 1.46 Municipalities in devising an organisation appropriate for their needs should have equal consideration to the manage ment process. Some form of policy planning is proposed as appropriate for all municipalities. Part Five : Resources 1.47 The principles and recommendations advanced at the beginning of the decade by the Voumard Committee on Local Government Finances in Victoria are found to be still relevant despite trends in revenue sources. In particular, there is a need at the State-level for a liberalisation of the proce1ures by IDhich municipalities gain access to subsidies, grants and loans. In order to utilise effectively their sources of revenue, municipalities need to develop forward planning of all financial resources through budgetary systems, and to monitor activities through internal auditing. 14.
1.48 There is a serious lack of information on trends in the human resources available to local government. Accordingly, State-level and municipal organisations need urgently to develop adequate information systems, in order that they may engage in effective planning for education and personnel programs. A comprehensive resource plan and the integrated provision of education and training programs are essential for the Victorian municipal system. Within the frame~orks provided by these arrangements, individual municipalities should develop personnel and management services policies and programs.
Part Six : Relationships
1.49 If local government in Victoria is to relate most effectively to its public, it ~ill have to become progressively more representative, accountable and responsive. The reform of the electoral system ~ould facilitate this development. The provision of a full range of services to councillors, codes of procedures and practices ~hich encourage open government ~ill enhance relationships bet~een councils and their constituents. 1.50 The present State-level organisations must be strengthened and augmented if local government is to be able to cope ~ith the challenges of social changes. A comprehensive set of mechanisms should be developed which act in conjunction ~ith local government to integrate policy making which affects the municipal sphere, Chief among these mechanisms ~ould be a Local Government Consultative Council, serviced by a range of expert ~orking groups. Other necessary changes are a Local Government Department and a Municipal Association strengthened in the areas of research and policy development; management services and industry training units; and reviews of local government regulation. 15.
2. URBAN AREAS
MELBOURNE 2.1 By far the largest urban area in Victoria is Melbourne; its statistical division covers 6110 square " kilometres (Victorian Year Book, 1979). 2;2 Since 1945 the growth of a "new ~?elbourne" has been characterised by high levels of ownership of private cars and detached houses. Some two-thirds of Melbourne's people, or about 1.75 million, now live in the low-density suburbia, located generally beyond 12 kilometres from the city centre. Melbourne's pop~lation almost exactly doubled in the period 1947 to 1978 from 1.35 to 2.7 million with a significant contribution from mi~~~tion, overwhelmingly from Europe. The expansion of tne built-up area of Melbourne is illustrated in Figure 5 (MMBW, 1979b). 2.3 Eventhough population growth is slowing down and many people are being attracted to inner city accommodation, the process of household "fission" (smaller family sizes, increasing numbers of young people establishing their own households before marriage, marital breakdowns and elderly persons living alone) is expected to continue to maintain the demand for dwellings, traditionally met by detached houses on the fringe, from youn marrieds. The average household size is expected to 11 from 3.3 persons in 1976 to 2.7 by 2001, and the present outlook is that the total number of dwellings needed will increase by about 57 per cent (470,000) between 1976 to 2001, whereas the population will grow by only about 28 per cent (750,000) (MMBW, 1979b). 2.4 Changes in the number and distribution of jobs in Melbourne in the post-war period have roughly paralleled those for population and households, though the suburbanisation of industry has lagged behind the movement of residents by a few years. Over the same period, economic development (the increase in productivity resulting from the introduction of new machinery and methods) has further shifted the balance of jobs from manufacturing towards service industries U?MBVJ' 1979b). 2.5 Between the end of VJorld VJar II and 1960, several large manufacturing plants, requiring extensive sites, moved to, or located at, the then urban fringe. Notable examples were transport equipment factories at Dandenong and Broad meadows and chemical plants at Altona. These establishments were as much causes of, as responses to, residential suburbanisation, and in many cases are adjacent to major Housing Commission estates. In 1955 more general employment urbanisation commenced and is still continuing. 16.
..
BUILT UP AREA
AREAS OF MAJOR POPULATION INCREASE -
AREAS OF SIGNIFICANT POPULATION DECLINE ..
SOURCE: Australian Bureau of Statistics Censuses
FIGURE 5 EXPANSION OF MELBOURNE BUlL T -UP AREA
(Source: MMBW. 1979b) 17.
2.5 (Continued) It included the establishment of small diverse factories in such contemporary blue-collar residential areas as Preston, Oakleigh and Moorabbin, This was especially the case in the Berwick corridor between Oakleigh and Dandenong. The Lilydale corridor, by contrast, remained basically residential (MMBW, l979b). 2.6 Also since 1955 job movement into ''new Melbourne" included almost blanket coverage of large retail establish ments and centres, comprising successively supermarkets, department stores and discount variety stores (MMBW, l979b), 2.7 The central business district (C.B.D.) has become more specialised in office employment at the expense of manufacturing and retail/wholesale jobs. The C.B.D.'s share has fallen from about 25 per cent of total metropolitan jobs in 1951 to some 12 per csnL in 1979, although the absolute number of jobs in the C.B.D. has remained more or less constant at around 150,000. Although having only one-third of the population, "old Melbourne" retains over half of the metropolitan jobs (compared with 75 per cent in 1969); this may prove to be an asset in facing the challenge of the next decade (MMBW, l979b). 2.8 Most of Melbourne's built-up area is served by at least one of the three principal forms of public transport : train, tram and bus as shown in Figure 6. ''New Melbourne", however, has been relieved from the constraints of the predominantly Victorian Age fixed-rail networks by the comparatively low real prices of cars and petrol. Residents of the dispersed city, in the main, travel by private car. Tram patronage has declined significantly since the late 1940's and most of the numerous suburban rail~ay stations of "old Melbourne'' have experienced a fall of between 15 per cent and 40 per cent in ticket sales since 1960 (MMBW, 1979b). 2.9 The principal challenges which face the inhabitants of the dispersed city are the issues of energy management, capital shortage, structural unemployment and concern for the environment. The cumulative impact of these emerging issues is expected to reduce significantly the ability of the people of Melbourne to live, work and play where they wish, or alternatively to increase substantially the cost of retention of present levels of locational freedom. The weight of evidence currently available favours the desirability of moving to a less dispersed, more contained,Melbourne (MMBW, 1979b).
OTHER URBAN AREAS 2.10 Other urban areas of significant size are at Geelong, Ballarat and Bendigo. 18 • • • • • •
• •
• • • •-
TRAIN ..mm BUS
0 5 10 15 20 25 Kilometres
FIGURE 6 AREAS SERVED BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT 1978
1 Source: MMBW.1979 b ) 19. 2.11 Geelong is Victoria's largest provincial city, Plants of the Ford Motor Company, International Harvester and Alcoa give it national significance as a location for heavy industry. This manufacturing base is broadened by a number of smaller firms that produce yarns, textiles and clothing. The Port of Geelong handles movements of wheat, crude and refined petroleum and other materials. Geelong's population in 1976 was about 122,000 (as recorded Census count - Victorian Year Book, 1979). The growth of Geelong was accelerated by the • large influx of immigrants to Australia after World War 11 as many people from overseas were attracted to employment opportunities offered by the large industries located in the area. Geelong contains a large commercial centre supporting many of the large Australian retail organisations. It is also the r ional centre for many Government departments (Geelong, 1 71). 2.12 Ballarat with a population of nearly 61,000 in 1976 (Victorian Year Book, l~/1) is Victorian's second largest provincial city. The city had its origin in the gold rush era of the mid 1800's, however, unlike many gold towns its economic base was broadened in the initial stages of development by the appearance of industry. As early as 1865 an iron foundry had been established and by 1880 the city boasted eight foundries, 13 breweries and four flour mills. This early economic diversification, enhanced further by the agricultural potential of the area, enabled the city to survive beyond the gold mining era. The city contains a large commercial centre and is the regional centre for many Government departments (Ballarat, 1971).
2.13 The third largest provincial city in Victoria is Bendigo with a population of just over 50,000 in 1976 (Victorian Year Book, 1979), Bendigo contains a large commercial centre supporting many of the large Australian retail organisations. It contains all the trading and savings banks and many Insurance Companies. As with Geelong and Ballarat it is the regional centre for a large number of Government departments. To support its large rural hinterland Bendigo has extensive yarding facilities for handling fat lambs, cattle and pigs. It is also the centre of a large poultry industry. Other industries in the hinterland include wheat, fruit and vegetable growing. Secondary industry is well established, the major industries being the Ordnance factory, the Railway Workshops, meat processing and textile manufacturing. Mu~h of Bendigo's early growth can be attributed to the discov&ry of gold at Golden Square in 1851 which heralded the start of the ''Gold Rush". Gold was mined in Bendigo continuously from 1851 to 1954 (Bendigo, 197la). 20.
2.14 Another important provincial urban area is Albury Wodonga which is being developed as a decentralised growth centre under a tripartite Government (Commonwealth, Victorian and New South Wales) venture. The Albury-Wodonga· Development Corporation was established as a statutory authority to plan and develop the area designated for new growth. A target population of 300,000 persons by the year 2000 was initially adopted however this has been reduced to 150,000 by the same year. In 1976 the population was nearly 45,600 of which about 13,600 reside in the Victorian part (Victorian Year Book, 1979). 2.15 Other important provincial cities or urban centres include Shepparton (1976 population of about 25,900), Warrnambool (20,200), Moe-Yallourn (18,700), Wangaratta (16,200), Morwell (16,100), Traralgon (15,500), Mildura (14,400), Sale (12,100), Horsham (11,600), Bairnsdale· (9,100), Benalla (8,300) and Portland (8,300). (Population figures from Victorian Year Book, 1979). Each of these cities supports some form of industry, contains quite extensive commercial centres and in many cases is the regional centre for several Government departments. 21.
3, MAJOR NATURAL RESOURCES
ENERGY AND MINERALS 3.1 All legislation and activities relating to energy and minerals in the State come under the direct jurisdiction of the Minister for Minerals and Energy. Under the Minerals and Energy Act, 1976 the Department of Minerals and Energy is responsible for the co-ordination of energy research and the formulation of energy policies for Victoria, particularly in relation to petroleum and brown coal. 3,2 The petroleum (offshore and onshore), pipeline, m1n1ng, construction, excavation and extractive industries are regulated, ensuring that they are developed and conducted in a safe and effective manner. The Department also regulates the production, transportation, storage and use of explosives, inflammable liquids, gas and liquid petroleum gas.
ENERGY 3.3 In 1976-77, about 86 per cent of Victoria's electricity needs were produced by the brown coal fired generating stations situated in the coal fields in the La Trobe Valley. A further 5 per cent of Victoria's requirements is currently generated in hydro power stations located in the north-eastern ranges of the State and 10 per cent is obtained from the Snowy Mountains Hydo-Electric Scheme in New South Wales. About 82 per cent of Victoria's petroleum refinery crude oil input comes from the State's offshore oil fields and the balance is derived from crude oil imported from the Middle East, (Victorian Year Book, 1979). 3.4 During recent years, natural gas has assumed an increasingly important role in the supply of energy in Victoria, Currently it provides about 16 per cent of Victoria's primary energy needs. Over 99 per cent of all gas in Victoria for domestic and industrial purposes is produced from the offshore gas and oil fields in Bass Strait, It is estimated that this resource is adequate to provide Victoria's needs for the next 30 years. There is a small but steadily increasing use of liquefied petroleum gas (propane, butane) derived from refineries and the Bass Strait oil and gas fields, 2 2.
3.5 Victoria's sources of primary energy for 1976-77 are listed in Table 1. TABLE 1 VICTORIA - SOURCE OF PRIMARY ENERGY 1976-1977 .. SOURCE PER CENT
Crude Oil 42.3 Bro\IJn Coal 40.2 Natural Gas (including LPG) 15.5 Hydro Po\IJer 1.4 l4ood -0.6
TOTAL 100.0
(Source Department of Minerals and Energy) Bro\IJn Coal
3.6 Victoria's largest resources of fossil fuels are the huge deposits of bro\IJn coal in the La Trobe Valley, These extend over an area ranging from 140 kilometres to 200 kilometres east of Melbourne in the central Gippsland region. These deposits \IJhich farm the bulk of primary energy available to the State are among the largest in the vorld. Smaller deposits exist in other areas in south Gippsland, in south-eastern Victoria at Gelliondale and in the south- central region at Anglesea, Bacchus Marsh and Altona. These deposits, although extensive, do not compare in magnitude and importance to those in the La Trobe Valley and comprise only about 5 per cent of the total resource in the State, Figure 7 shows a map of brown coal areas in Victoria,
3.7 The resources of brown coal in Victoria total about 114,000 megatonnes. This is the current geological assessment but as a result of continuing drilling programmes, kno\IJledge of these resources is gradually being increased as more deposits are revealed in areas not yet fully explored, particularly in the eastern part of the coal bearing area of the La Trobe Valley in central Gippsland. The resources \IJhich have been proven as potentially economically recoverable are classified as reserves. The inferred or estimated balance are marginal or sub-marginal reserves but are classified as part of the total resource, The brown coal reserves in the La Trobe Valley comprise about 65,000 megatonnes proven and 43,000 megatonnes inferred (marginal and sub-marginal). (Victorian Year Book, 1979). N '-"'
BASS STRAIT
RAilWAYS SHOWN THUS BROWN C 0Al DEPOSITS SHOWN THUS --
"'!NOli CEI'OS!TS or Dff'i'< aua~w
"" fl; Q.OMrtti:S
iUNf 1914
FIGURE 7 BROWN COAL AREAS OF VICTORIA , JUNE 1974
Source: Victonan Year Book 1978) 24.
3.8 During the period 1 July 1977 to 30 June 1978, 30.49 megatonnes of brown coal was mined in Victoria. Of this quantity 29.38 megatonnes was won by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria from the La Trobe Valley fields and 1.11 megatonnes by two privately owned companies in the south-central region (Anglesea and Bacchus Marsh). The principal use of brown coal mined in Victoria is for the generation of electricity, 26.32 megatonnes being used in 1977-78 for this purpose. Only about 2.85 megatonnes was used during this period for other purposes such as briquette manufacture and steam raising. (Victorian Year Book, 1979),
Electricity
3.9 The most widely used and extensively distributed form of energy in Victoria is electricity. This is generated and distributed by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria, a public utility formed by an Act of the Victorian Parliament in 1920, Since it was formed the Commission has expanded and co-ordinated the generation, transmission and supply of electricity on a State-wide basis to the point where it now produces all of the electricity generated in Victoria available for public supply.
3.10 A number of industrial enterprises generate electricity for their own purposes.
3.11 The development of Victoria's electricity system is based on the utilisation of Victoria's extensive brown coal resources in the La Trobe Valley (in 1977-78, 86 per cent of electricity in the State was generated from brown coal) with supplementary development of hydro sources in north-eastern Victoria, Victoria is entitled to receive one third (New South Wales receives two thirds) of the electricity generated in the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme after the Commonwealth Government's requirements for the Australian Capital Territory have been met, Victoria also shares with New South Wales the electricity generated at the Hume hydro station near Albury on the Murray River, 3.12 The major station in the State Electricity Commission's interconnected system is the 1,600 MW brown coal fired power station at Hazelwood which alone generates nearly 50 per cent of Victoria's electricity. The other brown coal fired, base load power stations in the system are Yallourn, Morwell and Yallourn "1-J". There are also steam stations in Melbourne (Newport, Richmond and Spencer Street) and hydro-electric stations at Keilor and Eildon, on the Rubicon and Royston Rivers near Eildon and at Cairn Curran on the Loddon River near Bendigo. 25.
3.13 The electrification of Victoria has been virtually completed except for some isolated properties in remote parts of Victoria. The State Electricity Commission supplies electricity in bulk to eleven municipal undertakings which operate as separate supply authorities under franchises granted before the Commission was established. 3.14 A map of Victoria's main power transmission system is shown in Figure 8.
3.15 New electricity generating projects are proposed at *Yallourn ''W" - extension of existing station is proceeding. *Newport - construction is proceeding. •Jeeralang - installation is proceeding. *Dartmouth - construction of this hydro-electric power station is proceeding. *Lay Yang - construction is proceeding.
3.16 The State Electricity Commission has recently released a report setting out details of a conceptual plan, on the basis of it being a discussion paper, for the possible future utilization of the brown coal fields in the La Trobe Valley.
Petroleum 3.17 Three petroleum refineries currently satisfy almost the whole of Victoria's market for refined products. The refineries, all located within a radius of 75 kilometres from the centre of Melbourne, are Shell Refinery (Australia) Pty. Ltd. at Coria near Geelong, Petroleum Refineries (Australia) Pty. Ltd. at Altona and BP Refinery (Westerport) Pty. Ltd. at Crib Point. 3.18 Exploration for petroleum has been almost a continuous operation in the Gippsland Basin (offshore waters of eastern Bass Strait) sin~e 1960. Between 1967 and 1971 four of the commercial fields discovered offshore in this basin were developed as an integral operation. These were the Barracouta and Marlin gas fields and the Halibut and Kingfish oil fields, together with a small oil reservoir in the Barracouta field. Since 1972 the development of other fields, Mackeral and Tuna, has proceeded and some oil is being produced (Victorian Year Book, 1979). LEGEND
MAIN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
500 000 Volts
330,000 Volts
220 000 Volts
Area of Supply 66,000 Volts
NEW SOUTH WALES
, SNOWY MOUNTAINS ~ SCHEME ") ..: sI 9
N 8ENlX)( • a-
FIGURE 8 VICTORIA'S MAIN POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM', JUNE 1975
(Source. V1ctor~an Year Book 1978 27.
3.19 Because the characteristics of Gippsland crude oil were different from that imported from the Middle East, the three refineries at Coria, Altona and Crib Point modified their processes when the local crude commenced to be used in 1970 and, in some instances, installed new plant. 3.20 Motor spirit in two grades • 98 octane (super grade) and 89 octane (standard grade) - and a wide range of other petroleum products are marketed in Victoria through a number of industry terminals and depots and retail outlets. At 30 June 1977, Victoria had the capacity to star~ almost 3,350,000 kilolitres of crude oil and petroleum products in bulk at 21 installations in Melbourne (14), Geelong (1), Crib Point (1), Long Island Point (1), and Portland (4), including refineries. In 1977, a total of just over 8,500,000 kilolitres or 26 per cent of the Australian total of the main petroleum fuels were marketed in Victoria's marketing area (Victorian Year Book, 1979),
3.21 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is produced by the Esso/BHP fractionation plant at Long Island Point and Victoria's three refineries, The Long Island facilities produce over 75 per cent of the total production of LPG in Victoria. The principal distributor in Victoria is the Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria which supplies over 700,000 customers by reticulation and by cylinder. Annual production of LPG (propane and butane) at the Long Island Point Plant is now approximately 1,348,000 tonnes (Victorian Year Book, 1979).
Gas Industry 3.22 The gas industry in Victoria is based on natural gas which provides about 99 per cent of all gas used by industry and for domestic purposes. The sole distributor of natural gas in Victoria, the Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria, supplies reticulated gas to customers through a network of approximately 15,000 kilometres of transmission pipelines and reticulation mains. 3.23 Recent gas industry developments have concentrated on the Gippsland Basin fields and have included the enlarging of the Gippsland Gas Processing and Crude Oil Stabilisation Plant at Longford. The Tuna field, which contains both natural gas and crude oil, is currently being developed and became operational in October, 1978. Plans are well advanced for the development of the Snapper gas field vhich lies between the Barracouta and Marlin fields.
3.24 After being treated at the gas processing facilities at Longford to remov~ propane and butane and the pentanes, natural gas is conveyed to MelbQurne City Gate at Dandenong through a main transmission pipeline which was laid in 1968 and 1969. 28.
3.25 Victoria lacks the diversity of mineralis~tion present in other Australian States. Ho~ever, mineral discoveries in Victoria in the past have had an important effect both on the State and Australia as a ~hole. The first major mineral development occurred in the 1850's with the gold discoveries and the subsequent gold rushes. A less spectacular development, but one equally important for Victoria's economy, ~as the util isation of the La Trobe Valley bro~n coal deposits for po~er generation in the 1920's. Of equal significant ~ere the oil and gas discoveries in Bass Strait during the 1960's from which Victoria now supplies about 68 per cent of Australia's crude oil requirements and the whole of the State's gas needs (Victorian Year Book, 1979),
3.26 The current world energy situation has emphasised that liquid fuel deposits are not infinite and that in the future liquid hydrocarbons may have to be manufactured from coal. Victoria, with its vast reserves of brown coal, may be in an excellent position to continue to supply a substantial part of Australia's liquid fuel requirements in the future.
Construction Materials 3.27 Apart from crude oil and natural gas, construction materials exceed other mineral production, including bro~n coal, in terms of quantity and value. In 1976-77, the production of construction materials, including clay and limestone for lime and cement, ~as approximately 39,000,000 tonnes, valued at $77.5 million. The larger portion of this quantity, estimated to be as much as 60 per cent, is both produced and used ~ithin the Melbourne Statistical Division (Victorian Year Book, 1979). 3.28 Basalts from the Newer Volcanic Series remain the most important source of crushed and broken stone, although the proportion of the total production is gradually declining. Fossil Fuel Reserves 3.29 Victoria's proven geological reserves of brown coal (lignite) amount to 66,700 me tonnes, of which 64,900 megatonnes occur in the extensive coal f elds of the La Trobe Valley, The total inferred geological reserves down to depths at present uneconomic to mine amount to 113,700 megatonnes, but the State Electirity Commission estimates that the present economically extractable quantity is 35,000 megatonnes. This would contain an energy content of 350,000 terajoules. 29.
3.30 The Bass Strait oil and natural gas fields will supply Victoria and other markets with natural gas for more than 30 years at the expected rate of consumption. It is estimated that an energy equivalent of 7,800,000 terajoules will be available if new gas fields are not discovered. The crude oil reserves, equivalent to 9;000,000 terajoules, will be seriously depleted by the late 1980's unless new discoveries are made in Victoria and Australia in the next ten years (Victorian Year Book, 1979).
3.31 In summary the total energy equivalent of recoverable fossil fuel reserves in Victoria is 138.8 million terajoules comprising crude oil (8.9 million terajoules), natural gas (7.8), gas liquids (2,1) and brown coal (120.0). 3.32 The crude oil from the Bass Strait oil fields is deficient in the heavier lubricating fractions and the main commercial derivatives are light petroleum liquids ranging from heating oil to motor spirit. Victoria and Australia still depend on overseas crude Dil for production of medium to heavy lubricating oils. 3.33 The black coal deposits of the south Gippsland coal fields such as Wonthaggi, Kilcunda, Korumburra and Outtrim were mined during the first half of the twentieth century, The coals were of average grade, but because of their seams and complex block faulting, mining was expensive and the final production ceased from Wonthaggi in 1968. Reserves are estimated to total 8 megatonnes (Victorian Year Book, 1979). Metallic Minerals 3.34 Only minor amounts of metallic minerals are produced in Victoria. The most valuable of these is gold. These minerals contribute only about 0.5 per cent of the value of mineral produces.
Mining in Victoria 3.35 Victoria owes its rapid settlement and economic growth to the rich alluvial gold discoveries of the early 1850's. Although the early settlers were pastoralists, the rapid development of mining promoted the growth of industries and financial institutions. One major consequence of the gold rushes was that Melbourne became an important centre of finance and maintains this role in Australia to the present day. Exploitation of the gold fields results in improved transportation facilities and improved access to large areas of fertile land which in itself supported the expansion of farming and pastoral industries. 30.
3.36 Although for a long time, gold production dominated the mining industry, other minerals were mined such as tin, antimony, copper, molybdenum and wolfram. Production of some of these metals was as a by-product of gold mining. Th9 mining activities of Victoria in the twentieth century have been characterised by marked progress in open cut mining, particularly by brown coal, limestone and construction materials,
3,37 Since World War II the rapid industrial development and recurrent building growth periods have made the production of contruction materials the most extensive and valuable (apart from crude oil and natural gas) mining operations in the State. Limestones have been mined in large open cuts at Batesford and Waurn Ponds near Geelong, and at Merrimans Creek near Rosedale in Gippsland, for the manufacturing of cement. Hard rock quarries supply aggregate and crushed rock for road consturction and ferro-concrete buildings. Construction sands for concrete, plaster and moulding are an important commodity and clays are mined by open cut methods for brick, tile and pipe manufacture.
Water
3,38 The Ministry of Water Resources and Water Supply, established by the Water Resources Act 1975, has the responsibility of ensuring the most efficient utilisation of the water resources of Victoria. This Act vested in the Minister of Water Supply thP administration of the Water Act, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works Act (in respect of the water, sewerage and drainage functions), Geelong Waterworks and Severage Act, Latrobe Valley Act, Mildura Irrigation and Water Trusts Act, Sewerage Districts Act, Dandenong Valley Authority Act, River Improvement Act, West Moorabool Water Board Act, Croundwater Act Part V, and Drainage of Land Act,
3.39 The Ministry performs a co-ordinating function in assessing and developing Victoria's water resources, including the extension and development of sewerage and drainage services, and has responsibilities for long-range planning of future requirements, for achieving a balance between rural, urban and industrial development, and for advice on priorities for construction.
3.40 The legislation has not changed in any way the functions of Victoria's two major vater authorities, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works and the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission, but implements the Victorian Government's policy of bringing both bodies under a single Ministry for the co-ordination of their activities, 31.
Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works 3.41 The Board of Works is the authority for providing water supply, sewerage and main drainage to the Melbourne metropolitan area. It is also Melbourne's metropolitan planning authority. 3.42 Water to Melbourne and the metropolitan area is supplied from seven storage reservoirs drawing on the water resources of mountain catchment areas. Pipelines carry the water from on-stream storages distant from the city to off-stream storages located around the perimeter of the metropolitan area. Water is then conveyed to service reservoirs and elevated tanks throughout the suburbs for distribution to consumers. 3.43 The seven storage reservoirs comprise Van Yean (capacity of 30,000 megalitres), Maroondah (22,000), O'Shannassy (4,000), Silvan (40,000), Upper Yarra (200,000), Greenvale (27,000) and Cardinia (287,000) giving a current total capacity of 610,000 megalitres (Victorian Year Book, 1979). 3.44 Work is underway on two new major reservoirs (Sugerloaf and Thomson) to add about another 1.2 million megalitres of water storage and give Melbourne, by the early 1980's a supply system with a storage capacity equivalent to three times the expected annual demand, Total water consumption for the year 1975-76 was 384,000 megalitres and for 1976-77 was 381,500 megalitres. Notwithstanding the present decline in the rate of population growth, the planning of future water requirements for Melbourne has allowed for a continuous increase in water consumption due mainly to the continuous growth in households. 3.45 At 30 June 1977, there were 850,834 properties or an estimated 2,467,000 people in Melbourne supplied with reticulated water. Average consumption for the 1976-77 year was 448,000 litres· per property (Victorian Year Book, 1979). 3.46 Although the Cardinia Reservoir, the Board's largest storage so far, is in service, Melbourne cannot be sure of a desirable level of protection against drought and water restrictions until the Thomson development (capacity of 1 million megalitres) is completed. At this stage the entire Thomson project is not scheduled for completion until at least 1982,
3.47 Sugarloaf will have a usable capacity of 95,000 megalitres and water is expected to be available from this storage by the summer of 1980-81. Full integration of the reservoir into the system is scheduled for 1981. 32. State Rivers and Water Supply Commission 3.48 The State Rivers and Water Supply Commission was constituted under the Water Act in 1905 and was made responsible for the conservation and distribution of rural water resources and the control of the use of water from rivers and streams and other natural sources, with the exception of the area controlled by the water supply authority for the Melbourne metropolitan area,
3.49 More than 60 large storages, 264 subsidiary reservoirs and 30,000 kilometres of channels and pipelines are operated by the Commission to supply water for irrigation, stock and domestic purposes, and for reticulated town supplies. In addition, the Commission provides water supply for domestic, stock and industrial purposes in an area of rural and urban lands totalling about 5,000,000 hectares. It also administers flood protection, drainage and river improvement works throughout Victoria. Delivery of irrigation water totalled 2,896,382 megalitres for 1977-78 (Victorian Year Book, 1979).
3.50 Outside the Melbourne metropolitan area there are now 464 reticulated town water supplies of which 147 come under the direct control and management of the Commission and the remaining 317 town supplies are administered by 207 local water authorities. There are 128 sewerage authorities, 27 river improvement trusts and 4 drainage trusts in Victoria outside the Melbourne metropolitan area.
3.51 Some of the more major water storages are Dartmouth, Eildon, Hume, Waranga, Mokoan, Rocklands, Eppalock, Glenmaggie, Bellfield, Devilbend, Tarago, Rosslynne, Buffalo, Pykes Creek, Merrimu and William Hovell. 3.52 The Commission's current Six-Year Programme of capital works reflects the continuing change in emphasis towards increasing expenditure on urban water supply, sewerage, environmental protection and water quality. Major provisions in the programme include : *Commencement of four major water conservation dams for urban, industrial and irrigation supply. *Construction of large trunk pipelines to augment supply to the Mornington Peninsula water supply system and to enhance the operating capabilities of the system. *Reduction in the backlog of deferred works (owing to lack of funds) in country water supply and sewerage programmes. *Continuation of groundwater control programmes by extraction and disposal with partial re-use, in the Shepparton region, *Commencement of salinity control works in the Sunraysia and Kerang regions for the interception of saline groundwater flows to the Murray River and the disposal of saline drainage to evaporative disposal areas. 33.
3.53 Most irrigation is carried out in districts directly controlled by the Commission, A feature of the districts in the system of ''water rights" under which a certain quality of water is assigned to each district and allotted to the lands commanded and suitable for irrigation. The irrigators pay a fixed sum for this water each year, whether they use it or not. Water rights are available in all except the very driest years and water in excess of the water right can be bought in most seasons. The water right system assures irrigators of a definite quantity of water each year, and the Commission can rely on fairly constant revenue to meet the cost of district operations. 3.54 A feature of Victorian irrigation policy has been the development of closer settlement by intensive irrigation, that is, by allocating relatively large quantities of water per holding instead of li~iting the allocation of water to a portion of each holding. This has meant that Victorian irrigation is predominantly devoted to dairying and horticulture, rather than to sheep raising. The advantage of intensive irrigation is that much higher returns are available from a given quantity of water and, consequently, a much larger rural population is supported,
3.55 The establishment of separate authorities to provide water and sewerage services to country towns is unique to Victoria. These authorities are independent responsible statutory bodies which make their own decisions, engage their own staff and construct and manage their own works. However, as the Victorian Government usually provides a substantial degree of financial assistance, all their operations and proposals are subject to general review by the Commission, Forests 3.56 Forests are complex and dynamic ecosystems of living organisms and their physical habitat. The living organisms include plants, animals, birds, fungi and a vast collection of micro flora and fauna. The physical components of the ecosystem include those associated with the atmosphere, the soils and the rock formations from which the soils have been derived. 3.57 The objectives of forest management vary according to the demand for the benefits that a forest ecosystem can provide and the capability of the ecosystem to supply the desired benefits without detriment to its long-term productive capacity. 34.
Types of Forests
3.58 The forests of Victoria cover one-third of the State and embrace many types ranging from the tallest of hardwood forests in the world, which occupy the cool mountain regions in the east, to the stunted mallee heathland of the arid north-west. The main types recognised within State forests are mountain forests, stringybark forests, red gum forests, ironbark and box forests, arid woodlands, arid heathlands and forest plantations. The majority of native forests are hardwoods, while most forest plantations are of softwood species.
Mountain Forests
3.59 The mountain forests occupy about 773,100 hectares of the cool, high rainfall country in the Central and_ Eastern Highlands, the South Cippsland Ranges and the Otway Ranges. The forests comprise two main types, namely sub-alpine woodland and ash forests of alpine ash, mountain ash and shining gum.
3.60 The sub-alpine woodland occupies the highest elevations in the State ranging from approximately 1,400 metres to 1,800 metres. It covers about 124,900 hectares in Victoria and typically consists of snow gum forests interspersed with snow grass and herb plains. The sub-alpine woodland yields large quantities of water which is used for domestic, irrigation and hydro-electric purposes. It also provides an environment suitable for specialised recreational use, including intensively developed ski resorts, scenic roads and walking tracks.
3.61 The ash forests of alpine ash, mountain ash and shir1ing gum extend from the lower limits of the sub-alpine woodland down to elevations of approximately 66 metres, or lower on some southern aspects. They occupy the cool, moist regions to the east of Melbourne and in the South Cippsland and Otway Ranges and cover a total area of approximately 650,000 hectares, of which 280,000 hectares are reserved forests and 320,000 hectares are protected forests (Victorian Year Book, 1979).
3.62 Mountain forests play an important role in Victoria's economy because they are among the most productive forests in the State, yielding large quantities of wood and water. They produce large volumes of timber of seasoning quality and the majority of the hardwood pulp used by the paper making industry in Victoria. They occupy significant portions of the catchment areas used to supply water to major population centres. The very tall trees and dense understorey of shrubs and ferns found in ash forests provide magnificent scenery and afford an excellent habitat for well known wildlife species, such as lyrebirds, possums and wallabies. 35.
Stringybark Forests 3.63 The stringybark forests include a wide variety of forest types in which various stringybark eucalyptus and associated species (peppermints, silvertop for example) occur. They are the most extensive of the Victorian forest types and occupy practically all of the forest land on the coastal plains and in the foothills to the north and south of the Gre~t Dividing Range up to elevations of 900 metres, The total area of stringybark forests is 4,752,000 hectares of which 1,500,000 hectares are reserved forests and 2,510,000 hectares are protected forests (Victorian Year Book, 1979), 3.64 The stringybark forests provide wood, water and recreation. They yield some 65 per cent of the total volume of timber produced from State forests. The principal uses of the timber are for house framing, general construction and wood pulp for hardboards, paper and packaging material, 3.65 Stringybark forests occupy the water catchments of many cities and towns in Victoria, They are rich in birds, animals and wildflowers, and their distinctive character makes them an attractive location for recreational activities. They attract large numbers of day visitors throughout the year and are frequently used for fishing, camping and hiking, especially during the early summer and autumn months. Red Gum Forests 3.66 The red gum forests are the most widely distributed of the Victorian forest types although their total area is relatively small. They cover about 300,000 hectares and occur along the flood plains of the Murray River and other rivers and watercourses throughout the State. 3.67 The red gum forests produce substantial quantities of wood and are extensively used for recreational pursuits. In addition they play an important role in the control of water flows along the Murray River system and its tributaries. The forests have supported a viable timber industry since the earliest days of settlement. Red gum timber is used for sawmilling, railway sleepers, posts and piles and because of its strength, durability and attractive appearance it is keenly sought. 3.68 The open woodland and gentle slopes of the red gum forests are well suited for outdoor recreation, Roads and tracks are inexpensive to construct and there are many suitable sites for camps and picnics. Streams and billabongs are focal points for recreation and the numerous species of birds and animals associated with the water are major attractions. The forests also provide an excellent grazing area for domestic stock and native animals, 36. lronbark and Box Forests
3.69 Ironbark and box forests occupy about 400,000 hectares mainly north of the Great Dividing Range (in the north-central regions of Victoria) on poor soil types with low rainfall and hot dry summers. The main forests are mixtures of red ironbark and box eucalypts with the species mixture generally being determined by the fertility and water holding capacity of the soil. The ironbark and box forests are used for fencing timbers and fuel, and they are highly valued for honey production and recreation.
Arid Woodlands and Heathlands
3.70 Low woodlands, mallee woodlands and mallee heathlands cover about 500,000 hectares of the arid Murray Basin plains in north-western Victoria. They are forests of tremendous diversity with a wealth of plant species and many district associations. The diversity of these ecosystems is mainly a result of variations in soil type and the history of the areas they occupy. The arid woodlands and heathlands offer environments suitable for recreation and they are of considerable scientific and aesthetic interest. Because they occupy low rainfall areas and are of a stunted form, they are of relatively minor value for water and wood production.
Forest Plantations
3.71 The lack of native species suitable for the commercial production of soft~ood and the presence of derelict farmland have led to the development of extensive forest plantations in Victoria. The total area of these plantations (including privately owned plantations) now exceeds 100,000 hectares with more than half of the area having been established since 1960. Early planting trials covering a wide range of softwood species indicated that radiata pine was eminently suited to the medium rainfall environments of Victoria and it has been used in the majority of plantations. Small areas of Corsican pine, maritime pine, ponderosa pine and Douglas fir have also been established. Mountain ash is the only native species that has been used on any significant scale for plantation pu purposes. 3.72 The prime use of forest plantations is for wood production, but they also provide valuable cover for water catchments, and recreational benefits, such as those obtained from driving, picnics and general scenic enjoyment, Another benefit from plantation development has been the reaffore station of abandoned farmlands 37.
Management 3.73 The State forests of Victoria are managed by the Forests Commission under the Forests Act 1958. This Act provides for State forests to be managed to produce a sustained yield of ~ood and to provide protection for ~ater catchments, recreational and educational opportunities for people, a habitat suitable for native flora and fauna, and a range of minor forest products such as for for grazing, honey, essential oils, gravel and stone. The orests Commission also has explicit responsibilities under the Act to protect State forests from nuisance and damage by fire, insects and fungi,
3.74 The establishment of plantations to meet future requirements for wood and to reafforest derelict areas of farmland continued on a major scale in 1976-77. A total of 1,265 hectares of nativ~ hard~ood plantations was established during the year, the main planning being mountain species in the Eastern Strzelecki Ranges of south Gippsland, During the year, a total of 5,000 hectares of new soft~ood plantations were established, the ~hole area of which ~as radiata pine. Soft~ood plantings were again concentrated in each of eight development zones, ~here it is planned to establish an area of plantation sufficient to support large and integrated ~ood-using industries. PRIMARY PRODUCTION
3.75 Land utilisation in Victoria can best be described in terms of the State's t~elve statistical divisions, the standard Australian Bureau of Statistics regions which are combinations of local government areas forming coherent socio-economic zones. Melbourne 3.76 As the Melbourne statistical division is largely occupied by the metropolitan area, it is of comparatively small agricultural significance. Nevertheless there is quite a range of soils, climates and agricultural activities. 3.77 Topography in the west is quite flat, and hilly to mountainous in the north and east.
3.78 Predominant soils are Podsolic derived from basalt, sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated sediments, and Red-Brown Earths. Other soils are Kranozems and the peaty soils. Annual rainfall varies from 475 mm in the ~est to 1,250 mm in the east. 3 8.
3.79 The western area has been well regarded for its hay and barley production. The peripheral shires in most of the remainder of the division support mainly small farms with dairying, orchards, poultry raising, Flower growing and stud farming.
3.80 A recent development has been the proliferation of subdivisions into small farms, many of uhich are owned by city residents. Many of these are kept for recreation; others for small commercial ventures.
Bar111on
3.81 In the south of the Bar111on statistical division the main topographical feature is the Otvay Ranges, a steep mountainous region 111ith high rainfall, ideally suited to forestry. To the north is the flat volcanic plain used mainly for grazing and a little cropping. Intermediate bet111een these extremes are the coastal pl~ins which have a mixture of soil types and topography.
3.82 Most oF the soils are Podsolic; others are Red-Brown Earths. The average annual rainfall varies between 450 mm and 1,200 mm in various parts of the division.
3.83 About 75 per cent or the division is under ~rimary production. The main agr.tcuJ rural industries are dairying, and beef and sheep raising, Lu:. there arr: also quite s.i.r:Jnificant areas of cereal and oilseed crops as well as grass seed production, beekeeping and pigs. Forestry is also important in and around the Otvay Ran~es.
3.84 There has been a tc·r•dency during recent: years for farmers to go out oF dai r·yi.rtq. Heef arHI wool rroduction are the main activities o~ the volcanic plains, and prime lambs are raised in the ~;ou thern areas nf the division.
S o u t h \~ e s t e r n
3 • 8 5 The South \·1 ester m ,; la Ll s tic a 1 rll vision is main 1 y 1 o cat e d on v o 1 c a rli c 81t cl c o as t :1 l p 1 a ins with some r i sing country in the south-east of the division, Average annual rainfall varies from about 500 mm in the extreme north to 1,200 mm in the Otway Rangbs in the south-east corner. Temperatures are generally cooler away from the coast where the sea has an ameliorating influence during the winter,
3.86 Many of the soils have developed From lava flows with acid grey loams and sandy loams coming from the older flows. Soils in the red gum areas have a sandy top-soil 111ith clay belo111. 39.
3.87 A large portion of the division is farmed; the remainder is covered by natural forest or planted commercial forests. Substantial areas of the farmed land are under improved pasture. 3.88 The Western District, within this division, is a traditional woolgrowing area. Sheep numbers fell during the early 1970's but are now recovering. Dairying is popular along the southern section and beef cattle are also raised. Numbers of the latter have begun to decline and the numbers of dairy farms and dairy cattle are also falling. 3.89 The main crops are oats, wheat and barley. Oilseeds such as sunflowers, linseed .and rape have gained popularity during recent years. Central Highlands
3.90 The Central Hi~hlrinds district is a mixture of extinct volcanic cores, basaltic plains and uplifted sedimentary strata of Ordovician age. Elevation ranges from about 200 metres to 500 metres above sea level. The Great Dividing Range passes a few kilometres north of Ballarat and the Pyrenees Range enters the north-west corner of the division. The western section stretches into plains and finishes near the Grampians. 3.91 The main soils are Podsolic; Kranozems are subdominant. Annual rainfall varies from 425 mm to 1,050 mm. 3.92 About 75 per cent of the division is farmed, the remainder being Crown Land and forest 3.93 The main agricultural produce comprises wool, prime lambs, potatoes, beef, cereals and oilseeds, with some dairying and small seeds production. The plains produce very heavy crops of oats and good crops of wheat. 3.94 Improved pastures have increased the carrying capacity of the plains greatly and have improved soil fertility, enabling productive clover by farming to be undertaken. Wimmera 3.95 The Wimmera statistical division is primarily a large plain, sloping gently to the north, but has the distinctive Grampians Range of mountains on its south-east border, 3.96 The dominant soil groups are Grey and Brown soils of heavy texture and Podsolic soils. Rainfall ranges from 350 mm to 880 mm a year. Most of the area, except the uncleared desert country in the north-west and south-west, is farmed. 40.
3.97 Cereal growing is the dominant agricultural industry, with heavy crops of wheat being produced in good seasons. Barley, oats, rye and some sunflowers are produced,
3.98 Grazing, encompassing both some excellent medium to strong Merino sheep flocks in the south and fat lambs in the north, is important. A number of beekeepers use the flowering eucalyptus to advantage.
Northern Mallee
3.99 The Northern Mallee division is essentially a vast plain, sloping to the north-west from about 100 metres above sea level in the south to 35 metres at Lake Cullulleraine. Low superficial land forms of ridges and dunes are also present.
3.100 The dominant soil is the Solonised Brown Soils (Mallee Soils) while several sub-dominant groups occur - Grey and Brown soils of heavy texture, Red-Brown Earths and Alluvial .soils. This division is relatively dry, with· rainfall from 240 mm to 370 mm a year.
3.101 Most of the division has been cleared for agriculture except for two major tracts of country along the South Australian border - the Sunset Country, south-west of Mildura,and the Big Desert which extends south into the Wimmera Division
3.102 The main broadacre farming is cereal growing, associated with wool, prime lambs and beef cattle. Wheat is the principal crop, followed in order by barley and oats. Daurying is conducted primarily in the irrigated country around Swan Hill and Kerang.
3.103 Horticulture is concentrated around Mildura, Robinvale and Swan Hill. A high proportion of Victoria's grapes (for drying, table use and wine), olives and citrus fruits are grown in this division. Vegetables are also grown.
Loddon-Campaspe 3.104 In the Loddon-Campaspe division the hilly and woody country of the south gives way to flat treeless plains. Red-Brown Earths are the dominant soils. Sub-dominant groups are grey and brown soils of heavy texture, Podsolic soils and alluvial soils. Rainfall ranges from about 350 mm to 650 mm a year.
3.105 Grazing is important in the south, heavy cropping in the west and dairying on irrigated land in the north and east. Sheep are run in conjunction with cereal growing and there are intensive poultry and pig raising industries in the Bendigo area. 41.
Goulburn 3.106 From the mountainous part of the Great Dividing Range in the south the Goulburn division stretches to the Murray River as a ~ide plain, much of which is kno~n as the Goulburn Valley. In the north-west corner, the principal landscape features are treeless plains, old watercourses, riverside woodland and swamps. 3.107 The main soils are Red-Brown Earths and Podsolic soils; a sub-dominant groups of alluvials occurs, Rainfall varies from 430 mm to 1,400 mm a year. 3.108 Most of the area, apart from the wooded hills, is farmed. Farming activities range from dairying, in the river valleys and highly productive irrigated country, to cereal growing, orchards and grazing. Irrigated cash crops of wheat or oilseeds (princj~~lly sunflowers) are becoming important. Vegetables are also grown. 3.109 During recent years there has been a decline in dairying, especially in the dry country, and, in the early 1970's, an increase in cattle raising. North Eastern 3.110 The North Eastern division is characterised by mountainous country and some highly productive river valleys. There is also some cultivable country in the north-west corner. 3.111 Two dominant soil groups occur - Podsolic soils and a miscellaneous group comprised of Podsolic, peaty and skeletal soils, and red loams of the mountainous regions. Rainfall varies from 500 mm to 1,900 mm a year. 3.112 Traditional agricultural industries have included cropping, winegrowing, dairying, beef cattle, and hop, stonefruits, walnuts and tobacco growing. 3,113 A recent innovation has been the attempt to grow oilseed crops, particular lupins, in the higher rainfall areas to the south and as an addition to the cereal rotation in the north. East Gippsland 3.114 The east Gippsland division can be divided into five main areas : (i) The coastal plains from south of Sale to Lakes Entrance, including the Gippsland Lakes. Here there are mainly sandy loam soils over a clay or gravel. Sheep and cattle are the main industries. 42.
3.114 (Continued) (ii) The foothills, undulating country which carries mainly sheep and cattle, (iii) The high 1 and s , carrying sheep and c a.t t 1 e on undulating to sheep country. (iv) The river valleys. (V) The productive irri ion district around Sale and Maffra. 3.115 Soils are mainly Podsolic and the Miscellaneous Soil Group. The division has quite a wide range of annual rainfall varying from about 520 mm west of Bairnsdale to 1,150 mm in the mountains. 3.116 Apart from major areas of development in the plains in the western part of the division which includes the irrigated area around Sale and Maffra, and the Omeo and Gelantipy districts, most qgriculture is confined to the river valleys. 3.117 Beef cattle, sheep and dairying are the most important livestock industries in the area. There is little broadacre cultivation. Vegetables are grown on the river flats at Lindenow and Orbost. They include beans, sweetcorn, capsicums and gherkins. Central Gippsland 3.118 The main part of the Central Gippsland division consists essentially of two mountain systems - the foothills of the Great Dividing Range and the Strzeleckis - seperated by an east-west trough known as the great valley of Victoria. The remainder consists of low-lying hills and coastal plains. 3.119 The average rainfall ranges from 900 mm to 1,150 mm over most of the area. Soil types range from snads to clays and loams. The dominant group is the Podsols and Kranozems also occur. 3.120 The main agricultural and pastoral industries are potato growing, fruit growing, vegetables, dairying, beef raising and fat lamb production. Other industries include forestry, coal mining and sand mining. There are several milk processing factories and an important paper mill in the division. East Central 3.121 The East Central division stretches from Bass Strait to the Upper Yarra area of the Great Dividing Range. 43.
3.122 The soils are mainly Podsolic; other groups include peaty soils and Kranozems (red loams). Rainfall is fairly uniform at about 900 mm to 1,000 mm a year. Some of the division is still under forest, scrub and Crown Land. There is a relatively small orchard industry around Pakenham, some berry growing in the hills and dairying in some of the valleys. There are a number of small farms engaged in potato growing and flower production and some stud properties.
Manufacturing
3.123 Victoria's natural resources- a temperate climate, adequate rainfall and water supply, and productive soils - have been used to provide both raw materials and power for industry. For example, clay deposits for brick, tile and pottery making are worked near Melbourne, Ballarat, Bendigo, Colac, Shepparton, Wangaratta, and in other areas of Victoria. Sand, used in foundries, and concrete and glass works, is obtained in the Port Pl,i~~1p and west Gippsland districts. Stone and gravel are quarried in many parts of Victoria, but, since large loads are expensive to transport, sites are concentrated within 80 kilometres of the principal market, metropolitan Melbourne, Inside a similar radius, the availability of limestone has attracted the establishment of cement works at Geelong and Traralgon, while the Lilydale deposits are extracted to produce agricultural lime.
3.124 Although Victoria's historic gold rush has long since passed, gold is still mined in the Castlemaine, Gaffneys Creek, and Harrietville areas. Victoria's other mineral resources include salt collected from solar evaporation on the western shores of Port Phillip and from the Wimmera and Mallee lakes; gypsum is also found in the north-western Mallee,
3.125 Victorian forests provide approximately one quarter of Australia's timber output. The fine vegatation of the Central Highlands forms the basis of important felling activities. The industry is also significant in Gippsland, where paper is manufactured at Maryvale. Other paper mills are situated in Melbourne, which is a major market for all wood and timber products.
3.126 Victoria's earliest industries are located in M1·lbourne, the entry port for most of the people and their supplies. As Victoria developed, Melbourne became its most populous ce0tre, major port, the hub of the railway and raod network, and m3jor manufacturing centre. At 30 June 1977, 82.0 per cent of Victoria's 8,735 manufacturing establishments owned by multi-establishment enterprises and all single establishment manufacturing enterprises employing four or more persons and 83.5 per cent of its work force engaged in manufacturing were located in the Melbourne Statistical Division. There are basic reasons for this: Melbourne's function as port and transport focus makes the collection of raw materials and the distribution of manufactured goods relatively easy; the concentration of Victoria's population in the city means a concentration of potential purchasers and potential workers; 44.
3.125 (Continued) and by locating their operations in Melbourne, manufacturers can enjoy easy interchange of materials, parts, and services with other manufacturers.
3.127 Melbourne's early industrial suburbs grew on the fringes of the city centre in Port Melbourne, South Melbourne, Richmond, Collingwood, Spotswood, Fitzroy and Footscray, In these suburbs a wide range of manufacturing industry is to be found. The most recent new industrial municipalities are Altona, Broadmeadows, Moorabbin, Oakleigh 1 and Dandenong, where extensive areas are available for the establishment of new industries.
3.128 Apart from smelting and large-scale steel making, most types of secondary industry are to be found in Melbourne. In terms of employment, engineering and metal processing constitute Melbourne's major industries, but a high proportion of Victoria'~ ~itemical, textile, paper, .furniture, food, and building materials industries are also concentrated there.
3,129 Outside the metropolitan area, Geelong is the most important industrial centre, with port facilities, close proximity to the Melbourne market, and rich surrounding rural areas. Industries established in the area include petroleum refining, and the manufacture of agricultural machinery, motor vehicles, aluminium ingots and extruded products, textiles, chemical fertilisers, glass,clothing, carpets, foodstuffs, cement, fertilisers, and sporting ammunition. 3.130 The other country areas in which more than 1,000 persons are employed in manufacturing establishments (ranked in order of the number of persons employed in factories) are the Ballarat Statistical District, Bendigo Statistical District, Shepparton-Mooroopna Statistical District, Morwell Shire, Wodonga Rural City, Warrnambool City, Wangaratta City, Portland Town, Maryborough City, and Castlemaine City. The factory population in country areas is engaged in the production of food and textiles from locally produced raw materials, in clothing, and in engineering plants, some of which had their origin in the gold mining era of the nineteenth century, and more recently in decentralised plants with defence significanc~. In addition, approximately 4,200 persons are engaged by the State Electricity Commission in power generation and ancillary activities. These are not taken into account in the foregoing ranking. 45.
4. PLANNING CONTROL
GENERAL State Co-Ordination Council
4.1 The State Co-ordination Council ~as established under the State Co-ordination Council Act 1975 and reports at the request of the Premier on the effects of adopting major proposals or objectives as policies of government; priorities to be established both within a policy and between competing policies; specific plans and projects both in the public and private sectors; and any other matter referred to it. 4.2 The Council also advises on Statements of Planning Policy (currently prepared by the Town and Country Planning Board); advises on matters of state interest in relation to the preparation of regional plans; ensures the effective co-ordination of all agencies participating in the achievement of the policies of the Victorian Government; reports on the effect of changing circumstances on priorities; revie~s progress and performance in the achievement of policies; and advises on particular policies and programmes which an agency should develop,
Department of Planning 4.3 The Town and Country Planning (Amalgamation) Act 1980 provides for the establishment of a ne~ Department of Planning ~hich will combine the various powers, functions and responsibilities of the Ministry for Planning and the Town and Country Planning Board. When the Act is proclaimed both the Ministry and the Board will cease to exist. 4.4 The functions of the Ministry and the Board which will be absorbed by the new Department include : *Provision of assistance to the various authorities preparing planning schemes to co-ordinate the planning processes and to achiev• common aims according to established guidelines and government policy, *Preparation of Planning Schemes for specified areas as directed by the Minister. *Promotion and co-ordination of regional planning throughout the State. *Preparation of Statements of Planning Policy, *Studies of investigation aTeas under the provisions of the Development Areas Act. 46.
4.5 The Amalgamation Act also makes prov1a1on for the establishment of a Planning Consultative Council consisting of seven members appointed by the Governor-in Council. The Chairman wLll be appointed on a full time basis and the remaining members will be part time. The Council will have the following functions: *To advise the Minister on any matter relating to the use of land concerning which the Minister wishes to have the advice of the Council. *To carry out duties imposed in relation to statements of Planning Policy and also regional strategy plans of the Upper Yarra Valley and Dandenong Ranges Authority. 4.6 The Council is to be serviced by officers of the Department. 4.7 The new Department is expected to commence operation early in 1981.
PLANNING SCHEMES 4.8 Planning in Victoria is conducted under a three-tier system, or on three levels - State Planning, Regional Planning and Local Planning. 4.9 The Town and Country Planning Act states that the preparation Planning Schemes shall be carried out by "responsible authorities". These are defined as : *The Town and Country Planning Board (to become absorbed in the new Department of Planning) - for State or broad planning. *Regional Planning Authorities including the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works - for regional planning. *Municipal Councils - for local planning. State Planning 4.10 State planning generally culminates in the preparation of Statements of Planning Policy by the Town and Country Planning Board (will become the responsibility of the new Department of Planning) as discussed later in Section 4.13 however the Board is empowered to prepare Planning Schemes for specified areas.
4.11 Where a Local Authority does not have the resources, and a Regional Authority is not appxopriate to the task, the Town and Country Planning Board (will become the new Department of Planning) prepares Planning Schemes for special areas or projects of State significance. These include coastal areas, inland lake areas (including the man-made lakes of the water conservation schemes), valuable national resources and areas of special significance such as the historic gold mining town of Maldon. 47.
Regional Planning 4.12 Regional planning authorities are set up by order of the Governor-in-Council to prepare and submit a planning scheme for a specified area extending beyond the boundaries of any one municipality. A regional planning authority consists of representatives of every municipality affected by the scheme and possible other representatives who may be specially qualified to serve. 4.13 Regional planning authorities that are currently established, have been announced, or are proposed by the Government are for : *Westernport (covering Mornington Peninsula) *Geelong (Geelong Regional Commission) *Loddon-Campaspe (around Bendigo) *East Gippsland (Bairnsdale - Sale) *Latrobe Valley (around Traralgon) *Central Gippsland (Warragul and South Gippsland) *Upper Yarra Valley and Dandenong Ranges *Central Highlands *Albury-Wodonga (Albury-Wodonga Development Corporation) *Melbourne metropolitan area (Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works).
Local Planning 4.14 Local planning (within a municipality) is the level at which local schemes are administered and at which the implementation of the regional plan has its most direct effect on the public. 4.15 The Town and Country Planning Act provides that a council may prepare a planning scheme for any area or areas within its municipality. The Act also empowers the Minister to direct a council to prepare a planning scheme within a specified time, Degree of State Coverage 4.16 In the rural areas most City and Shire Councils have prepared either Interim Development Orders or Planning ~chemes.
4.17 In the Melbourne urban areas the Melbourne Metro~olitan Planning Scheme is both the regional plan and the local plan for most areas. Statements of Planning Policy 4.18 Statements of Planning Policy provide the Regional Authorities and the municipalities with the firm guidelines of government policy and ensure that planning is co-ordinated and that planning proposals fall within overall aims. The Town and Country Planning Board (which will become the new Department of Planning) prepares them in consultation with the State Co-ordination Council, 48.
4.19 Statements of Planning Policy are binding on all Responsible Authorities, including gov~rnment departments. They encompass demographic, social, and economic factors and influences; conservation of natural resources for social, economic, environmental, ecological, and scientific purposes; land characteristics and land-use; amenity and environment; communications; and the development requirements of public authorities.
4.20 . The follo~ing Statements of Planning Policy have been prepared No. 1 Western Port (1970) (varied in 1976) No, 2 Mornington Peninsula (1970) No. 3 Upper Yarra Valley and Dandenong Ranges (As varied 1979), (Statement No. 3 was initially approved in 1971 for the "Dandenong Ranges", In 1979 it ~as decided to amalgamate this statement. and the part of Statement No. 4 that falls ~ithin the catchment area of the Yarra River and tributaries upstream from the ~estern boundary of Lilydale Share to constitute the varied Statement of Planning Policy No. 3) No. 4 River Yarra (1971) No, 5 High~ay Areas (1973) No, 6 Land Use and Aerodromes (1973) No, 7 Geelong (1973) No. 8 Macedon Ranges and Surrounds (1975) No. 9 Central Gippsland : Brown Coal Deposits in the Context of Overall Resources (1975) 4.21 Statements of Planning Policy are being prepared for the whole of the Victorian coastline (No. 10 Coastal Environments) and the Melbourne metropolitan area (No. 11 Melbourne Central Area).
STATE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION POLICIES 4.22 The concept of State Environment Protection Policies is a key element of the Environment Protection Act 1970 providing a sound basis for environmental management and a mechanism for public review of proposed control programmes.
4.23 The first policy ~as declared by the Government, on the recommendation of the Environment Protection Authority in 1975 for the ~aters of Port Phillip Bay. Further Policies have been circulated in draft form for publication and comment on Western Port Bay and its catchment, ~aters of the Western Metropolitan Region, the Yarra River and its tributaries and the Air Environment. 4.24 The policies propose objectives for the long-term management of the environment and broad strategies for achieving these objectives. Guidelines are set out for control purposes and for the operation of licensing systems ~here appropriate. 49.
5. ENCOURAGEMENT OF DECENTRALIZATION
GENERAL POLICIES Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism 5.1 Under the State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism Act 1978, the Department of State Devel@pment, Decentralisation and Tourism has a prime responsibility to implement Government policies relating to industrial and commercial development, including tourism, particularly in non-metropolitan areas which may generally be described as being beyond an 80 km radius from the Melbourne Post Office. 5.2 The Specific role and responsibilities derive from the Act and include : *sponsoring and promoting the full and balanced development of the State; *promoting the development of secondary and tertiary industries throughout the State with particular regard to industries outside the metropolis of Melbourne; *promoting the development of the export capacity of industry throughout the State; *establishing liaison with statutory authorities to provide the utility services necessary to meet the requirements of industry and commerce having particular regard to industry and commerce outside the metropolis of Melbourne; *developing and promoting the tourist industry in Victoria; *establishing and improving tourist facilities in Victoria; *assisting and co-ordinating the activities of persons and organisations interested in the development of the tourist industry in Victoria; and *promoting publicity and research necessary for the carrying out of any of the above. 5.3 In addition to the Department, the Ministry of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism comprises three Statutory Authorities. Each has a distinct role in the overall development of Victoria complementing the work of the Department.
The Victorian Development Corporation
~.4 The Victorian Development Corporation was established in 1973 and is empowered under its Act to do all things necessary or convenient to be done for or in connection with encouraging, promoting, facilitating and assisting in the establishment, carrying on, expansion and development of country industries, and with the provision of tourist accommodation and facilities throughout the State. 50.
5.5 Its prime role is that of lender providing loans on concessional terms, and also guarantees. The Small Business Development Coreoration
5,6 The Small Business Development Corporation was created in 1977 to encourage, promote and assist in the establishment· and development of small business throughout Victoria, and provide an information and referral centre.
5.7 The Corporation's functions include the provision of policy advice to Government; arranging training and educational programmes; the distribution of information for the guidance of small businesses and to arrange financial assistance and make recommendations in respect of Government guarantees to facilitate raising of funds by small businesses. The Victorian Government lravel Authority 5.8 The Victorian Government Travel Authority commenced operations in 1978. Recognising tourism as a major industry in terms of investment and employment and overall growth, the Government established the Authority to take over the control and development of the tourist bureaus formerly administered by the Department and to develop an active and expert travel promotion and marketing organisation and travel information service. 5.9 In carrying out its functions, the Authority's primary responsibility is to promote, market and arrange travel to and within Victoria. INCENTIVES 5.10 The Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism is responsible for administering a wide range of incentives to approved industries establishing in country locations and assisting established country industries to maintain viability in the face of competition from metropolitan counterParts. 5.11 Generally an industry is eligible to be declared an "approved industry" if it engages in manufacturing or processing activity at a decentralised location. 5.12 An approved decentralised secondary industry (A.D.S.I.) is any approved manufacturing or processing secondary industry, excluding a sawmill, located outside an 80 km radius of Melbourne (G,P.O.) or within 8 km of the Post Offices at Bacchus Marsh, Broadford, Gisborne, Kilmore, Kyneton or ~Joodend. 51.
5.13 A declared special establishment (D.S.E.) is any approved manufacturing or processing secondary industry, including a sawmill, located within 8 km of the main Post Offices at Ballan, Geelong, Lancefield, Queenscliff, Trentham or Yea. 5.14 An approved decentralised establishment (A.D.E.) is any sawmill located outside a radius of 80 km from Melbourne or within 8 km of the Post Offices at Bacchus Marsh, Broadford, Gisborne, Kilmore, Kyneton or Woodend. 5.15 The incentives under the decentralisation programme are applied to three main areas : ( i) Consultative and Advisory *Site location assistance *Industrial land *Industrial buildings *Services available *Community facilities and infrastructure ( i i) Establishment and Expansion Assistance *Finance *Plant and equipment removal costs *Housing for key employees *Personal removal expenses reimbursement *Electricity connection deposits ( iii) Ongoing Assistance *Land Tax rebates *Payroll tax rebates *Road transport subsidies *Rail frieght subsidies *Employment incentives *Preference scheme for Victorian manufacturers *Bulk L.P. gas subsidy Advisory Services 5.16 The Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism maintains a team of specialised personnel trained to assist industry. Assistance is also given in establishing liaison with Government and Semi-Goverment Instrumentalities at both a local and National level. The Department each year conducts a series of business seminars throughout country Victoria as part of an ongoing service giving country industry access to specialist information and advice. Industrial Land and Buildings 5.17 Many Victorian country municipalities have established industrial estates or have areas of serviced industrial land, in many cases with Victorian Government involvement. Buildings are available in various country centres for lease and/or purchase. Land and buildings are generally available at lower purchase or lease prices than in Melbourne. 52.
Finance
5.18 Direct loans, generally for medium or long terms, may be provided by the Victorian G~vernment through the Victorian Development Corporation for the establishment, expansion and development of approved industries.
5.19 Legislation enables non-metropolitan municipalities to raise loans to assist manufacturing or processing indus~ry or business undertakings with the purchase of land and/~r buildings.
5.20 The Commonwealth Government, through the Decentralisation Advisory Board encourages development by way of loans in selected non-metrololitan areas. For example, in 1978-79 the Portland Harbour Trust Commissioners obtained a loan of $345,000 from the Commonwealth Government for the construction of berthing, unloading and repair facilities for trawlers (Victoria, Depaitment of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism, 1979).
Transport of Plant and Equipment
5.21 This incentive is aimed at assisting an approved industry in meeting those costs associated with transporting plant and equipment to a decentralised location. Plant and equipment are considered to be items used for manufacturing or processing, or for transporting goods and materials within the manufacturing premises. Housing Assistance for Employees 5.22 Assistance is provided for housing in country areas through the Decentralised Industry Housing Authority which was established for the purpose of providing housing finance for proprietors, executives and other employees of approved industries.
Personnel Removal Expenses
5.23 A grant may be paid to offset personal removal expenses of full-time staff recruited from Melbourne, interstate or overseas, to take up employment with an approved industry.
Electricity Connections
5.24 The State Electricity Commission of Victoria applies a uniform tariff rate for the supply of electricity throughout the State. However, the Commission is prepared to negotiate special supply contracts for high volume power users. 53.
5.25 Under the Commission's "Self Help Scheme", establishing or expanding industries are required to finance the capital cost to extend supply to a site, by way of an extension deposit. All or part of this deposit may be refunded by the Commission over a period of 10 years with interest.' The Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism may on assignment of repayment rights pay, on behalf of the approved industry, the refundable portion of the extension deposit.
Land Tax Rebates 5.26 The Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism may rebate *100 per cent of all land tax paid by an approved decentralised secondary industry (A.D.S.I.) and approved decentralised establishment (A.D.E.);_ and *SO per cent of all land tax paid by a decentralised special establishment (D.S.E.); in respect of the land upon which the approved operations are situated. The concession is a rebate of tax paid, not an exemption from tax payment.
Pa¥roll Tax Rebates 5.27 As with land tax rebates, a rebate on payroll tax may be paid - 100 per cent to an approved decentralised secondary industry (A.D.S.I.) and an approved decentralised establishment (A.D,E.), and SO per cent to a declared special establishment (D.S.E.), The rebate is made in respect of payroll tax paid by the approved industry in connection with employees associated with approved manufacturing or porcessing activities, and who normally report for duty at the decentralised establishment. Again this is a rebate of tax paid, not an exemption from tax payment. Road Transport Subsidies S.28 An "El" licence issued by the Transport Regulation Board entitles the holder to use vehicles so registered anywhere throughout the State at any time. The Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism will refund SO per .cent of the cost of licences, 5.29 An approved decentralised secondary industry (A.D.S.I.) which operates road transport vehicles for the cartage of its own raw materials and finished products may apply for this licence. These licences are not available in the case of a declared special establishment (D.S.E.) or an approved decentralised establishment (A.D.E.). 54.
Rail Transport S~bsidies 5,30 An approved decentralised secondary industry (A,D.S,I.) automatically qualifies for a ro per cent reduction in the standard goods-freight rail charges. A declared special establishment (D,S,E.) or approved decentralised establishment (A.D.E.) is not eligible for this subsidy, S.31 An approved decentralised secondary industry (A.D,S.I,) or a declared special establishment (D.S.E,) which markets at least 50 per cent of its finished products beyond a 40 km radius from its approved establishment may apply to the Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism for special consideration for assistance with freight costs. The industry must demonstrate a net freighting disability as compared with a metropolitan counterpart. Employment Incentives 5,32 A grant is payable to an approved industry in respect of the creation of full-time employment opportunities based on an average employment figure for the financial year under consideration. The grant is calculated at the rate of $150 per employment opportunity to a maximum of $15,000 for any one establishment (that is, one hundred employment opportunities) and is subject to the approval of the Minister. Preference Scheme for Approved Industries 5,33 The Victorian Government has a preference scheme of up to 5 per cent which may be applied to tenders submitted by an approved industry in respect of State and Semi-Government contracts. This 5 per cent preference scheme for an approved industry is in addition to any other preference enjoyed by Victorian manufacturers. The preference is superim~osed on the existing 10 per cent Victorian Government preference applicable to any Victorian manufacturing industries irrespective of their location within the State. 5.34 In the Albury-Wodonga area, eligible New South Wales industries located in the City of Albury and the Hume Shire are also able to apply for preference of up to 5 per cent when competing for Victorian Government contracts for work undertaken within the Albury-Wodonga area, The Victorian area comprises the Rural City of Wodonga and the Shires of Tallangatta, Yackandandah, Beechwarth and Chiltern. 5.35 In respect of Victorian Government and Semi-Government contracts a 10 per cent penalty is applied to the value of the out-of-state content of such contracts. 55.
Fuel Subsidies
5.36 An approved industry utilising bulk (not in cylinders)
L.P. gas when natural gas is not available may be eligible 1 subject to certain exclusions and approvals, for a·subsidy which helps to offset the difference in cost.
MAJOR MANUFACTURING PROJECTS 1979/80 5.37 The following is a summary of some of the major manufacturing projects announced or in progress in non-metropolitan areas in 1979/80. (information from the Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism).
South Western Region (a) Alco of Australia Ltd. - Portland 5.38 One of the most significant decentralisation projects in country Victoria was the announcement by this Company of its intention to establish a $350 million smelter at Portland.
5.39 This project will provide 1,200 job opportunities in the construction stage, and when stage one of the plant is commissioned in 1983, some 500 persons will be employed.
5.40 The smelter will have a significant multiplier effect on the future growth and development of the region and will also result in the continued growth of the major decentralised deep water port facility at Portland.
(b) Warrnambool Woollen Mills Co. Ltd. - Warrnambool 5.41 Plans have been announced to expand operations by relocating the Dreamspun synthetic blanket manufacturing operation from Brunswick to Warrnambool into new factory extensions. When completed, the programme will result in the Mill having an increase in employment from 280 to aound 340. (c) Grain Elevators Board - Portland 5.42 The Board has announced a $15 million expansion and development of grain handling and storage facility at Portland.
(d) Punwood Pty. Ltd.
5.43 In early 1979 1 it was announced that a joint project company known as Punwood Pty. Ltd. had been formed by the South Australian Timber Corporation (a commercial arm of the S.A. Govt.) and Punlar Paper Mills of India for the purpose of purchasing and exporting some 300,000 tonnes of woodchips per annum via the Port of Portland. Punwood has a 10 year contract to supply $60 million of softwood chips. 56.
5.44 The pine will come from S.A. State Forests, the big private plantation group called Southern Australian Perpetual Forests Ltd. and the Victorian Forests Commission. The wood will be processed by mobile chippers and carted by road to a wharfside storage facility at Portland where the nearest suitable deepwater port is located, 5.45 The use of rail to transport logs and chips has been under investigat1on but nothing conclusive in this regard had been determined as at March 1980. Failing this, the original concept of using road transport will prevail and it should result in the following : -55 truck loads (each truck with a carrying capacity of 24 tonnes) to the Port of Portland each day via the Ring Road. - 55 return journeys also. -On average, one truck along the Ring Road every nine minutes for 16 hours per day (ie. 6 a.m. until 10 p.m.). -66% of trucking will use the Portland - Nelson Road, and 33% the Portland - Heywood - Dartmoor - Casterton Roads. Western Region (a) Prestige/Holeproof Womenswear - Horsham 5.46 An expansion in operations will increase employment from 112 to 212. (b) Prestige Fabrics - Ararat 5.47 A consolidation of activity, based on a transfer of the Tasmanian manufacturing component, will mean an increase in personnel by approximately 30 to 236 people. (c) P.G.H. Eureka Ceramics - Ballarat 5.48 A $3.5 million expansion of operations will increase employment from 100 to 130. (d) Australian Pulp and Paper Mills Ltd. Ballarat 5,49 A $2 million expansion currently under way is aimed at making the Company more efficient and competitive. It employs over 300 persons. (e) McCain Australia Pty. Ltd. - Ballarat 5.50 The Company recently opened a $3 million factory in Ballarat to manufacture frozen pizzas. It employs 50 persons in addition to over 200 employees at its adjoining potato processing plant. 57.
(f) Mars Confectionery of Australia Pty. Ltd. - Ballarat 5.51 The Company opened its $14 million confectionery factory in November 1979 and currently employs over 200 persons. (g) Vulcan Australia Pty. Ltd. - Horsham 5.52 A $1 million expansion programme currently under way will make the Company's foundry operations more efficient and competitive. It employs 60 persons. North East Region
(a) Nestles Limited - Tongala 5.53 $15 million expansion programme completed.
(b) Ibis Milk Products Pty. Ltd. - Stanhope 5.54 Completed a $2 million expansion of the cheese making plant. (c) Henry Jones (IXL) Ltd. - Kyabram Preserving Co. Pty. Ltd. - Kyabram 5.55 $4 million relocation of Henry Jones' Port Melbourne operation to Kyabram. (d) Michelton Winery - Nagambie 5.56 Winery taken over by E. Van Dulken & Co. plus commencement of a large expansion programme in wine processing operations involving relocation of a complete plant from Melbourne.
(e) Bruck (Aust.) Limited- Wangaratta 5.57 $1.3 million expansion of plant and buildings (f) Wangaratta Woollen Mills - A Division of J.G.L. Investements Pty. - Wangaratta 5.58 $1 million shopping complex planned in conjuction with Permewan Wright Ltd. - a subsiduary of above. $1 million expansion of dyehouse, spinning section plus relocation of Coburg based hand knitting yarns operation of Lincoln Mills to Wangaratta. (g) Henderson's F.R,S. Industries - Alexandra 5.59 New factory building - 3,168M2 • Estimated project cost $650,000. In excess of 100 additional employment opportunities. 58.
(h) Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd. - Wodonga 5.60 $1.5 million concrete pole manufacturing plant,
( i) Wodonga Cold Storage Company - Wodonga 5.61 $1.3 million development of a cold storage and blast freezing facility.
Gippsland Re~ion (a) Lay Yang Power Station - Latrobe Valley
5.62 Construction work of this $3,000 million project employed 1,800 prior to a strike which commenced before Easter 1980. (b) Transfield Pty. Ltd. - Traralgon 5.63 This steel fabricating company has constructed a factory and created sbme 140 employment opportunities. It has sub contract work at Loy Yang.
(c) Eglo Engineering Pty. Ltd. - Sale 5.64 Establishment of a pipe rolling and steel press mill provides employment for more than 100 people. In August 1980, new contracts will increase production by 60%, creating 20 more jobs. (d) Exacto Knitwear Pty. Ltd. - Churchill 5.65 Operations have been expanded enabling its workforce to be increased from 53 to 118. This is the only female employing industry at Churchill, a Town of almost 5,000 people.
Northern Re~ion (a) Maryborough Knitting Pty. Ltd. - Maryborough 5.66 This Company which has recently completed a $2.5 million expansion programme, is engaged in the manufacture of knitted clothing products and employs some 300 people. (b) Plumrose (Australia) Ltd, - Echuca 5,67 The transfer of this Company's tomato paste and pickle production from Moorabbin to Echuca has created 25 more job opportunities in Echuca, A further development stage will increase employment by another 65 permanent and 175 casual employees. (c) Lindeman's Wines Pty. Ltd. - Karadoc 5.68 A major expansion programme has created 30 additional job opportunities, Present employment is 120 persons. 59.
(d) Canada Packers (Australia) Pty. Ltd. Trading as Mayfair Hams and Bacon Company - Bendigo 5.69 Expansion of the premises has created an additional 134 jobs taking total employment to 500 persons. Geelong Region (a) Alcoa of Australia Ltd. - Geelong 5,70 A $100 million expansion programme announced in November 1978 will create an additional 200 employment opportunities taking the total employment to 1,900 persons. (b) ICI Australia - Geelong 5.71 A huge petrochemical plant, scheduled for completion in 1985 will directly employ around 1,200 people. Thi~ plant will produce polyvinyl choloride, polypropylene, ethylene oxide, and caustic soda for aluminium refining. This project will require an investment of some $800 million. (c) T. Costa & Co. Pty. Ltd. 5.72 The above long established Geelong fruit and vegetable merchant and vegetable processing company is presently building a new $3 million complex to house its operations. Employment is expect to increase by 50 from 150 to 200 employees. {d) Shell Company of Australia 5.73 This company has committed itself to a $100 million expansion program to produce polyethylene and a further $10 million on further refinery expansions is also planned, {e) Australian National Animal Health Laboratory 5.74 The Federal Government is currently building a $95 million laboratory at Moolap to undertake research into animal diseases. (f) Marine Sciences Laboratory - Queenscliff 5.75 The Victorian Government has recently opened stage one of the above complex at Queenscliff to house the Department of Conservation's marine science laboratories. This stage cost the Government approximately $8 million. 60.
TRANSPORT SURVEY CONDUCTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE DEVELOPMENT, DECENTRALIZATION AND TOURISM
6.1 During preparation of its submission to the Study, the Department of State Development, Decentralization and Tourism carried out a questionaire survey of 200 industries selected on a random sampling basis out of a total of 2528 Approved Decentralized-Industries. 6.2 The sampling technique used was firstly to stratify the total of approved industries into their various industry sections as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Standard Industrial Classifications. Survey sample sizes within the ASIC groups were then allocated according to the percentage number of industries within each group based on the total number of approved industries. Then the total number of industries was divided into four arbitrary categories based on distance from Melbourne, namely 0-79 km, 80-149 km, 150-249 km and 250+ km. 6.3 The questionaire sought information on : *Types of transport modes currently utilized; *Types of road transport used ie. contractors, owner drivers, employees drivers; *Types of transport modes used in the main for raw materials/finished products; *Capacity utilization of transport vehicles, e.g. is backloading undertaken; *Likely effect of de-regulation - transport modes - markets; *Location of the industries main markets - source of raw materials; *Country industries' attitude to the service provided by Vie. Rail freight and opinions on this; and *Country industries' general views on the effects of rising fuel prices. 6.4 Appendex I sets out details of the industry groups used in the Department's transport survey. It also includes tabulations of the results of the survey. 61.
7. DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICULAR AREAS
MELBOURNE 7.1 The Melbourne statistical division covers 6110 square kilometres with a population of around 2.7 million (Victorian Year Book, 1979). 7.2 Various studies have been undertaken and reports produced, mainly by the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works, on the future development of metropolitan Melbourne. 7.3 Earlier work and documentation (MMBW, 1971 and 1974) presented and discussed detailed proposals governing the future planning of the Melbourne Metropolitan Region, The preparation of the reports was guided by a number of pplicy directives and related investigations and in particular one in which the Government indicated that Melbourne should be encouraged to follow a corridor type of development with urban development confined to the "gro\1/th corridors", separated from each other by "green wedges" of open country protected from urban development. Regional objectives were established covering urban development, conservation, accessibility, recreation, redevelopment and rehabilitation, diversity of opportunity, protection of mineral deposits and public involvement in the planning process.
7.4 Recent reports (MMBW, 1979a, b and c) produced by the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works are associated with a review of metropolitan planning policies. The reports are briefly discussed in the following paragraphs.
"The Challenge of Change" (M~1Bl·l, 1979b) 7.5 This report isolated the emerging strategic issues affecting Melbourne. It discussed the need to better manage and co-ordinate the development of the metropolis and suggested a "contained" city form as the proper target at which to aim policy initiatives and actions. Recent growth characteristics are outlined and some implications of expected growth patterns are illustrated, 7.6 Paragraphs 2.1 to 2.9 which briefly document the pattern of growth of metropolitan Melbourne since World War II and provide some insight into current trends, have borrowed substantially from "The Challenge of Change" report. 7.7 "The Challenge of Change" report identified the principal challenges which face the inhabitants of the dispersed city - energy management, capital shortage, structural unemployment and concern for the environment, These four major issues are often referred to as the "four E's" - Energy, Efficiency, Employment and Environment. 62.
7.8 The cumulative impact of the issues is expected to reduce signllicantly the ability of the people of Melbourne to live, work and play where they wish, or alternatively to increase substantially the cost of retention of present levels of locational freedom. Prudent modifications to the dispersing city trend will therefore need to be introduced progressively. 7.9 The containment concept of this report entailed "reducing the rate of residential expansion on the urban frin whilst capitalising more rigorously on those deve opment opportunities that exist in the present built-up area of the metropolis".
~Alternative Strategies for Metropolitan Melbourne" (MMBW, l979b) 7.10 This report presents four basic development alternatives for Melbourne. They take into account submissions received by the Melbourne and 1'-1etropoli tan Board of \•Jorks to "The Challenge of Change" report and were evolved within the context of established policies of Government and the containment concept. Account was also taken of some 200 separate studies carried ·out by Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works staff and others both in Australia and overseas. 7.11 Work on the preparation of this report was tempered by the knowledge that in any attempt to influence the urban structure of a metropolis like Melbourne, it would take a long time to secure any significant change in that any such changes can only be incremental. 7.12 Government policies and commitments relating to the development of metropolitan Melbourne are summarised in the report; they include both land use and transport planning. 7.13 Responses to the "Challenge of Change" report suggested that in addition to Energy, Efficiency, Employment and Environment, Equity should also be a consideration in the formulation of development policies. The selection of an appropriate urban development strategy for Melbourne should have regard to these five major issues as discussed in detail in the report. 7.14 Four strategic options are reported as outlined in the following paragraphs. (a) The Dispersing Growth 7.15 This option is based on the continuation of the trends towards the dispersal of population and activities which were evident up to and including the 1976 census and which can be referred to as a dispersing region. It would entail accelerated development of land in the defined corridors. Population levels in inner and middle suburbs would be likely to continue to reduce, 63,
7.16 The implications illOUld include : *greater reliance on motorised travel and a continued reduction in the proportion of trips by public transport. *public sector investment in inner area facilities would be underused, *employment opportunities would tend to become more dispersed throughout the urban area. *loss of land now being used or capable of use for agricultural production which contributes to the rural vista adjacent to the city.
(b) Centralised Growth
7.17 The concept envisages at least a proportionate groillth in employment and dwellings within the city, with further groillth of metropolitan Melbourne. Relative emphasis would be given to the Central Business District as the focus of commercial activity rather than the further growth of centres in suburban areas, and to the effective use of radial public transport networks rather than the provision of major road improvements in suburban areas, Quite substantial redevelopment within existing residential areas would be involved with any proposal for a significant increase in population within inner areas.
7.18 The implications would include : *potential would exist for increased public transport use but there would be increased traffic congesting and air pollution in such areas. *public and private sector investment in the inner area would be more effectively used than in other options, *increased public sector investment would need to occur to upgrade some services and facilities (e.g. sewerage) within inner areas. *established community networks of the inner city would be disrupted.
(c) Suburbanised Growth 7,19 Some individuals and organisations advocate an increased rate of dispersal of activities from inner areas to locations accessible to suburban housing. There are a number of views as to the form which this might take. One view is that activities should be encouraged to locate at selected centres, associated with the fixed-rail network and surrounded by intensive housing development. Another is that encouragement should be given to the development of localised activities in residential areas. Such views are not necessarily in conflict but rather suggest differing degrees of emphasis, 64.
7.20 The implications of a major suburban centres concept include *there vould be enhanced potential for the use of fixed-rail and road based public transport and potential for the reduction in the number of single-purpose trips. *the concentration of activity would increase traffic congestion and pollution at activity centres but, in general, pollution and congestion in the inner areas and the Central Business District may be reduced, *there would be continued pressure for development on the urban fringe and in non-urban areas, according to the location of activity centres,
(d) Incremental Grovth
7.21 The previous concepts clearly have differing benefits and disabilities both for Melbourne as a vhole, and local areas. A further concept has been raised which seeks to strike a reasonable balance i~ i~pacts and takes account of current economic circumstances and political realities. Among other things, it entails : *the continuance of a vital Central Business District in view of its significance to Melbourne and the State. *the recycling of buildings, residental renewal of vacated areas and infill housing so as to at least maintain housing stock and existing population levels in the inner areas. *the preservation of low-cost housing opportunities in the inner areas. *giving encouragement to the provisions of more varied accommodation in the middle and outer areas equating with the housing needs of the population. *giving encouragement to higher density housing in proximity to the fixed-rail network. *giving encouragement to the growth of local activities and services at locations associated with employment opportunities and which are readily accessible to the population.
7.22 These proposals are oriented towards an incremental approach, commensurate with the resources which can be applied by government, from time to time, and the provision of a widened range of choice.
"Some Transeort Implications on Containment" (MMBW, 1979c)
7.23 This report deals with investigations carried out by Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works staff and waa taken into account in the preparation of the report "Alternative Strate es for Metropolitan Melbourne" (discussed in paragraphs 7.10 to 7.22). 65.
7.24 The report examined the transport implications of a number of different land use "scenarios" including ones which represent significant changes from existing trends, These scenarios were chosen because they represent .extremes in land use changes and thus enabled transport implications to be more clearly distinguished.
7.25 The various scenarios comprise alternative specific distributions of population and activity at future points in time. For clarity, these were identified in the report as lying within four general strategies which, whilst similar to some respects, do not necessarily correspond to those discussed in the report ''Alterative Strategies for Metropolitan Melbourne ". 7.26 The conclusion reached by the investigations are summarised in the following paragraphs. *The continuing dispersal of central area activities to the suburbs and outward peripheral growth vill lead to a further decline in public transport patronage. Travel by private car will increase, which will result in increased traffic congestion throughout the metropolitan area. Greater amounts of air pollution will result and further intrusion of road traffic into residential areas will occur. *On the other hand, if jobs in the central area are increased under the centralised city concept, it is obvious that the existing radial pbulic transport system would be better utilised. *However, on-street public transport would be disadvantaged because of the significant increased in road traffic congestion in the inner areas. *Overall increases in public transport patronage levels under a centralised city concept may not be as high as expected. In fact, there could be a slight reduction in overall transit travel because the railway system services less than 50 per cent of public usage. *The reduction of activities in the central area under a decentralized c ty concept reduces the number of people using public transport. Work trip lengths are reduced and road traffic congestion could be controlled through traffic management. *Nodal development associated with a decentralized city would need to be limited in size because of the associated traffic congestion, noise and air pollution which could be generated from uncontrolled development. *If development is restricted in the south-eastern areas and growth is promoted in the north and west, then there is little change in the regional transport problems. There will be a decline in overall public transport usage and increased dependence on the private motor car for personal mobility under such a strategy. 66.
7.26 (Continued) *The analysis revealed the importance of the relative distribution of jobs and people,
7.27 In July 1980 the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of l-Jorks released a further report on "Metropolitan Strategy", This report recommended that the concept of Incremental Gro~th be adopted as the growth strategy most appropriate for Melbourne. The report identified five key policy areas, namely housing, transport, employment, community services and activity centres, and set out draft objectives for each of them.
7.28 The report said that
"The Board, ~hilst accepting that the car will still be a major mode of travel in Melbourne, believes that a balanced approach for both public and private transport, thro~;~ overall transport management, is essential." "This will be apparent as innovative transport systems emerge, Fuel price increases will lead to more fuel efficient cars and a desire for high quality raods to improve traffic flo~. Road congestion ~ill need to be minimized to cut fuel ~astage, air pollution and inconvenience, It is essential that there be an effective transport system to ensure the efficient functioning of the urban area equating ~ith the incremental growth strategy. Traffic management can assist in this regard. However, some further road improvements ~ill be necessary to maintain, or where appropriate, enhance accessibility. In this regard, improvements in circumferential transport within inner and middle suburbs should be implemented before further fringeradial routes are constructed."
7.29 The report also said : "Many will see considerable threats to residential amenity, particularly from measures which include maintaining the accessibility of Central Melbourne on the facilitating of activity centres, The Board believes this can be lessened by its initiatives in further developing the hierarchy of roads and metropolitan parking concepts,"
7.30 The report indicated that the next step ~ould be to "release an amendment to the Metropolitan Planning Scheme incorporating objectives and a report for public comment", 67.
GEELONG
7.31 For more than a century Geelong has been the centre and urban focus of a large region of the Western Distr1ct of Victoria, Its role as a regional centre was given added significance in 1973 when the Australian and Victorian Governments announced a joint programme for the planned development of the Geelong region. 7.32 The Victorian Government's policy is embodied in its "Statement of Planning Policy No. 7 : Geelong," adopted on 3 November, 1972 which said that the Geelong region should be promoted and planned as a location for large-scale urban growth to accommodate a greatly increased share of the expected growth in the Port Phillip area.
7.33 The population of the Geelong "urban centre" (a-s defined in the Victorian YPar Book, 1978 and 1979) in 1976 was 122,080. The estimated population of the Geelong statistical· district (as defined in the Victorian Year Book, 1978 and 1979) in 1971 was 122,790 and in 1976 was 135,560, an average annual growth rate of 2.0 per cent (Victorian Year Book, 1978 and 1979). The statistical district comprises the municipalities of Geelong, Geelong West and Newtown, and parts of the municipalities of Bannockburn, Barrabool, Bellarine, Coria and South Barwon.
7.34 In 1970 a transportation study of the Geelong area was undertaken and reported in two volumes (Geelong, 1971 and 1974a) and a series of Public Discussion Papers. The Geelong statistical district was generally the area of interest in the study. The study area had an estimated population of 117,213 in 1970, and for an assessment of transport proposals the projected linear population was 2.2 per cent per annum to 1981 and 2.9 per cent per annum to 1991. This gave an estimated population in 1991 of 187 1 750. The observed population growth of 2.0 per cent per annum (average) for the period 1971 to 1976 for the Geelong statistical district indicates that the transportation study estimates may be high. 7.35 The report "A Development Strategy for Geelong Region" (Geelong, 19748), produced for the then Geelong Regional Planning Authority, documents a number of development strategies for the accelerated growth of the aeelong region. The report includes goals, objectives and broad directions as well as providing an idea of the variety of ways the region might grow in the long term. The Geelong region for the study was that defined for the Geelong Regional Planning Authority, namely an area comprising all of the municipalities included in the statistical district plus the municipality of Queenscliff, a total area of 2527 square kilometres (Victorian Year Book, 1979). 68.
7.36 In the report (Geelong, 19748) a regional population capacity of 600,000 was assumed. As well as this, a population of 400,000 by the year 2000 was chosen for the purpose of determining strategy alternatives. Three possible forms of urban development was evaluated : *expanding Geelong; *dispersing future growth throughout the region; and *growing in new urban areas.
7.37 The preferred approach was to concentrate on studying the effects of channelling growth into new urban areas because of the following advantages : *peripheral expansion of Geelong could be limited so that it would not conflict with the existing population's preferences; *growth could be channelled into a few attractive urban areas, hP ~~Jnomically serviced, and could avoid major en~ironmental costs; *each new city could support a varied range of health, welfare, education and community services; *land acquisition and development authority programmes could be concentrated geograpgically; *a high level of public transport service could be maintained within and between new and old cities; *new urban areas could be located so as to minimise the volume of new traffic that would pass through Geelong; and *more flexibility would be possible in locating the new development.
7.38 Five different structures were then devised for this strategy and the urban form suggested by the consultants was to grow by building two smaller new cities in close proximity to Geelong rather than one large one.
7.39 In summary the main policies which could follow from this pattern would be that : *most of the new population could live in two new areas near to but separated from Geelong; *existing Geelong could grow by about 50,000 people so that it would retain much of its present character; *the central Geelong business ~ould remain the mo~t important centre for administration and cultural facilities, although quite large centres would undoubtedly have to be developed in the new towns; *the coast would need to be protected from physical damage, and the growth of coastal towns controlled so that they did not lose their character as holiday towns and become suburbs of greater Geelong; *the physical environment in the area should be protected from damage, and much larger areas be made available around the Geelong region for public recreation; 69.
7.39 (Continued) *some of the older areas of Geelong would need to be physically improved so that they can provide an attractive, but different living environment to the new areas, for those who want it; and *a significant number of job opportunities should be provided within the near new towns so that their residents will have the choice of working locally if they want to, 7.40 Through the Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism, the Victorian Government promotes the development of secondary and tertiary industries throughout the State as indicated in Section 5 of this report. Major manufacturing projects announced or in progress during 1978-79 in the Geelong area (Victoria, Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tc~.itim, 1979) include the installation of a huge petrochemical plant at Point Wilson by ICI and upgrading of Shell's refinery plant in Geelong.
BALLARAT 7.41 The population of the Ballarat "urban centre'' in 1976 was 60,737 (Victorian Year Book, 1979), The estimated population of the Ballarat statistical district in 1971 was 64,970 and and in 1976 was 70,470, an average annual growth rate of 1.65 per cent (Victorian Year Book, 1978 and 1979). The statistical district comprises the municipalities of Ballaarat (City) and Sebastopol, and parts of the municipalities of Ballarat (Shire), Bungaree, Buninyong and Grenville, 7.42 A transportation study of the Ballarat area was commissioned in 1969 and reported in 1971 (Ballarat, 1971). The total study area population in 1970 was 55,614 and an analysis of population growth in Local Government Areas indicated decreasing or near static population in the older developed areas. Population growth in the previous nine years had been rapid in the areas of new development (Ballarat North, Mount Helen, Ballarat, Bungaree and Buninyong Shires). The general pattern of growth, resulting from both natural growth and relocation indicated that the significant areas of growth appeared to be those areas to the north-west, nortl• and north-east, with a somewhat weaker growth trend for those areas to the south-east. Areas of stagnant or slow growth were in the central, southern and south-western portions of the study area, 70.
7.43 The analysis of future growth potential carried out as part of the study suggested that there were three distinct alternative development policies for the study area : *Infilling of present zoning only to be accomplished by strict planning control and encouragement of more development in the less progressive areas. *Stagnation of unprogressive areas and continuation of market trends ~ith development going north to North Ballarat and Nerrina, east to Warrenheip, infilling around Mount Clear and fanning out around Mount Helen and possibly some development occurring south of Sebastopol, *Government sponsored or otherwise pressured development of the basalt areas ~ith corresponding restructions to the east, north and south, 7.44 A combination of these policies was possible, although the second alternative was considered to be most likely. 7.45 The study conclusions on future growth potential were that : *Much of the existing population growth would be absorbed in the designated urban area. However, because some areas zoned for housing might not prove immediately popular some pressure for rezoning for rural to urban use in other localities was expected ~ith the result that the planned urban areas would not fill during the study period, *Outward expansion along the lines envisaged in the planning scheme and the second alternative development policy would be likely. *Full development of the areas best suited to urban development, bearing in mind physical and other constraints, would accommodate a population of about 230 000 persons, which was well beyond the growth po ntial of the area within the 20-year plan period. *Although the outward spread of growth would produce a demand for decentralisation of some of the major commercial activities to selected outer growth centres it was considered unlikely to be very significant within the study period, 7.46 The study predicted a high and low growth rate for the study area - the lower rate was 1.6 per cent per annum (linear) giving an estimated population of 78,750 in 1991. The observed growth rate between 1971 and 1976 for the study area was 1.4 per cent per annum (from Australian Bureau of Statistics) which is lower than the low estimate of the transportation study. (The Ballarat statistical district population growth rate over this period was 1,65 per cent per annum.) The observed growth rate was also distributed quite differently to that predicted by the study. The study did not foresee falling population in the central area. Growth has been greater than forecast in the areas to the south, south-west and north-~est of the city and less than predicted in the north-east. 71.
7.47 The study did not predict a fall in the occupancy rate for the residential areas and this was significant between 1971 and 1976. Although there was only a 6 per cent increase in population there was a 15 per cent increase in the number of occupied dwellings during the five-year period, resulting in a significant rate of migration with the vast majority of new households being formed in the outer areas of the city. 7.48 Secondary and tertiary industry development in areas such as Ballarat is promoted by the Victorian Government, Major projects announced or in progress during 1978-79 in the Ballarat area (Victoria, Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism, 1979) include construction of a Mars confectionery factory, expansion of McCain's food processing plant, various shoe manufacturing plants (Paddle, and Oliver and Stevens) and expansion of the Old Ballarat Pottery,
BEND IGO 7.49 The population of the Bendigo "urban centre" in 1976 was 50,169 (Victorian Year Book, 1979). The estimated population of the Ballarat statistical district in 1971 was 50,460 and in 1976 was 56,800, an average annual growth rate of 2.40 per cent (Victorian Year Book, 1978 and 1979). The statistical district comprises the municipalities of Bendigo and Eaglehawk, and parts of the municipalities of Huntly, Marong and Strathfieldsaye. 7.50 A transportation study of the Bendigo area was initiated in 1970 and reported in various documents (Bendigo 197la, b and c, and 1972). The total study area population in 1971 was 49,500. 7.51 The study team report "Economic Projections" (Bendigo, 197lb) included the following paragraphs : "Probably the most important factor lilhich has governed Bendigo's development since the gold rush died out is its role as the regional centre for a large part of Northern Victoria. This factor has governed thu growth of tertiary industries in the area, such .s its schools, hospitals, public authorities and en\er prises, professional and business services, retail and wholesale trade, transport, etc. It has also helped determine the peculiarities of Bendigo's age and sex distribution, such as relatively large numbers of women and of older people, and relative lack of young age groups." "The prospects of Bendigo's hinterland are therefore important for the assessment of the potential of Bendigo itself." 7 2.
7.51 (Continued) "The second geographical factor of great impbrtance is distance from Melbourne, There seems to be some tendency for transport to be concentrated within a radius of about 160 kilometres, which only just includes Bendigo among Melbourne's supply areas. The competition with Ballarat, which has many features similar to Bendigo including a large hinterland relative to its own size, seems particularly important. Geelong is also attempting to attract particular types of light industry, especially those employing large number of women, to redress its fairly serious imbalance between male and female work opportunities. Ballarat and Geelong have a clear advantage in their proximity to Melbourne." 7.52 The report predicted the most promising trends among primary produce are probAbly in eggs, beef and, in particular, poultry and pigment . .It was considered that the development of these markets would probably ensure that population in the hinterland would not fall, but a significant rise would be unlikely. 7.53 As far as secondary industry was concerned, the report indicated that the basic problem hinged on attitudes towards decentralisation and government assistance. Two sets of projections were presented :
*A lo~er projection ~hich is an extrapolation of past trends. *An upper projection based on a reasonably optimistic assessment of the extent to ~hich the government's policy of development would prove successful. 7.54 In the construction of the upper projections, various assets for Bendigo were identified. They included : *the availability of a labour force, including both skilled and unskilled males and females; *the development of tertiary industries, including tertiary education and Bendigo Institute of Technology; *the existence of a large hinterland providing 8t least a supplementary market; *traffic and parking conditions; *lately a reported trend to greater diversificaticn of industries enquiring about Bendigo with a view to decentralisation; *the availability of land, power, water and sewerage and other services; and *the development of rail and road transport facilities, 73.
7.55 Factors expected to quite seriously hamper the motivation to establish industries in Bendigo included *distance from Melbourne (access to suppliers and markets and frieght costs); *other competition from a centre like Ballarat which has many of the same structural characteristics as Bendigo but is generally a larger centre further on the way to the state of "self-generating growth" which is postulated to set in at around 100,000 population levels; *the limited base of likely "foot-loose" industries like textiles and clothing and the probability that these industries, in particular, may be facing intensified import competition if a policy of lower tariff rates is implemented as recommended by the Tariff Board; and *past trends in decentralisation generally, and_ the low rate of factory b•.:i_lding in Bendigo in particular.
7.56 The study concluded that it would be hard to put very high value on the upper projection of basic secondary industry despite any decentralisation incentives which would not merely compensate for the disadvantages of moving to a country location but actually make conditions more attractive in the initial stages at least (Bendigo, 197lb). 7.57 Of the two population growth profiles estimated by the study, the normal growth profile assumed linear growths of 0.78 per cent per annum to 1981 and 1.03 per cent per annum to 1991 living a 1991 estimated population of 58,470. The accelerated growth profile assumed linear growths of 1.38 per cent per annum to 1981 and 2.29 per cent per annum to 1991 giving a 1991 estimated population of 67,710.
7.58 The observed growth for the Bendigo statistical district for the period 1971 to 1976 was 2.40 per cent per annum (Victorian Year Book, 1978 and 1979) which is higher than the study estimate for accelerated growth. The main population growth occurred in the Shire of Strathfieldsaye and to a lesser extent in the Shires of Eaglehawk and Marong. This growth resulted from increasing urbanisation of these areas due to the expansion of Urban Bendigo. The six sOrrounding municipalities of Bet Bet, East loddon, Huntly, Mclvor ani Korong shoved a decline in population over the same periou. There has been a trend towards lower occupancies per dwell1ng and indications of substantial migration from rural areas tu cities,
7,59 The decline in rural employment witnessed between 1966 and 1972 continued between 1971 and 1976. Trends currently are towards fewer and larger rural holdings in the region, with the exception of some areas (mainly in the south) where the break-up of properties for hobby farming has occurred, 74.
7.60 From 1966 to 1971 there was a large decline in manufacturing which continued into the early 1970's. The decline in manufacturing was largely due to a poor economic climate and a series of policy decisions relating to the manufacturing industry taken by the Federal Government during 1973 and 1974. The most significant factors have been : *significant wage increases for females, particulary in the clothing and textile industry; *successive currency revaluations; and *the general 25% tariff reduction in July 1973 and the lifting of import quotas on certain clothing items in February 1974 (reintroduced in late 1975). 7.61 The decline in the manufacturing activity caused by the above appears to have been more than offset by the location in the Bendigo area of a considerable number of firms receiving assistance under the Victorian Government's decentralisation incentives programme. 7.62 It appears that overall there has been an increase in manufacturing employment since the 1971 Census. It would appear that growth lies somewhere between the Transportation Study's low and high prediction which also recognised that this area was very responsive to changes in government policy, etc. The Transporation Study predicted a marginal decrease in manufacturing employment for normal growth and a marginal increase for accelerated growth. 7.63 In the tertiary sector, data relating to the construction of hotels and shops suggest that the growth between 1966 and 1971 has continued since 1971. Also increased availability of tertiary education facilities is likely to continue to attract large numbers of students to the area. 7.64 A study of the Loddon-Campaspe Region (1971) initiated in 1974 suggested that the minimum overall goal for the region should be "maintenance of the region's existing share of Victoria's population and employment opportunities". This will require that the existing larger urban centres (such as Bendigo) in the region individually maintain and strengthen their existing functions within the region. Specifically this requires maintenance of Bendigo as the primary centre in the region and increasing its capacity to provide employment opportunities and higher order services and facilities to lhe residents of the region. 7.65 Secondary and tertiary industry development in areas such as Bendigo is promoted by the Victorian Government. Major projects announced or in progress during 1978-79 in the Bendigo area (Victoria, Department of Development, Decentralisation and Tourism, 1979) include expansion of the Mayfair Hams and Bacons premises, expansion of Tomlins Simmie's stock food mill and expansion of Pacific Carpet Yarns' operations. 75.
ALBURY-WDDDNGA 7,66 The concept of the development of Albury-Wooonga as a single major growth centre was advocated in the late 1960's. Under a tripartite Government (Commonwealth, Victorian and New South Wales) venture the Albury-Wodonga Development Corporation was established as a statutory authority to plan and develop the area designated for new growth. The designated area, comprising potentially attractive sites for new urban growth, is widely spread up to 30 kilometres from Albury and Wodonga. The area is contained on the west, north-west and south-west by an area of hills and on the east by Lake Hume and hills that contain it. The designated area is 54,000 hectares in extent and represents approximately 11 per cent of the area of the Albury-Wodonga Area (Albury-Wodonga, 1974),
7.67 A population for Albury-Wodonga of 300 1 000 by the year 2000 was adopted initially as the target but this has been reduced to 150,000 by the same year. 7.68 The long-term strategy plans are flexible and allow for immediate implementation of short-term actions. The area offers a wide series of options for the urban form of the city compact, linear, crescent or dispersed forms are all possible, Development can take place in such a way that many of these options do not have to be taken up, nor decisions made upon them, until a later state (Albury-Wodonga, 1974). 7.69 A series of broad goals emerged from initial investigations (Albury-Wodonga, 1974) : *Growth and Opportunily - Incentives are required in areas such as housing, employment, health, education and recreation. New development should as far as possible provide for a "balanced" community in terms of life cycles, socio-economic status and ethnic representation. *Flexibility and Efficiency - Plans and proposals for new development should be sufficiently flexible to allow for social changes which will occur in an evolutionary sense, *Excellent Human and Social Services - The development should provide for its residents a full and accessible range of health, education and welfare facilities, and a sufficient and accessible range of housing, employment and leisure time opportunities. *High Environmental Quality, *Public Responsiveness - Throughout the preparation of plans for Albury-Wodonga, and into the implementation period there should be opportunities for participation by the affected public. 76.
7.70 Various strategies for short, meduim and long-term urban, rural and social development were considered, The form and character o~ urban development took into account urban shape variations, major employment centres, public transport, major roads, local activity centres, water supply and sewerage and sold waste disposal. Rural development considered the peripheral towns - such as Beechworth, control of land use, conservation, recreation, Lake Hume water quality and alternative sites for a new airport. Social development considered social services, health, education, welfare, community facilities and shopping. (Albury-Wodonga, 1974 and 1975). 7.71 In the intercensal period between 1966 and 1971, Albury's population increased by 17 per cent (average annual growth rate of 3.4 per cent) while Wodonga's population increased by 22 per cent (average annual growth rate of 4.4 per cent). Between 1971 and 1976 Albury's population increased from 29,150 to 34,100 (average annual rate of 3.19 per cent) and that of Wodonga inrro~~ed from 13,150 to 16,200 (average annual rate of 4.27 pe~ c~nt) (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 7.72 In the five-year period between 1971 and 1976 the population of the Albury-Wodonga statistical district increased from 55,780 to 65,520 (average annual growth rate of 3.27 per cent) (Victorian Year Book, 1978 and 1979). The Albury-Wodonga statistical district comprises the municipalities of Albury (N,S.W., Beechworth, Chiltern, Hume (N.S.W,) and Wodonga, and parts of the municipalities of Tallangatta and Yackandandah. 7.73 These observed growth rates in population are lower than those assumed in the initial proposals of the Development Corporation (Albury-Wodonga, 1974 and 1975). 7.74 Direct incentives are offered by the Victorian Government under its decentralisation scheme for secondary and tertiary industry development in the Albury-Wodonga area. Major projects announced or in progress during 1978-79 in Wodonga included improvements to Uncle Bens' pet food plant (Victoria, Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism, 1979),
PORTLAND
7.75 Portland is the only deep-sea port between the Port of Melbourne and the Port of Adelaide, Of the areas nominated by the State Government for accelerated planned development, Portland is the only centre situated on the coastal site with a modern port. In fact the greatest single contributing factor towards Portland's expanding growth during the past 20 years has been the development of its deep-sea port, Facilities for the handling of maritime trade today cater for the berthing of all types of bulk and general cargo vessels, and pre-shipment storage of refrigerated cargo, and ample open space for the assembly and handling of containers and unitised cargo. 77.
7.76 The Town of Portland has an area of 34.11 square kilometres and the Shire of Portland has an area of 3 1 681 square kilometres. The estimated Town population increased from 8 1 260 in 1971 to 8,540 in 1976, an average annual increase of 0.68 per cent. The estimated Shire population increased from 6,480 in 1971 to 6,560 in 1976, an average annual increase of 0.26 per cent. In the five years between 1971 and 1976 the total Portland population increased from 14,740 to 15,100, an average annual increase of 0.49 per cent (Victorian Year Book, 1978 and 1979), 7.77 Land use in Portland reflects the area's role as a port with associated industrial activities and as a service centre to the surrounding rural areas which in turn support a mixture of grazing, horticultural and forestry activities,
7.78 Future growth in the area and the continued growth of a major decentralised port facility has received impetus by the announcement in 1970 h; Alcoa of Australia Ltd of its intention to establish an aluminium smelter at Portland. The project will provide up to 1,000 job opportunities in the construction stage, and when the plant is commissioned in
1983 1 some 600 persons will be employed. Population growth has been estimated for Portland up to 1993, when it is expected that the economic stimulus from the smelter will have worked through the local economy and a steady state will have been reached, Without the smelter forecasts contained in the Environment Effects Statement for the project (Alcoa, 1979) indicate a virtually static population of about 15,250 from 1980 to at least 1993. With the smelter the forecasts shows a growth from about 15,250 in 1980 without the smelter to about 19,100 in 1993 with the smelter at full development - an average annual growth rate of about 1.6 per cent.
7.79 Other significant developments announced or in progress in Portland are for the Port of Portland and the Grain Elevators Board (Victoria, Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism, 1979). The Port has been declared a "1\ational Terminal Port" by the Australian Wheat Board following the agreement in principle to transfer control of the grain handling facilities from the Harbour Trust to the Grain Elevators Board, The Port completed construction of its new $1.5 million multi-purpose number 5 berth in December 1978. The Grain Elevators Board has announced a $15 million expnnsion and development of grain handling and storage facilities a~ Portland. 78. 7.80 As well as the inner harbour (bounded by the existing breakwaters) having ample room for expansion in the near future, Portland Bay can provide for harbour development well beyond this centruy. Initial investigations have already indicated that economic breakwater development can be undertaken in the bay area to provide for a new harbour basin up to three times the size of the inner harbour and capable of catering for the largest of bulk cariers and tankers (Portland, 1977). 7.81 Through the Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism the Victorian Government also generally promotes the development of secondary and tertiary industries in Portland.
LATROBE VALLEY 7.82 The total estimated population of the area comprising the City of Moe, Shire of Morwell, City of Traralgon, Shire of Traralgon and the Yallourn Works area increased from 57,750 in 1971 to 58,380 in 1976, which represents an average annual increase of 0.28 per cent (Victorian Year Book, 1978 and 1979). Over the same period the total population of the "urban centres" of Churchill, Moe-Yallourn, Morwell and Traralgon decreased from 54,798 in 1971 to 54,402 in 1976, an average annual decline of 0.5 per cent (Victorian Year Book, 1978 and 1979). 7.83 Individually, growth in these "urban centres" varied : *Churchill (population increase from 2,416 in 1971 to 3,509 in 1976 which represents an average annual growth of 0.9 per cent) *Moe-Yallourn (decrease 20,863 to 18,710, average 2.1 per cent per annum) *Morwell (decrease 16,853 to 16,094, average - 0.9 per cent per annum) *Traralgon (increase 14,666 to 15,089, average +0.6 per cent per annum). 7.84 Overall there appears to be a shift in population to follow the major activities of the State Electricity Commission of Victoria. 7.85 The most significant development currently proceeding in the Latrobe Valley is the State Electricity Commission of Victoria's Loy Yang project. Located south-east of Traralqon the proposed loy Yang undertaking comprises a new open cut for brown coal extraction, two power stations, transmission and other works. The loy Yang coal field contains extensive coal deposits estimated at about 4,700 million tonnes of ~eadily reeeverable reserves capable of supporting large base load generating projects. For the 4,000 MW loy Yang prject, 1,000 million tonnes of these reserves will be required (Victoria, State Electricity Commission, 1976). 79.
7.86 The Commission's proposal envisages the progressive development of a new open cut at Loy Yang to serve a 4,000 MW power project. The initial stage of the project, comprising the establishment of the open cut and the first 2 1 000 MW power station, is planned to come into commercial sbrvice between 1983 and 1988, and the second stage, comprising a further 2,000 MW station, betveen 1989 and 1992. Each power station will have a greater capacity than that installed at either Yallourn or Morwell-Hazlewood, The estimated capital expenditure required for the total 4,000 MW development, concluding in 1993, is $1,635 million (1976 costs) (Victoria, State Electricity Commission, 1976). Latest estimates put the cost to over $2,000 million.
7.87 The proposed Loy Yang develoPment is compatible with the land planning schemes such as the Latrobe Valley Regional Planning Scheme, 1949. In order to protect the valuable brovn coal deposits in Victoria, the Town and Country Planning Board also undertook ls~c 1n 1973 the preparation of ''Statement of Planning Policy No. 9 on Central Gippsland Brown Coal Deposits" which includes the Latrobe Valley coal fields,
7.88 The construction of the initial 2,000 MW Loy Yang projects vill require a gradual build up in the workforce to about 1,500 in 1981. Continued development at Loy Yang to 4,000 MW will increase this workforce to a peak of about 2,000 by 1988. 7.89 The net increase in the peak construction workforce associated with the Commission's undertakings in the Latrobe Valley in the 1980's, however, vill be only 1,000 after allowing for the workforce of some 1,000 which is completing construction of the Yallourn U project, Operation of the Loy Yang project vill require some 700 to 1,000 personnel for the initial 2,000 MW stage and 1,000 to about 1,500 for the full 4,000 MW project. The net increase in the Commission's operating personnel in the Latrobe Valley undertakings in the 1990's, following the completion of the Loy Yang project and after allowing for the retirement of some old generating plants, however, vill only be about 500 (Victoria, State Electricity Commission, 1974).
7.90 In the early 1960's the town of Churchill (~irst named Hazlewood) was proposed by the State Electricity Cotmission of Victoria's Committee on Sites for Housing Settlements i, the Latrobe Valley to meet additional Commission accommodation requirements in the Valley, Commencing with a target population of 400 (200 houses) in 1965 the tovn vas planned to grow to a population of 40,000 (10,000 houses) by the year 2000. The Housing Commission of Victoria has been responsible for most of the development planning and subsequent implementation
in Churchill. Expansion to date (population of 4,800, 1 1 200 houses in 1979.) is well below initial expectations, and as the tovn is not experiencing natural growth but forced grovth, it is most difficult to predict future trends, AO.
7.91 Secondary and tertiary industry development in areas such as the Latrobe Valley is encouraged by the Victorian Government. During 1978-79 the development of the Lay Yang project provided a major impetus to the development of industry in the Latrobe Valley. Major projects announced or in progress (Victoria, Department of State Development, Decentralisation and Tourism, 1979) include construction of a steel fabrication factory in Traralgon by Transfield Pty. Ltd., construction by Rocla of a pipe manufacturing factory adjacent ot its existing plant in Traralgon, establish ment of a clothing establishment in Churchill by Exacto, expansion of L.M, Ericsson's plant in Morwell and expansion of the Yarragon cotton yarn mill in Moe.
MELTON AND SUNBURY 7.92 In 1974 the Premier of Victoria identified Melton and Sunbury as location~ (ur satellite towns in an interim strategy for the future development of metropolitan Melbourne. Melbourne's predominant eastward and south-eastward expansion was considered to be a luxury that could no longer be afforded, in environmental terms if no other, and a diversion of some of Melbourne's growth to the west and north-west was seen as most desirable. It was recognised that to encourage this diversion there would need to be significant improvements in such areas as housing, community services and diversity of job opportunities, 7.93 Investigation areas for Melton (7,745 hectares) and Sunbury (B,B50)hectares) were proclaimed and the Town and Country Planning Board examined the role, size and timing of the satellites at Melton and Sunbury. (Victoria, Town and Country Planning Board, 1974). The Board considered that the acceleration of growth to achieve a population target of at least 75,000 in each satellite was both desirable and deasible in the period that the population of Melbourne increases to 4 million. A population of 75,000 in each satellite by the year 2000 was the lower target and 100,000 in each satellite by the year 2000 was the higher target, 7,94 The observed annual average population growth ral8s between 1971 and 1976 for the "urban centres" of r~elton and Sunbury were 33~3 per cent and 12.3 per cent respectively. Melton's "urban centre" population increased from 4,511 in 1971 to 12,022 in 1976 and that of Sunbury increased from 5,098 in 1971 to 8,243 in 1976 (Victorian Year Book, 1978 and 1979).
7.95 These populations are lower than the targets of 18 1 000 (lower growth rate) and 20 1 000 (higher growth rate) for each satellite in 1976 (Victoria, Town and Country Planning Board, Al.
7.96 In 1976 the Melton-Sunbury Interim Co-ordinating Committee reviewed the targets for the year 2000 and decided on an upper population limit of between 50,000 and 60,000 for each satellite. 82,
8, REFERENCES
AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (1971). Catalogue Number 3201.2 (May 1977). ALBURY-WODONGA (1974). Development of Albury-Wodonga. Initial Proposals Albury-Wodonga Development Corporation. ALBURY-WODONGA (1975). Short and Medium Term Plans. Llewelyn Davies Kinhill Pty Ltd for: Albury-Wodonga Development Corporation. ALCOA (1979), Alcoa Portland Aluminium Smelter. Environment Effects Statement, BALLARAT (1971). Ballarat Transportation Study, Harris, Lange-Vorhees. BENDIGO (197la), Bendigo Transportation Study. Basic Data Report. Rankine and Hill. BENDIGO (197lb), Bendigo Transportation Study. Economic Projections. Philip Shrapnel and Co, Pty. Ltd. for: Rankine and Hill. BENDIGO (197lc). Bendigo Transportation Study. Urban and Traffic Growth. Rankine and Hill. BENDIGO (1972). Bendigo Transportation Study. The Recommended Road Plan. Rankine and Hill. GEELONG(l971). Geelong Transportation Study. Volume l, Transporation Surveys and Travel Characteristics. Wilbur Smith and Associates. GEELONG (1974a), Geelong Transportation Study. Volume II. Travel Forecast and Network Evaluations. Wilbur Smith and Associates. GEELONG (1974b). A Development Strategy for Geelong Region, A Summary Report on Planning Options. A report for: Geelong Regional Planning Authority, Geelong; Cities Commission, Canberra; and Town and Country Planning Board, Melbourne. LODDON-CAMPASPE (1977). Loddon-Campaspe Regional Study. Towards Building a Comprehensive Planning and Development Strategy. PORTLAND (1977). Survey with Compliments of Portland Development Committee. VICTORIA, DEPARTMENT OF STATE DEVELOPMENT, DECENTRALISATION AND TOURISM (1979), Annual Report. Year Ended 30 June, 1979. 83.
VICTORIA, LOCAL GOVER~MENT (1979). Local Government in Victoria, Role, Structure and Administration. Board of Review Final Report.
VICTORIA, MELBDUR~E AND METROPOLITAN BOARD OF WORKS (1971). Planning Policies for the Melbourne Metropolitan Region. VICTORIA, MELBOURNE AND METROPOLITAN BOARD OF WORKS (1974). Report on General Concept Objections, 1974. Planning Policies for the Melbourne Metropolitan Region and Amending Planning Schemes 3 and 21. VICTORIA, MELBOURNE AND METROPOLITAN BOARD OF WORKS (1979a). Alternative Strategies for Metropolitan Melbourne. VICTORIA, MELBOURNE AND METROPOLITAN BOARD OF WORKS (1979b). Rhw Challenge of Change, A Review of Metropolitan Melbourne's Planning Options.
VICTORIA, MELBOUR~E AND METROPOLITAN BOARD OF WORKS (1979c). Some Transport Implications of Containment.
VICTORIA, MELBOURNE A~D METROPOLITAN BOARD OF WORKS (1980). Metropolitan Strategy. VICTORIA, STATE CO-ORDINATION COUNCIL (1979). Demographic Forecasts in Victoria and its Standard Regions. Volume I. VICTORIA, STATE ELECTRICITY COMMISSION (1974). Loy Yang Project. Evidence for Submission to the Parliamentary Public Committee Inquiry. VICTORIA, STATE ELECTRICITY COMMISSION (1976). Report on Proposed Extension to the State Generating System. Lay Yang Project. VICTORIA, STATE ELECTRICITY COMMISSION (1980). Latrobe Valley Power Station Siting. Task Force Report. VICTORIA, TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING BOARD (1974). Melton a~d Sunbury Investigation Areas. Volume I. Main Report. VICTORIAN YEAR BOOK (1978). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Victorian Office. VICTORIAN YEAR BOOK (1979). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Victorian Office. 84, APPENDIX I TRANSPORT STUDY CONDUCTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE DEVELOPMENT, DECENTRALISATION AND TOURISM
The following is a breakdown of the fourteen ASIC * industry groups whfch have been used in this study *Australian Standard Industrial classifications - Australian Bureau of Statistics 1978 Edition, CLASS DESCRIPTION 11 Metallic Minerals
21 Food, Beverages and Tobacco - including , . Meat Products Milk Products Fruit and Vegetable Products Margarine and Oils and Fats N.E.C. Flour Mill and Cereal Food Products Bread, Cakes and Biscuits Other Food Products Beverages and Malt Tobacco Products 23 Textiles - including Textile Fibres, Yarns and Woven Fabrics Other Textile Products
24 Clothing and Footwear - including Knitting Mills Clothing Footwear
25 Wood, Wood Products and Furniture - including Wood and Wood Products Furniture and Mattresses 26 Paper, Paper Products, Printing and Publishing - including Paper and Paper Products Printing and Allied Industries
27 Chemical, Petroleum abd Coal Products - ~ncluding Basic Chemicals Other Chemical Products Petroleum Refining Petroleum and Coal Products N.E,C. 85·
CLASS DESCRIPTION 28 Non-Metallic Mineral Products - including Glass and Glass Products Clay Products and Refractories Cement and Concrete Products Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products
29 Basic Metal Products - including Basic Iron and Steel Basic Non-Ferrous Metals Non-Ferrous Metal Basic Products
31 Fabricated Metal Products - including Structural Metal Products Sheet Metal Products Other Fabricated Metal Products
32 Transport Equipment - including Motor Vehicles and Parts Other Transport Equipment
33 Other Machinery and Equipment - including Photographic, Professional and Scientific equipment Appliances and Electrical Equipment Industrial Machinery and Equipment
34 Miscellaneous Manufacturing - including Leather and Leather Products Rubber Products Plastic and Related Products Other Manufacturing
48 Retail frade - including Department Stores Clothing, Fabrics and Furniture Stores Household Appliance and Hardward Stores Motor Vehicle Dealers; Petrol and Tyre Retailers Milk and Bread Vendors Food Stores Other Retailers 8 6. TABLE NO. 1 TRANSPORT SURVEY Table indicating availability, utilization, suitability and opinion of Vie Rail's Frieght Centre concept. ASIC IS A VIC RAIL CENTRE IF A VIC RAIL FRIEGHT CENTRE IS VIC RAIL SUITABLE ATTITUDE TO VIC RAIL AVAILABLE IS AVAILABLE - DO YOU USE IT TO CARRY YOUR RAW FRIEGHT CENTRE CONCEPT MATERIALS/FINISHED PRODUCTS
YES JiQ_ YES .1:iQ_ YES I __@ 0' Q/ Ql Q/ ., ., No. ,. No. 10 No. "'!0 No. 10 No. "'tO I No. 10 No. % No. tO No. 10 I 11 - - 1 lOO - - - ! - - - I 1 lOO - - - - 1 100 21 26 81 6 19 14 54 12 46 18 56 I 14 44 18 56 10 31 4 13 23 4 75 1 25 4 lOO - - 3 60 2 40 1 20 3 60 1 20 24 6 75 2 25 6 lOO - - 6 75 2 25 6 74 1 13 1 13 25 28 82 6 18 15 54 13 46 22 65 12 35 16 47 14 41 4 12 26 11 100 - - 9 82 2 18 11 lOO - - 6 55 3 27 2 18 27 3 75 1 25 2 75 1 25 4 100 - - 2 50 2 50 28 25 96 1 4 15 60 10 40 18 69 8 31 14 54 8 31 4 15 29 2 50 2 50 ' 1 50 1 50 3 75 1 25 3 75 - - 1 25 31 22 96 1 4 18 82 4 18 20 87 3 13 15 65 7 30 1 5 32 12 100 - - 7 ! 58 5 42 11 92 1 8 6 50 4 33 2 17 ' 33 14 lOO I - - 12 86 2 14 12 86 2 14 11 79 3 21 34 I 4 100 - - 2 I 50 1 25 3 75 - - 1 25 I 48 - - I - - - 1 lOO 105* 66% J26?~JVoz 57?ti \55 31% \22 12%
-;t.. c 0 *105 participants represents 59% of total industries surveyed i.e. 59% of '=' Ill Ill industries surveyed use a Vie Rail freight centre to some degree. "'("\" Ill \ ("\" I-'" Ill I-'" industries with their own rail siding have been included ..... Ill ** Please note Ill ..... in this figure(industries with rail sidings represents less then 2% 0 Ill ("\" 0 of the total) 0 ("\" "'-! 0 -..!. "'-! -..!. 87.
TABLE NO. 2 VICTORIAN GRAIN EXPORTS
SHIPPING FIGURES ( TONNES) (season extends from 1 November - 30 October)
GEE LONG
SEASON \~HEAT BARLEY OATS OTHERS TOTAL
1976/77 1,335,452 144,314 40,243 1,520,009 1977/78 1,527,432 63,005 '51,926 3,982 1,646,345 1978/79 1,523,935 146,960 126,712 83,179 1,880,786 1979/80 1,229,046 55,158 102,246 45 '096 1,431,564 (to 31.3,80)
PORTLAND
---SEASON WHEAT BARLEY OATS OTHERS TOTAL 1976/77 100,987 100,987 1977/78 229,711 41,360 29,658 300,729 1978/79 818,034 55,221 71,655 944,910 1979/80 473,794 32,442 43,132 1,963 551,331 (to 31.3.80)
Rated Rail Discharge Caeacities (Maximum)
Gee1ong 1,600 T.P.H.
Portland 600 T.P.H.
Rated Shipping Capacities (Maximum)
Gee long 1,600 T.P.H.
Portland 600 T.P.H. 88.
TABLE NO. 3
TRANSPORT SURVEY FREIGHT ASSISTANCE - DEPARTMENT OF STATE DEVELOPMENT, DECENTRALISATION AND TOURISM
Financial Ei Licence 10?~ Vie Rail Freight Total Year Assistance Reduction Disability Allowance (Two-way Freighting) $ $ $ $
··········-···· -~ ·-~····:···· 1974/75 24,648 This assistance 202,930 227,578 to Decentralised Industries born by Vie Rail prior to 1975/76
1975/76 31,241 962,027 164,314 1,157,582
1976/77 45,578 1,035,344 246,372 1,327,294
1977/78 87,265 1,100,000 266' 737 1,454,002 i 1978/79 93,999 1,210,000 262,930 • 1,566,929 •
1979/80 69,637* 1, 400' 0004111 398,171* 1,867,808
TOTAL 352,3 07,371 1,541,454 7,601,193
* 1979/80 figure is for the 10 months ending 30th April. ## Estimated requirement for full year 1979/80, 89. TABLE NO. 4A TRANSPORT SURVEY Table indicating utilization of Rail and Road Transport modes
Sample Industries Uti- Selected Selected Industries Utilising both Rail Industries lising Road Industries Uti- Industries and Road Transport Modes vli thin Transport lising Rail Utili si Determined Solely Transport both Ra ASIC Solely and Ro ndustries using Road Industries using Rail Groups In majority In majority
---- ~~------(1) ( 3) (4) ( 5) ( 6) (7) (10) (11) (12)
., , 0' ASIC NO, NO. NO. <0 NO. .,o NO, <0 IN NO, OUT NO • IN NO, OUT NO. ll 1 1 100 ------21 32 15 47 - - 17 53 10 15 7 2 23 5 1 20 - - 4 80 4 4 24 8 1 13 - - 7 87 5 6 2 1 25 34 18 53 - - 16 47 15 16 1 26 11 - - - - 11 lOO 6 10 5 1 27 4 2 50 - - 2 50 - 2 2 28 26 12 38 - - 14 62 13 12 1 2 29 4 2 50 - - 2 50 - 2 2 31 23 8 26 1 4 14 70 7 14 7 32 12 2 17 - - 10 83 5 8 5 2 33 14 2 14 - - 12 86 8 ll 4 1 34 4 1 25 - - 3 75 3 3 48 l - - - - 1 100 1 1 - - ---~~ - - -- TOTAL 179 65 1 4 113 63 77 68* 104 92* 36 32* 9 8*
---~---
*Percentage of industries wilhln those designated that use both rail and road transport modes (Column 7 and B) which use either rail or roa in the m joril for Lh ir ra~ materials in/finished products out. 90.
TABLE NO. 48
TRANSPORT SURVEY
Table indicating utilization of Rail and Road tran port modes.
ASIC No. & % of Industries No. & ~~ of Industries Total r within Asic & Total within Asic & Total Industries using Road Transport using Rail Transport Surveyed in the majority for in the majority for Goods In & Out Goods In & Out
(1) ( 2) (3)(4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8 ) ( 9) IN OUT IN OUT
01 01 01 0! No. !0 No. ,. No. !0 No. 10 11 1 100 1 lOO - - - - 1 21 25 78 30 94 7 22 2 6 32 23 5 100 5 lOO - - - - 5 24 6 75 7 88 2 25 1 13 8 25 33 97 34 100 1 3 - - 34 26 6 55 10 91 5 45 1 10 11 27 2 50 4 100 2 50 - - 4 28 25 96 24 92 1 4 2 8 26 I 29 2 50 4 lOO 2 50 - - 4 31 15 65 22 96 8 35 1 4 23 32 7 58 10 83 5 42 2 17 12 33 10 71 13 93 4 29 1 7 14 34 4 100 4 lOO - - - - 4 48 1 100 1 100 - - - - 1 60' TOTAL 142 7 9~~ 169 94?~ 37 2H6 10 '" 179
*Figure derived indicating **Figure derived indicating number and % of Industries number and % of Industries *hich use Road ~raneport which use Rail transport in the majority. Calculation in the majority. Calculation involves adding columna 1 & involves adding columns 5 & 7 3 and + by 2 and % of 179 and + by 2 and % of 179 column (9), column (9). 91. TABLE NO, 5 TRANSPORT SURVEY
Table indicating by number and pereentage the main, area 1Uhere industries source their ra\U materials.
ASIC MELBOURNE LOCALLY COUNTRY I OTHER NO. VICTORIA (Interstate/Overseas) No. "''0 No. "',o No, "',o No, "''" . ------······ 11 - - 1 100 - - - - 21 6 19 16 50 7 22 3 9 23 3 60 2 40 - - - - 24 4 50 1 13 1 12 2 25 25 13 38 14 41 6 18 1 3 26 9 82 - - - - 2 18 27 2 50 - - 1 25 1 25 28 5 19 18 69 2 8 1 4 29 2 50 1 25 1 2.5 - - 31 16 70 1 4 4 17 2 9 32 10 83 1 8 1 9 - - 33 12 86 1 7 - - l 7 34 2 50 l 25 1 25 - - 48 - - - 1 -
70',o 13~.; 14 8"''0 *179
• * Total number of industries in survey, 9 2.
TABLE NO. 6 TRANSPORT SURVEY
Table indicating the main areas of industries ~ithin each ASIC Group and as a ~hole.
Locally Country Melbourne Interestate Victoria I & Overseas .. , , 01 Q/ No. ,. No. .10 No • 10 No. 10
11 1 100 ------21 13 41 9 28 7 22 3 9 23 - - - - 4 80 1 20 24 2 25 - - 5 62 1 13 25 17 50 5 15 9 26 3 9 26 8 73 3 27 - - -- 27 - - - - 3 75 1 25 28 13 50 9 35 3 12 1 4 29 1 25 2 50 1 25 - - 31 12 52 5 22 2 9 4 17 32 4 33 4 33 2 18 2 18 33 7 50 3 21 2 14 2 14 34 2 50 1 25 1 25 -- 48 1 100 ------
TOTAL I 81 45~" 41 23~6 39 22~6 18 10% 179* i
* Total number of respondents. 9 3. TABLE NO. 7 TRANSPORT SURVEY Selected industries with own vehicles indicating extent of load utilization for delivery of raw materials and delivery of finished products, backloading and percentage of industries within ASIC Groups with own vehicle. (Please note not all ~dustries utilize their own vehicle for delivery of finished products and collection of raw materials). --- ASIC Industries Industr1 es Industries Industries Industries Industries with with own with par t with part with full with full own vehicles vehicle loads in loads out loads in loads out that undertake back loading , ~0* 0' No, ,.0' No. . No • 0' No. I No. ,. '" '" '""' 11 lOO - 1 lOO ------21 85 18 64 12 43 10 36 16 57 6 23 23 4 80 3 75 1 1~ 1 25 3 75 4 100 24 5 63 4 80 4 80 1 20 1 20 3 60 25 25 74 12 48 6 24 13 52 16 64 7 28 26 8 73 5 63 8 lOO 3 38 I - - 2 25 27 2 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 28 20 77 1 20 5 25 10 50 10 50 4 20 29 3 7 5 2 67 2 67 - - - - 2 67 31 21 78 2 10 6 29 3 43 3 14 1 48 32 5 42 2 40 1 20 1 20 3 60 - - 33 5 36 2 40 1 20 1 20 3 60 - - 34 2 50 1 50 1 50 - - - - 1 50 48 1 lOO 1 1 OD 1 lOO ~ ------
I ' TOTAL I 130 73%** 36 2~ 8 ~0 50 3 8~~ I 44 34~~ 56 43% 30 23~~ ~ -- I I
* Percentage of vehicle ownership relative to total number of industries within Asic Group. **Percentage of vehicle ownership in relation to total number of industries contacted. (170 respondents). 94. TABLE NO, 8 TRANSPORT SURVEY
Number and percentage of selected industries within ASIC Groups and as a whole which indicated that deregulation would prompt a change in their present transport mode.
ASIC YES CHANGE NO CHANGE ANSWER NOT WOULD OCCUR WOULD OCCUR PROVIDED No. 0',. No. ,."' No. 0',. 11 - - 1· 100 - - 21 5 16 22 69 5 16 23 - - 4 80 1 20 24 1 17 . 6 75 1 17 25 8 24 13 38 13 38 26 1 9 9 82 1 9 27 - - 4 100 - - 28 4 15 16 62 6 23 29 - - 3 75 1 25 31 3 13 18 78 2 9 32 2 17 10 83 - - 33 3 21 11 79 - - 34 - - 3 75 1 25 48 - - 1 100 - -
TOTAL 27 15~~ 121 68~~ 31 17% 179*
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* Total number of industries surveyed.