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To View Asset d ---~- • VICTORIA • VICTORIAN TRANSPORT STUDY REPORT ON BACKGROUND TO STA'UE·- DEVELOPMENT -i:· . • Ordered by the Legislative Assembly to be printed .. ,. ~- ~-. F . D. ATKINSON, GOVERNMENT PRlNTER MELBOURNE 1980 ... .J " VICTORIAN TRANSPORT STUDY The Honourable R.R.C, Maclellan, M.L.A., Minister of Transport 570 Bourke Street MELBOURNE, VIC. 3000. Dear Mr. Maclellan, I have the pleasure to submit herewith a report on Background to State Development. This is one of a series of reports being prepared to make known the results of the Victorian Transport Study. Yours sincerely, W.M. Lonie. BACKGROUND TO STATE DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS Summary 1. Basic Data for Victoria. 2. Urban Areas. 3. Major Natural Resources. 4. Planning Control. 5, Encouragement of Decentralization. 6. Transport Survey Conducted by the Department of State Development, Decentralization and Tourism. 7. Development of Particular Areas. 8. References. • SUMMARY The Victorian Transport Study is "a study into all freight and passenger transport within Victoria, and to and from Victoria, in order to produce a co-ordinated transport system capable of meeting the needs of all residents of Victoria, having particular regard to the effect on the balanced development of the State." Because of the need to consider "the balanced development of the State," considerable information relating to State development has been collected. Much of this information has been summarised for record purposes in this report. This report includes information on: *Basic data for Victoria, including area, population, climate, and local Government *Urban areas *Major natural resources, including energy and minerals, water, forests, and primary production *Planning control, including planning schemes, Statements of Planning Policy, and State Environment Protection Policies *Encouragement of decentralization, including policies, incentives, and major manufacturing projects *The results of a transport survey conducted by • the Department of State Development, Decentralization, and Tourism *The development of particular areas, including Melbourne, Geelong, Ballarat, Bengido, Albury­ Wodonga, Portland, the Latrobe Valley, and Melton and Sunbury, "' • 1. 1. BASIC DATA FOR VICTORIA AREA AND POPULATION 1.1 The State of Victoria has an area of 227,6000 square kilometres and a population of just over 3.8 million (30 11 June 1979 preliminary estimate -Victorian Year Book, 1979), This corresponds to 26.8 per cent of Australia's population and to an average density of 16.78 persons per square kilometre (Victorian Year Book, 1979). Approximately 71 per cent of the State's population lives within the Melbourne statistical division (about 440 persons per square kilometre) while at the other end of the scale approximately 1.5 per cent lives in the Wimmera statistical division (about 1.7 peron per square kilometre), In 1976 the population comprised 49.8 per cent males and 50.2 per cent females (Victorian Year Book, 1978). · 1.2 Projections using various mortality, fertility and migration rates give forecast populations for Victoria in the year 2001 of about 4.7 to 5.1 million (State Co-ordination Council, 1979) and of about 4.7 million (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1979). GEOGRAPHY 1.3 Victoria's area of 227,600 square kilometres is 2.96 per cent of Australia's area of 7,682,3000 square kilometres. 1.4 A wedge of mountainous country extends across Victoria. It tapers from the high peaks of the north-east and far east of the State to the western limits of the highlands at the lower Dundas Tableland near the South Australian border (Fig. 1). This belt of high country, which includes the Great Dividing 11 Range, separates the Northern Wimmera and Mallee plains from the plains and uplands of the coastal areas and forms the watershed dividing the northern flowing tributaries of the Murray River from the southern flowing streams. 1.5 Considerable physiographic and geological variation occurs in the highlands with granitic intrusives, volcanic complexes and sedimentary, metamorphic and tectonic structures all in evidence (Fig. 2). Broad plateaus, high plains and extensive ridge and valley terrain are the chief topographic characteristics with only occasional high peaks and deep gorges occurring. A broad low pass to the north of Melbourne (the Kilmore gap) provides an easy route across the highlands and this is utilised by the major road and rail links to the north. The Kilmore gap provides a convenient reference point at which to divide the highlands into eastern and western sections. The highest mountains in Victoria are Mt. Bogong (1,986 metres) and Mt. Feathertop (1 1 922 metres). ~~~ NEWER VOlCANIC$ • HIGH PlAINS GRAMPIANS Mount Cobberos Mount Bogong Mount Feothertop Mount Hothom NlW SOUTH WAlES 5 The BkJff Movnt Bvller < ~ ~ X s:5 N ll-;.=.--:·- "' -_·.=c ___ SOUTHERN OCEAN STRAIT FIGURE MOUNTAIN AREAS OF VICTORIA (Source: Victorian Year Book 1978) - - .. .. < ~::> < :<: ~ 1 VI FIGURE PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF VICTORIA ( Source: Victorian Year Book 1978 ) 4. 1.6 The Victorian coastline comprises many types of environments. Broad sandy beaches and impressive cliffed headlands along the ocean contrast with mangrove-fringed mudflats and marshland of the sheltered embayments ·and estuaries (Fig. 3). There are approximately 1,200 kilometres of ocean coast between Cape Howe and the South Australian border; in addition three large embayments - Port Phillip Bay (260 kilometres), Western Port (140 kilometres) and Corner Inlet (80 kilometres) - partially enclose protected waters and provide opportunity for port and harbour development. CLIMATE 1.7 Victoria is situated between latitudes 35°S and 39°S in the south-east of the Australian continent. The major topographical determinant of the climate is the Great ~ividing Range, running east-west across the State, and rising to nearly 2,000 metres in the eastern half. This acts as a barrier to the moist south-east to south-west winds, causing the south of the State to receive more rain than the north. 1.8 To the south of Victoria, except for Tasmania and its islands, there is no land for 3,000 kilometres. This vast area of ocean has a moderating influence on Victoria's climate in winter. Snow, which is a common winter occurrence at similar latitudes on the eastern seaboard of the great land masses of the northern hemisphere, is rare in Victoria below elevations of 600 metres. To the north of Victoria, the land mass of Australia becomes very hot in the summer, and on several days at this time of the year the temperature over the State may rise to between 35°C and 40°C, often with a strong northerly wind. 1.9 The State consists of four principal climatic divisions - Northern plains, Highlands, Western districts, and Gippsland - as described in the Victorian Year Book (1978). 1.10 The distribution of average annual rainfall in Victoria is shown in Figure 4. Average rainfall ranges from 250 mm for the driest parts of the Mallee to 2,600 mm at Falls Creek in the Alps. 1.11 Except for east Gippsland, more rain falls in win~er than in summer. Summer rainfall is more variable and the higher evaporation of this season greatly reduces the effectiveness of the rainfall. 1.12 All parts of Victoria are occasionally subject to heavy rain and monthly totals exceeding three times the average have been recorded. ~ MELBOURNE -~ W•u;::J. ~()Rf c·•' •• GHlor-.:,:, ['···~···_ PHIWP ..... 0 •••~n•lgl!onr DISCOVERY·.. ~··) BAY o"""" ' . .. ~-- ... I w BAY • ."'m<No.···· ········ "•"'0" """ •· .!._" ,'!---, ESTERN ~""''" !" PORTLAND ·~·•' 0'' ''"'11,,, NA~RNAIII!OOL :/• . •• ...._.~OffSf.<. _,' ..-, \ POR T ~ ••••-.r'" _., BAY ' -v· <" .._-...c-'"'''"' . I '"" .· .. __,..· .. \J> /, ,,_,):.-'·, \ c.,. ~ OTWAY •••• -..--'•·•'' P'£TERBO~OUGH ....•' LOIN( ,. '••' ~ ""- ;> RANGES ''" S•'••· ~, '" ",,, ' CAMP'IIi:llJo ' ro.Nop l<l<>~d .......... SOUTHERN OCEAN .....;;;;::.;::~If .' "'wo / ~~z;· // (~peO• .. _,, Y ~ -,, __ ' l. '·"·""'1""> -,.),, <•,ooo Mol<hell lv~r ~-L..~:r .. ,.,:.,, ~"~' ~ S '~'"I... ~-•••-:\ . 'l.,_c __ ·:-: ..• ....,... ,.-.-, ~ _,'@l~": .•' i('' "'"'' -·-·. VI 1 !'·-' .L-'F.>>•' , ..r· ~. .. ,_r,;v···· , C: ""··~,,. ,.. .;-eo·· .. ···!..... e-.,... ' ., .· "''' '""' "-\,.;,.;;. CLIFFS AND BLUFFS • "• ~--''""" ~~~VOOWC>< ,~l ')··· .. ·-;i,'"".· .,~ :...;,~ / .......~). :::..-·· SANDY SHORELNES -v.)-C:..J'~Tor"'"'•••• ,fS.. "l,...,.,.l""'"'"'-=:.··: ~LT MARSHES AND SNAMPS . ':'~'~f~ .. :::" ".~~" BASS .. ·-; (. ..; t STRAIT <1-.p-v •• ~~ .. .>. >- -..,_~ ~"WilSONS V I'IIOMONTCJRY FIGURE 3 PREDOMINANT COASTAL LANDFORMS IN VICTORIA (Source: Victorian Year Book 1978) lEGEND BElOW JOOmm NOTES 300 • 500mm 500 · 700mm 700 ·IOOOrnm 1000 -l400rnm OYER 1400mm 3. I! shovld be noted thot ~l the avt"roge<' reft!r la unequor periods of r.eort lhpy Me offeoed 11'1 vory.,g degree~ hy ptolot'lged $pets of dry ond wffl teos.:'lns ond therefore or~ not strid'"r comporablft. 4 1-ool'>yeh ore 1r1 miflmptres. :! ~ t:; ::> <( I: ~ 0'> .j""<;l '"" ,.,,, iOC K!tOMtTUS ~~=c··~ SOUTHERN OCEAN STRAiT w":,..,'h""'""''"r FIGURE 4 ANNUAL RAINFALL IN VICTORIA (Source· Victor~an Year Book 1978) .. 7. 1.13 The average annual number of days of rain (0.2 mm or more in 24 hours) is over 150 on the west coast and west Gippsland, and exceeds 200 over the Otway Ranges. The average number of wet days a year is reduced to 100 at a distance of approximately 160 kilometres inland from the coast. 1.14 It is not possible to give a complete description of rainfall at a place or in a district by using a single measurement. The common practice of quoting the annual average rainfall alone is quite inadequate in that it does not convey any idea of the extent of variability likely to be encountered. Examination of rainfall figures over a period of years for any particular place indicates a wide variation from the average; in fact it is rare for any station to record the average rainfall in any particular year. 1.15 The variability of annual rainfall is closely associated with the incidence of 9rought. Droughts are rare over areas of low rainfall variability and more common where this index is high. The severity of major droughts or dry spells is much lower in Gippsland and the Western District than in northern Victoria.
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