2019 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update

Prepared on Behalf of the Municipalities of the MetroCOG Region

Draft to DEMHS: May 13, 2019 Draft to FEMA: July 2, 2019 Approved Pending Adoption: July 12, 2019 Adopted: July 18, 2019 FEMA Approval: ______, 2019 Acknowledgements MetroCOG thanks its member communities for their participation in this Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update. The time and dedication shown by local staff in advancing natural hazard mitigation efforts is significant and has helped create a more resilient region. MetroCOG also thanks the local boards, commissions, and general public who provided valuable insight into their communities.

Project Staff for Plan Update MetroCOG 1000 Lafayette Boulevard Bridgeport, Connecticut 06604 203-366-5405 info *at* ctmetro.org

Matt Fulda Patrick Carleton Meghan Sloan Executive Director Deputy Director Planning Director 203-366-5405 x28 203-366-5405 x26 203-366-5405 x23 mfulda *at* ctmetro.org pcarleton *at* ctmetro.org msloan *at* ctmetro.org

Municipal Contacts / Local Coordinators City of Bridgeport Town of Easton Town of Fairfield Lynn Haig, AICP Captain Richard Doyle Emmeline Harrigan, AICP, CFM Director of Planning, Office of Emergency Management Director Assistant Planning Director Planning & Economic Development 225 Center Road Plan & Zoning Department 999 Broad Street Easton, CT 06612 725 Old Post Road Bridgeport, CT 06604 203-268-4111 Fairfield, CT 06824 203-576-7221 rdoyle *at* eastonct.gov 203-256-3050 lynn.haig *at* bridgeportct.gov eharrigan *at* fairfieldct.org

Town of Monroe Town of Stratford Town of Trumbull Chris Nowacki Jay Habansky, AICP William Maurer, P.E., LS Director of Public Works Planning & Zoning Administrator Town Engineer 7 Fan Hill Road 2725 Main Street, Rooms 113 & 118 5866 Main Street Monroe, CT 06468 Stratford, CT 06615 Trumbull, CT 06611 203-452-2814 203-385-4017 203-452-5050 cnowacki *at* monroect.org jhabansky *at* townofstratford.com wmaurer *at* trumbull-ct.gov -and- -and- Scott Schatzlein, P.E. Susmitha Attota, AICP Town Engineer Town Planner 203-452-2809 (203) 385-4017 sschatzlein *at* monroect.org sattota *at* townofstratford.com

Consultant Team Milone & MacBroom, Inc. The Nature Conservancy David Murphy, P.E., CFM, Associate Adam Whelchel, Ph.D. Manager of Water Resources Planning Director of Science 99 Realty Drive 55 Church Street, Third Floor Cheshire, CT 06410 New Haven, CT 06510 203-271-1773 x295 203-568-6270 dmurphy *at* mminc.com awhelchel *at* tnc.org

Notice to Readers This document was prepared under a grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Points of view or opinions expressed in this document are those of MetroCOG and its member communities and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. CONTENTS 1. Purpose & Regional Overview 1.1 Authority | 1-1 1.2 Background | 1-2 1.3 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan | 1-3 1.4 Profile of the MetroCOG Region & Jurisdictions | 1-3 1.5 Land Use | 1-13 1.6 Development Trends | 1-14 2. Planning Process 2.1 Review of Existing Plans | 2-1 2.2 Review of Municipal Websites | 2-8 2.3 Government Structure |2-10 2.4 Planning Teams | 2-15 2.5 Conservation Technical Advisory Committee | 2-17 2.6 Hazard Mitigation Workshops | 2-17 2.7 Community Outreach | 2-25 3. Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment 3.1 General Description of Region | 3-1 3.2 Natural Hazards | 3-13 3.3 Loss Estimates | 3-18 3.4 Hazard Profile – Hurricanes and Tropical Storms | 3-19 3.5 Hazard Profile – Inland Flooding | 3-29 3.6 Hazard Profile – Coastal Flooding | 3-40 3.7 Hazard Profile – Sea Level Rise | 3-45 3.8 Hazard Profile – Winter Storms | 3-48 3.9 Hazard Profile – Summer Storms and Tornadoes | 3-52 3.10 Hazard Profile – Earthquakes | 3-58 3.11 Hazard Profile - Dam Failure | 3-61 3.12 Hazard Profile - Wildfires | 3-66 3.13 Hazard Summary | 3-68 4. Mitigation Strategies 4.1 Problem Statements | 4-1 4.2 Vision, Goals & Objectives | 4-13 4.3 Development of Hazard Mitigation Strategies | 4-15 4.4 Regional Actions | 4-19 4.5 Review of Prior Hazard Mitigation Actions | 4-23 5. Implementation 5.1 Adoption & Responsibilities for Implementation | 5-1 5.2 Planning Mechanisms | 5-2 5.3 Progress Monitoring, Public Participation and Plan Maintenance | 5-2 5.4 Community Rating System Program | 5-2 5.5 Mitigation Actions for Each Community | 5-4 5.6 Implementation Capabilities | 5-6 5.7 Technical & Financial Resources | 5-29 Purpose & 1 Regional Overview

The purpose of the multi-jurisdictional update to the Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan (NHMP) is to reduce the loss of life, personal injury and damage to property, infrastructure and natural, cultural and economic resources from a natural disaster in the Greater Bridgeport Region. The The components of the Plan include: Plan emphasizes actions that can • Identification of natural hazards that could occur be implemented now to reduce or in the region – inland flooding, coastal flooding, prevent damage from a future natu- hurricanes, sea level rise, summer storms, winter ral disaster. The assessments and storms (ice and blizzards), tornadoes, earthquakes, evaluations are based on extensive wildfires, and dam failure; • Evaluation of vulnerabilities to structures and data collection and outreach efforts populations; to obtain information on the physical • Assessment of current mitigation measures in- setting of the region, existing haz- cluded in the 2014 NHMP to determine which have ards, and the occurrence, frequency, been implemented and whether or not they have duration and potency of probable been effective in reducing vulnerabilities and risks; • Identification and evaluation of potential miti- hazards. gation measures that could be implemented to reduce risks and vulnerability; • Development of response strategies to address hazard mitigation; and • Recommendations for future mitigation actions.

1.1 Authority The Plan is authorized under the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA), also known as the 2000 Stafford Act amendments. The purposes of the DMA are to establish a national program for pre-disaster mitigation and streamline administration of disaster relief. The Act encourages the development of disaster preparedness and mitigation plans and the implementation of measures to reduce the effects of natural hazards. Under DMA, communities are required to develop and submit a Natu- ral Hazard Mitigation Plan as a condition of eligibility for certain funding opportunities offered by the Federal Emergency Manage- ment Agency (FEMA), including the Pre-Disas-

1-1 ter Mitigation (PDM) Program and post-disaster the significant coastal flooding of October Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). and November 2018. • The plan incorporates a new exposure analysis that tabulates parcels and structures 1.2 Background exposed to the risks profiled in the plan. This plan update builds on the 2014 Update • The plan adds “Fact Sheets” to make the to the original 2006 NHMP for the former Greater document livelier and give community plan- Bridgeport Regional Planning Area, developed in ners the flexibility to pull stand-alone pages cooperation with the City of Bridgeport and the out of the plan document when pursuing Towns of Easton, Fairfield, Monroe and Trumbull. specific projects, grants, etc.: The consulting firm of Milone & MacBroom, Inc. »» Regional Challenges: Intense Precipitation was hired to provide technical assistance and con- »» Regional Challenges: Sea Level Rise duct required vulnerability and risk assessments. »» Regional Challenges: Coastal Flooding The NHMP for the former Greater Bridgeport area »» Regional Challenges: Repetitive Loss was adopted and approved by FEMA in January Properties 2007. Subsequent to its adoption, the Plan was »» New Initiative: Regional Framework for amended to include the NHMP for the Town of Coastal Resilience Stratford (Annex, 2008). »» New Initiative: Resilient Bridgeport »» New Initiative: Connecticut State Collages FEMA requires that all local and multi-jurisdic- and Universities Hazard Mitigation Plan tional (regional) plans be updated every five years »» New Initiative: Hazardous Spills at Busi- to remain valid. The original NHMP for the Greater nesses Bridgeport Region expired on January 29, 2012. »» New Initiative: Risks to Historic Resources A NHMP Update was prepared by the Greater »» New Initiative: Municipal Separate Storm- Bridgeport Regional Council and was approved by water System (MS4) FEMA on July 22, 2014 with an expiration date of »» New Initiative: Low Impact Development July 2019. Since the time the NHMP Update was (LID) for Rural Resiliency adopted, the Greater Bridgeport Regional Council »» New Initiative: Sustainable CT has been renamed the Connecticut Metropolitan »» Mitigation Successes: Property Acquisi- Council of Governments (MetroCOG), with the tions in Trumbull composition of member municipalities unchanged. »» Mitigation Successes: Microgrids »» Mitigation Successes: Fairfield Green Changes to Planning Process and NHMP Infrastructure Document • The plan describes new Community Resil- ience Building (CRB) workshops conducted Numerous modifications were incorporated for five of the six communities. The Work- into the update of the NHMP. The following is a shops included Chief Elected Officials, list of the key changes. Each is addressed in the Board/Commission members, municipal staff appropriate section of the document. and other local and regional stakeholders. • The current version of HAZUS-MH was • With the completion of new CRB workshops, utilized. the action-by-action risk matrices developed • The plan incorporates loss estimates from in the previous CRBs were retired from the the State of Connecticut NHMP (2019) and NHMP. Mitigation actions were addressed in other sources. two simplified sets of tables. The first set of • The plan incorporates estimated population tables provides the status of each mitigation and housing unit data for the year 2017 to action proposed in the 2014 NHMP. The sec- augment demographic data from the last ond set of tables lists the current proposed U.S. census of 2010. actions for 2019-2024, including some ac- • The plan incorporates the sea level rise pro- tions carried forward and/or updated from jection of 50 centimeters by 2050 as man- the 2014 NHMP. dated by Connecticut Public Act 18-82. • The list of proposed mitigation actions for • The plan includes updates to the historical each community has been reduced relative record of many hazards including the severe to the 2014 edition of the plan by eliminat- riverine flooding of September 25, 2018 and ing similar or redundant actions, retiring

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 1-2 Section 1: Purpose and Regional Overview

completed and ongoing actions, and focus- ment directors. ing on actionable items for the next five years. • The plan adds a new appendix, “Critical 1.4 Profile of the MetroCOG Facilities” (Appendix A) to provide a starting Region & Jurisdictions point for municipalities to check and amend every 5 years. Critical facility information is The MetroCOG Region is located in Fairfield often vital for developing mitigation actions County, in Southwestern Connecticut, about fifty and completing FEMA benefit-cost analysis. miles east of New York City and 150 miles west of • The plan adds a new appendix, “Historic Re- Boston, Massachusetts. The NHMP is a multi-juris- sources” (Appendix B) to provide a starting dictional plan, encompassing the six municipalities point for municipalities to understand where of the region. Each community actively participat- to focus resources on risk assessments and ed in the preparation of the NHMP Update and the new historic resource surveys in accordance hazards likely to impact each were identified and with new mitigation actions about historic assessed. The six municipalities are: resources. City of Bridgeport Town of Easton Town of Fairfield 1.3 Natural Hazard Mitigation Town of Monroe Plan Town of Stratford Town of Trumbull This NHMP is divided into five sections. This section presents demographic informa- Section One describes the purpose of the plan, tion for the Region and its communities. The the MetroCOG Region and municipalities of the demographic information presented herein repre- MetroCOG Region. Section Two details the plan- sents 2010 United States Census data where more ning process and the process of developing the recent estimates developed from the 2013-2017 NHMP. Section Three provides an identification American Community Survey (ACS) are not avail- and assessment of risks. Section Four describes able. Occasionally other estimates are presented development of mitigation strategies and docu- such as from the Connecticut Data Collaborative ments the progress on previous mitigation strate- (CTDC) for comparison purposes. gies for the Region. Concluding the NHMP, Section Five presents current mitigation strategies for the Together, the MetroCOG communities en- Region, addresses how mitigation actions will be compass about 145 square miles with a combined implemented, and describes the process of main- population of over 325,000 people. The popula- taining the plan. tion density is the highest of any planning region in Connecticut. This density is reflected in the fact The Update of the NHMP: that almost all of the land lies within the designat- • Reflects the standards contained within Sec- ed urbanized area and about 98% of the residents tion 322 of DMA 2000; live in the urban area. Bridgeport, Fairfield and • Expands on the previous hazard identifica- Stratford are coastal communities, situated along tion and risk assessments; Long Island Sound, and the inland communities to • Incorporates FEMA’s current grant programs; the north are Easton, Monroe and Trumbull (2017 • Incorporates potential impacts due to cli- CTDC Population Estimates & 2013-2017 ACS). mate change; • Includes updated information; and Despite the urban character of the Region, • Reassesses the goals, objectives, and activi- land use patterns vary. The coastal communities ties presented in the 2014 NHMP. are more developed and urban in character. The inland communities and the northern part of Fair- The updated NHMP addresses only natural field are more residential and exhibit rural charac- hazards and disasters and does not directly ad- teristics. dress terrorism, sabotage, human induced emergencies (structure fires, hazardous material spills, The Region is ethnically diverse as about 47% contamination and disease) or disaster response of the population is estimated as belonging to an and recovery. However, efforts were undertaken to ethnic minority. Approximately 61% of the minority coordinate with the Region’s emergency manage- population is classified as African American. Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity account for about

1-3 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 1-4 Section 1: Purpose and Regional Overview

1-5 23% of the Region’s population. Although this data suggests diversity throughout the Region, minority populations are concentrated in Bridgeport and parts of Stratford (2013-2017 ACS). The median age of the Region’s residents is about 38.1 years old. This is a younger population than the state-wide median age of 40.9 years (2010 Census). About 19% of the Region’s population is younger than 15 years old and 14.3% are 65 years or older (2013-2017 ACS). There are nearly 113,000 occupied housing units in the Region, with the majority (65.3%) owner occupied. About 9% of the Region’s Source: US housing units are vacant (2013- Census Bureau, 2017 ACS). Seasonal or recreational 2013-2017 ACS units account for almost 10% of vacant units (2010 Census). Demographic Profile: MetroCOG Region On average, the Region is a Population relatively wealthy area with an Total Population 325,554 100.0% estimated annual median family income of $96,099. This is slightly White 171,129 52.6% higher than the state-wide estimate African American 58,796 18.1% of $93,800. The per capita income is Other Race 21,490 6.6% less than $38,000 annually, as compared to the state-wide estimate Hispanic or Latino 74,139 22.8% of $41,365. About 9,530 families Age or 12.1% of the total number of Median Age 38.1 families in the Region earn less than < 15 years old 61,518 18.9% $25,000 per year. 9.3% of all families in the Region earn an income > 65 years old 46,677 14.3% that is below the poverty level. > 75 years old 22,048 6.8% State-wide, only about 9.4% of all Housing families earn less than $25,000 per year and the percentage of fami- Total Housing Units 124,531 100.0% lies that earn an income below the Owner Occupied 73,747 65.3% poverty level is about 7.0% (2013- Renter Occupied 39,148 34.7% 2017 ACS). Total Occupied Housing Units 112,895 100.0% The following sections describe Vacant Units 11,636 9.3% the physical setting, population, demographics and generalized land Seasonal Units 844 0.7% use of each jurisdiction involved in Income the NHMP. Median Family Income $96,099 Per Capita Income $37,952 City of Bridgeport Families with Income <$25,000 9,530 12.1% The City of Bridgeport is the Families Below Poverty Level 7,292 9.3% most populous city in Connecticut US Census Bureau, 2010 Census & 2013-2017 American Community Survey

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 1-6 Section 1: Purpose and Regional Overview

with a population of 147,586 people (2013-2017 The median age of people living in Bridgeport ACS). The CTDC (2017) estimates that the popula- is about 33.8 years old, making the city a relatively tion is 146,579, generally consistent with the ACS. young place (2013-2017 ACS). The proportion of Bridgeport is the central city in the MetroCOG residents younger than 15 years old is not signifi- region and is bordered by Fairfield to the west, cantly higher than the Region or state, indicating Trumbull to the north and Stratford to the east. that the lower median age is partly due to a higher Long Island Sound is located along the city’s number of persons between the ages of 20 and southern border. The city has a land area of 16 40 years old. The proportion of elderly living in square miles, a waterfront of 22 miles and an Bridgeport (11%) is lower than that of the Region elevation that reaches to 310 feet in the northwest (2013-2017 ACS). corner. The city has a total of 58,124 housing units, Bridgeport is the most urban, densely populat- with about 13% listed as vacant (2013-2017 ACS). ed and diverse municipality in the Region, as it ac- The majority of these housing units are renter- counts for about 45% of the Region’s population. occupied. Although owner-occupied housing The city is home to the majority of the Region’s accounts for only about 42% of the total, this non-white population and persons of Hispanic or proportion is higher than the cities of Hartford Latino ancestry. African American residents make and New Haven. A total of 163 units, 0.3% of the up 33% of the city’s population and 46% of the total, are considered seasonal or recreational (2010 city’s population is another, non-white race. Per- Census). sons of Hispanic or Latino descent comprise about The entire city meets the definition of an 39% of Bridgeport’s population (2013-2017 ACS). economically distressed area, due Demographic Profile: City of Bridgeport to both low per capita income and the high unemployment rate. The Population per capita income for Bridgeport Total Population 147,586 100.0% workers is approximately $22,806 White 31,603 21.4% per year. About 30% of the city’s families earn less than $25,000 per African American 48,807 33.1% year. The median family income for Other Race 9,256 6.3% Bridgeport is about $50,356 per Hispanic or Latino 57,920 39.2% year (2013-2017 ACS). Age While the economies of the Median Age 33.8 Region are interdependent, there is a significant disparity between < 15 years old 29,405 19.9% Bridgeport and the other towns > 65 years old 15,757 10.7% of the MetroCOG Region. The per > 75 years old 7,156 4.8% capita income for the Region as a whole is about $37,952 per year. Housing When the Bridgeport population is Total Housing Units 58,124 100.0% subtracted, the Region’s per capita Owner Occupied 21,138 42.0% income rises to $50,512 annually, Renter Occupied 29,203 58.0% thus indicating that the city’s per capita income is 75% of the rest Total Occupied Housing Units 50,431 100.0% of the Region. The disparity in Vacant Units 7,783 10.1% median family income is also pro- Seasonal Units 163 0.3% nounced, with a regional estimate of $128,763 per year without the Income inclusion of Bridgeport’s median Median Family Income $50,536 family income. Per Capita Income $22,806 Historically, Bridgeport expe- Families with Income <$25,000 7,303 22.3% rienced rapid growth in the late Families Below Poverty Level 5,737 17.5% nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, increasing from approxi- Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census & 2013-2017 American Community Survey

1-7 mately 29,000 residents in 1880 to 143,000 resi- Bridgeport remains a major transportation dents in 1920. Population growth came primarily hub. Commuter (Metro North) and intercity from immigration, with most immigrants com- (Amtrak) rail service is provided at the Bridgeport ing from Europe before World War I and African rail station, located at the Bridgeport Intermodal American and Hispanic migrants coming from Transportation Center in Downtown. Connected to the Southern United States during later periods. the rail station by an overhead, covered walkway, The population peaked in the 1950s, but steadily Greater Bridgeport Transit’s main bus terminal is decreased throughout the late twentieth century also located in the Downtown. Bus service radiates as a result of suburban growth and the decline from the downtown terminal throughout Bridge- of industry in the area. This declining trend was port and into Fairfield, Stratford and Trumbull. reversed between 2000 and 2010, as the current Interstate 95 traverses the southern half of the population increased by about 3%. region and has an interchange with the Route 8/25 Bridgeport was originally a part of the towns Expressway in Bridgeport. of Fairfield and Stratford and was incorporated The Port of Bridgeport, classified as ac om- in 1821. Because of access to Long Island Sound, mercial harbor, is one of three deep water ports in shipbuilding and whaling were important early Connecticut. Activities within the harbor include industries. Bridgeport has a rich history as a manu- recreational boating and support facilities, com- facturing center. With the construction of railroad mercial fishing, dry dock and boat repair facilities, lines and good harbor access, the city experienced tug boat docking and passenger and vehicle ferry rapid industrialization. The railroad lines connected service. The Bridgeport and Port Jefferson Steam- Bridgeport to New York to the west, New Haven to boat Company operates the ferry service to Long the east and Pittsfield, Massachusetts to the north. Island and leases the Water Street Dock for loading Various goods were produced in Bridgeport and and unloading. The Water Street Dock is strategi- shipped around the world. Products included brass cally located in Downtown and is functionally con- fittings, sewing machines, carriages, and ammuni- nected to the Intermodal Transportation Center. tion. Future land use in Bridgeport is anticipated The city has a rich diversity of housing styles to reflect existing land uses, with potential mixed that were built to support the rise of the industrial use development on large vacant and underuti- sector. Much of this housing is typical of the mid- lized parcels of land that had previously supported to-late Victorian era, including the Italianate Villa industrial uses. and Queen Anne styles. Colonial Revival and neo- classic styles are also well represented. Work force Town of Easton housing was provided in “workers” cottages, brick “Philadelphia style” row houses and triple deckers. The Town of Easton has the smallest popu- Today, land use in the city reflects its industrial lation of all municipalities in the Region with a past. While many of the industrial plants have been population of 7,607 people (2013-2017 ACS). The demolished or left vacant, remnants of this past Town is located in the Region’s northwest and is endures. Residential neighborhoods are close-knit bordered by the MetroCOG communities of Fair- and retain historic configurations. Many residential field (to the south), and Monroe and Trumbull (to areas were built in proximity to factories so as to the east). The towns of Redding and Newtown (to attract and retain the workers needed by indus- the north) and Weston and Westport (to the west) try. Commercial activities are interspersed within are served by the Western Connecticut Council of neighborhoods. Downtown Bridgeport remains a Governments (WestCOG). banking center and is home to Federal, State, and Easton is one of the Region’s three inland County courthouses. Bridgeport is a major center communities. With a land area of 28.8 square of medical care due to the presence of St. Vincent’s miles, the Town consists largely of rolling, hilly ter- Medical Center and Bridgeport Hospital. Three col- rain. Elevations range from 110 feet at the Fairfield leges are located in Bridgeport: the University of border to approximately 740 feet at the northern Bridgeport in the South End (just north of Seaside boundary with Newtown. Park and Long Island Sound), Housatonic Com- Easton is not ethnically diverse, as only 7.9% of munity College in Downtown, and Sacred Heart the Town’s residents report an ethnicity other than University on upper Park Avenue. white and only 4.9% of residents are of Hispanic or

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 1-8 Section 1: Purpose and Regional Overview

Latino ancestry. Easton’s population has the high- State Forest is a patchwork of hundreds of scat- est median age of the Region at 49.0 years old, but tered parcels throughout mostly Fairfield County of the proportion older than 65 is not significantly varying size. higher than the Region or other member commu- As Easton is devoted to maintaining a pure nities (2013-2017 ACS). water supply, future land development will be The total number of occupied housing units limited. in Easton is 2,762, with 94.5% of units occupied by the owner. Rental units account for 5.5% of the Town of Fairfield Town’s housing. About 2.7% of the housing stock is vacant (2013-2017 ACS), with 50 units classified as The Town of Fairfield has a population of seasonal or recreational, about 1.8% of total units 61,611 people (2013-2017 ACS). Fairfield isbor - (2010 Census). dered by the MetroCOG communities of Easton Easton is a wealthy community, as indicated by (to the north), and Bridgeport and Trumbull (to the annual median family income of $159,044. The the east). The western border is with the Town of Town’s per capita income of $66,658 per year is Westport, which is located in the WestCOG Region. among the higher income levels in the state. Only Long Island Sound makes up the Town’s southern 2.7% of families in the Town of Easton were listed border. The Town has a land area of 30.6 square as having an income below the poverty line; 115 miles, rising to the north from its shoreline to an families earned less than $25,000 per year (2013- elevation of approximately 450 feet at Hoyden Hill 2017 ACS). near the northern border with Easton. The Town is almost exclusively a residential community and is pri- Demographic Profile: Town of Easton marily composed of single-family Population houses on large lots. About 0.1% of land in Town is used for com- Total Population 7,607 100.0% mercial purposes. The Town does White 7,008 92.1% not have a specific concentrated African American 1 0.0% commercial area and no industry Other Race 228 3.0% is located within the corporate limits. Over one third of Easton is Hispanic or Latino 370 4.9% preserved as either current water Age company owned lands or former Median Age 49.0 water company property. Four public supply reservoirs (Easton, < 15 years old 1,389 18.3% Aspetuck, Hemlock and Saugatuck) > 65 years old 1,347 17.7% are partially or wholly located in > 75 years old 513 6.7% the town. Housing About 2,300 acres of the Cen- Total Housing Units 2,837 100.0% tennial Watershed State Forest are located in Easton. The Centennial Owner Occupied 2,610 94.5% Watershed State Forest was formed Renter Occupied 152 5.5% in 2002, with the primary func- Total Occupied Housing Units 2,762 100.0% tion and purpose to protect water quality, wetlands and woodlands. Vacant Units 75 2.6% The State of Connecticut, in part- Seasonal Units 50 1.8% nership with The Nature Conser- Income vancy (TNC), acquired ownership Median Family Income $159,044 of roughly 6,000 acres of public supply watershed lands, as well Per Capita Income $66,658 as conservation and public access Families with Income <$25,000 115 5.3% easements on an additional 9,000 Families Below Poverty Level 58 2.7% acres. The Centennial Watershed Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census & 2013-2017 American Community Survey

1-9 Fairfield’s population is predominately white, Fairfield is served by three commuter rail sta- with 85.0% of residents reporting to be white. Ap- tions on the Metro-North New Haven Line: Fair- proximately 15.0% of the Town’s residents claim field Metro Center, Fairfield Center and Southport. a race other than white. Persons of Hispanic or Local bus service, oriented to and from Downtown Latino descent comprise 6.3% of the population. Bridgeport is provided along the US Route 1 (Kings The median age of Fairfield residents is 41.2 years Highway East to the Post Road) and Route 58 old, with the proportion older than 65 years old corridors. In addition to Interstate 95, the Merritt accounting for about 15.6% of the population Parkway (Route 15) passes through the northern (2013-2017 ACS). part of Fairfield. The total number of occupied housing units is 20,365, with 82.8% owner-occupied. The 17.2% of Town of Monroe renter occupied units account for a higher proportion of housing units as compared to Easton, Mon- The Town of Monroe is the fastest growing roe and Trumbull. Vacant housing units comprise community in the MetroCOG Region, with a popu- 5.8% of the total housing stock (2013-2017 ACS) lation of 19,766 people (2013-2017 ACS). Monroe with 1.6% of the units classified as seasonal or is located in the northern part of the Region and is recreational (2010 Census). bordered by the MetroCOG communities of Easton to the west and Trumbull to the south. To the east, Fairfield is a wealthy community, as indicated the Town shares a border with Shelton, which is by an annual median family income of $154,937, represented by the Naugatuck Valley Council of only slightly less than the median family income Governments (NVCOG). On the northeast, Monroe in Easton. The per capita income is $62,541 per year, a relatively high Demographic Profile: Town of Fairfield amount. About 3.0% of the total families are estimated to have an Population income below the poverty line. Total Population 61,611 100.0% Families earning less than $25,000 White 52,369 85.0% per year accounted for 4.3% of all families (2013-2017 ACS). African American 875 1.4% Other Race 4,458 7.2% Fairfield is a town with two distinct development patterns. Hispanic or Latino 3,909 6.3% Although the Town is a predomi- Age nantly residential community, more Median Age 41.2 intense development patterns are concentrated in the eastern and < 15 years old 12,120 19.7% southern areas of the Town and > 65 years old 9,634 15.6% along the Metro-North New Haven > 75 years old 4,796 7.8% Line and the Interstate 95 corridors. The major business and industrial Housing areas are located along US Route 1 Total Housing Units 21,615 100.0% and the southern portion of Route Owner Occupied 16,867 82.8% 58 (Black Rock Turnpike and Tunxis Renter Occupied 3,498 17.2% Hill Road). The northwestern part of town is relatively rural with a con- Total Occupied Housing Units 20,365 100.0% centration of large lot, single family Vacant Units 1,250 5.8% homes. Residential distribution is Seasonal Units 353 1.6% denser in the eastern portion of the community. Coastal development Income is primarily residential and includes Median Family Income $154,937 beaches and private marinas. Two Per Capita Income $62541 colleges are located in Fairfield: Families with Income <$25,000 655 4.3% Fairfield University and Sacred Heart University. Families Below Poverty Level 457 3.0% Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census & 2013-2017 American Community Survey

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 1-10 Section 1: Purpose and Regional Overview

borders the Town of Oxford (NVCOG) along Lake as Easton and Trumbull. Rental units account for Zoar and the Housatonic River. The land area of 9.8% of total occupied units. Vacant housing units Monroe is 26.4 square miles and the Town has a comprise 6.1% of the all housing units (2013-2017 high elevation of approximately 600 feet. ACS). Only 27 units are classified as seasonal or The ethnic mix of Monroe’s population is recreational (2010 Census). similar to that of other suburban communities in The annual median family income for Monroe the Region. The population is predominately white is $133,253, similar to the Region’s average without with 88.8% of residents reporting to be white. Ap- considering income levels in Bridgeport. The per proximately 11.2% of the Town’s residents report capita income is $47,991 per year. About 138 fami- a race other than white. Persons of Hispanic or lies or 2.7% of all families earn an income below Latino descent comprise 4.2% of the population. the poverty line and 2.9% of the households earn The median age of Monroe’s residents is 44.5 years less than $25,000 per year (2013-2017 ACS). old. The proportion of the population older than Monroe is a predominantly residential com- 65 accounts for about 14.6% of the population munity comprised of single family, detached units and is lower than other communities in the region on one to three acre lots. Several condominium (2013-2017 ACS). complexes provide a higher concentration of hous- The total number of occupied housing units ing. Commercial activities are concentrated along in Monroe is 6,865, with 90.2% of units occupied the Route 25 and Route 111 corridors, and several by the owner. This percentage is comparable to industrial parks are located along Pepper Street in other similarly sized towns in the Region, such the northern part of town. Future land use in Mon- roe is anticipated to be consistent Demographic Profile: Town of Monroe with existing development patterns. Population Total Population 19,766 100.0% Town of Stratford White 17,558 88.8% The Town of Stratford has a population of 52,529 people (2013- African American 33 0.2% 2017 ACS). Stratford is bordered Other Race 1,338 6.8% by the MetroCOG communities Hispanic or Latino 837 4.2% of Bridgeport and Trumbull to the west. The Town borders the City of Age Shelton (NVCOG) to the north and Median Age 44.5 the City of Milford (South Central < 15 years old 3,759 19.0% Region Council of Governments) to > 65 years old 2,894 14.6% the east. Long Island Sound makes up the town’s southern border. The > 75 years old 1,228 6.2% Housatonic River flows between Housing Stratford and Milford. The land area Total Housing Units 7,312 100.0% of Stratford is 19.6 square miles. Rising north from the Town’s shore- Owner Occupied 6,192 90.2% line, the Oronoque section of town Renter Occupied 673 9.8% has an elevation of approximately Total Occupied Housing Units 6,865 100.0% 240 feet. Vacant Units 447 6.1% The Town of Stratford’s popula- Seasonal Units 27 0.4% tion is more ethnically diverse than the MetroCOG Region’s other sub- Income urban communities. Although the Median Family Income $133,253 population is predominately white Per Capita Income $47,991 at 64.4% of residents, 26.1% of the population is made up of ethnic mi- Families with Income <$25,000 148 2.9% norities. Persons of Hispanic or La- Families Below Poverty Level 138 2.7% tino descent comprise about 15.3% Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census & 2013-2017 American Community Survey of the population. The median age

1-11 of Stratford’s residents is 44.1 years old, similar ented and mixed use development, as well as light to other communities in the Region and the state industrial and office park development. average. The proportion of the population older Stratford is served by one commuter rail sta- than 65 is higher than several other communities tion on the Metro-North New Haven Line, located in the Region, accounting for about 19.5% of the in Stratford Center. Local bus service is provided population. Similarly, the percentage of younger throughout the Town and provides access to most age persons is the lowest, comprising 14.7% of the areas of activity. Interstate 95 traverses the south- population (2013-2017 ACS). ern half of Stratford and the Merritt Parkway is The total number of occupied housing units located in the northern part. The Sikorsky Airport, in Stratford is 20,179 with 79.7% owner-occupied. the Region’s only airport, is located in the Lord- This percentage is lower than the Region’s north- ship section of town. The airport is classified as a ern communities but comparable with that of General Aviation airport, serving primarily private Fairfield. Rental units account for20.3% of total oc- aircraft. cupied units. Vacant housing units comprised 7.2% of total units (2013-2017 ACS), with 172 units clas- Town of Trumbull sified as seasonal or recreational (2010 Census). The annual median family income for Strat- The population of the Town of Trumbull is ford is $90,718, the second lowest income in the made up of 36,455 people (2013-2017 ACS). The Region. The per capita income is $36,043 annually, Town is located in the center of the Region, bor- lower than that of Fairfield County and slightly dered by the City of Bridgeport to the south, the lower than the state-wide median Town of Easton to the west, the Town of Monroe family income. About 834 families, Demographic Profile: Town of Stratford or 6.1% of the total were listed as having an income below the Population poverty line and 8.4% of families Total Population 52,529 100.0% earned less than $25,000 per year White 33,813 64.4% (2013-2017 ACS). African American 7,531 14.3% Although Stratford is a pre- Other Race 3,139 6.0% dominantly residential community, the Town has significant commer- Hispanic or Latino 8,046 15.3% cial and industrial corridors. Com- Age mercial activities are concentrated Median Age 44.1 along the U.S. Route 1 (Barnum Av- enue), U.S. Route 113 (Main Street), < 15 years old 7,738 14.7% as well as in the vicinity of Route > 65 years old 10,233 19.5% 110 (East Main Street, Barnum Av- > 75 years old 4,844 9.2% enue Cutoff, and Ferry Boulevard) Housing and Route 130 (Stratford Avenue). Prime industrial areas are located in Total Housing Units 21,745 100.0% the south end of Stratford in Lord- Owner Occupied 16,080 79.7% ship and near the Sikorsky Memo- Renter Occupied 4,099 20.3% rial Airport. The Sikorsky Aircraft plant (Lockheed Martin) is located Total Occupied Housing Units 20,179 100.0% along the northern section of Route Vacant Units 1,566 7.2% 110. Seasonal Units 172 0.8% There is a wide range of hous- Income ing types in Stratford. Medium Median Family Income $90,718 density housing is prevalent in the central and southern areas of town, Per Capita Income $36,043 while the northern part has typical Families with Income <$25,000 1,146 8.4% low density developments. Future Families Below Poverty Level 834 6.1% land use plans include transit ori- Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census & 2013-2017 American Community Survey

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 1-12 Section 1: Purpose and Regional Overview

to the north, and the Town of Stratford to the east. number of residents younger than 15 years old Trumbull is also bordered by the City of Shelton accounts for about 19.5% of the population and is (NVCOG) to the east. The land area of Trumbull similar to other communities in the Region (2013- is 23.3 square miles and consists of low hills and 2017 ACS). steep ridges that rise above well-defined valleys. The total number of occupied housing units The highest elevation in the Town is approximately in Trumbull is 12,383, with 87.7% owner-occupied 520 feet, recorded in both Tashua and Booth Hill. households. Renter occupied units make up about The ethnic mix of Trumbull’s population is 12.3% of total occupied units. These rates are similar to that of the Region’s other suburban com- comparable to other similarly sized towns in the munities. The population is predominately white: Region. Approximately 4.0% of all housing units in 78.9% of residents report to be white and 21.1% of the Town are vacant (2013-2017 ACS). Seasonal or residents report a race other than white. Persons recreational housing units make up about 1% of of Hispanic or Latino descent comprise 8.4% of the the total housing stock (2010 Census). Town’s population. The median age of Trumbull The annual median family income for Trumbull residents is 43.5 years, making the Town’s popu- is $132,188 which is slightly higher than the aver- lation slightly younger than other communities age for the Region without considering income in the Region. The proportion of the population levels in Bridgeport. The per capita income is at older than 65 is among the highest in the Region, $49,030 per year. About 68 families or 0.7% of accounting for about 18.7% of the population. The families earn an income below the poverty line and 1.7% of all households earn less Demographic Profile: Town of Trumbull than $25,000 per year (2013-2017 Population ACS). Total Population 36,455 100.0% Trumbull is a predominantly residential community, comprised White 28,778 78.9% mostly of single-family houses on African American 1,126 3.1% one half to one acre lots, with the Other Race 2,468 6.9% smaller lots sizes located in the older parts of town. Several con- Hispanic or Latino 3,057 8.4% dominium complexes are scattered Age throughout the town. Commercial, Median Age 43.5 office and industrial activities are < 15 years old 7,107 19.5% concentrated in large parks with single accesses from main road > 65 years old 6,812 18.7% corridors. The two largest shopping > 80 years old 2,443 6.8% malls in the Region are located in Housing Trumbull. Future land use in Trum- bull is expected to maintain and Total Housing Units 12,898 100.0% enhance the existing colonial New Owner Occupied 10,860 87.7% England, residential character of the Renter Occupied 1,523 12.3% Town with some limited and managed vertical growth in industrial Total Occupied Housing Units 12,383 100.0% areas. Vacant Units 515 4.0% Local bus service is provided Seasonal Units 79 0.6% along main road corridors and is Income oriented to and from the Trum- Median Family Income $132,188 bull–Westfield Shopping Mall. The Merritt Parkway and Routes 8 and Per Capita Income $49,030 25 pass through Trumbull. Families with Income <$25,000 163 1.7% Families Below Poverty Level 68 0.7% 1.5 Land Use Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census & 2013-2017 American Community Survey The land area of the region

1-13 is approximately 145 square miles. Land cover Source: UConn, CLEAR statistics were derived from data provided by the 2015 Land Cover UConn Center for Land Use Education and Re- search (CLEAR). Land Cover Area (acres) % Developed 36,630 39.9 The coastal towns, especially along the Inter- state 95 corridor, are the most developed areas in Turf & Grass 13,228 14.4 the region. Overall, 40% of the region is devel- Other Grasses 1,143 1.2 oped. The inland communities, especially Easton Agriculture 1,513 1.6 and Monroe, are more forested. Overall, 38% of Deciduous Forest 31,088 33.9 the region is forested. There is some agriculture but it is less than 2% of the entire region. Coniferous Forest 1,656 1.8 Water 2,514 2.7 Non-Forested Wetland 57 0.1 1.6 Development Trends Forested Wetland 2,026 2.2 As mentioned in Section 1.4, the MetroCOG Tidal Wetland 977 1.1 Region has the highest population density in the State of Connecticut. The majority of the popula- Barren Land 708 0.8 tion (45%) lives in the City of Bridgeport. Following Utility ROWs 154 0.2 the previous 2014 NHMP, estimates suggest that Total 92,692 100 all towns have increased in population but that development trends have been relatively flat. The majority of new housing permits were in the coastal communities of Fairfield, Bridgeport, and Strat- Source: US Census Bureau, 2010 Census, 2013-2017 ACS ford which have been hard hit by previous coastal Population Change storms such as Superstorm Sandy. Thus an increase 2017 Change, in development in these towns likely resulted in Municipality 2000 2010 Est. 2010-17 more people exposed to natural hazards. Bridgeport 139,529 144,229 147,586 3,357 From 2000 to 2010 the Region’s population Easton 7,272 7,490 7,607 117 increased by 10,397 people. Again, Bridgeport and Fairfield 57,340 59,404 61,611 2,207 Fairfield had the largest increase in population, while Monroe and Easton had the smallest. The Monroe 19,247 19,479 19,766 287 towns of Stratford and Trumbull also grew by over Stratford 49,976 51,384 52,529 1,145 1,400 people. From 2010 to 2017, the Region’s Trumbull 34,243 36,018 36,455 437 population is estimated to have increased by 7,550 Region 307,607 318,004 325,554 7,550 people, primarily in the coastal communities of Bridgeport, Fairfield, and Stratford. The coastal increase in population has put more people in

Source: Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development Housing Permit Data From 2012-2017

Municipality 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total Bridgeport 175 16 134 119 69 31 544 Easton 3 8 5 5 6 7 34 Fairfield 50 154 111 98 258 111 782 Monroe 4 16 3 5 10 17 55 Stratford 9 270 13 37 25 84 438 Trumbull 7 11 4 8 8 6 44 Region 248 475 270 272 376 256 1,897

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 1-14 Section 1: Purpose and Regional Overview

1-15 danger of coastal storms which have been occur- occur in the five-year timeframe of this plan, ring regularly over the last decade. between 2019 and 2024. • The University of Bridgeport is planning for a variety of redevelopment projects in the City of Bridgeport south end. The previous NHMP noted that the primary • Both wastewater treatment facilities will be land use objective for the City of Bridgeport was undergoing upgrades in their respective redevelopment. The focus was on infilling former coastal flood zones in the next five years. manufacturing lots that have been left vacant, of • Redevelopment is possible along and near which many are Brownfield sites. In addition, the Cedar Creek in the West End planning area. City is working to develop Transit Oriented Devel- • Cherry Street development near the railroad opment (TOD) in East Bridgeport with emphasis on tracks is outside the flood zone. multi-modal transit. • BMW is building a new building in the The City has continued to focus on redevelop- floodway that will be floodproofed. This area ment over the past five years. Notable projects flooded in September 2018, and the rede- include: velopment will likely lead to lower future • A number of redevelopment projects are damages at the site. underway Downtown. • Development is ongoing along the Seaview • The Ballpark at Harbor Yard is being convert- Avenue corridor north of Barnum Avenue. ed to an amphitheater in 2019-2020. To the extent necessary, some of the above • Public Service Enterprise Group (PSEG) redevelopment projects will intersect with compo- constructed a new generating unit (“Unit nents of Resilient Bridgeport which is the result of 5”). This new plant has been elevated on fill the Rebuild by Design (RBD) and National Disas- material above the 0.2% flood elevation. ter Resilience Competition (NDRC) awards. For • Steele Point is being built out on land that is example, RBD is primarily leading to elevation of protected by new bulkheads and an elevated Iranistan Avenue at Marina Village, which will nec- ground surface that exceeds the base flood essarily impact the Marina Village redevelopment. elevation. Projected buildout of Steele Point NDRC is leading to elevation of University Avenue is 10 to 15 years from 2019, extending into and construction of other segments of flood pro- the timeframes of future hazard mitigation tection in the South End, which will impact proper- plan updates. A new site at the southern ex- ties such as the former Remington site at 60 Main tent of Steele Point (“Dockmaster Building”) Street. The City will need to continue coordinating is complete and ready for mixed use in 2019. its review of development projects with participa- • Marina Village, a public housing complex tion of the Resilient Bridgeport team. consisting of two-story row-house build- Finally, the City of Bridgeport has also been ings located near Seaside Park in the South investing in new community resources such as End, is in the process of being rebuilt. The schools. The City has a new high school located new development will include compliance at 840 Old Town Road. The City annexed this land with floodplain development standards, as from the Town of Trumbull. The City also built the site is partially in the SFHA. The project Harding High School at 379 Bond Street which will begin on the east side outside the flood opened in August 2018. Finally, various school zone and then extend to the west into the renovations have also been completed during flood zone. the timespan between the adoption of the 2014 • “Civic Block” refers to an entire block on NHMP and development of this update. Stratford Avenue which is being redeveloped with a new library, grocery store, retail and other uses. Town of Easton • The former Remington site at 60 Main Street The previous NHMP noted that the Town of will eventually be redeveloped in the coastal Easton continued to preserve low residential char- flood zone. acter and ample amounts of public water supply • The former ferry terminal site will eventually watershed lands. It continued to encourage com- be redeveloped in the coastal flood zone, mercial and service growth in central areas while but not until after the ferry service com- preserving open space. pletes its terminal relocation. This will likely

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 1-16 Section 1: Purpose and Regional Overview

The Town of Easton noted that major develop- Town of Monroe ment is not underway as of 2019. The Town re- The 2014 NHMP noted that since the 2006 mains rural and wishes to retain its rural character. NHMP there had been minor development in the Town of Monroe. Approximately 40% of the Pep- Town of Fairfield per Street Industrial park was developed, leaving about 30% undeveloped (remaining) at this point. The 2014 NHMP noted that since the 2006 There has also been expected (typical) infilling and NHMP there were several completed develop- redevelopment along the Route 25 and Route 111 ments in the Town of Fairfield. The Metro Center commercial corridors. Some sections of Route 25 Train Station was constructed in December 2011. will be elevated in 2019 to address flooding. There Fairfield University and Sacred Heart University were no significant changes in residential devel- constructed new dormitories and educational opment (subdivisions), with only one subdivision buildings. A Whole Foods Development and strip requiring a floodplain development permit since mall was completed as well as a Green Infrastruc- 2014. ture “Delmar” mixed development project. There has also been construction of a joint Town and pri- As of 2019, the Town reported that very little vately owned recreational complex. Finally, there development is occurring in floodplains. Backyards was “in filling” of vacant lots and construction of typically approach floodplains, but not structures. minor subdivisions. Pending projects include the following which are not located in areas of flood risk: While the majority of Fairfield is residential, the • New bulk propane storage Commerce Drive area represents an opportunity • A three-lot subdivision for development. In May 2011, the Town Planning • A two-lot subdivision and Zoning commission adopted an amendment • Expansion of a non-residential use to the Town Plan of Conservation and Develop- ment to implement new zoning regulations for the By comparison, projects approved in 2018 Commerce Drive area surrounding the new Metro included a five-lot industrial subdivision, a new Station to guide new development. distribution center, and a new gasoline service station. Prior to 2018 and 2019, the last residential The Town has attempted to alleviate its vul- subdivision approved by the town was in 2015, nerability to natural hazards. There has been an and the size was only ten lots. increase in the number of houses being elevated after coastal storms Irene and Sandy. The Town of Fairfield has also continued to limit development Town of Stratford on the Pine Creek side of Fairfield BeachRoad The 2014 NHMP noted that since the 2008 due to its vulnerability to coastal natural hazards Stratford NHMP, there had been several develop- such as hurricanes and storm surge. Over the past ment projects completed. New apartment com- five years, new resilient construction is underway plexes designed by Forest City Enterprises were throughout the town, with residential tear-down completed on Stratford Avenue and on Main St. and reconstruction projects resulting in more The Stratford Avenue apartments were completed than 100 elevated homes and approximately 200 in September 2013. In addition, construction had replacement flood compliant structures. begun on the Avalon Bay apartment complex Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is ongo- located on Cutspring Road in the northern section ing as of 2019 in the vicinity of the Fairfield Metro of the Town. Railroad Station. This development including 101 In addition to development, the Town has new housing units plus 160 housing units com- removed structures as well. Sixty-three cottages ing online soon. New resilient construction is on Long Beach West were removed in 2010-2011. underway throughout the town, and residential These cottages were abandoned when the only tear-downs/reconstruction projects are resulting vehicular bridge connecting the community to the in elevated homes where flood risks are present. mainland was lost to a fire. Instead of rebuilding A new solar farm was recently constructed on the the bridge, the Town opted to remove the struc- closed landfill, as a result of increased interest in tures to increase open space and environmental solar generation throughout New England. conservation. These structures were located on a barrier island, susceptible to coastal flooding, so

1-17 there removal reduces the Town’s overall risk to region likely resulted in more people exposed to natural hazards. natural hazards, and the moderate region wide The Town of Stratford remains for the most increase in population has put more people in part, built out. The majority of development will danger of storms. However, much of this develop- be in-fill residential development and redevelopment is occurring as redevelopment, and all of the ment of existing industrial and commercial areas. development (new or otherwise) is regulated by The Town has also developed a updated Open current zoning and flood damage prevention regu- Space Inventory designed to highlight potential lations as well as the State Building Code. open space acquisitions over the next several Therefore, the region’s mitigation goals, objec- years. tives, and strategies (described in Sections 4.2 and As of 2019, development in the Transit Ori- 4.3) were deemed appropriate and needed only ented Development District for mixed uses is a sig- minor revisions. Three objectives were added as nificant focus in the town. About 300 to 400 units noted on Pages 4-14 and 4-15. These are related are approved within ¼ mile of the railroad station. to “code plus” construction, shoreline infrastruc- The Town believes this momentum will continue. ture, and robust public outreach through CRS par- Other projects include: ticipation. Significant revisions of this NHMP were • Contract Plating on Honeyspot Road has not necessary for addressing development trends been demolished and will be redeveloped. in the region. • Large-scale warehouse development along Lordship Boulevard may continue. Of particular interest to flood hazard risk reduction, the U.S. Army has selected a preferred developer for the former Army Engine Plant which is entirely in the coastal flood zone. Redevelop- ment of this large parcel will require compliance with regulations that control development in flood zones. Similarly, the former Shakespeare property is located partially in the flood zone and is planned for redevelopment. Finally, the town believes that some development will be spurred by nearby development in Bridgeport (i.e. Steele Point).

Town of Trumbull The 2014 NHMP noted that changes in development since 2006 included significant new building construction on Monroe Turnpike and Quarry Road. There were two to three other places in town where existing commercial buildings were significantly expanded during that time. Also, new subdivisions were built between 2006 and 2009, primarily in the northwestern part of Town. According to Town staff, recent development since 2014 has avoided floodplains. Numerous apartment units are in development, and a new medical office building was recently developed.

Summary of Development Trends As noted on page 1-14, an increase in development in the three coastal communities of the

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update 1-18 Planning 2 Process Section Two documents the process of preparing the NHMP and the involvement of each MetroCOG municipality. Outreach to and engagement with neighboring communities, regional agencies and the public is described. Details of existing plans, policies, programs and government structures provides insight into the capacity of each community to plan for natural hazards and implement 2.1 Review of Existing Plans strategies that will mitigate the im- The existing Plans of Conservation and Development pacts of natural hazards. (POCD) for each of the six communities of the Metro- COG Region were reviewed. In addition, other pertinent reports or plans were examined for their relevance to developing the NHMP.

City of Bridgeport The City has prepared and adopted several master plans to guide future development and use of land. Plans reviewed include the following: • Plan Bold - Plan Smart - Plan Bridgeport - The City’s Plan of Conservation and Development; adopted April 22, 2019. • Re-imagining Downtown Bridgeport - A master plan for the revitalization of the downtown area; prepared in 2007 by the Downtown Special Ser- vices District. • BGreen 2020: A Sustainability Plan for Bridgeport, Connecticut - The Plan was developed through a collaboration of city departments, community leaders and the business community to address the effects of climate change, encourage redevelopment that is sustainable, revitalize distressed areas of Bridgeport, implement renewable energy projects and programs, increase recycling and composting, and focus mobility on a transit first and complete streets policy. • All Hazards Emergency Operations Plan - The current version of this plan was developed in 2011 and is reviewed and updated annually. • Pequonnock River Watershed Based Plan - The Pequonnock River watershed is

2-1 located within the City of Bridgeport and the area. The POCD further encourages the City to the Towns of Trumbull and Monroe. The support coastal resilience efforts either through goal of the Plan is to identify actions that barriers, elevation of structures, or reintroduction will address water quality impairments in the of marshes. Pequonnock River and Bridgeport Harbor. Another goal is to concentrate dense, mixed While water quality is the primary focus of use and walkable development around upgraded the plan, many recommendations to restore multimodal transportation infrastructure. The water quality will also mitigate flooding POCD recommends that the City improve pedes- throughout the watershed. The Plan was trian and bicycle access, construct Barnum rail adopted in 2011. station in East Bridgeport, and set a development • Rooster River Watershed Based Plan - The goal of 4,300 housing units within one-half mile of goals and strategies of the Rooster River Bridgeport station (Downtown). The development Plan are similar to those of the Pequonnock of housing is considered a critical need as 40% of River Plan. The Rooster River flows from the existing housing stock in the city is more than the Town of Trumbull to form the border 70 years old, and the existing housing stock is too between the Town of Fairfield and the City expensive for many families to afford. To this end, of Bridgeport. Via the Ash Creek Estuary, new development will be encouraged through the River ultimately flows into Black Rock zoning changes, while redevelopment is encour- Harbor and Long Island Sound. The Plan was aged for blighted and vacant properties. adopted in 2014. • Feasibility Study and Master Plan for Pleasure Numerous goals and strategies in the POCD Beach Park - Pleasure Beach Park is located are related to hazard mitigation, including (but not on the largest portion of a barrier beach that limited to) enhancing the resiliency of Bridgeport’s extends from Stratford to Bridgeport. The neighborhoods by encouraging development of Plan balances active and passive recreation neighborhood specific coastal resiliency plans, re- uses with the park’s value as a habitat for na- stricting development in high risk flood plains, and tive and endangered species. supporting development of a comprehensive flood • Waterfront Bridgeport Plan - The Waterfront protection system for the South End neighbor- Plan focuses on recreating and transforming hood. Other strategies include implementation of Bridgeport’s waterfront from its industrial the Pequonnock River Watershed Based Plan, the past to one focused on public access and Rooster River Watershed Based Plan, and the Ash resiliency. The Plan was adopted in 2017. Creek Estuary Master Plan. • Regional Plan Association Fourth Regional Re-imagining Downtown Bridgeport Plan - This Plan is intended to guide or inform improvements to various aspects of the The Downtown Master Plan was incorporated region with a focus on the changing coast- as part of the previous 2008 POCD. The Plan’s line and restoration of natural systems. This vision is to transform Downtown Bridgeport into Plan was adopted in 2017. an urban alternative for young adults through a dynamic mix of entertainment, recreation, restau- Plan Bold - Plan Smart - Plan Bridgeport rants, employment opportunities and housing. The The City’s POCD presents several guiding key element of the Plan is to leverage the Down- principles for the next 10 years related to being town’s assets, historic buildings and architectural a livable city, having a robust economy, being an qualities to attract real estate development and equitable city, being a healthy community, valuing investment. The Plan’s recommendations include nature, and being a regional center. The goals and the installation of green infrastructure to provide strategies presented in the plan are also aligned better storm water management and capacity, with four main strategic themes including water- modified landscaping to reduce the amount of front, TOD, housing, and neighborhoods. hard and impervious surfaces, and the creation of a greenway along the harbor and waterfront. The POCD encourages waterfront redevelopment efforts while recognizing the risk of coastal The BGreen 2020: A Sustainability Plan for storms and flooding. Redevelopment objectives Bridgeport, CT include development of a 3.5-mile linear trail along the waterfront and 200 acres of redevelopment in The BGreen 2020 plan was developed to guide the City’s future development and land use

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-2 Section 2: Planning Process

policies. The BGreen Plan’s intent is to establish Rooster River Watershed Based Plan goals and objectives to promote and encourage The Rooster River Watershed Based Plan development that would reduce the City’s car- (Approved 2013) was developed through a part- bon footprint, rely on alternative energy sources nership with the City of Bridgeport, the Towns of and change how people move about the City. Fairfield and Trumbull, the Southwest Conservation The plan’s overriding theme stresses that climate District and the Connecticut Department of Energy change and rising sea levels are occurring and will and Environmental Protection. The watershed continue in the future. The City will face long term management goals, and supporting actions to consequences that include stronger storm surges restore the water quality of the Rooster River are and greater coastal flooding. These hazards will similar to those of the Pequonnock River Plan. Ac- threaten the City’s infrastructure and vulnerable tions that will mitigate flooding and possibly other populations. While the Plan does not specifically hazards include: address natural hazard mitigation, it includes a • Reduce the impacts of storm water on hy- number of actions and strategies to reduce storm drology and water quality through the use of water runoff, increase resiliency to climate change, Low Impact Development (LID) practices and sea level rise and storm surges, and encourage Green Infrastructure approaches. sustainable development. Recommended actions • Implement municipal storm water manage- include: ment programs to comply with state and • Increase waterfront access opportunities; federal permit requirements. • Expand street tree planting and urban forest • Identify and remove illicit wastewater and programs; non-storm water discharges into the Rooster • Limit storm water flows into the waste water River and its tributaries. system; • Protect and enhance forested areas and • Maintain the storm water system to prevent urban tree canopy within the watershed. and reduce flooding; and • Address flooding issues through a coordi- • Develop green building guidelines and in- nated, watershed-wide approach. stall green infrastructure. • Preserve and protect existing open space Pequonnock River Watershed Based Plan and continue to protect/acquire open space that meets resource protection and recre- In 2010, a partnership between the City of ational goals. Bridgeport and the Towns of Monroe and Trum- bull was formed to develop the Pequonnock River Feasibility Study and Master Plan for Pleasure Watershed Based Plan. The Pequonnock River Beach Park flows through the three municipalities and the The Feasibility Study and Master Plan for watershed covers about 29 square miles. While Pleasure Beach Park includes a site analysis of this degraded water quality is a prime issue, flooding environmentally valuable barrier beach, as well as a along the river is common. In Bridgeport, flood- vision plan and list of projects for the park. Recom- ing occurs because of intense urban development mendations related to hazard mitigation include: along the river. Steep slopes and limited floodplain • Reduce impervious surfaces. storage capacity worsens flooding in Trumbull, • Support surface conveyance, infiltration while lowlands adjacent to the upper reaches of and natural treatment of storm water. the Pequonnock River in Monroe flood. • Remove invasive plant material and plant na- In general, the priority actions for the Pequon- tive and non-invasive species. nock River watershed are intended to improve the water quality. However, many actions will have the Waterfront Bridgeport Plan secondary benefit of reducing flooding and the The Waterfront Bridgeport Plan (WBP) focuses associated impacts. These include the installation on recreating and transforming Bridgeport’s water- of green infrastructure to increase the storage ca- front which still resembles the city’s industrial past. pacity of storm water runoff and efforts to protect, The goals of this plan are to increase public access, preserve and expand buffers and setbacks from create jobs and economic prosperity, repurpose wetlands and the river channel. vacant or abandoned properties, encourage water- based recreation and an active waterfront, and to boost resiliency against effects of climate change.

2-3 The plan was developed with input from the addressed by the Fourth Regional Plan, and RPA City of Bridgeport, public officials, community selected Bridgeport as one of the Region’s Nine members, and waterfront stakeholders. The WBP Flagship Places along with communities in New is meant to be a guide for action rather than just a York City, Long Island, the Hudson Valley, and New summary of design ideas. Jersey. The framework for the plan will play a role in This plan acknowledges the changes and ef- decisions regarding land use, public space and ac- fects that have already been experienced across cess, neighborhood connections, pathway charac- the region related to climate change. These recom- teristics, and much more. This framework and its mendations revolve around adapting to a chang- important elements are critical to the success of ing coastline, bringing nature into communities, the revitalization projects. The overall framework improving the natural and built systems, and to includes strategies regarding zoning and compli- create a greener energy system with more capacity. ance, economic development, public access and For the region to adapt to the changing coast- amenities, design standards, natural restoration line, multiple recommendations are made. and resiliency, and waterfront advocacy and pro- • One is to protect the densely populated gramming. communities that are vulnerable to storms As part of the zoning and compliance aspect and flooding. Two aspects of exposure are of this plan, it was suggested that a Waterfront considered for this recommendation: physi- Overlay Zone (WOZ) be created. Properties located cal and social. Many residents situated on the within this zone would be subject to certain WOZ vulnerable shoreline are elderly, low-income, requirements. These regulations would come into or otherwise socially vulnerable. Some ways effect when there is construction or placement of to improve resiliency and protect these com- a structure, when a site being filled is significantly munities is to complete projects that are unchanged, a change in property or structure use, derway, provide support to municipalities or demolition of structures, or alterations or renova- communities conducting their own resilience tions of existing buildings. The proposed WOZ planning, and to create a long-term adapta- regulations address both the goals and design tion plan. standards of the WBP. • There is also the recommendation to migrate away from places that likely cannot be The natural restoration and resilience aspect protected. By improving buyout programs, of this plan aims to restore the functional ecology implementing long term adaptation plans, of the shoreline and protect inland development and knowing what is at risk, costly outcomes with the implementation of green infrastructure can be avoided, such as infrastructure and approaches. The plan also looks to integrate re- property damage. The concept of migrating siliency into all redevelopment projects along the away from areas that cannot be protected waterfront area, not just intermittently. The plan could be considered. references the regulatory changes made in 2013 by New York City, which passed a Flood Resilience The second set of recommendations made Zone Text Amendment. It was also suggested that fall under the category of bringing nature into the existing zoning in Bridgeport be modified to allow community. for storm protections, such as elevating buildings • One suggestion is to end the discharge of above FEMA flood levels. raw sewage into waterways. To reduce such discharges, municipal building and zoning Regional Plan Association Fourth Regional requirements should be set to incorporate Plan green infrastructure approaches, stormwater utility fees could be implemented, and stud- The Regional Plan Association (RPA) Fourth ies should be conducted to also evaluate the Regional Plan was developed to guide or inform applicability of green districts. The elimination improvements to various aspects of the Region of combined sewer outflows would help alle- including economic development, climate change viate pollution, and in turn improve the health adaptation, sustainable communities, and trans- of surrounding ecosystems. portation and infrastructure. This plan is guided • There is also the recommendation to restore by four core values: equity, health, prosperity, and the region’s harbors and estuaries. Methods sustainability. Bridgeport is a part of the Region of doing so include maintaining the existing

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-4 Section 2: Planning Process

habitats, restoring lost habitat, provide space task force could be created to join stakehold- for wetland migration, and to clean contami- ers and consider new alternatives, the existing nated sites. These methods could result in grid should be adapted to be cleaner and improved wetland health, regulations that renewable, pricing can be used to smooth en- promote wetland migration, and protection ergy demands, and enhance energy storage. from storms and flooding. By implementing upgrades and alternatives, a • Another aspect of bringing nature into our more reliable and cleaner grid would be avail- communities is to cool our communities. able. By cooling the communities through green • Also, it is recommended to scale up renew- approaches and green infrastructure require- able energy sources. The region has a goal of ments, we are preparing for rising tempera- greenhouse gas reduction of 80% by 2050. tures, reducing stormwater runoff, reducing Local communities should collaborate to pro- heat stress, and creating more attractive com- mote renewable energies through land use munities. planning and organization. New Jersey and By improving the natural built systems, com- Connecticut should follow the precedence munities can become more connected and sus- New York set and require utilities to generate tainable. a minimum of 50% of their energy from re- • One method is prioritizing the protection of newable sources, and larger cities and public land to help adapt to a changing climate. To authorities should pursue renewable energy establish these prioritizations, there should to power their operations and influence the be an increase in state funding, and col- market. laborations should be pursued between • To create a greener energy system, demand government and community-based groups. should be managed with energy efficient It is suggested that this option is the most buildings and variable pricing. Building cost effective from both an economical and energy efficiency codes should be strength- environmental perspective. It could also have ened, and pricing and smart technology can positive effects on drinking water, air quality, be used to manage demand. By encouraging and economic impacts. energy reductions, and adopting stricter ef- • It is also recommended to build a regional ficiency regulations could improve air quality, trail system. This system would improve com- reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and would munity connectedness throughout the region, promote renewable energy across the region. which could boost habitat migration, have • The final ecommendationr is to electrify positive economic impacts to surrounding buildings and vehicles. Large, old buildings communities, and provide easier access to across the region play a major role in green- green and open space to millions of people. house gas emissions, therefore a cap should Another method of adaptation is to upgrade be implemented on large, urban buildings infrastructure to high standards of resilience. therefore promoting efficiency and reducing Older facilities that are being upgraded and emissions. Also, electric vehicles should be replaced should incorporate climate change increasingly promoted with regional incen- resiliency into their plans. Also, projects tive programs, and make the vehicle charging should be prioritized that include more natu- network more extensive. By electrifying cars ral solutions. By increasing the standards of and buildings, in conjunction with a cleaner resilience, critical infrastructure will be more grid, there would be a reduction in emis- prepared for future inundation. sions, and subsequently limiting the effects of climate change. The final category for climate change adaptation is to create a greener energy system with more capacity. Town of Easton • This first recommendation is to modernize The Town of Easton is a low density residential the electric grid. Increasing populations will community. The newly adopted POCD (2018) notes soon overtax the outdated system across the that in the previous ten years population has aged, region, therefore relying on increased fos- school enrollments have declined, and housing sil fuel usage. Plans should be developed to values have risen while demand has changed. create a more renewable region. A tri-state Due to the high proportion of land that is set

2-5 aside as public water supply watershed areas, the POCD recognizes the value of these systems and Town’s land pattern provides substantial natural recommends their maintenance. Furthermore, the open spaces, wetlands and watercourse buffers POCD recommends that certain coastal devel- and limited impervious surface land cover. Flood- opments begin to take precautions to mitigate ing problems are limited to certain areas along vulnerabilities. the Aspetuck River, but the flooding is generally limited due to the existing land patterns. Town of Monroe The POCD discusses various natural hazards that may affect the Town, including wind storms, Monroe’s POCD was drafted in March of 2010. flooding, drought, and other events such as winter The Town anticipates beginning an update in 2019. storms. The Plan includes recommendations for The following discussion is based on the 2010 edi- regulations that will increase oversight and the tion of the POCD. control of activities within the floodplain, limiting The Plan describes the Town as containing a the possibility of flooding and related damage to large quantity of inland wetlands, streams, lakes properties. The Plan also states that the Town is and rivers. To designate the minimum regula- committed to collaborating with MetroCOG in the tory jurisdiction of the Monroe Inland Wetlands Regional Hazard Mitigation Planning process. Commission for any disturbances and alterations, an upland review area was added around these features. Any activity that might have an impact Town of Fairfield on wetlands, including excavation, filling, building, The Fairfield POCD was last adopted in 2016 to obstructions, potential pollution sources, clearing incorporate a variety of local and regional planning and grading is regulated, whether or not the activ- efforts. However, as the majority of the current ity occurs in the wetland itself or on land adjacent POCD is carried over from the 2000 POCD with re- to the wetland. spect to goals and policies, a more comprehensive One of the key goals of the Plan is to exer- POCD update is currently underway with the goal cise stewardship over Monroe’s natural features, of completion in 2020. such as wetlands, streams and Lake Zoar. The Plan As a coastal community with a substantial and recommends the protection and conservation of diverse shore area, the possible consequences natural resources including wetlands, as they func- from sea level rise and more extensive storm tion as a natural storage basin for floodwaters. The surges are considered an imminent threat to the responsibility for reviewing and regulating activi- Town. These concerns were incorporated into ties within and adjacent to these natural resources the 2000 POCD by integrating the recommenda- is vested in Monroe’s Planning and Zoning Com- tions of the Town’s Shoreline Advisory Committee mission (P&Z) and Inland Wetlands Commission. and its Shore Area Management Plan (2000) and While the Plan focuses on actions to ensure subsequently were carried forward into the 2016 the character of the Town and guide future land POCD. development, many of the recommendations The Fairfield POCD recognizes the inherent also mitigate adverse impacts caused by extreme dangers from flooding and erosion of beach areas. weather events. Establishing undisturbed buf- A long list of actions to help protect the shoreline fers and setbacks along river edges and wetlands and reduce damage to property and personal and discouraging impervious surfaces provides injury is included in the POCD. The key goals and storage capacity for flood waters, limits damage objectives from the POCD relating to the shore- to property and reduces the hazards and costs line area are preserving existing natural resources, associated with flooding. In addition, the Plan limiting development in sensitive areas, protect- recommends restricting the types of land uses that ing tidal and shoreline inland wetlands, acquiring may be located within the designated 100 year sensitive parcels, and continuing participation in flood elevation. Floodplains and wetlands would the National Flood Insurance Program. be retained in their natural state to the maximum While the POCD recommends non-structural extent possible so as to preserve water quality, actions where possible, several physical systems protect water retention capabilities, and facilitate have been installed to help stabilize beaches and flood flow levels. to protect and stabilize waterfront properties. The The Plan includes a section on sustainable de-

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-6 Section 2: Planning Process

velopment. While many of the suggested policies the Long Island Sound; are not specifically targeted at mitigating natural • Implement the recommendations contained hazards, they have a beneficial impact on Monroe in the Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan; and and will help reduce flooding and storm damage. • Perform engineering studies to determine the best way to protect infrastructure subject to extreme flooding. Town of Stratford • Work with MetroCOG and other regional en- Stratford on the Housatonic tities to address climate change and hazard mitigation issues to ensure an environmen- The Town of Stratford POCD was adopted in tally-sustainable region 2014. Reflecting current perspectives and re- • Enroll in the FEMA Community Rating Sys- cent events, the draft Plan includes a chapter on tem (which has occurred). “Climate Change Action & Preparedness.” With 14 miles of waterfront along the Housatonic River and Stratford Coastal Community Resilience Plan Long Island Sound, the Town is concerned with The Stratford Coastal Community Resilience the possible effects of sea level rise and excessive Plan (2016) presents an overview of coastal flood- storm surges and is actively considering actions to ing hazards facing the town in the future, including lessen potential impacts. A recommended action sea level rise, tidal flooding, and extreme flood- step included in the Plan is to work with Metro- ing. The vulnerability and risk assessment identi- COG and other regional entities on addressing fies that the employment growth district and the climate change and hazard mitigation issues to South End neighborhood are at high risk of being ensure an environmentally sustainable region. affected by sea level rise. Other components at Inland and coastal flooding and impacts from risk of sea level rise include sanitary sewer infra- storm surges are specifically addressed in the structure, stormwater management systems and Town of Stratford’s POCD. The Plan indicates that tide gates, hazardous materials facilities, state and flooding along the Housatonic River is generally primary roads, vulnerable populations, and natural limited to adjacent properties and does not extend resources. Specific flood mitigation projects are far inland. Heavy rain events cause some flooding identified within the three resiliency strategies of along Bruce Brook, Pumpkin Ground Brook and Ra- Retreat, Accommodate, and Protect. ven Brook. The coastal area of Stratford experiences flooding from storm surges. However, the Lordship Roosevelt Forest Management Plan section is generally not impacted because of higher The 2011 Plan was developed to guide man- base elevations. agement of the 401-acre Roosevelt Forest in Several actions are included in the Plan to northern Stratford. At the time of the plan, the for- increase awareness of the potential impacts from est had not received any active forest management climate change and to mitigate these impacts: for more than 40 years. Major recommendations • Minimize impacts of development upon nat- include improving trailheads and signage, devel- ural landscapes, habitats and watercourses; opment of management techniques for controlling • Protect and preserve the Great Salt Marsh, growth with timber harvesting, and development Long Beach, Short Beach and area between of cooperative agreements with other groups for Stratford Point and Short Beach; maintenance and public education activities. • Develop and adopt a town sustainability plan and identify critical areas at risk from Town of Trumbull the impacts of climate change; • Prioritize acquisition of land and conserva- The POCD for the Town of Trumbull was ad- tion easements for habitats most at risk from opted in 2014. The Plan contains a section devoted climate change; to minimizing impacts from flooding and natural • Acquire land and conservation easements hazards, describing such practices as avoiding to provide upslope “advancement zones” to the placement of new development in vulnerable accommodate rises in water levels adjacent areas, avoiding placing vulnerable populations in to tidal marshes; vulnerable areas, and ensuring critical facilities are • Remove threatened structures from vulner- accessible during an emergency. Additional strate- able shorelines, especially those exposed to gies discussed that are related to hazard mitigation

2-7 include the importance of protecting wetlands, City of Bridgeport limiting development within buffers as a flood The City of Bridgeport has Department of control measure, green infrastructure, low impact Emergency Management and Homeland Security, development and a more reliable and resilient headed by a Director of Emergency Management electrical system. and Homeland Security. The main webpage for the The Plan describes the Town as a largely department provides an overview of its mission built-up, residential community. The main goal of and lists current alerts and updates. Additional the Plan is to preserve the current high quality of links are provided for various emergency planning life valued by Town residents. As an inland com- resources, including the following: munity, Trumbull is more often affected by flood- Bridgeport 311: This system allows citizens and ing caused by severe and extensive rain events. city employees to automatically and immediately The Plan encourages the promotion of greenway contact the department responsible for an issue, trails (such as the Pequonnock River Trail) to such as to request a recycling bin, report a pothole interconnect parks and open spaces. Ensuring or confirm a tax payment. adequate waste water capacity to meet future development is also emphasized in the Plan. City of Bridgeport Hazards: This webpage lists a series of links to one to two page pamphlets that The Plan provides improved design guidance explain how to prepare for a hazard and how to and an improved design review process. Property endure one. Among the natural hazards covered owners are encouraged to preserve and maintain are: historic structures. A village style and walkable • Earthquakes development patterns at the Town Hall area, Town • Extreme Heat Center and Long Hill Green are emphasized. In • Extreme Cold office parks, a campus‐style development is pro- • Flood Planning and Preparedness moted and allowing taller buildings in appropriate • Severe Storms areas may also be considered. A “complete streets” • Thunderstorms and Lightning approach to accommodate pedestrians, bicycles, • Tornadoes and transit, and to address access management • Winter Storm Planning and Preparedness and transit improvements is also recommended • Hurricane Storm Surge (SLOSH) Map in the POCD. The Plan also recommends that • Flood Zone Map Trumbull enter into the FEMA Community Rating System, which subsequently occurred. Planning Toolkits This webpage provides links to a series of one 2.2 Review of Municipal to two page pamphlets on how to prepare for a disaster, reasons to prepare and how to cope with Websites a disaster. The webpage includes an emergency Each municipality of the MetroCOG region has supply checklist. developed and maintains a website highlighting their community, town services and other impor- Emergency Registration tant information. The websites were examined The City operates a Reverse 911 (R911) system to understand how residents are informed about that notifies residents of an emergency, including natural hazards and disasters and about how to natural disaster alerts. The webpage explains why prepare for, plan for and endure an event. In gen- and how to register a home landline telephone eral, each municipality has established an office or number to receive notification. Registration is es- department of emergency management with the pecially important for those with special needs. responsibility for preparing and handling a wide range of emergencies, including natural hazards. Hurricane Preparedness The webpages that describe emergency This webpage provides links to various news procedures vary in detail and are provided either and press releases by the Emergency Operations as a direct link on the municipal website or as link Center (EOC) and the Mayor’s Office in advance to another department’s website, usually the fire of, during and after a hurricane. Links are provided department. to the websites of the National Weather Service, United Illuminating Company and Southern Con-

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-8 Section 2: Planning Process

necticut Gas Company. Center. Links are also provided for information on The Emergency Management and Homeland storm preparedness, power outages, downed cable Security webpage may be accessed under the list- and telephone lines, and general storm-related ing of Departments on the City’s main webpage resources. (www.bridgeportct.gov). Flood Protection Page This page (https://fairfieldct.org/floodprotec- Town of Easton tion) provides links to various flooding-related Contact information for the Town’s Emergency resources. It explains how residents can access Management Director is posted online. The Town’s FEMA flood insurance information as well as website provides links for the National Weather providing information on the town’s Flood and Service, CT Alerts, United Illuminating, the Ameri- Erosion Control Board and other flood control can Red Cross, and other agencies. measures. The also provides links to recent efforts conducted under FEMA grant programs. Town of Fairfield Town of Monroe Emergency information for the Town of Fairfield is provided on the Town website (www. Emergency information for the Town of Mon- fairfieldct.gov) under the major heading “Public roe is provided on the Town website (www.monro- Safety”. The Public Safety page provides links to ect.org) under the major heading “Public Safety”. the Community Emergency Response Team, Co- The Public Safety page provides links to the Police deRED (R911), Emergency Management, Emer- Department, Fire Departments, Emergency Medical gency Medical Services, Emergency Preparedness Services, and the Community Emergency Response Resources, the Fairfield Citizen Corps Council, Team. Storm Information, the Fire Department, and the An additional page dedicated to Emergency Police Department. Some of these have extensive Preparedness encourages residents to sign up for pages described in detail below: emergency notifications through the CodeRED (R911) system, check the town webpage for urgent Emergency Management messages scrolling in a red banner at the top of The Emergency Management Team webpage the page, and to sign up for the Town’s News and describes the Emergency Management Team, the Announcements email list. The page also provides town’s Emergency Operations Center, and adver- links to various emergency information brochures tises the Town emergency information hotline that and pamphlets on disaster planning, severe weath- residents can call to hear recorded messages (203- er preparation, power failures, and public health 254-4899). emergencies as well as providing links to a variety of informational websites. Emergency Preparedness Resources This section outlines the various public notifi- Town of Stratford cation methods used by the town to notify residents in case of emergency, including CodeRED Emergency information for the Town of Strat- (R911), the Storm Information page, email list, and ford is provided under the Emergency Manage- the Town emergency information hotline. The ment Director heading under the Town Hall section page also provides links to various emergency of the website (www.townofstratford.com). This information brochures and pamphlets on disaster page provides a variety of information about the planning, severe weather preparation, power fail- Emergency Management Director’s role, as well as ures, and public health emergencies as well as pro- a variety of fire safety tips and information. The viding links to a variety of informational websites. page also provides instructions for how to compile a basic emergency kit, as well as downloadable Storm Information Page pamphlets regarding preparing for, surviving, and recovering from floods, winter storms, extreme This page provides a feed of announcements cold, hurricanes, power outages, and using a gen- related to Town office closing information, and a erator. real-time road closure map updated with information reported to the Town’s Emergency Operations The Town has a dedicated page for flood-

2-9 ing (http://www.townofstratford.com/con- City of Bridgeport tent/39832/39846/39911/40359.aspx) that dis- The City of Bridgeport has a Mayor-Common cusses major causes and types of flooding. The Council form of government. The Mayor is the webpage also provides guidance on preparing Chief Executive Official, while the twenty mem- for floods, what to do during a flood, and how to bers of the City Council act as the legislative body recover from a flood. for the City. The two major responsibilities of the Council are enacting ordinances necessary to Town of Trumbull govern the City and adopting the annual budget. Members of the City Council serve and are elected Emergency information for the Town of for two-year terms, while the Mayor is elected for a Trumbull is provided on the Town website (www. four-year term. trumbull-ct.gov) under the major heading “Public Safety”. The Public Safety page describes the Of- The Chief Administrative Officer, appointed by fice of Emergency Management and encourages the Mayor is responsible for coordinating de- residents to sign up for the Trumbull Citizen Alert partment management and operational policies. Emergency and Community Notification (R911) The following departments have jurisdiction and program. The page also provides links to the responsibility for ensuring the health, safety and Community Emergency Response Team, Emer- welfare of the City’s residents: gency Management Office, Emergency Medical Services, Fire Departments, and Police Department. Building Department Additional pages are also dedicated to Emergency The Building Department issues permits and Preparedness and Storm Information as described inspects work done to all buildings and other below. Note that parking bans, closing informa- structures. Applications for permits are reviewed tion, and other cancellations due to storms are for conformance to all applicable laws, codes and posted in a red banner in the header of the Town’s ordinances. Permits and inspections ensure public website. safety, health and welfare insofar as they are affected by building construction, through structural Emergency Preparedness Information strength, adequate exit facilities, fire safety, light This section encourages residents to sign up and ventilation and sanitary equipment. for the R911 program as well as alerts from the local electric utilities (United Illuminating and Emergency Management & Homeland Security Eversource). The page also provides instructions The mission of the Office of Emergency on preparing for a disaster by creating a first aid Management is to protect the lives and property kit, stockpiling food, gathering tools and supplies, of citizens in the City of Bridgeport. This is ac- making a family emergency plan, and protecting complished through providing 24-hour emergency your possessions. Links are also provided for as- assistance by mobilizing and deploying personnel sistance in preparing for extreme cold or heat. and resources, updating emergency operations plans and strategies, training emergency person- Storm Information Page nel, managing the emergency operations system, This page provides a series of links to where and warning and informing the public of emergen- to find information regarding forecast information, cies and disasters. town closures and cancellations, utility outages, and links to other general storm-related resources. Engineering Department The Engineering Department provides engineering services to the City’s Departments and 2.3 Government Structure Commissions to ensure a safe and efficient traf- The government structure of each MetroCOG fic system. The Engineering Department makes jurisdiction varies, as the structure typically relates recommendations, administers public improve- to the respective size and complexity of the comment projects, provides technical data, assistance, munity. survey, and design and prepares and maintains City record maps.

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-10 Section 2: Planning Process

Health Administration & Social Services ing new housing for low and moderate income residents. The mission of the Health Administration is to promote and protect the health of the people Water Pollution Control Authority of Bridgeport through the provision of essential health services, monitoring of programs, enforce- The Water Pollution Control Authority (WPCA) ment of laws and ordinances, and collection of operates Bridgeport’s two wastewater treatment health information. Social Services provides for the facilities and maintains the City’s sewer system. social and economic well-being of Bridgeport’s indigent and working poor residents. Town of Easton Parks & Recreation Department The Town of Easton is governed by a Board of Selectmen, made up of three Selectmen elected The Parks Department provides well-main- together for two-year terms. The Board is respon- tained, enjoyable park grounds and facilities to sible for the administration of town affairs. The enhance the quality of life for City residents and First Selectman serves as the Town’s Chief Admin- visitors. The department’s goals are to preserve istrative Officer and highest elected official. Easton and protect open spaces, provide opportunities does not have a town charter and is governed by for active and passive recreation, and maintain the the Connecticut General Statutes. An annual Town landscapes, structures, streams, and woodlands Meeting is held to decide budgetary matters. The within these areas. annual budget, prepared by the Board of Finance, Office of Planning & Economic Development is adopted at the Annual Town Meeting. Special town meetings may be called throughout the year The Office of Planning & Economic Develop- by the Board of Selectmen or by petition of town ment (OPED) is a multi-disciplinary organization residents. responsible for economic development, neighborhood revitalization, business development, plan- Various town departments and commissions ning and zoning, historic districts, land use, design have jurisdiction and responsibility for ensuring review, building permits and inspections and the health, safety and welfare of its residents: related issues. Building Department Public Facilities Administration The Building Department issues permits and The mission of Public Facilities is to provide inspects work done to all buildings and other residents with the services that are required to structures. All types of new construction are re- ensure a clean, safe and healthy environment for viewed and permitted by the Building Department. the City of Bridgeport. The Building Department ensures buildings are constructed in conformance to all applicable laws, Planning & Zoning Commission & Zoning codes and ordinances. Board of Appeals Public Works Department The mission of the Planning and Zoning Com- The mission of Public Works Department is to mission and the Zoning Board of Appeals is to maintain and improve the town’s road system and promote health, safety, quality of life and the over- perform responsibilities that include snow and ice all general welfare of the community through the removal, street sweeping, roadside mowing, tree enforcement of Bridgeport’s Zoning Regulations. and brush removal, drainage installation and catch Park City Communities basin cleaning. Formerly known as the Bridgeport Housing Planning & Zoning Commission & Planning Authority, Park City Communities (PCC) was cre- Department ated in 1936 to address poor housing conditions in Bridgeport and to develop and maintain afford- The Planning and Zoning Commission enforc- able housing. The PCC provides nearly 2,600 public es the Town’s Zoning and Subdivision Regulations housing equivalent units that serve low income and studies and debates proposed revisions to the families, seniors, and people with disabilities. The regulations. PCC is diversifying its housing stock by develop-

2-11 Conservation Commission nates resources for Fairfield’s first responders and plans and trains for response to extended situa- The Conservation Commission acts as the tions. The Office prepares local emergency plans. Town’s Inland Wetlands and Watercourses Agency and enforces the State’s regulations pertaining Conservation Department to wetlands and watercourses. The Conservation Commission reviews applications to conduct activi- The Conservation Department addresses the ties in regulated areas. Town’s broad environmental quality goals through work to enhance and restore Fairfield’s natural re- Parks & Recreation Commission sources, as well as to educate the public concerning the natural environment. Efforts include the The Parks and Recreation Commission over- restoration of stream water flows, water polluted sees and manages parks and open spaces. The by industrial wastes, and public trust lands. The goals of the Commission are to preserve and Conservation Department cooperates with com- protect open spaces and provide opportunities for munity groups in removing debris and trash from active and passive recreation. coastal waters and establishing outreach projects.

Town of Fairfield Public Works Department The Town of Fairfield operates under a Rep- The Public Works Department maintains and resentative Town Meeting (RTM) form of govern- improves the town’s road system and performs ment. RTM members are elected to two year terms other responsibilities that include snow and ice re- by the residents of the Town’s voting districts. moval, street sweeping, roadside mowing, tree and There are ten voting districts and each district brush removal, drainage installation and catch basin elects five members to the RTM. The Board of Se- cleaning. lectmen is Fairfield’s executive policy board and is comprised of three members. The First Selectman Office of Community & Economic serves as the Chief Elected Official for a four year Development term. The other two members are elected to two The Office of Community & Economic Devel- year terms. opment develops and administers programs to Various town departments and commissions stimulate and encourage economic development, have jurisdiction and responsibility for ensuring revitalize and strengthen neighborhoods, facilitate the health, safety and welfare of residents: and promote affordable housing and preserve and enhance the overall well-being of the community. Fairfield Citizen Corps Council Engineering Department The Citizen Corps Council is comprised of volunteer residents and representatives from the The Engineering Department provides engi- Police, Fire, and Health Departments, as well as neering services to other Town Departments and from the First Selectman’s Office. The Council was Commissions to ensure a safe and efficient traffic established as part of ongoing homeland security system by making recommendations, adminis- plans to educate the public on public safety proce- tering public improvement projects, providing dures, help citizens take active roles in protecting technical data, assistance, survey and design and themselves during events and provide information the preparation and maintenance of Town record on what to do in an event. The Council also works maps. with the American Red Cross. A partner group of Parks & Recreation Department the Citizen Corps is the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT). This team is a group of vol- The Parks Department manages and maintains unteers who have completed basic FEMA training various recreational facilities, including 170 acres of on how to assist and support emergency person- active parks and five miles of beaches. The Depart- nel and participate in the response to a major ment’s facilities provide enjoyable park grounds event or disaster. that enhance the quality of life for Town residents. Office of Emergency Management Town Plan & Zoning Department The Office of Emergency Management coordi- The Town Plan and Zoning Department (TPZ)

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-12 Section 2: Planning Process

works with the development community to guide Emergency Management Department them through the Town’s regulatory processes, The Emergency Management Department co- neighborhood and redevelopment plans, and other ordinates resources for Monroe’s first responders siting issues associated with investment oppor- and plans and trains for responding to extended tunities. The TPZ is responsible for preparing and situations. The Emergency Management Depart- maintaining the Town’s Plan of Conservation and ment also prepares local emergency plans. Development. The TPZ also administers the Town’s floodplain management requirements and coordi- Public Works Department nates the Town’s Community Rating System applications and recertifications. The mission of Public Works Department is to enhance the quality of life of Monroe residents and maintain and improve the town’s road system. Town of Monroe Planning & Zoning Commission & Planning The Town of Monroe is governed by a First Selectman and a nine-member Town Council, all of Department whom serve two-year terms. The First Selectman The Planning and Zoning Commission is serves as the Chief Executive Officer of the Town responsible for the physical, social and economic and is responsible for the administration and su- planning and coordinated development of Mon- pervision of all departments, agencies and offices roe. The Commission prepares, adopts, and imple- of the Town. The First Selectman also holds all of ments a Plan of Conservation and Development, the executive powers vested by law or by the Town reviews and recommends municipal improve- Charter. The Town Council serves as the Legisla- ments, and adopts and amends both zoning and tive Branch and has the power to enact, amend subdivision regulations. and repeal ordinances and the power to create or abolish by ordinance boards, commissions, depart- Engineering Department ments and offices of the Town, in addition to other The Engineering Department provides techni- general powers and duties. cal assistance to the public and other town depart- Various town departments and commissions ments relating to development within the town, have jurisdiction and responsibility for ensuring traffic issues, drainage and utility work. the health, safety and welfare of Monroe’s residents. Town departments typically provide reviews Inland Wetlands Commission and reports to the Boards and Commissions upon The Inland Wetlands Commission enforces the request. provisions of the State’s Wetlands and Watercours- es Act pertaining to wetlands and watercourses. Building Department The Commission reviews applications to conduct The mission of the Building Department is to activities in regulated areas, issues permits and maximize building safety for the general public considers amendments to the Town’s regulations. and uphold the State Building Code, efficiency and The Commission also provides enforcement and public relations. The Building Department con- educational services. ducts plan reviews, issues permits and Certificates of Occupancies, performs inspections and coor- Conservation Department dinates all Town department approvals to achieve The Conservation Department addresses the the maximum building safety for the general Town’s broad environmental quality goals through public. its work to enhance and restore Monroe’s natural resources. Economic Development Commission The Monroe Economic Development Commis- Parks & Recreation Department sion (EDC) conducts research into economic condi- The Parks Division oversees and manages tions and trends, makes recommendations to the parks and open spaces. The Department’s goals appropriate officials and agencies and promotes are to preserve and protect open spaces and pro- economic development and assists with business vide opportunities for active and passive recre- development, recruitment and retention. ation.

2-13 Town of Stratford and special case approvals. The office is involved in long-range planning and prepares the Town’s Plan Stratford has a Mayor-Town Council form of of Conservation and Development. government, with the Mayor designated as the Chief Executive Officer. The Town Council acts as Health and Community Services Departments the Town’s legislative body and is comprised of ten members whom serve two year terms. The Mayor The Stratford Health and Community Services is elected to a four-year term. Departments are responsible for health emergency preparedness and planning efforts, and coordi- Various town departments and commissions nates these efforts with state, regional and local have jurisdiction and responsibility for ensuring agencies responsible for emergency planning. the health, safety and welfare of Stratford’s residents: Engineering Division Building Division The Engineering Division is responsible for construction administration and the management The Building Division is responsible for the en- of municipal capital improvement projects, plan re- forcement of all construction and building codes and views, map record keeping, permitting and inspec- issues building permits and Certificates of Occupan- tion for work relating to sewers, roads, sidewalks cies. Flood zone information is available through this and curbs. office. Highway Division Office of Economic Development The Highway Division is responsible for main- The Office of Economic Development pro- taining the Town’s highway system, including the motes goals, strategies and plans for attracting pavement structure, storm drains, drainage inlets and retaining businesses to Stratford. The Office and outlets, and sanitary sewers. reviews and evaluates proposed projects. Inland Wetlands and Watercourses Agency Office of the Mayor/Chief Administrative Officer The Inland Wetlands and Watercourses Agency enforces the provisions of the State’s Wetlands The Chief Administrative Officer heads mitiga- and Watercourses Act pertaining to wetlands and tion efforts and is responsible for coordinating watercourses. The Agency reviews applications to with the Emergency Management Director in the conduct activities in regulated areas, issues permits Emergency Operations Center (EOC), which opens and considers amendments to the Town’s regula- during major events to coordinate resources and tions. response. The Emergency Management Director acts as the liaison between the Chief Administra- Parks Division tive Officer/Office of the Mayor, first responders, The Parks Division provides clean, safe and local businesses, other cities and towns and the aesthetically pleasing areas where the public can State. enjoy outdoor activities. The mission of the Parks Public Works Department Department is to improve the appearance and the functionality of park facilities, fields, playgrounds The mission of the Public Works Department is and beaches. The Division has responsibility for to maintain and improve the infrastructure of the maintaining all town trees. Town of Stratford. The Department includes several offices and divisions, including engineering, high- Stratford Public Schools ways, conservation, parks, and inland wetlands. Several Stratford Public School facilities are used Planning & Zoning Department as shelters, in the event residents have to evacuate an area. The Planning and Zoning Department has the primary responsibility for managing land use Stratford Housing Authority in Stratford. The office handles applications for The Stratford Housing Authority is indepen- zoning compliance, changes and waivers, reviews dent of the Town of Stratford. This quasi-public plans for the subdivision of land, coastal site plan corporation owns and manages 514 family and reviews, erosion and sedimentation control actions,

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-14 Section 2: Planning Process

elderly apartments, and, through the Federal Hous- Appeals and has the primary responsibility for ing Choice Voucher Program, assists another 280 managing land use in the Town. The Department families residing in private apartments in the Town is involved in long-range planning and prepares of Stratford. Trumbull’s Plan of Conservation and Development. Engineering Department Town of Trumbull The Engineering Department is the techni- The Town of Trumbull is governed by a Town cal service advisory division of the Public Works Council and a First Selectman, each serving two Department and provides adequate controls to en- year terms. The administration of town affairs lies sure responsible construction within the Town. The with the twenty-one elected members of the Town Department designs projects carried out by the Council. The First Selectman is Trumbull’s Chief Highway Department, provides technical advice to Administrative Officer and highest elected official. the Planning and Zoning Commission and Inland Various town departments and commissions Wetlands and Watercourses Commission (IWWC), have jurisdiction and responsibility for ensuring and provides engineering services and advice to the health, safety and welfare of Trumbull’s resi- other Town departments. dents: Inland Wetlands and Watercourses Building Department Commission The Building Department reviews construc- The Inland Wetlands and Watercourses Com- tion documents for compliance with State Building mission evaluates Trumbull’s wetlands and acts Codes and issues building permits. on any permit requests that affect designated wetlands. The Commission conducts field investi- Economic and Community Development gations of all properties in question and enforces The Economic and Community Development the provisions of the State’s Wetlands and Water- Department promotes goals, strategies and plans courses Act. for attracting and retaining businesses to Trumbull Conservation Commission and strengthens the Town’s economic base in a manner with the Town’s goals and vision. The Conservation Commission is a science- based advisory commission that oversees the Office of Emergency Management protection and supervision of natural resources The Office of Emergency Management (OEM) in Trumbull. The Commission acts in an advisory develops plans for preparing for and responding capacity to the Town’s regulatory land use boards to natural and man-made emergencies. Responsi- and makes recommendations regarding open- bilities include documenting emergency response space, watershed plans, and natural resource plans and procedures, training personnel, acquir- preservation. ing equipment, and coordinating with other de- Parks Department & Commission partments. In the event of an emergency, the OEM mobilizes and deploys personnel and resources, The Trumbull Parks Commission and Depart- notifies the public and manages the emergency ment are responsible for the care, management and event to maximize resources and minimize any control of all parks and grounds used for park and negative impact. recreational purposes and all structures thereon. Together with other municipal departments, their Public Works Department mission is to maintain and enhance park and recre- The mission of the Public Works Department is ational facilities. to maintain and improve the infrastructure of the Town of Trumbull. 2.4 Planning Teams Planning & Zoning Department MetroCOG is the Council of Governments The Planning and Zoning Department handles (COG) and Regional Planning Organization (RPO) all administrative functions of the Planning and for the Greater Bridgeport Region. MetroCOG is Zoning Commission and the Zoning Board of composed of six member municipalities:

2-15 City of Bridgeport Planning Team Town of Monroe Planning Team

Name Title Name Title Lynn Haig Director of Planning Ken Kellogg First Selectman Jon Urquidi City Engineer Scott Schatzlein Town Engineer Megha Jain Engineering Keith White Police Department Dave York Emergency Management Director Town of Easton Planning Team William Agresta Planning & Zoning Administrator Chris Nowacki Director of Public Works Name Title Rick Schultz Town Planner Adam Dunsby First Selectman James Sandor Chief Building Official Ed Nagy Director, Public Works/Engineer

Town of Stratford Planning Team Town of Fairfield Planning Team Name Title Name Title Laura Hoydick Mayor William Hurley Town Engineer Jay Habansky Planning and Zoning Administrator Laura Pulie Assistant Town Engineer Susmitha Attota Town Planner Brian Carey Conservation Director John Casey Town Engineer Emmeline Harrigan Planning & Zoning Larry Ciccarelli Director of Public Safety Jim Wendt Planning Director Mary Dean Economic Development Director Dennis McCarthy Emergency Management Director Thomas Albert Public Works Director Joseph Michelangelo Director, Public Works Christina Batoh Conservation Administrator Michael Downes Chief of Staff to Mayor • City of Bridgeport • Town of Easton Town of Trumbull Planning Team • Town of Fairfield • Town of Monroe Name Title • Town of Stratford Frank Smeriglio (Former) Town Engineer • Town of Trumbull William Maurer Assistant Town Engineer At the onset of the planning process, Metro- COG contacted local coordinators to assemble Rob Librandi Land Use Planner local planning teams to coordinate and provide direction in the development of the regional NHMP previous NHMPs and other planning initiatives update and to provide local input into the plan, that are being implemented at the local or regional including updates to the lists of critical facilities level. Additionally, MetroCOG also worked with The (Appendix A). The tables on the next page present Nature Conservancy to host Community Resilience the Planning Teams from each community. They Building (CRB) Workshops, which provided Plan- provided information, data, studies, reports, and ning Team members and other key stakeholders observations; and were involved in the develop- the opportunity to provide input into the NHMP ment of the Plan update. Update. In contrast to the 2014 NHMP Update, the An extensive data collection, evaluation, and Planning Teams were smaller in each community outreach program was undertaken to compile with the exception of Monroe. See Appendix C for information about existing hazards and mitigation a description of the previous planning process. efforts in the Region. Direct input from the local This downsizing is attributable to the Region’s two Planning Teams, which typically included municipal engineers, planners, public safety officials, chief

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-16 Section 2: Planning Process

elected officials, and other applicable staff was ience Building (CRB) Workshops. The Workshops essential to identifying priority areas for hazard were held to provide a more robust planning mitigation. process and to also offer an opportunity for key stakeholders to provide valuable input into the development of the NHMP Update. Workshops were 2.5 Conservation Technical held on the following dates: Advisory Committee • Fairfield: February 26, 2019 • Bridgeport: March 12, 2019 The Conservation Technical Advisory Commit- • Easton, Monroe, & Trumbull: March 13, 2019 tee (CTAC) is an advisory body to the MetroCOG. The primary responsibility of the CTAC is to serve Municipal staff and key stakeholders were as the regional forum for consideration of any invited to participate in the workshops for each activity related to the enhancement of the natural respective community. The focus was on engaging environment within the region. These include the those most involved in planning for and respond- maintenance and implementation of the recom- ing to natural hazards in conversations about risks mendations within the Pequonnock River Water- and vulnerabilities. Through this effort, concerns shed Management Plan, guidance on brownfield and challenges facing the municipalities were projects, monitoring of coastal resilience initiatives discussed and vulnerable populations and loca- and other activities as they relate to the protections were identified. By focusing on the concerns tion and conservation of the natural environment and challenges that face each community, work- within the region. Each MetroCOG municipality is shop participants identified and prioritized actions formally represented on the CTAC with a member to mitigate the impact of natural hazards, and of the local Conservation Commission and a staff identified opportunities to collaboratively advance member with responsibilities related to conser- actions to increase community resilience. Summary vation. Meetings of the CTAC are held quarterly reports from each workshop provide an overview and are open to the public. In addition to the of the top hazards affecting each community, the appointed members, meeting attendees typically current concerns and challenges, current strengths, include local conservation organizations, residents, and proposed actions. staff of the Connecticut Department of Energy and The key element of the workshops was break- Environmental Protection and other regional stake- ing participants into small groups to facilitate holders. discussions and the exchange of ideas, concerns Throughout late 2018 and 2019, MetroCOG and perspectives. This approach was successful in staff provided continuous updates regarding producing rich information and experiences on the NHMP Update at each CTAC meeting. CTAC recent natural events and recommendations to members and attendees were able to provide improve resilience to natural hazards. comments, feedback and guidance as the NHMP Copies of the 2019 CRB reports are presented in Update was being drafted. Members typically Appendix C. commented on the progress but also suggested The CRB workshops were also conducted in points of contact and areas of specific concern. 2013 to support the 2014 NHMP. Based on positive Once the NHMP Update was drafted, CTAC was feedback from public officials, municipal staff, and provided an opportunity to review the narrative local stakeholders, MetroCOG decided to conduct and mitigation strategies and members submitted the CRB Workshops during this NHMP Update. The feedback and other potential mitigation strategies. narrative below has been updated to support the current CRB findings. 2.6 Hazard Mitigation Workshops City of Bridgeport In response to recent extreme events, the need The workshop in the City of Bridgeport was to increase resilience and adapt to these events held on March 12, 2019. Staff from TNC and Me- has become more apparent, especially for coastal troCOG facilitated the workshop and ensured in- communities. As part of the NHMP Update, Me- teractive discussions about the natural hazard risks troCOG partnered with The Nature Conservancy facing the Town. A total of 11 people attended the (TNC) to sponsor and conduct Community Resil- workshop. These participants represented a wide

2-17 City of Bridgeport CRB Attendees income housing and shelters. Because of recent experiences, many attendees Name Title or Affiliation voiced concerns related to the potential impacts Ellie Angerame Green Village Initiative from extreme events. A key concern identified by the group was the ability of the City to respond Scott Appleby City of Bridgeport Director of effectively. Access to certain areas of the city is Emergency Management and Homeland Security limited or restricted due to flooding of major transportation routes. The issue presents a particu- Jim Gilroy PSEG Power Connecticut, LLC lar challenge to emergency responders evacuating Lynn Haig Director of Planning at-risk populations, including the high proportion Megha Jain Engineering Department of disabled persons and elderly living in vulnerable neighborhoods. The issue is further complicated Ed Lavernoich Bridgeport Economic by the diversity of the city’s population and the Development Corp., Bridgeport Regional Business Council need to communicate in different languages. Kris Lorch Alloy Engineering Co., Inc. While Bridgeport faces challenges during extreme weather events, it has addressed these Lauren Mappa Water Pollution Control Authority challenges and benefits from a highly professional Joe Provey Seaside Village and skilled emergency response team. The City of Kai Starn Seaside Village Bridgeport has been recognized by the National Weather Service as a “Storm Ready Community,” Steve Tyliszczak Bridgeport Landing Development the first in Connecticut, and has rigorous protocols and operations plans in place that are activated range of city departments, non-government orga- and followed from the first indication of an ap- nizations, private sector interests, and residents as proaching storm. The City’s new, state-of-the-art presented below. Emergency Operations Center (EOC) is capable of The participants were asked to identify natural monitoring the response to any event and direct- hazards that impact and affect Bridgeport. The ing resources effectively and efficiently. At the hazards identified were based on the experiences neighborhood level, strong social service networks, and knowledge of recent events. Recent events including faith-based institutions, provide re- influenced the discussions and most spoke about sources and communication that can assist at-risk the impacts of storm surge from hurricanes, inland population with awareness, sheltering and vital flooding from intense precipitation events such as supplies. the September 2018 storm, nor’easters, and heat Top recommendations from the workshop waves. included: These and other events have had direct and • Seek to complete and implement the “West severe impacts on several neighborhoods and End Resiliency Plan” and leverage to other natural areas of the city. Neighborhoods most at-risk neighborhoods and locations across vulnerable to natural disasters were the Black Rock, the city South End, East End, East Side, and Chopsey Hill • Look to aggregate engineering studies and sections of the City. Impacts to natural features and other resource materials for all inland rivers ecosystems were mostly found along the shoreline, and waterways across City (i.e. Ox Brook, including Ash Creek, Johnson’s Creek, Seaside Park Rooster River, Island Brook, etc.) and initiate and Pleasure Beach, as well as Rooster River, Island a comprehensive identification, assessment, Brook, and the Pequonnock River. Because of the and prioritization of flood reduction projects urban and built-up character of Bridgeport, vari- that integrate immediate and longer-term ous facilities and infrastructure are at risk from the vulnerabilities and strengths of infrastructure effects of extreme storms. Concerns were raised such as bridges and culverts about damage to cultural facilities, such as muse- • Secure additional funding to implement pri- ums, libraries and schools; vital infrastructure, such ority flood reduction projects involving city as oil tank farms, transportation systems, marinas infrastructure (bridges and culverts), road- and waste water treatment plants, and critical care ways, and parks. facilities, such as hospitals, nursing homes, low • Continue commitment and progress towards the complete separation of combined sewer

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-18 Section 2: Planning Process

system to eliminate overflows by 2039 Town of Fairfield CRB Attendees • Continue to strengthen communications channels to ensure all segments of Bridge- Name Title or Affiliation port’s population are reached in times of crisis Beverly Balaz Chamber of Commerce • Continue to plan for economic growth in Mark Barnhart Director of Community & Bridgeport by redeveloping or developing Economic Development amenities and housing that is attractive to a David Becker Board of Finance diverse demographic (young professionals to retired) to ensure a resilient and engaged Misty Beyer Forestry Committee community Ed Bomen Asst. Director of Public Works • Continue to maintain and look for ways to Becky Bunnell Flood & Erosion Control Board strengthen evacuation plans and procedures Nancy Carberry Chief of Staff to First Selectman for residents, businesses, and vulnerable populations Sands Cleary Director of Health • Install green infrastructure including rain Joe D’Avanzo Community Emergency gardens, bioswales, and trees in many prior- Response Team, WPCA ity locations across Bridgeport to reduce the Dick Dmockowski Flood & Erosion Control Board impacts of inland flooding and heat effects • Replicate designs and utility approaches that Kyran Dunn Deputy Fire Chief can reduce flooding impacts at critical power Emmeline Harrigan Assistant Planning Director substations in the city Mary Hogue Sustainable Fairfield Task Force • Continue to see ways to minimize the long term implications to various neighborhoods William Hurley Engineering Manager due to flooding that build on previous ex- Dave Kelley Information Technology Director amples (Seaside Village) Cristin McCarthy State Representative Vahey Town of Fairfield Cindy O’Neill Vitale Community Emergency Response Team The workshop in the Town of Fairfield took place on February 26, 2019. Staff from TNC and Laura Pulie Engineering Department MetroCOG facilitated the workshop and ensured Don Smith Police Department interactive discussions about the natural hazard Mike Tetreau First Selectman risks facing the Town. A total of 24 people attended the workshop. These participants represented a Bob Wall Sustainable Fairfield Task Force wide range of elected officials, town departments, Jim Wendt Planning Director boards and commissions, committees and task John Wynne Strategic Plan Committee forces, and community organizations as presented below. Patti Zecchi Fairfield Beach Peninsula Assn. The participants were asked to identify the natural hazards that most frequently impact Fair- • Power outages from downed trees and field. The answers were influenced by experiences power lines. and knowledge of recent events. The two events Those events had direct and severe impacts that had the most impact on the Town were Tropi- on several neighborhoods and natural areas of the cal Storm Irene (August, 2011) and Super-storm Town. Fairfield has two different and distinct areas. Sandy (October, 2012). The top hazards related to The coastal areas are prone to coastal flooding those events were: from storm surges. The most significant concerns • Severity and extent of storm surge flooding in the rural and suburban northern sections of along the shoreline, especially the Fairfield the Town are downed trees and power outages. Beach, Southport Center and Town Center Neighborhoods most vulnerable to a storm surge areas; are the Town Center, Southport and Fairfield • Inland flooding along the Mill River and Ash Beach. The Greenfield Hill area north of the Merritt Creek related to tropical storms and hurri- Parkway is substantially affected by downed trees canes; and

2-19 and power lines, causing extensive power outages. are located in the Town Hall basement, and that Isolation was a great concern as the downed trees the basement experiences water damage during prevented or severely restricted access into and extreme rain events. The increased potential for out of the area. Residents experienced difficulty in dam failure from more intense rain events was also obtaining necessary supplies and recovery crews discussed. were hindered in their efforts to clear blocked Other threats identified include: streets and restore power. • Roads made impassible due to temporary Impacts to natural features and ecosystems flooding or falling trees were mostly found along the shoreline, including • Single access choke-points which can be Ash Creek, Mill River, Marina Channels and the blocked and restrict access to entire neigh- Fairfield, Jennings and Penfield Beaches. Various borhoods facilities and infrastructure were at risk from the ef- • The vulnerability of coastal resources to sea fects of these extreme storms, including the police level rise headquarters, fire station, sewage treatment plant • The need to support inland advancement of and public works garage, all of which are located salt marsh and beaches in flood prone areas. Concerns were also raised • The vulnerability of power lines from trees about the vulnerability of at risk populations. along travel corridors Several senior centers, long term care facilities and Workshop participants emphasized the need affordable housing complexes are also located in for further protection of the Town’s wastewater areas susceptible to a high storm surge. treatment facility. The facility is located within a Other top hazards of concern for Fairfield flood hazard area and there was consensus that include winter storms, inland flooding, flash floods the berm surrounding the facility needs to be from high precipitation events, extreme heat and raised to improve protection against storm surge drought, and high wind events. Winter storms and sea level rise. The secondary concern is that drop excessive snow, knocking out power and the facility’s capacity to process sewer inflows is isolating residents and neighborhoods. More overwhelmed during heavy precipitation events, frequent and intense rain events such as the Sep- resulting in the bypass of untreated sewage to tember 25, 2018 storm are leading to more inland Long Island Sound. flooding concerns. There was a general concern Top recommendations from the workshop among participants that emergency contingency included: planning needs to account for worst-case sce- • Relocate 9-1-1 Center from the floodprone narios at varying times of the year due to changing basement of the Police Station climate. • Continue to advance the installation of flood Some coastal areas are protected by a sys- reducing measures at the wastewater treat- tem of Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) dikes and ment plant berms. These barriers help prevent flood waters • Encourage removal of structures from flood- from reaching the South Pine Creek neighbor- ways hood. However, erosion is evident along the creek • Relocate IT services and equipment from side of the dikes, indicating a need to improve and Town Hall basement repair the structures. Attendees also suggested • Improve the reach of the Code Red reverse that the height of some dikes need to be increased 9-1-1 communication services to handle higher than expected flood elevations • Develop a longer-term plan to proactively and wave runup, and the need for better pre- and address the increasing threat of more in- post-storm coordination to remove built-up debris tense and frequent storms and sea level rise, behind the 31 tide gates in town was identified. including the longer-term needs for road According to attendees, inland flooding is elevation occurring more often under both routine and • Conduct a detailed study of Rooster River to extreme rain events. In particular, the September determine flood mitigation solutions 25, 2018 storm was noted as a high-impact event • Strengthen emergency management plan- that awakened the need to reexamine flood risks ning to enhance recovery of social services in the Town’s riverine corridors. It was noted that following a disaster the Town’s Information Technology (IT) facilities • Improve access to critical facilities such as public works, school bus yard, fire/police

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-20 Section 2: Planning Process

training area, and transfer station following affect the Town. There was general consensus that extreme weather events coastal and inland/riverine flooding are major is- • Better coordination with Aquarion Water sues facing Stratford. The top hazards identified by Company regarding contingency planning participants were: for dam failure • Coastal flooding, especially in the South End • Perform an engineering assessment to re- area bounded by Surf Avenue, South Av- duce viaduct flooding enue, Main Street, Access Road and Lordship • Contribute to regional dialogues regard- Boulevard. This area is home to the more ing transportation resilience for interstate vulnerable populations and includes housing highway and rail operated by the Stratford Housing Authority. • Advance and complete South Benson storm- • Inland flooding along Bruce Brook, Tanner’s water pump station improvements Brook and Ferry Creek. Sections of watercourses through the Town Center area have been channelized or buried. This exacerbates Town of Stratford flooding potential as the infrastructure can- The Town of Stratford planned to hold a CRB not handle large volumes of runoff during Workshop to support this NHMP update on March heavy rain events. 6, 2019, but TNC needed to cancel the workshop. • Ice storms create problems related to power It was ultimately not possible to reschedule the outages, frozen pipes, and mobility, which CRB Workshop during the NHMP planning pe- causes difficulty traveling on Interstate 95. riod, but the Town of Stratford would like to have Ice build-up on the electrical wires along the one before the next NHMP update. The follow- New Haven rail line disrupts train service. ing discussion describes the 2013 CRB Workshop • Wind causes tree limbs to fall and can cause presented in the 2014 NHMP. power outages. The one day hazard mitigation workshop held While the Town of Stratford was less severely in the Town of Stratford took place on October impacted by the recent storm events, widespread 4th. Staff from TNC facilitated the workshops and flooding resulted from both Tropical Storm Irene ensured interactive discussions about the risks and Super-Storm Sandy. The South End was af- facing the Town. A total of 17 people attended the fected by both storms and is vulnerable to coastal workshop. These participants represented a wide flooding, even from a moderate storm surge or range of town departments, boards and commis- during a storm that produces heavy rain. Access sions, including: is limited to the South End and flooding on these routes essentially cuts off the area from the rest of Town of Stratford Departments and Offices: the Town. A sizeable vulnerable population lives • Emergency Management & Homeland in the South End which includes seniors, disabled Security persons and low income families. Flooding of the • Conservation Department South End also impacts operations at the Sikorsky • Fire Department Memorial Airport. Base elevations at the airport • Health Department are approximately 10 feet, which makes the area • Environmental Health Services susceptible to flooding from a major event. In ad- • IT Department dition, the Lordship Boulevard area is the location • Community Services of one of the Town’s main commercial-enterprise • Community Development Department districts. Several industrial buildings are located • Economic Development Department in the district and are adjacent to the Great Salt • Public Works Department Marsh and Lewis Gut. • Highway Department By contrast, the Lordship area, located in close • Recreation Department proximity to Long Island Sound, lies on an upland • Building Department bluff and is at a high enough base elevation that • Planning & Zoning Department it is not prone to flooding. However, the access • Engineering Department routes into the area are subject to closure during a A list of attendees is attached in Appendix C. storm, which isolates the area. The participants were asked to identify the The workshop attendees discussed inland natural hazards that most frequently impact and flooding in the Town Center. The Town Center is

2-21 susceptible to flooding because it lies in a low, flat Towns of Easton, Monroe, and Trumbull area that had historically been made up of wet- CRB Attendees lands and crossed by several streams and creeks. Channelization projects from the 1930s to the Name Title or Affiliation 1950s altered the flow of these watercourses and the infrastructure is unable to handle rapid in- Shaquaisha Trumbull Health Inspector Andrews creases in runoff. Karen Burnaska Monroe Conservation Comm. Potential impacts to the town’s infrastructure were also identified. The wastewater treatment Rhonda Capuano Trumbull Health Director plant is located within the recently modified flood Jeanne Gibbs Trumbull Economic & hazard area. A berm was built in the 1970s to Community Development Comm. protect the plant from flood waters but there is a Rich Infante Trumbull Public Works Dept. concern that the berm’s height is insufficient to accommodate more intense coastal flooding. In ad- Ken Kellogg Monroe First Selectman dition, the Town operates 16 pump stations; seven Mary Ellen Lemay Trumbull Conservation Comm. of these are located in flood prone areas, including Shelby LeVino Trumbull Economic & one at the end of Oak Bluff Road near Long Beach Community Development Comm. and the Great Salt Marsh and one on Sniffens Bill Maurer Trumbull Town Engineer Lane, close to the Housatonic River. Flooding is a concern at underpasses for the New Haven rail line Fred Micha Trumbull WPCA Administrator especially at Bruce Avenue, King Street, West Broad Megan Murphy Trumbull Emergency Street, Main Street and East Main Street. The Inter- Management Director state 95 underpass on Surf Avenue also regularly Joanne Parsons Trumbull Conservation Comm. floods. Dale Parsons Trumbull Resident Workshop attendees suggested actions to ad- Richard Post Trumbull Conservation Comm. dress the vulnerabilities and risks facing Stratford. The recommendations focused on infrastructure Tony Schirillo Trumbull Deputy Director of improvements as well as better information and Emergency Management communications, as the 2008 Annex had. How- Tatiana Trumbull Engineering ever, the vulnerability of the waste water treat- Smotritskaya Department ment plant, pumping stations in flood prone areas Vicki Tesoro Trumbull First Selectman and the need for adequate generators in shelters Don Watson Trumbull Resident received a significant amount of attention from attendees – three areas of concern that were not David York Monroe Emergency Management detailed in the 2008 Annex. Like the workshops Director in neighboring communities, participants also emphasized the importance of the natural environ- generator at Bunnell High School (the Town’s ment as a mitigation measure and a tree manage- main public shelter) is undersized and inad- ment plan, two shifts in focus when compared with equate. the 2008 Annex. • Provide adequate generators for the housing authority. Key recommendations included: • Enhance building codes and encourage • Improve and expand existing infrastructure: homeowners to flood proof their houses and • Consider increasing the height of the berm if possible, increase the base elevation. surrounding the wastewater treatment plant. • Harden pump stations or set up barriers to Enhance and improve the natural environment: protect from flood waters. • Prepare a natural resources management • Reconstruct New Haven rail line underpasses plan or an urban forest canopy study to to eliminate flooding either by raising the address the existence of Norway Maples road or installing pumps to handle the throughout town and in Roosevelt forest. runoff. This species is especially susceptible to dam- • Ensure community shelters have up-to-date age from high winds. and adequate alternate electrical power • Implement a tree removal and maintenance generation. Attendees mentioned that the program to reduce trees susceptible to high

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-22 Section 2: Planning Process

winds. neighborhood west of Route 127 (White • Long Beach acts as a barrier between Long Plains Road). Island Sound and the South End. The beach • Because of the land use patterns and the fact is separated from the mainland by Lewis Gut that much of Easton is either water company and the Great Salt Marsh. owned lands or former water company lands • Conduct a cost benefit analysis for beach that have been permanently preserved, replenishment of the engineered beach at inland flooding is not a special concern in Short Beach. The beach is susceptible to Easton. Watercourses susceptible to flooding coastal erosion from an excessive storm lie within large areas of undeveloped land. surge. • Other flooding concerns in all three com- • Increase the stream channel along flood munities included storm drains clogged with prone watercourses, especially Bruce Brook, debris and flooding of septic systems. to better manage water flow. Wind, ice and winter storms: • Ice storms and freezing rain create problems Towns of Easton, Monroe and Trumbull related to downed trees and result in power outages and inaccessible roads. Easton, A CRB Workshop was held for the towns of Monroe and Trumbull are susceptible to Easton, Monroe and Trumbull. Because these com- these problems due to the extensive tree munities are inland, they are less vulnerable to the coverage and age of the urban forest. The coastal effects of tropical storms and hurricanes. hazard potential is greater when leaves are The workshop took place on March 13, 2019. Staff still on the trees. from TNC and MetroCOG facilitated the workshops • Wind was identified as a critical hazard as and ensured interactive discussions about the it can cause trees to fall which then cause risks facing the three communities. A total of 20 power outages and closed streets. The prob- people attended the one-day workshop, including lems in these communities are exacerbated three attendees from the Town of Monroe; and 17 by the age of trees and extensive tree cover. attendees from the Town of Trumbull (one did not As a result of Super-Storm Sandy, about 130 sign in). Workshop attendees represented a wide acres of forested lands of predominantly range of town departments, boards and commis- white pine owned by the Aquarion Wa- sions, and residents as presented below. ter Company were severely damaged and The participants were asked to identify the required emergency timber removal. These natural hazards that most frequently impact and lands were located along Route 58 in the affect their respective town. As these towns are vicinity of the Aspetuck and Hemlock Reser- inland from Long Island Sound and do not suffer voirs. Because of the extensive damage, the as severe effects from hurricanes, tropical storms Aquarion Company worked with the DEEP or storm surges, the primary hazard impacting the on conducting an emergency timber cutting area is inland flooding caused by excessive rain and salvage program. events. Wind damage was also a common hazard • Winter storms: The February 2013 blizzard identified,as well as winter nor’easters. resulted in snow accumulations of up to 36 The following areas of concern were identified inches. In general, the towns were able to by participants: adequately handle the event and clear roads in a reasonable time period. The primary Inland flooding: concern during the storm was access to vital • Monroe: along Route 25 adjacent to the emergency services, especially hospital facili- West Branch of the Pequonnock River, and ties in Bridgeport. street access to the Jockey Hollow and Chalk Hill Middle School complex. While the three communities have a lot of • Trumbull: Long Hill drainage corridor paral- common experiences, there were several specific lel to Route 111 (Main Street) between Lake hazards that participants identified. The principal Avenue and the Merritt Parkway; and along concern in the Town of Easton is maintaining the the Pequonnock River in Trumbull Cen- supply of public drinking water, as the Town is ter, especially at Daniels Farm Road, in the home to three public supply reservoirs that are Twin Brooks Park neighborhood, and in the the primary source of drinking water in the Re- vicinity of Quarry Road and the residential gion. A large filtration plant, located at the base of

2-23 the Easton Lake Reservoir dam, was built several Better education and outreach is needed. Coordi- years ago to ensure clean and safe water. The nation and communication with utility companies Easton Emergency Management Director’s primary and crews is essential. Improved coordination concern is to ensure the plant remains operational between public works crews and electrical power during any hazard. crews is needed to make safe areas with downed Monroe’s elderly population was identified as trees and allocate resources to priority locations. the primary vulnerable population in the Town. The Attendees agreed that some improvement has oc- Town operates a senior center and senior hous- curred since the difficulties and problems experi- ing facility. During past events, evacuation of the enced after Tropical Storm Irene and Super-storm senior housing facility has not been necessary and Sandy, but more needs to be done. Discussions the facility have been able to remain self-sufficient. with the Aquarion Water Company should be held However, if evacuation were required, a severe about possibly increasing the diversion of the strain would be placed on the Town’s resources Pequonnock River to the Easton Lake Reservoir in and there would be some difficulty in accommo- advance of a storm, as well as the release of water dating facility residents. from reservoirs to provide storage capacity. All properties in Monroe are served by on-site All three communities have had past problems septic systems. During heavy rains and subsequent from downed trees because of high winds, ice flooding, on-site septic systems close to the Pe- or heavy wet snow. Tree maintenance programs quonnock River and the river’s branches may fail, need to be implemented that remove dead and resulting in increased pollutants entering the river. diseased trees and branches on an on-going basis. Increased water may not cause flooding or proper- Residents should be educated about maintain- ty damage but could be sufficient to prevent septic ing trees on their property. The towns also need systems from operating properly. There was some to coordinate with utility tree trimming programs. discussion on the need to install public sewers Proper tree maintenance on public and private to serve the main parts of town, especially along land, enhanced communications with utilities and Route 25 and Route 111. access to emergency services (on roads blocked by downed trees, as well as snow) have received In Trumbull, undersized culverts at several increased attention from these three communities locations prevent adequate flow during heavy rain in recent years. events. Locations that consistently flood include Daniels Farm Road near Trumbull Center, Lake Av- Higher priority recommendations for all three enue near the north end of Canoe Brook Lake and communities included: Melrose Avenue. Culverts under the Merritt Park- • Conduct watershed-wide assessment of way (Route 15), Route 8 and Route 25 also create flooding extent and causes and seek to pri- “pinch” points of stream flows and cause flooding oritize activities in each community based on upstream of the culverts. local and watershed needs. • Identify, catalogue, assess and prioritize The Trumbull Public Works staff voiced con- replacement, repairs, and retrofits for all cul- cern that several of the town’s sewer pump sta- verts across each community in the context tions are located in flood hazard areas. Attendees of future rain events with increased intensity, from Trumbull also expressed a concern regarding frequency, and magnitude. Ensure the study the potential hazard posed by dam failures. Pine- focuses on culverts that cause back-up and wood Lake is privately owned and the Pinewood subsequent flooding of roadways and struc- Lake Association is responsible for maintaining the tures as well as floodwater storage opportu- lake’s dam. While the Association has permission nities via better land use and/or open space to release water prior to a storm, the flood gate protection. on the dam is broken. Failure of the dam has the • Work directly with utilities to develop a tree potential to devastate approximately 100 homes management plan for powerlines across downstream. Attendees felt that this potential dam each community and adjoining municipali- failure poses a high risk to the safety of residents. ties along critical corridors to ensure conti- Attendees agreed that pre-disaster planning nuity of power and quicker recovery during and good communication during a natural disaster major storm events. were key to mitigation. Most residents are unaware • Continuously increase the effectiveness of that they live in a watershed or flood hazard area. the each town’s evacuation plan.

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-24 Section 2: Planning Process

Higher priority recommendations specific to Mon- Web-based Survey roe included: A public survey was posted online through the • Continue to encourage self-reliance amongst website www.surveymonkey.com. The goals of the residents resulting in the ability to shelter survey were to inform local officials of the general in place for extended periods during major public awareness regarding natural hazards, and events. to collect information that may lead to potential • Upgrade communications to better reach mitigation strategies. The survey was posted from residents and busineses during emergencies January 16 through March 14, 2019, and a total of Higher priority recommendations specific to Trum- 171 survey responses were received. bull included: The responses provide an indication of the • Look to establish a communications recov- public perception regarding the level of risk, ery and response plan between the Town awareness of natural hazard mitigation planning, and the seven communications companies and emergency response in the MetroCOG region. that service Trumbull. Some write-in responses deemed relevant to this • Continue to communicate and facilitate plan are included in this summary. grant applications to make improvements for two private dams (Pinewood and New Summary of Respondents Brook). Of the 171 survey respondents, 56 (33%) live • Look to establish back-up Emergency Opera- or own property in Trumbull, 53 (31%) in Bridge- tions Center to increase service continuity in port, 34 (20%) in Stratford, 14 (8%) in Monroe, and the event of an unprecedented disaster. ten (6%) in Fairfield. No residents or property-own- • Look to install or make available alert radios ers in Easton participated in the survey. A major- to help improve emergency communications ity of respondents (80%) have lived in or worked to municipal buildings, particularly the high in the MetroCOG region for more than 10 years. school and Senior Center. Four respondents (2%) live outside the region in • Conduct routine extreme weather commu- New Haven, Shelton, and Oxford. nications and emergency drills, and provide extreme weather training courses for teach- The number of respondents who work within ers and administrators at schools, day care the MetroCOG region is 106 (37%), and an ad- facilities, and after school programs. ditional 20 (12%) indicated that they are retired or • Secure an entirely new radio system for do not work. The remaining 43 individuals who emergency communications and coordina- responded to this question (25% of respondents) tion to help increase reliability and effec- commute outside the region for work. tiveness for first responders during major Only 40 respondents (27% of those who an- events. swered this question) were aware that MetroCOG maintains a Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan for the region. An additional 21 individuals skipped this 2.7 Community Outreach question. In an effort to develop a more comprehensive and publicly supported Multi-Jurisdictional NHMP, MetroCOG followed a proactive public involvement process. This process included creating a page on the MetroCOG website, developing an online survey and holding a series of public information meetings. MetroCOG’s website presented an overview of the purpose of the NHMP and summary of the plan development process. MetroCOG also posted the Press Releases, a Survey link, and Public Meeting Information. Screen shots of the webpage are included as Appendix D.

Hometown of Respondent

2-25 Participants were asked which recent events, if Survey Question: Which recent events have any, have generated awareness of natural hazards. made you more aware of the dangers of The table below summarizes the responses. The natural hazards? majority of respondents reported that they were already aware of the danger of natural hazards, Answer Percentage and no recent events have increased that aware- I was already aware; my awareness has not 51% ness. Seventy-one respondents (50%) reported increased that their awareness had been increased by Super- storm Sandy in October 2012. I did or do not think that natural hazards pose 3% a threat to the region Many respondents noted other events or Statewide tornadoes of 2018 19% trends that had raised their awareness; these write- Winter storms of 2017-2018 24% in responses included: • Rainstorm and flooding (specifically of the Winter storms of January 2015 16% Rooster River) in Bridgeport and Fairfield on Winter Storm Nemo in February 2013 21% September 25, 2018 (multiple respondents "Superstorm" Sandy in October 2012 48% referred to this event) Tropical Storm Irene in August 2011 32% • Constant flooding at Seaside Village • Chronic flooding along Iranistan Avenue and Other (please specify) 11% Burnham Street in Bridgeport Survey Question: How concerned are you • Historic events including the 1938 hurricane about each of the following natural hazards • Nor’easters in general impacting your home, business, or community? • Impacts to personal properties from flood- Weighted Average ing and storms (1 is low concern, • Street flooding during rain events Answer 3 is high concern) • My awareness has not increased, but my concern has. Hurricanes and Tropical Storms 2.53 Note that the responses above have been Flooding due to Poor Drainage 2.41 edited and consolidated for clarity and are not Winter Storms (including snow or ice) 2.28 necessarily verbatim. and Blizzards Sea Level Rise 2.19 Perceived Risk from Natural Hazards Tornadoes and other High Wind 2.18 The next question asked responders to rate Events hazards on a scale of 1 (low threat) to 3 (high Severe Thunderstorms (including hail 2.11 threat), indicating the level of perceived threat or and lightning) concern each presents to their homes or to the Flooding from Rivers 2.06 functions of their businesses. Extreme Cold Weather 2.00 The hazards with the highest perceived threat Extreme Hot Weather 1.78 for the majority of respondents include hurricanes and tropical storms, flooding due to poor drain- Drought 1.50 age, winter storms and blizzards, and sea level rise. Dam Failure (could be caused by 1.43 Earthquakes, wildfires, dam failure, and drought other hazards) were ranked as the lowest perceived risk. Wildfires and Brush Fires 1.37 Respondents wrote-in additional or more spe- Earthquakes 1.23 cific hazards of concern, including: • Failure of tide gates have affected the participant or their businesses. • Falling trees and branches A majority of respondents reported being affected • Beach erosion by hurricanes and tropical storms (65%), by winter • Rooster River flooding storms and blizzards (61%), and by flooding due • Climate change to poor drainage (60%). Severe thunderstorms, • Floods causing contamination of lake water flooding from rivers, extreme cold weather, and • Sewer back-up sea level were also reported to have impacted many respondents (over 25% for each). The re- The follow-up question asked which hazards ported experiences of respondents closely match

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-26 Section 2: Planning Process

the levels of concern reported. which they believed should be a priority moving 97 respondents entered answers when asked forward. if any specific areas of their communities were The top-ranked actions in terms of importance vulnerable to any of the above hazards. The top to mitigation were public outreach and education, mentions were: tree trimming and removal, risk zone identification, • Seaside Village and Lower Iranistan Avenue and land-use regulations. in Bridgeport The top ranked actions in terms of priority • Breakwater Key and Sniffens Lane, in Strat- moving forward were drainage improvements, ford public outreach and education, risk zone identifi- • Bridgeport’s South End, generally cation, back-up power for critical facilities, emer- • The Black Rock neighborhood in Bridgeport gency alerts, emergency response training, and • The Ash Creek area of Bridgeport and Fair- land-use regulations. field • Trumbull Center Fewer than 50% of respondents selected any specific action as having been used successfully Survey takers were asked what actions they in the past. Nevertheless, the top ranked action in had taken to protect their own families, homes, or terms of being used successfully in the past were businesses. Specific actions taken by respondents emergency alerts, tree trimming and removal, and include: snow clearing. • Removed large oak tree to prevent wind from felling it onto home Public outreach / education was the most • Removed hot water tank in basement, put commonly selected action as being important to tankless water heater on first floor hazard mitigation (72 selecting) and for being a • Relocated furnace to attic priority moving forward (78 selecting), but was • Added extra caulking around windows & also ranked near the bottom for having been used doors facing the water successfully in the past (15 selecting). Similarly- • Acquired a backup generator (multiple ranked actions (highly important, a priority moving responses) forward, but successful use in the past) include • Participated in Resilient Bridgeport efforts drainage improvements, land-use regulations, and • Increased insulation in attic, insulated in- floodproofing. home water pipes, updated weatherproof- Availability and Use of Local Resources ing. • Constantly clear and repair drainage ditches The survey asked respondents to note which • Purchased a home at a high elevation local resources are important and which were • Participated in Rebuild by Design meetings available to support or assist with hazard prepara- • Installed a sump pump (many responses) tion, response, or recovery. and french drain Local Government, followed by State Govern- • Purchased flood insurance ment, were identified as the most useful or im- • Communicated with municipal officials to portant (74% and 70% of respondents), and 48% make the town aware of concerns of respondents also indicated those resources are • Keep brush cut back available to them. Emergency responders were • Installed tidal gates and channels also identified as being important (68% of respon- • Changed the grade of back yard dents), and were also identified by most respon- • Minor improvements to drainage on prop- dents as being available (61% of respondents). erty Higher Education institutions were ranked Note that the responses above have been lowest in terms of availability (23% of respondents) edited and consolidated for clarity and are not while being considered important by about half necessarily verbatim. (46%) of respondents. Nonprofit organizations and Important Tools for Hazard Mitigation community or neighborhood associations were both ranked relatively low in availability (31% and Survey takers were presented a list of common 32% selecting, respectively) but somewhat higher hazard mitigation tools and asked to note which in importance (53% and 55% selecting, respec- they believed were important, which they had be- tively). lieved had been used successfully in the past, and

2-27 Survey Question: Which response activities are Potential Projects priorities? Participants were asked what one action could Weighted Average be taken in their community to reduce risks of (9 is highest priority, natural hazards. Drainage improvements and Answer 1 is lowest priority) education and awareness actions were the most Address Injuries and Casualties 7.75 commonly suggested. Continue Operation of Medical 7.08 Finally, participants were asked for additional Facilities comments, which included: Restore Utilities (electric, water, 6.63 • “Create a booklet of emergency resources wastewater, communication) for homeowners.” Re-open Roads 6.21 • “Sewer and storm drains need to be separated in the South End of Bridgeport.” Re-open Gas Stations & Grocery 4.77 Stores • “Towns like Fairfield affected by natural disasters like Sandy should evaluate their re- Clean/Repair Home 3.89 sponses to that disaster and determine how Re-open Schools 3.77 they can do better the next time.” Resume Business/Tourism Activities 2.97 • “Organize an evacuation plan specific to Restore Parks, Beaches, and other 2.42 each community.” Natural Resources • “There is only one street to access the condo complex where I live. It has been known Survey-takers were asked to rank a set of to flood, making it impassible. Emergency recovery activities from most important (1) to least responders need to be aware of this.” important (9). The inverse of the average rating • “Drainage systems are flooding every time of each action was taken to calculate the overall it rains. Areas for temporary water storage importance of each. during storms should be created throughout Addressing injuries and casualties, continuing the community.” operation of medical facilities, restoring utilities, • “Identify older, mentally/physically ill, and and re-opening roads are seen as the most impor- veterans and check on them first.” tant actions after a hazard event. • “Ensure shelters are prepared to sustainably Sea Level Rise and Climate Change provide for communities vulnerable to environmental hazards.” Survey-takers were also asked about their • “Outflow pipe at end of Sniffens Lane needs thoughts about planning for climate change and repair. Street becomes flooded during full sea level change. Most respondents (74%) believe moon high tides due to water from the river that it is appropriate to plan for storm events to being pushed up the outflow pipe.” become more severe and more frequent in the • “Fix drainage system in Seaside Village.” future. • “Mandate that homeowners affected by haz- The opinions of responders were less distinct ards be given preparedness training.” with regards to planning for sea level rise. 25% • “A robust and actionable plan is key not only feel it is appropriate to plan for sea level rise to for safety but also for fiscal stability and continue at the current rate, 32% for sea level rise economic development.” to accelerate, and 43% for it to accelerate dramati- • “Create both a short-term plan (5 - 10 years) cally, with several feet of rise by 2100. as well as a long term plan (50 years).” • “Communities such as Seaside Village need Thoughts on Flood Insurance a consultant to help us create a recovery Responders were asked about their thoughts plan for storm surges.” on flood insurance, specifically with regards to • “Storm drain failure proved to be an issue in increasing insurance premiums. Most respondents Trumbull in September 2018. Efforts should were interested in lowering premiums. be made to improve structures and ensure In the comments section, two respondents they remain free of debris.” indicated that flood insurance rates should more • “Send out mailings to make the community accurately reflect risk and be less subsidized, to more aware of issues.” discourage development in hazard zones. • “Get as many community members and or-

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-28 Section 2: Planning Process

ganizations as possible to participate in this were flood events, including those caused reflection. It is informative for them as well by including hurricanes and tropical storms, as your organization.” poor drainage, and sea level rise. Winter • “Work to get our State Legislature to put storms and blizzards were also a common statutes in place that prioritize protection of concern. existing residential properties (our municipal • Bridgeport: Many respondents reported that tax base) from severe storms.” the Seaside Village, South End, Black Rock, • “Expanding community education about and Ash Creek areas of Bridgeport are at risk the risks, solutions, and plans to deal with from hazards climate change is a priority for me.” • Other At-Risk Areas: The Breakwater Key • “It will be increasingly important to prioritize area of Stratford, Ash Creek in Fairfield, and safety improvements and hazard mitiga- Trumbull Center were all commonly identi- tion efforts while respecting environmental fied as having high natural hazard risk. law and regulations. However, it should be • Outreach and Education: Based on survey understood that improvements must take responses, public outreach and education place and should not be hindered by unnec- should be a focus for the region moving essary or overly conservative environmental forward; it was commonly identified as being constraints.” important and a priority, but was not noted • “Get the state back on solid financial ground as being used successfully in the past. Many before looking for places to spend addition- respondents listed outreach and education al money. Eliminate entitlements to pay for actions in the open-ended Question 18. hazard mitigation.” • Drainage Improvements: As with outreach • “Drainage in the town of Trumbull should be and education, drainage improvements were looked at.” often pointed to as important actions that • “Reduce conversion of pervious land to im- should be prioritized moving forward. pervious surfaces.” Based on this survey, communities in the Me- • “Educate the public on which department troCOG region should strongly pursue public out- to reach out to at Town Hall for each type of reach and education programs as well as encour- disaster.” aging local communities to seek improvements • “Snow, hurricanes and high wind storms to drainage systems. It will also be important to pose a unique threat to the New England perform studies and assessments to identify best area. The high populations of trees in our practices for hazard mitigation, and to improve the region have the potential to cause havoc on region’s evacuation planning. It is important to our roads and utility systems. Extensive tree note that, despite the relatively high response rate, damage could require weeks to clear, hold- this survey only represents a small segment of the ing up numerous other emergency services. region’s population, and the needs and interests of Our communities must begin aggressively the rest of the area’s residents should be solicited thinning tree populations in close proximity and addressed. to roads and utilities.” The survey is attached in Appendix D. Public Requests for Follow-up

A total of 44 participants provided contact Public Outreach information and expressed interest in following the progress of this plan update. MetroCOG provided the public an opportunity to learn about the Regional Natural Hazard Mitiga- Summary and Key Takeaways tion Plan and the value of mitigation planning. From the responses above, a number of key In addition to a web-based approach, MetroCOG patterns and takeaways can be seen: hosted two Regional Public Information Meetings. • Superstorm Sandy: Half of the respondents The 1st meeting was held on January 17, 2019 at noted that Superstorm Sandy had increased the Margaret E. Morton Government Center in their awareness of natural hazards – these Bridgeport. The 2nd meeting was held on April are communities that are clearly still affected 25th, 2019 at the Fairfield Regional Fire School in by that storm. Fairfield. • Flooding: primary concerns for respondents

2-29 Advertising and Promotion Meeting was also sent to the Chief Elected Of- ficial of each municipality as well as members of To advertise and promote the series of Public the Planning Teams. These municipal representa- Information Meetings, a Press Release and article tives were asked to post the Press Release to their was prepared and published in the Connecti- municipal website and place the Meeting Notice cut Post (https://www.ctpost.com/local/article/ at visible locations in City/Town Hall and other key Officials-discuss-preparing-for-disaster-13517729. locations. In addition, some communities put out php). The Connecticut Post has a wide, regional an e-mail blast to their listserv, reaching hundreds, circulation and is the primary source for printed if not thousands of residents across the Region. news and information in the region. The article was in the Tuesday, January 8, 2019 edition of the Web-based advertising was also undertaken. newspaper. The times, dates and locations of the public meetings were listed in a sidebar on the main Metro- The Press Release of each Public Information COG News webpage and featured on the Metro- COG Events page. Links for more information were embedded. Social media was utilized by posting public meeting information on the MetroCOG Facebook page. For each forum, a member of the MetroCOG staff presented on the process of updating the Regional Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan, as well as the impacts from recent events. Hazard profiles and the likelihood of events happening in the future were also discussed. The primary focus of the public meetings was to solicit information and comments from the public on how the community should address natural hazards and what actions, strategies and projects should be implemented to reduce the effects of future natural hazards.

Public Information Forums

January 17, 2019 – City of Bridgeport The meeting was held in City Hall. Kenneth Flatto, Finance Director for the City of Bridgeport was the only attendee. MetroCOG staff and Milone & MacBroom, Inc. presented an overview of the purpose and need for updating the Regional NHMP. Discussion following the presentation focused on plan implementation and funding of projects. April 25, 2019 - Town of Fairfield The meeting was held at the Fairfield Regional Fire School in Fairfield. Thirteen people attended and participated in the discussion (attendance list is attached in Appendix E). The attendees included members of the Fairfield Flood and Erosion Con- trol Board, Fairfield Beach Residents Association, Fairfield Fire Department, and members of the public. Participants were not limited to those from Fairfield. A resident of the Black Rock neighbor- Public Information Meeting Notices hood of Bridgeport and a resident of the Town of

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-30 Section 2: Planning Process

Stratford also attended this meeting. Residents letters also advised the towns of the availability from other communities expressed interest in the of the public survey. Letters were also sent to the meeting to MetroCOG staff via e-mail but ulti- Western Connecticut Council of Governments, mately did not attend the meeting. Naugatuck Valley Council of Governments and the The Town of Fairfield First Selectman, Metro- South Central Regional Council of Governments in COG staff, and Milone & MacBroom, Inc. presented January 2019 requesting input from the adjacent an overview of the purpose and need for updat- COGs. ing the Regional NHMP. At the conclusion of the Copies of the letters are attached in Appendix E.. presentation, the discussion focused on answering None of the surrounding communities or questions and addressing concerns expressed by COGs provided input during the planning process. attendees. Discussion topics following the presentation included microgrid installation in Fairfield, implementation of the Riverside Drive / Ash Creek Flood Protection Study, using the NHMP to acquire grant funding for projects, and flooding along Pine Creek. Following the meeting, there was additional discussion regarding a CIRCA study that considered the differences in wind shear for elevated vs. non-elevated homes. Contact with Adjacent Communities The involvement of other communities and regions was accomplished by direct contact with the municipal staff of adjacent cities and towns. The MetroCOG region is bordered by seven municipalities: • City of Milford: Borders Stratford along the Housatonic River. • Town of Newtown: Borders Easton and Mon- roe. The watersheds of the Aspetuck River, Halfway River and Pootatuck River overlap the town boundaries. The Housatonic River forms the eastern border of Newtown. • Town of Oxford: Borders Monroe along the Housatonic River. • Town of Redding: Borders Easton. The watersheds of the Aspetuck River and Saugatuck River overlap the town boundaries. • City of Shelton: Borders Monroe, Trumbull and Stratford. The watersheds of the Booth Hill Brook, Farmill River, Means Brook, and Pumpkin Ground Brook overlap the town boundaries. The Housatonic River forms the eastern border of Shelton. • Town of Weston: Borders Easton. The watersheds of the Aspetuck River and Saugatuck River overlap the town boundaries. • Town of Westport: Borders Fairfield. The watersheds of the Aspetuck River and Sasco Brook overlap the town boundaries. Letters were sent to each of the surrounding seven communities listed above requesting input into the hazard mitigation planning process. The

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Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-32 Hazard 3 Identification and Risk Assessment

This risk assessment provides sufficient In this chapter, the location and extent of the natural information to enable each jurisdiction hazards is described. Information on previous occur- to identify and prioritize appropriate rences of hazard events was collected through a review mitigation actions to reduce losses from of NOAA databases, interviews with municipal staff and identified hazards. The natural hazards research of historical records and archives. Based on this research, the probability of future hazard events was that have the potential of affecting the determined. region were identified through the planning process via the respective planning teams. 3.1 General Description of Region Physical Setting The Region consists of six communities located in Fairfield County, in Southwestern Connecticut. There are three coastal communities; the City of Bridgeport, the Town of Fairfield, and theT own of Stratford. These coastal communities are the most populated communities in the Region. The inland towns in the Region are Trumbull, Monroe and Easton. Easton is the least developed of all the communities. Figure 3.1 shows the Region and corresponding road network. Geology Geology has an important role in understanding the occurrence and severity of natural hazards such as earthquakes, coastal flooding and inland flooding. There are four main geologic forces that have shaped the ter- rain within the MetroCOG Region: tectonic, volcanic, glacial and human activity. Glacial and human activities have significant impacts on large scale and natural hazards. Tectonic and volcanic activity, discussed in the Bedrock Geology section below, have minor significance as natural hazards, as the only hazard of importance can be easily mitigated.

3-1 Figure 3.1: Base map of the Region. Figure 3.2: Bedrock Geology. Source: CTDEEP.

Bedrock Geology activity that formed the large trap rock ridges of The region is currently within a stable portion central Connecticut. The Buttress Diorite dike is of the North American tectonic plate. This means a northeast to southwest trending Jurassic age that at present time, the region does not experi- (140-205 million years ago) formation created by ence significant earth moving events that generate the remnants of the cooling magma that once fed earthquakes or volcanic activity. In the geologic the major volcanic activity occurring in the pres- history of the region, this is not the case. Evidence ent central Connecticut valley. The bedrock in the of this is seen in the bedrock geology of the region Region can be seen in Figure 3.2. Town maps of which consists of two major geologic terranes. bedrock can be found in Appendix F. The primary terrane is the Iapetos Terrane which In terms of natural hazards, the occurrence of consists of Ordovician Silurian and Devonian (360- Radon bearing rocks has a significant risk factor 500 million year old) metamorphic schists and over long periods of exposure but can be eas- gneiss created during a period of tectonic activity. ily mitigated. Radon (chemical symbol Rn) is a The majority of these metamorphic rocks have a colorless, odorless, heavy gas that seeps up to sedimentary and igneous beginnings indicating the surface out of the rocks of the earth. Radon near shore formation prior to deformation into is a product of the decay of uranium (U), which metamorphic rocks. The predominant direction of is present in most rocks in small amounts, but faults, bedrock contacts and rock cleavage trends U is also fairly concentrated in some areas of northeast to southwest. These faults are no longer granite, pegmatites, and mineral veins in Con- active and thus pose little earthquake hazard. necticut. Although radon is quite radioactive, it is There is one bedrock outlier within the predomi- not very dangerous itself because it has a neutral nantly gneiss/schist Iapetos Terrane: the Pine- electromagnetic charge (not ionic), so it does not wood Adamelite formation in Trumbull. This is a stick well to other molecules. You breath it into light-gray, medium-grained granite with a chemi- your lungs, but you also breath it back out again. cal makeup that tends to produce high levels of However, radon has a short half-life (3.8 days), Radon. The other terrane is the product of volcanic meaning it rapidly breaks down into other radio-

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-2 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

active elements, which are ionic and do stick to with changes in climate and geologic conditions. your lung cells. Some of these “daughter” ions are The glacial history of the region is evident to only radioactive isotopes of lead, bismuth, and polo- the last 100,000 years or so. The advance and nium. Being so close up to your lung cell DNA, retreat of the continental glaciers often create new the radioactive particles can and do cause damage glacial landforms and erase the evidence of previ- that eventually leads to tumors. ous glacial epochs. The glaciers that have formed We need to pay more attention to radon, behave a core in eastern Canada and over a period cause it probably causes most of the lung cancer of several thousand years, the glaciers grew and deaths that are not directly due to smoking. The extended southward into New England and other National Academy of Science concluded in 1998 northern states. The glacier acts as a bulldozer, that about 15,400 to 21,800 lung cancer deaths breaking down bedrock and pushing debris on its per year in the United States are caused by breath- forward moving side but unlike a bulldozer, some ing high levels of indoor radon, meaning hundreds debris is incorporated into a flowing glacier. Be- of deaths in Connecticut every year. In addition, neath the glacier, bedrock is plucked and scraped, there may be other problems such as stomach and then the debris is broken down into finer and finer esophagus cancer leading to years of pain and material. When combined with melting glacial misery or death. Figure 3.3 shows potential indoor water, the debris smears the remaining bedrock risk levels from radon in various areas of our state, with a variable thickness veneer of hard-pan or based on many measurements of radon in water glacial till. Some glacial till formations are larger wells and in the air of our buildings. No matter and thicker, creating spoon shaped hill forma- where you are on the map, you will not know if tions oriented in the direction the glaciers flowed, your house has high radon until you test for it, called drumlins. There are drumlins throughout which is pretty cheap and easy. the region, with prominent examples along the shoreline such as Sasco Hill in Fairfield and Grover Over the course of geologic history, glaciers Hill in Bridgeport. The drumlins keep those areas and the polar ice caps have grown and contracted out of harm’s way from rising tides and storm

Figure 3.3: Radon in Connecticut. Source: http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/geology/radon/RadonPotential.pdf

3-3 surges. After a glacier reaches its peak size and land and constructing homes in areas that will be begins to retreat back north, glacier melt-waters, most likely be wiped out in the next major storm. gush out of the glacier from below, above and Unfortunately, these feats of engineering have from the interior of the glacier. The melting waters come at a price, whether it was compromised contain the glacial debris that form stratified sand fisheries with the closure of spawning habitat from and gravel formations commonly found along cur- dam construction or the loss of valuable flooding rent rivers and waterways. These outwashes led to buffers salt marshes provide. We have a record present day Long Island Sound, once a fresh water of these filling activities through the USGS Topo- lake called Glacial Lake Connecticut. There are graphic Quadrangles, starting with the initial set underwater formations in Long Island Sound that produced around 1893 through versions in 1950s, attest to this history. Once Glacial Lake Connecti- 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and current GIS information. cut transitioned to Long Island Sound, tidal action These show salt marshes and open water being reworked existing glacial deposits and outgo- transformed into land for development purposes. ing fluvial sediments, forming post-glacial beach Much of the filling occurred prior to the 1970s and deposits at Southport Harbor, Fairfield Beach, Black the National Flood Program. Rock Harbor, and Pleasure Beach. Important Salt Marshes developed in conjunction with the post- Climate and Climate Change glacial beach building activities. Figure 3.4 shows Climate is defined as the expected frequency the surficial geology of the Region. Town maps of of specific states of the atmosphere, ocean, and surficial geology can be found in AppendixF . land including variables such as temperature (land, ocean, and atmosphere), salinity (oceans), soil Human Activity moisture (land), wind speed and direction (atmo- We have shaped our environment and ter- sphere), current strength and direction (oceans), rain since we have inhabited the region begin- etc. Climate encompasses the weather over dif- ning the early 1600s. These have included con- ferent periods of time and also relates to mutual structing dams for mill operations, filling in salt interactions between the components of the earth marshes, wetlands and other low-lying areas to system. Weather, on the other hand, is defined as allow increases in the amount of developable the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind speed and direction, and barometric pressure. The Region has a moderate climate with distinct seasons. Based on observations at the weather station located at Bridgeport/Sikorsky Air- port, the average temperature between 1980 and 2012 was approximately 52.5 degrees Fahrenheit (F), with summer temperatures averaging nearly 72 degrees and winter temperatures in the low 30s. Extreme conditions may raise summer temperatures to near 100 degrees and winter temperatures to below zero. However, the Region averages only about eight days a year with temperatures over 90 degrees and one day a year with temperatures below zero degrees. Figure 3.5 plots the annual average temperature from 1980 to 2018 and shows an increasing temperature trend. The range in annual temperatures was between 50.5 degrees and 55.6 degrees. Figure 3.6 plots the average maximum and minimum temperatures over the same period. By comparison, the statewide annual average temperature over the same time period was 49.5 Figure 3.4: Surficial Geology for the Region. Source: CT DEEP degrees, or three degrees cooler on average. As is

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-4 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

the case with the data from the Bridge- port-Sikorsky Airport, annual average temperatures for Connecticut are trending upwards. Over the course of a year, the region receives, on average, 43.1 inches of precipitation. Annual totals have ranged from a low of 33 inches in 1995 to a high of 60.2 inches in 2018. Mean snowfall amounts are approximately 27 inches per year, with a high total recorded in 2003 of 68.5 inches. Figure 3.7 charts the annual precipitation. The average precipitation total for Connecticut was 50.5 inches per year or over seven inches more precipitation fell state-wide than on the Region. Total Figure 3.5: Average annual temperature at Bridgeport Sikorsky Airport. Source: NOAA annual precipitation in Connecticut, as well as for the Region, has increased over time. Subsequent to the development of the 2014 NHMP, the Connecticut NHMP Updates (2014 & 2019) were adopted with enhanced discussions relative to climate change; the State established the Connecticut Institute for Resilience and Climate Adaptation (CIRCA); and the Water Planning Council supervised the development of the State Water Plan (2018) with a chapter devoted to Climate Change. The conclusions of the Connecticut Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update and State Water Plan include statements regarding the impacts of climate change on floods, droughts, Figure 3.6: Average annual maximum and minimum temperatures. Source: NOAA tropical storms and hurricanes, severe winter storms, thunderstorms, and wildfires. This information is presented in the subsections of this chapter within the discussion of each hazard. The State Water Plan (2018) includes an analysis associated with four scenarios (warm/wet, warm/dry, hot/ wet, and hot/dry) and notes that “Pre- cipitation projections are more variable, although consistently projecting a generally wetter future for all four scenarios. The largest precipitation increases are projected for the wetter months (higher percentiles), including extreme wet months. It follows, then, that the seasonality plots show that winter and Figure 3.7: Annual precipitation at Bridgeport/Sikorsky airport. Source: NOAA

3-5 spring precipitation changes are projected to be River and Pumpkin Ground Brook. The other drain- larger than summer and autumn changes. Drier age basins are associated with Bruce Brook, the months are generally projected to remain about Yellow Mill Channel, and Lewis Gut. The immedi- the same in terms of both frequency and rainfall ate shoreline along Long Island Sound is part of level.” The State Water Plan further notes that “The the Southwest Shoreline basin. largest increases in streamflow are generally pro- The Town of Trumbull lies within seven sub- jected for the winter months (Dec. - Feb.), for all regional drainage basins corresponding to the Mill four climate ensembles. This is likely attributable to River, Ash Creek/Rooster, Pequonnock River and its a combination of both greater winter precipitation tributaries, the unnamed tributaries of Yellow Mill and reduced snow accumulation.” Channel, Booth Hill Brook, Farmill River, and Pump- Hydrology kin Ground Brook. The regional drainage basins are comprised of The MetroCOG region lies within four re- sub-regional and local basins. These are described gional drainage basins: the Housatonic River, the in Table 3.1 on the next page and shown in Figure Saugatuck River, the Southwest Shoreline and 3.8. Town maps of drainage basins can be found in the Southwest Eastern basin. The basins drain the Appendix F. numerous rivers and streams that flow through the Region, primarily in a north-to-south direction, and Housatonic River Main Stem Regional Basin eventually empty into Long Island Sound. The Housatonic River is one of Connecticut’s Four sub-regional drainage basins cover the largest rivers, extending about 139 miles from City of Bridgeport, relating to the Ash Creek/ its source in Massachusetts to its mouth at Long Rooster River, Pequonnock River, the Yellow Mill Island Sound. The watershed and its component Channel and Bruce Brook/Johnsons Creek. In addi- river systems are classified as a Major drainage tion, Bridgeport’s coastal areas lie within the direct basin, draining an area of about 1,939 square miles drainage basin of Long Island Sound, referred to in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York. The as the Southwest Shoreline sub-regional drainage regional Housatonic River basin is about 932.66 basin. It includes the Cedar Creek inlet, Black Rock square miles. Harbor, Bridgeport Harbor, Lewis Gut and John- sons Creek. The Town of Easton lies primarily within three sub-regional drainage basins corresponding to the Aspetuck River, Saugatuck River and Mill River. In addition, very small areas of the town are within the drainage basins of the Pootatuck River, in the north part of town, and Sasco Brook, in the southwestern part. The Town of Fairfield is drained by the Sau- gatuck River, Sasco Brook, Mill River, and Ash Creek/Rooster River. In addition, coastal areas of Fairfield are within the direct drainage basin of Long Island Sound. This area includes Pine Creek. Seven sub-regional drainage basins flow through parts of the Town of Monroe. The river systems include the Pootatuck River, Halfway River, Mill River, Pequonnock River, Farmill River, Means Brook, and Housatonic River. A large portion of Monroe (approximately 8.4 square miles) is drained by the Pequonnock River, comprising much of the developed part of the Town. Much of the land area of the Town of Stratford drains towards the Housatonic River, including the sub-regional drainage corresponding to the Farmill Figure 3.8: Watersheds (Drainage Basins). Source: CT DEEP

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-6 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

The drainage basins associated with the mediately adjacent to the river, drain directly to the Pootatuck River, Halfway River, Farmill River, Pump- Housatonic River. kin Ground Brook, and Means Brook flow into and are sub-regional basins of the Housatonic main Farmill River stem. The lower sections of the Housatonic River The Farmill River begins in south-central are designated as a sub-regional drainage basin. Monroe and flows in a southeasterly direction into Shelton and forms the town line between Stratford Housatonic River and Shelton. Combined with its Beardsley Brook In the Region, the Housatonic River forms the tributary, the Farmill River drains about three northeast boundary between Monroe and the square miles in the town. The area drained by the Town of Oxford and is the municipal boundary Farmill River comprises much of the developed between Stratford and the City of Milford. part of Monroe. As a result, a number of chronic The Stevenson Dam impounds the river and flooding problems do occur along the river and its forms Lake Zoar. The lake is long and narrow and tributaries. provides flood control, recreational opportunities, The Farmill River does not flow through and hydroelectric power to the area. The Steven- Trumbull and only a small portion of the northern son Dam is one of the largest dams in the Region, part of the Town is in its drainage basin. The river and the largest in Monroe. Downstream of the Ste- ultimately joins the Housatonic River. The drain- venson Dam the river flows in a southerly direction age area of the Farmill River totals about 15 square through the City of Shelton and Stratford before miles. entering Long Island Sound. Halfway River One perennial watercourse known as Boys Halfway River drains the far eastern end of Mon- The Halfway River begins in Rowledge Pond, roe, an area of 0.7 square miles, and joins Lake just north of the Monroe town line in the Town of Zoar near the Stevenson Dam. Most of the east- Newtown. The Pine Swamp area of Monroe also central part of Stratford, as well as the lands im- drains into the river. From its source, the river flows

Table 3.1: Drainage basins. Source: CT DEEP REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL DRAINAGE BASINS - METROCOG PLANNING REGION Size Regional Basin Sub-Regional Drainage Basin Towns (Square Miles) Housatonic Main stem Farmill River Monroe & Trumbull 15.09 Housatonic Main stem Halfway River Monroe 10.68 Housatonic Main stem Housatonic River Monroe & Stratford 623.54 Housatonic Main stem Means Brook Monroe 10.95 Housatonic Main stem Pootatuck River Monroe & Easton 20.78 Housatonic Main stem Pumpkin Ground Brook Trumbull & Stratford 5.94 Saugatuck Aspetuck River Easton & Fairfield 71.60 Saugatuck Saugatuck River Easton & Fairfield 71.60 Southwest Coastal Eastern Ash Creek/Rooster River Bridgeport & Fairfield 15.33 Southwest Coastal Eastern Booth Hill Brook Trumbull 5.09 Southwest Coastal Eastern Bruce Brook/Johnsons Creek Stratford & Bridgeport 3.44 Southwest Coastal Eastern Lewis Gut Stratford & Bridgeport 3.98 Southwest Coastal Eastern Mill River/Cricker Brook Monroe, Easton & Fairfield 32.02 Southwest Coastal Eastern Pequonnock River Monroe, Trumbull & Bridgeport 24.03 Southwest Coastal Eastern Sasco Brook Fairfield 10.21 Southwest Coastal Eastern Yellow Mill Channel Trumbull, Stratford & Bridgeport 4.52 Southwest Coastal Shoreline Pine Creek (Local) Fairfield 2.00 Southwest Coastal Shoreline Southwest Shoreline Fairfield, Bridgeport & Stratford 7.80

3-7 in a northeasterly direction, eventually forming the petuck River and Saugatuck River are two of the boundary between Newtown and Monroe. The three sub-regional basins comprising the Sau- Halfway River joins the Housatonic River at Lake gatuck River Regional Basin. Zoar. The Halfway River has a total drainage area of about 10.5 square miles. Saugatuck River The Copper Hill Brook and its tributary Smith The Saugatuck River drainage basin encom- Pond Brook drain the central part of Monroe, with passes about 48.5 square miles, with headwaters in a combined drainage area of roughly 2.5 square Danbury and Ridgefield. The river flows in a south- miles, before joining the Halfway River. erly direction and enters the Saugatuck Reservoir, a public water supply reservoir. The reservoir lies Means Brook along the western edge of Easton. Downstream of Means Brook begins in eastern Monroe near the reservoir, the Saugatuck River flows through Boys Halfway River, where Hurds Brook was divert- the Town of Weston and the Town of Westport ed from Boys Halfway River to Means Brook. It has before entering Long Island Sound. Adjacent land a total drainage area of 11 square miles. Upstream in Easton drains either directly into the reservoir or of Means Brook, the drainage area includes Hurds into the Saugatuck River downstream of its dam. Brook, which is approximately two square miles. Most of the land is preserved as open space, either The portion of the Means Brook drainage basin as water-company owned lands or as parts of the in Monroe is relatively rural. Means Brook flows Centennial Watershed state forest. to the south, and most of its drainage area lies in Aspetuck River Shelton, where it joins the Farmill River upstream of the Housatonic River. The Aspetuck River has its headwaters in southwestern Newtown and flows in a southwest- Pootatuck River erly direction toward the Saugatuck River. It forms The Pootatuck River is one of the few rivers the southwest border between the Town of Easton with a drainage area in the Region that flows in a and the Town of Weston as well as the northwest northerly direction. The river rises in the far west border of the Town of Fairfield with the Town of corner of Monroe near the Easton town line, and Weston. The west side of Easton and northwest flows north through Newtown to the Housatonic corner of Fairfield are drained by the Aspetuck River. A tributary of the river drains the far west River. The total size of the drainage basin is 23 section of Monroe, including the area around square miles. Guskie Pond. The total size of the drainage basin is The river flows through the Aspetuck Reser- about 21 square miles, with only about one square voir, a public water supply reservoir, and joins the mile located in Monroe. Saugatuck River downstream of Easton in the Town of Westport. Several unnamed streams flow into Pumpkin Ground Brook the Aspetuck River. The northwest corner of Stratford and south- The areas drained by the Aspetuck River are east corner of Trumbull lie in the Pumpkin Ground very rural, and flooding problems are infrequent. Brook drainage basin. The brook begins in the Trap Land use in this part of the watershed is typical of Falls Reservoir in southern Shelton, and flows gen- Easton and the northern part of Fairfield: large lot erally in a southeasterly direction through Shelton residential. and Stratford before joining the Housatonic River. A majority of the area flows through Beaver Dam Southwest Eastern Regional Complex Basin Lake. A number of short, unnamed brooks flow The Southwest Eastern Regional Complex into the Pumpkin Ground Brook system. The total is a part of the Southwest Coastal Major Basin drainage basin is 6 square miles. that drains most of Fairfield County. The regional Saugatuck River Regional Basin complex covers most of the Region, except for the eastern half of Monroe and northeast part of The Saugatuck River regional basin lies along Stratford. It is associated with Ash Creek, Booth the western edge of the Region and covers mostly Hill Brook, Bruce Brook, Cricker Brook, Lewis Gut the towns of Redding, Weston and Westport. The (Great Salt Marsh), the Mill River, the Pequonnock basin drains 89.5 square miles. River, Sasco Brook and the Yellow Mill Channel. The drainage areas associated with the As- The drainage area is about 98.5 square miles.

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-8 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Ash Creek/Rooster River dry segments.

Ash Creek is the tidal estuary of the Rooster Booth Hill Brook River and is coincident with the boundary between Fairfield and the Black Rock section of Bridgeport. Booth Hill Brook is a larger tributary of the Pe- The watercourse is known as Rooster River up- quonnock with a total drainage area of five square stream of the New Haven rail line bridge. The entire miles. Most of this area is within Trumbull, with drainage basin includes the tributaries Ox Brook a small area located in Shelton. Booth Hill Brook and Horse Tavern Brook and has an area of roughly begins in the north eastern part of Trumbull near 15.5 square miles. the Farmill River watershed. It flows in a southerly direction and through Pinewood Lake before The section of the watercourse named Rooster merging with the Pequonnock River. River is only two miles in length, formed by the junction of Horse Tavern Brook and Londons Bruce Brook Brook in the eastern section of Fairfield. Londons Bruce Brook rises in northwest Stratford and Brook begins in northeast Fairfield and flows in flows in a southerly direction from its headwa- a southerly direction through Fairfield, having a ters. It forms the border between Bridgeport and drainage area of 1.5 square miles. In Trumbull, Stratford from about US Route 1 to a small dam the area associated with the Ash Creek/Rooster immediately upstream of the New Haven rail line River drainage basin surrounds the Horse Tavern crossing. Downstream of the railroad tracks, the Brook. Horse Tavern Brook begins at Canoe Brook outlet is protected by a tide gate maintained by Lake in Trumbull and flows in a southerly direction the Connecticut Department of Transportation. At through southwest Trumbull, the northwest corner this point, Bruce Brook becomes Johnson’s Creek, of Bridgeport, and eastern Fairfield, having a drain- which flows into Bridgeport Harbor and is the tidal age area of almost six square miles estuary of Bruce Brook. The Horse Tavern Brook watershed is densely The Bruce Brook drainage area is almost 3.5 developed in Trumbull, and it flows in a culvert un- square miles, with most of its area within Stratford. der the Westfield/Trumbull Shopping Mall before A small area is located in Bridgeport. The water- crossing the town line into the northwest corner shed is densely developed with primarily residen- of Bridgeport. Horse Tavern Brooks joins Londons tial property but with some commercial develop- Brook in Fairfield to form the Rooster River. ment in the southern portion. Ox Brook is a tributary of Rooster River, rising at the municipal boundary between Trumbull and Lewis Gut Bridgeport. The brook flows in a southerly direc- The Lewis Gut watershed is located in the tion only 500 feet from Horse Tavern Brook in South End of Stratford and consists of land drain- northern Bridgeport, passes through residential ing directly to or through unnamed streams to the neighborhoods, and joins Rooster River in the Great Salt Meadows, a component of the Stewart western section of Bridgeport, with a total drain- McKinney National Wildlife Refuge. The area is age area of a little more than two square miles. densely developed with residential and commercial The flow of Rooster River was modified in the properties and includes the Sikorsky Airport and past to reduce flooding. It is directed into a culvert Lordship section of town. The total area is ap- beneath Laurel Avenue, bypassing the bend in the proximately four square miles and the area drains channel. This culvert rejoins the river a short dis- in several locations to the salt marsh. Besides the tance downstream, leaving the channel dry except Lordship area, which is higher in elevation, a ma- during storms. jority of this watershed is flat land lying, below the base flood elevation and subject to coastal flood- Ox Brook has been modified along its entire ing. length. Many sections of the brook are underground in culverts, and the exposed portions of Mill River and Cricker Brook the brook have been heavily channelized. The lowest section of the brook is directed into a nine-foot The Mill River begins in the vicinity of the town diameter culvert beneath Capitol Avenue that joins line between Monroe and Easton, very close to the the Rooster River culvert. The bypassed sections of headwaters of the Pootatuck River and flows in a the brook channel located downstream of Capitol southerly direction forming the Easton Reservoir, a Avenue have been filled or remain as disjointed public water supply. Downstream of the reservoir, it

3-9 serves as a short section of the town line between Much of the area drained by the Pequonnock Fairfield and Easton, and then flows through the River and its tributaries are highly developed, central part of Fairfield before ending at Southport including the central part of Monroe and most Harbor. The entire drainage area for the Mill River of Bridgeport. As a result, a number of chronic is 32 square miles. flooding problems do occur along the river and Only the extreme west side of Monroe is its tributaries. The Pequonnock River floodplain is drained by the Mill River. The northwest section of largely undeveloped in Trumbull, as the river flows Trumbull drains to the east side of the reservoir via through a step-walled valley and several town a number of small streams and as overland flows. parks. Land use is predominantly suburban resi- The entire eastern half of Easton and the central dential on large lots. part of Fairfield lie within the Mill River watershed. Sasco Brook Main tributaries of the Mill River include Sasco Brook rises in northern Fairfield and Browns Brook and Cricker Brook. Both join the Mill flows in a southerly to southwesterly direction, River in Fairfield. Cricker Brook begins in the center forming the boundary with the Town of Westport of Easton. The impoundment of Cricker Brook cre- closer to its outlet on Long Island Sound. Sasco ated the Hemlock Reservoir, a public water supply Brook has a number of tributaries in Fairfield, in- reservoir. The northern half of this reservoir is lo- cluding Great Brook. It drains roughly the western cated in Easton, with the southern half in Fairfield. third of the Town. The entire drainage area for the Cricker Brook has a drainage area of approximately Sasco Brook and its tributaries is about ten square 7 square miles and Browns Brook has a drainage miles. Land use within the watershed is rural to area of about 1.5 square miles. suburban. Flooding problems are infrequent and Pequonnock River limited to sections of Great Brook. In the Town of Monroe, the West Branch and Yellow Mill Channel East Branch of the Pequonnock River join to form Yellow Mill Channel is a tidal estuary extend- the main stem. The river flows in a southerly direc- ing from Bridgeport Harbor to the New Haven rail tion through the Town of Trumbull and the City of line, just under a mile in length. The watercourses Bridgeport, forming the Bridgeport Harbor and that flow into the Yellow Mill Channel begin as two emptying into Long Island Sound. The total drain- streams in the southeast corner of Trumbull. Each age of the Pequonnock River area is 24 square stream begins just north of the Merritt Parkway, miles. flows in a southerly direction through residen- In north-central Bridgeport, a dam on the river tial areas and under the Route 8 expressway, and forms Bunnells Pond, a 33-acre lake. The dam has enters the northeast corner of Bridgeport and Suc- been reinforced and is designed to safely overtop cess Lake. Only a small portion of the watershed is during peak flows. The pond is relatively small in located in Stratford. relation to the flow rate of the river. Downstream of Success Lake, the Yellow The Pequonnock River has a number of Mill Channel Stream flows through a very heav- tributaries over its entire length. In Bridgeport, the ily industrialized section of Bridgeport; including primary tributary is Island Brook. This brook begins the former Remington Arms munitions grounds in Ehrsam Pond in Trumbull, flows in a southerly and the former Remington Arms factory. The area direction into Lake Forest, and then continues around Success Lake has been designated as the through central Bridgeport to the Pequonnock site of the proposed Lake Success Eco-Business River. Island Brook has a total drainage area about Park. The stream is constricted at four locations; 2.5 square miles, with roughly half of the area up- one just north of Boston Avenue (US Route 1) that stream of Lake Forest in Trumbull. forms Stillman Pond and at Grant Street, Barnum Island Brook has been modified along its en- Avenue and Crescent Avenue. Collectively these tire length, although to a lesser extent than nearby latter three impoundments are referred to as the Ox Brook. Some upstream sections of the brook Pembroke Lakes. The stream passes under the New are underground in culverts, as is the lower sec- Haven rail line through a culvert before entering tion between Park Cemetery and its outlet to the the Yellow Mill Channel. Pequonnock River. Several exposed portions have The total drainage area of the channel is 4.5 been channelized. square miles.

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-10 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Southwest Shoreline Complex Basin • East side of Johnson’s Creek in Stratford. This small area, about 0.2 square miles, covers an The Southwest Shoreline basin consists of industrial area of Stratford. the lands immediately adjacent to and along the • Long Beach, including Pleasure Beach in coastline. It stretches from the Town of Greenwich Bridgeport, and the Lordship section of at the New York state line to Housatonic River. The Stratford. This area is comprised of the bar- drainage area is about 41.5 square miles. rier beach that separates Long Island Sound Along the coast in the Region, areas that are from the Great Meadows Salt Marsh. About included in the Southwest Shoreline basin include: half of the barrier beach drains directly to • Southport Center and land west of South- Long Island and the other half is associ- port Harbor, totaling 0.5 square miles. Land ated with the Lewis Gut sub-regional basin. use is predominately residential with com- The eastern part of the drainage area is mercial use in the center area and adjacent comprised mainly of residential units. Most to the harbor. of this area of Lordship is located on high • Fairfield Town Center and the lands associ- ground and less susceptible to storm surge ated with Pine Creek. Pine Creek is a tidal flooding. However, coastal properties were estuary that begins as a small watercourse initially built as seasonal dwellings and many in the Town Center area. It has a drainage have been converted to year-round use. The area of roughly 3 square miles. Although area is about 0.5 square miles. the area remains relatively undeveloped, the Pine Creek tidal wetlands area has been Critical Infrastructure and Facilities extensively modified by drainage canals, Numerous public and private facilities and tide gates and dikes. Where the creek flows infrastructure are critical to the assessment of parallel to and behind a barrier beach, the risks from natural hazards and are important in floodplain has been extensively altered with mitigating the possible effects of events. Critical bulkheads due to dense residential develop- structures include facilities that support responses ment. and recovery efforts, such as, police headquarters, • Black Rock and South End neighborhoods in emergency management operations centers, fire Bridgeport, including land on both sides of stations, hospitals, medical centers, and govern- Black Rock Harbor. The area stretches to the mental offices. In addition, facilities that house north to encompass the eastern half of the vulnerable populations are considered in this West End and parts of the Hollow neighbor- category. This category includes long-term care hoods. Land use is highly developed with facilities, as these house populations of individu- medium-to-density housing and commer- als that would require special assistance during cial strips along the main road arteries. The an emergency. Educational institutions are often area includes Cedar Creek and Seaside Park. considered critical facilities, as these are often used The drainage area totals about three square to house persons displaced from their homes. miles. • Steele Point peninsula in Bridgeport. This The City of Bridgeport is the central city of the area juts into Bridgeport Harbor and is sur- Region. It serves as the transportation hub and is rounded by the Pequonnock River on the home to several essential and critical facilities that west and the Yellow Mill Channel on the serve the Region. The State of Connecticut’s Emer- east. The site is undergoing redevelopment gency Operations Center (EOC) is located in the into a mixed-use complex on the property, Troop G State Police barracks in Downtown. The including a new marina. EOC for the City is the back-up facility for the State • Lower East End in Bridgeport. The area is ad- EOC and can handle regional emergency response jacent to Bridgeport Harbor and is bordered as necessary. The Region’s main medical facilities by the Yellow Mill Channel on the west and are Bridgeport Hospital and St. Vincent’s Medical Johnson’s Creek on the east. The eastern half Center, both located in Bridgeport. of the area is predominately medium density Major transportation infrastructure is critical housing and the western half is controlled for evacuation and response, and to ensure that by the Bridgeport Port Authority. The Cilco emergencies are addressed while day-to-day man- Terminal and other port facilities are located agement of the Region continues. Critical infra- on this side. It is about 0.5 square miles. structure located in flood prone areas are subject

3-11 to flooding and therefore vulnerable to closure in provide sufficient power for the entire shelter. the event of a natural disaster. Flooding is not the The American Red Cross (ARC) has been only concern, as infrastructure can be impacted by chartered by the US Congress to respond to all downed powerlines, trees, and other debris. disasters and be the lead agency for mass care and Commuter rail service offers a vital transporta- sheltering. It coordinates emergency services at tion mode for travel within and beyond Connecti- the local level through its regional chapters. The cut, especially lower Fairfield County and New York municipalities of MetroCOG are served by the Mid- City. The Metro-North Railroad operates commuter Fairfield Chapter. Depending on the extent and du- trains through the Bridgeport on the electrified ration of the emergency, the mass care of residents New Haven Main Line (NHL-ML). The NHL-ML runs may be handled through the activation of local east-west along the southwestern shoreline of the shelters for routine incidents or the municipal- state between New Haven and New York City. The ity may request ARC assistance. At that point, the Region has five rail stations: municipal shelter may become a Red Cross shelter, • Stratford Center at 2520 Main Street, Strat- and serve a regional function. ford The ARC conducts assessments of shelter • Bridgeport at 525 Water Street, Bridgeport facilities to determine effectiveness in providing • Fairfield Metro Center at 61 Constant Com- for the needs of residents during an emergency. ment Way, Fairfield The assessment evaluates site accessibility, capac- • Fairfield Center at 165 Unquowa Road, Fair- ity, utilities available, and lavatory and food service field capacity. While the assessment provides an oppor- • Southport at 400 Center Street, Fairfield tunity for determining the appropriateness of the The state also operates the East Bridgeport facility to function as a shelter, it does not mean Rail Yard located at 664 Hollister Avenue. The rail that the facility would be operated by the Red yard is used to store rail cars not in use and is the Cross. For instance, in specific scenarios a shelter location of its Maintenance of Way facility. This may be staffed and managed by the municipality area is also the site of the proposed Barnum Sta- or a private organization, but with a level of ARC tion, the second rail station in Bridgeport. assistance. In other situations, the ARC may be the responsible party for providing supplies such as Fixed-route and demand responsive public cots, shelter kits, etc. bus service is provided by Greater Bridgeport Transit (GBT) to five of the six towns in the Region. By ARC policy, Red Cross shelters do not re- The only town with no public transit service is strict access by residence status. Conversely, shel- Easton. The local, fixed-route bus system consists ters operated by municipal authorities retain and of 19 routes, with various route extensions and often exercise the right to restrict access to local branches to extend coverage. The system is radial residents only. Therefore, any ARC shelter could be in that most routes begin, end, or pass-through viewed as a “regional” shelter. Whereas most disas- Downtown. The downtown terminal, located at ters are of limited scope, the distinction between 710 Water Street, acts as a pulse point to facilitate local and regional shelters is seldom of concern. transfers between routes and better coordinate During a catastrophic regional event, however, this operations. The GBT’s Maintenance Garage and distinction may have more relevance. Administrative Offices are located at 1 Cross Street. The Region has approximately 44 designated Places where impacted populations can go be- emergency shelters, capable of accommodating fore, during and while recovery occurs are needed approximately 18,200 individuals. The town by and are essential during an emergency. Most often, town breakdown of these shelters can be seen in schools are used as public shelters, as they have Table 3.2. Note that these figures are approximate gymnasiums that can accommodate large num- and subject to change. Many communities only bers of residents, and are structurally capable of intend to use these facilities on a temporary basis withstanding the forces endured during an event. for providing shelter until hazards such as hur- In addition to structural rigidity, schools maintain ricanes diminish. However, there may be instances the necessary facilities such as lavatories, showers, that longer term sheltering is required. and food service areas as well as other spaces for The City of Bridgeport has the most emer- recreation. Emergency back-up power generation gency shelters and has the capability of housing is usually available, but in some instances may not the highest number of residents. Nearly 30 shelters

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-12 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Table 3.2: Shelters in the Region that has the potential to cause fatalities, injuries, Numbers and Capacities Approximate property damage, infrastructure damage, agricul- Bridgeport ture loss, damage to the environment, interruption of business, or other harm or loss” (Multi-Hazard Number of Shelters 29 Identification and Risk Assessment: A Cornerstone Capacity 13,000 of the National Mitigation Strategy, Federal Emer- Easton gency Management Agency, 1997). Number of Shelters 1 The original 2006 NHMP identified the follow- Capacity 200 ing natural hazards that can potentially affect the Fairfield Region: • Inland and Coastal Flooding Number of Shelters 8 • Sea Level Rise Capacity 3000 • Summer and Winter Storms Monroe • Earthquakes Number of Shelters 1 • Dam Failure Capacity 200 The risk assessment of these hazards was based on the understanding that a single hazard Stratford may be caused by multiple events. For example, Number of Shelters 4 flooding may occur as a result of heavy rains, a Capacity 1,000 hurricane/tropical storm, or a winter storm. And Trumbull the extent of the flooding problem may differ depending on the event. The problems of inland and Number of Shelters 1 coastal flooding were addressed separately, as the Capacity 800 extent, cause and risks associated with each varies. Region The 2014 NHMP Update used the above list as Number of Shelters 44 a starting point. Additional natural hazards were Capacity 18,200 defined through holding hazard mitigation and resiliency workshops, public outreach (meetings are located in Bridgeport, mostly in schools. These and surveys), and research and documentation of shelters can accommodate about 13,000 people. recent events. In addition, Bridgeport has designated some of its shelters to accommodate persons with special Participants at the workshop held in the City needs. One of the shelters is located within a flood of Bridgeport identified the top hazards facing the zone. City as: 1. Frequency and severity of coastal and inland Critical infrastructure can be found in the flooding FEMA Flood Maps in Appendix F and as a list in 2. Storm surge from tropical storms and hur- Appendix A. ricanes 3. Sea level rise and rising groundwater 3.2 Natural Hazards 4. Snow, ice, rain and wind storms 5. Drought and extreme heat This 2019 NHMP Update includes hazards 6. Tornados and earthquakes identified in the 2014 NHMP as well as additional From the Fairfield workshop, the top hazards hazards that were identified during the planning were similar: process, including meetings with the local Planning 1. Coastal flooding Teams, the CRB Workshops, and through feedback 2. Inland flooding provided via our online survey and Public Informa- 3. Storms (including wind, rain, ice, and snow) tion Meetings. 4. Sea level rise The first step in assessing risks from extreme 5. Extreme precipitation events weather events or other natural disasters was to 6. Extreme temperature events (heat and cold) identify the hazards that might affect the region For the workshop that included stakeholders and determine which are most likely to occur. The from Easton, Monroe and Trumbull, the principal term hazard means “an event or physical condition hazards were:

3-13 1. Inland flooding caused by extreme precipita- discussion of wildfires was considered appropriate tion events for the plan. A new section has been added to dis- 2. Wind damage that downs trees and power cuss the wildland-urban interface and the potential lines impacts of wildfires in the region. From the workshop held in Stratford, the top Exposure Analysis hazards were similar to the other coastal communities: Whereas certain hazards such as hurricanes 1. Coastal flooding may affect the entire region, other hazards such as 2. Sea level rise flooding typically affect defined areas. Thus, the 3. Storm surge from tropical storms and hur- extent of exposure to a particular natural hazard ricanes may vary depending on the extent of the hazard. Based on the discussions at various workshops, Vulnerable assets were identified by intersect- the following natural hazards were assessed: ing GIS-based asset inventories and demographic • Hurricanes data with hazard risk boundaries to determine • Inland flooding the number of parcels, buildings, critical facilities • Coastal flooding (Appendix A), historic resources (Appendix B), and • Sea level rise populations exposed to each hazard. This results • Summer storms/tornadoes in an estimation of exposure by hazard. Tables 3.3 • Winter storms (blizzards/ice storms) through 3.8 present vulnerable assets for each Me- • Earthquakes troCOG community. The following inventories were • Dam failures used to conduct the exposure analysis: • Coastal erosion exposure was mapped using While extreme heat and cold were considered the 2014 publication Analysis of Shoreline potential hazards that might affect the region, Change in Connecticut by DEEP, Sea Grant, these events were not assessed in detail as the and UConn/CLEAR. Region is not susceptible to prolonged periods of • Dam failure exposure was determined based excess temperatures or temperatures below zero on dam failure inundation mapping available degrees Fahrenheit. Climate data for the Region from DEEP for the high hazard dams in the available from the National Climate Data Center planning area. were reviewed. Since 1895, the average tempera- • Flooding exposure was based on existing ture during July is 69.5 degrees and the mean digital flood insurance rate maps (DFIRMs) temperature during January is 23.2 degrees. The for each community. Note that the 0.2% Region averages only about eight days with tem- annual chance flood areas include the areas peratures over 90 degrees and only about one day mapped under the 1% annual chance flood with a temperature below 0 degrees. areas. For the 2019 Plan Update, the existing list of • Historic resources were mapped using spa- hazards addressed in the plan were compared to tial data developed by SHPO in 2015-2017. those addressed in the 2019 Connecticut NHMP • Sea level rise extent was mapped using the Update. Two hazards addressed in the State “bathtub model” methodology, with all land NHMP that were not previously addressed in areas below the elevation of Mean Higher the MetroCOG Region NHMP are wildfires and High Water (MHHW) plus the sea level rise droughts. projections developed by CIRCA (see Section In general, drought is considered to be a 3.7 for projections). minimal hazard in the region, as only 1.6% of the • Storm surge exposure was based on the region is in agriculture. The largest consideration 2008 Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from for drought is its effect on Aquarion Water Com- Hurricanes (SLOSH) analysis prepared by the pany’s ability to provide water service to customers United States Army Corps of Engineers. This in the region, but the utility has drought manage- GIS shapefile is available from DEEP. ment measures in place as part of its Water Supply • Wildfire exposure was determined using a Plan on file with the Connecticut Department of methodology that highlights land cover, ex- Public Health. A detailed discussion of drought is tent of contiguous forested or grassed areas, therefore not included herein. and distance from water sources. Starting with the entire land area of each community, As more than 40% of the region is forested, a

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-14 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Table 3.3: Exposure Summary for Bridgeport Number or Value (Millions) Value of Value of Value of Value of Number At-Risk Number At-Risk Number of At-Risk Number of At-Risk of Critical Critical of Historic Historic Hazard Parcels Parcels Buildings Buildings Facilities Facilities Assets Assets Dam Failure 735 $154 399 $51 0 $0 47 $3 Coastal Erosion 75 $69 99 $26 0 $0 21 $5 Earthquake 36,275 $7,909 39,549 $5,951 83 $1,364 1,804 $580 Flooding 1% Annual 5,304 $2,153 3,147 $1,678 15 $710 258 $88 0.2% Annual 7,190 $2,513 4,243 $1,900 19 $730 323 $95 Storm Surge Category 1 1,426 $1,295 482 $1,094 5 $599 97 $25 Category 2 3,187 $1,797 1,765 $1,461 12 $699 354 $46 Category 3 4,685 $2,234 2,789 $1,808 20 $867 760 $69 Category 4 5,164 $4,245 3,308 $3,415 27 $873 1,318 $121 Hurricane / 36,275 $7,909 39,549 $5,951 83 $1,364 1,804 $580 Tropical Storm Sea Level Rise 744 $537 123 $421 6 $33 36 $4 Thunderstorm 36,275 $7,909 39,549 $5,951 83 $1,364 1,804 $580 Tornado 36,275 $7,909 39,549 $5,951 83 $1,364 1,804 $580 Winter Storm 36,275 $7,909 39,549 $5,951 83 $1,364 1,804 $580 Wildfire 363 $79 $395 $60 0 $0 18 $6

Table 3.4: Exposure Summary for Easton Number or Value (Millions) Value of Value of Value of Value of Number At-Risk Number At-Risk Number of At-Risk Number of At-Risk of Critical Critical of Historic Historic Hazard Parcels Parcels Buildings Buildings Facilities Facilities Assets Assets Dam Failure 75 $48 24 $34 0 $0 0 $0 Earthquake 3,247 $1,331 5,311 $648 8 $12 45 $12 Flooding 1% Annual 567 $207 130 $44 0 $0 12 $6 0.2% Annual 700 $278 168 $150 0 $0 20 $11 Hurricane / 3,247 $1,331 5,311 $648 8 $12 45 $12 Tropical Storm Thunderstorm 3,247 $1,331 5,311 $648 8 $12 45 $12 Tornado 3,247 $1,331 5,311 $648 8 $12 45 $12 Winter Storm 3,247 $1,331 5,311 $648 8 $12 45 $12 Wildfire 3,247 $1,331 5,311 $648 8 $12 45 $12

3-15 Table 3.5: Exposure Summary for Fairfield Number or Value (Millions) Value of Number Value of Value of Value of Number At-Risk of At-Risk Number of At-Risk Number of At-Risk of Critical Critical Historic Historic Hazard Parcels Parcels Buildings Buildings Facilities Facilities Assets Assets Dam Failure 3,007 $1,537 3,048 $643 3 $56 224 $234 Coastal Erosion 226 $468 94 $145 0 $0 5 $12 Earthquake 19,597 $10,407 29,973 $4,783 49 $251 411 $422 Flooding 1% Annual 6,269 $1,070 5,489 $408 7 $182 211 $211 0.2% Annual 8,530 $1,929 6,542 $808 7 $235 264 $232 Storm Surge Category 1 3,308 $1,709 2,878 $633 0 $0 130 $135 Category 2 3,367 $1,841 5,692 $698 7 $50 212 $212 Category 3 4,547 $3,449 7,425 $1,375 11 $61 256 $263 Category 4 6,143 $4,833 9,021 $1,982 14 $120 353 $331 Hurricane / 19,597 $10,407 29,973 $4,783 49 $251 411 $422 Tropical Storm Sea Level Rise 1,471 $931 773 $330 9 $87 57 $75 Thunderstorm 19,597 $10,407 29,973 $4,783 49 $251 411 $422 Tornado 19,597 $10,407 29,973 $4,783 49 $251 411 $422 Winter Storm 19,597 $10,407 29,973 $4,783 49 $251 411 $422 Wildfire 6,859 $3,642 10,491 $1,674 0 $0 144 $148

Table 3.6: Exposure Summary for Monroe Number or Value (Millions) Value of Value of Value of Value of Number At-Risk Number At-Risk Number of At-Risk Number of At-Risk of Critical Critical of Historic Historic Hazard Parcels Parcels Buildings Buildings Facilities Facilities Assets Assets Dam Failure 22 $41 19 $36 0 $0 3 $31 Earthquake 7,827 $2,100 11,546 $1,369 14 $72 134 $102 Flooding 1% Annual 1,548 $431 236 $326 6 $58 20 $34 0.2% Annual 1,691 %519 281 $387 8 $60 27 $67 Hurricane / 7,827 $2,100 11,546 $1,369 14 $72 134 $102 Tropical Storm Thunderstorm 7,827 $2,100 11,546 $1,369 14 $72 134 $102 Tornado 7,827 $2,100 11,546 $1,369 14 $72 134 $102 Winter Storm 7,827 $2,100 11,546 $1,369 14 $72 134 $102 Wildfire 7,827 $2,100 11,546 $1,369 14 $72 134 $102

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-16 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Table 3.7: Exposure Summary for Stratford Number or Value (Millions) Value of Value of Value of Value of Number At-Risk Number At-Risk Number of At-Risk Number of At-Risk of Critical Critical of Historic Historic Hazard Parcels Parcels Buildings Buildings Facilities Facilities Assets Assets Dam Failure 3,561 $1,109 3,422 $711 2 $71 168 $84 Coastal Erosion 297 $83 144 $43 0 $0 2 $1 Earthquake 22,868 $4,839 26,719 $3,162 27 $196 416 $138 Flooding 1% Annual 7,449 $1,820 4,586 $1,274 3 $103 105 $76 0.2% Annual 7,941 $2,070 4,759 $1,449 4 $107 105 $76 Storm Surge Category 1 1,801 $782 798 $495 1 $56 18 $57 Category 2 3,253 $1,075 2,431 $677 3 $71 61 $67 Category 3 6,186 $2,118 4,800 $1,329 3 $71 162 $73 Category 4 8,648 $2,975 6,538 $1,848 5 $75 246 $82 Hurricane / 22,868 $4,839 26,719 $3,162 27 $196 416 $138 Tropical Storm Sea Level Rise 1,061 $478 87 $305 1 $56 13 $4 Thunderstorm 22,868 $4,839 26,719 $3,162 27 $196 416 $138 Tornado 22,868 $4,839 26,719 $3,162 27 $196 416 $138 Winter Storm 22,868 $4,839 26,719 $3,162 27 $196 416 $138 Wildfire 5,717 $1,210 6,680 $791 7 $49 104 $35

Table 3.8: Exposure Summary for Trumbull Number or Value (Millions) Value of Value of Value of Value of Number At-Risk Number At-Risk Number of At-Risk Number of At-Risk of Critical Critical of Historic Historic Hazard Parcels Parcels Buildings Buildings Facilities Facilities Assets Assets Dam Failure 451 $118 271 $64 0 $0 1 $0 Earthquake 14,048 $4,215 18,175 $2,498 33 $158 154 $25 Flooding 1% Annual 1,509 $752 466 $218 1 $15 0 $0 0.2% Annual 2,731 $1,395 935 $377 2 $31 0 $0 Hurricane / 14,048 $4,215 18,175 $2,498 33 $158 154 $25 Tropical Storm Thunderstorm 14,048 $4,215 18,175 $2,498 33 $158 154 $25 Tornado 14,048 $4,215 18,175 $2,498 33 $158 154 $25 Winter Storm 14,048 $4,215 18,175 $2,498 33 $158 154 $25 Wildfire 3,512 $1,054 4,544 $625 8 $40 39 $6

3-17 areas of land, impervious surfaces, areas data represented by census tract and census served by public water systems, and water blocks. In addition, it contains site-specific data bodies (rivers, streams, lakes, ponds) were such as emergency operation centers, fire stations, removed. Contiguous areas of 50 acres or police stations, schools and medical care facilities. more were then identified and analyzed Results from HAZUS-MH and the corresponding against 2010 CT ECO land cover data, with loss estimates will be discussed in appropriate areas classified as a type of forested or Hazard Profiles. Specific results can be found in grassed area selected as wildfire risk areas. Appendix G. These areas, plus a 50-foot buffer, represent- Annualized loss estimates were prepared for ed the exposure area for wildfires. each hazard using the following methods, with • For the remaining hazards (earthquakes, results presented in Table 3.9: hurricanes, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and • Dam failure data was downloaded from the winter storms), it was assumed that all build- National Performance of Dams (NPDP) for ings and populations were at equal risk. the Region for 1877 through present and The exposure values are equal to the total adjusted for inflation. The regional damage exposure of the community. was divided by the number of years of data (141) to develop annualized loss, which was 3.3 Loss Estimates attributed by the percentage of the population of each community to the region. Annualized loss estimates by community were • Earthquake annualized loss was developed developed for each natural hazard likely to impact using HAZUS-MH. the MetroCOG region. These were developed • Flooding annualized loss was developed based on existing loss information collected by the based on National Flood Insurance Program communities, data published by FEMA or other (NFIP) damage data for 1978 through 2018 sources, derived from county-wide data developed for each community, plus the requested for the 2019 Connecticut NHMP Update, or devel- FEMA Public Assistance grants for each com- oped using HAZUS-MH. munity attributable to flooding divided by HAZUS-MH is a multi-hazard loss estimation the years of record available. model developed by the FEMA and the National • Hurricane wind annualized loss was calculat- Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). It is run as an ed from probabilistic simulations in HAZUS- extension in ArcGIS, a Geographic Information Sys- MH. The equation presented in the FEMA tem (GIS), and is designed to assist communities in HAZUS-MH Technical Manual was used to identifying and reducing risk from natural hazards. process the probabilistic data into annual- In particular, HAZUS-MH is used to estimate the ized loss for each community. physical, economic, and social impacts of earth- • Thunderstorm and tornado annualized loss quakes, hurricanes, and floods. was calculated based on county-wide damages for each hazard presented in the 2019 A Level 1 analysis was performed using the State NHMP, which was attributed by the HAZUS-MH Hurricane, Flood and Earthquake percentage of the population of each com- models. Level 1 analysis uses HAZUS-MH provided munity to the county. inventory and hazards Table 3.9: Annualized Loss Estimates by Natural Hazard information. HAZUS- Value (Thousands) MH has a robust inventory from which Hazard Bridgeport Easton Fairfield Monroe Stratford Trumbull Region numeric estimation Dam Failure $8 $0 $3 $1 $3 $2 $17 of loss from modeled Earthquake $470 $30 $270 $70 $190 $140 $1,170 hazards can be calcu- Flooding $376 $6 $1,697 $4 $364 $24 $2,472 lated. The inventory Hurricane Wind $3,651 $127 $2,040 $322 $1,764 $729 $8,635 is from 2010 census data and includes Thunderstorm $102 $5 $43 $14 $36 $25 $226 information about Tornado $20 $1 $9 $3 $7 $5 $45 buildings, population Winter Storm $143 $23 $107 $30 $99 $85 $487 distribution and other Wildfire $1 $30 $4 $11 $3 $5 $55 community specific

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-18 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

• Winter storms annualized loss was based The geographical areas affected by tropical on the requested FEMA Public Assistance cyclones are called tropical cyclone basins. The grants for each community attributable to Atlantic tropical cyclone basin is one of six in the winter storms divided by the years of record world and includes much of the North Atlantic available. Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. • Wildfire annualized loss was calculated The official Atlantic hurricane season begins on based on average fire size and number of June 1st and extends through November 30th of events per year for Fairfield County in the each year, although occasionally hurricanes occur 2014 State NHMP, an estimated average outside this period. response cost of $2,000 per event, and the population density of each community com- Storm Surge pared to the county. Storm surge can be the greatest threat to human life and property from a hurricane or tropical 3.4 Hazard Profile – Hurricanes system. While other storm types can bring a surge, and Tropical Storms they are most notably associated with systems of tropical origin. According to the National Hur- ricane Center, storm surge is an abnormal rise of Setting water generated by a storm system that is over Hurricanes and tropical storm systems threat- and above the predicted astronomical high tide en Connecticut residents with the possibility of levels. This rapid and occasionally extreme rise storm surges, powerful winds, and heavy rains. in water can cause substantial inundation along These elements can lead to devastating inland and coastal areas, especially when it coincides with the coastal flooding, as well as the loss of power and astronomical high tide. When this occurs, a storm structural damage to homes and businesses. The tide of up to twenty feet or more can occur. A coastal communities of the Region (Bridgeport, storm tide is the combination of the tide elevation Fairfield & Stratford) are the municipalities most at and the storm surge. risk to inundation from a tropical event. Both our The storm surge is generated through water coastal and inland communities are also vulnerable being pushed ashore by the force of winds moving to inland flooding and wind damage that could cyclonically around the storm system. The mag- be associated with hurricanes and tropical sys- nitude of a storm surge within a coastal basin is tems. Further repercussions from tropical systems governed by both the meteorological parameters include substantial and widespread property dam- of the hurricane and the physical characteristics of age, and loss of utility services, including electric- the basin. The meteorological aspects include the ity, water, telephone, cell service, sewage, and hurricane’s size, measured by the radius; the inten- internet. sity, measured by sea level pressure and maximum surface wind speeds at the storm center; the path, or forward track of the storm; and the storm’s for- Hazard Assessment ward speed. Furthermore the ocean floor can play Hurricanes and tropical storms fall under the a major role with regards to the impact of a storm broader class of storm systems known as tropi- surge event. cal cyclones. A tropical cyclone is defined by the While Long Island does buffer Connecticut National Weather Service as a non-frontal, large from the open ocean, the geomorphology of Long scale, low pressure system that has developed over Island Sound causes the basin to be particularly tropical or subtropical water and has a definite vulnerable to storm surge. The configuration of organized circulation. Tropical cyclones are catego- Long Island and the Connecticut coast causes a rized based on the speed of the sustained (1-minute natural funneling influence on ocean waters as average) surface winds near the center of the storm. they are driven east to west into the Sound by a These categories are: tropical event, amplifying surges. • Tropical Depression – winds less than 39 mph, • Tropical Storm – winds 39-to-74 mph, inclu- The Saffir-Simpson Scale sive, and While storm surge may have great impact • Hurricanes – winds at least 74 mph.

3-19 in coastal areas, wind is still the defining charac- Category 4 teristic of tropical cyclones. The Saffir-Simpson Sustained winds of 131-to-155 mph. A storm Hurricane Scale, which has been adopted by the surge generally 13-to-18 feet above predicted tide National Hurricane Center, categorizes hurricanes levels is to be expected. Well-constructed frame based upon their intensity. The Scale uses the sus- homes will likely incur severe damage, with loss tained surface winds (1-minute average) near the of most of the roof structure along with possible center of the system to classify hurricanes into one damage or loss of exterior walls. A majority of of five categories: trees will either be snapped or uprooted. Almost Category 1 universal power outages and impassable roads will isolate communities. Power could be unavailable Sustained winds of 74-to-95 mph and has the for weeks or months, and hard hit areas will not be potential to generate a storm surge four-to-five habitable for the same length of time. feet above predicted tide levels. Well-constructed frame homes may suffer damage to roofs, shingles, Category 5 vinyl siding, and gutters. Large branches will break Sustained winds in excess of 155 mph and a and shallowly rooted trees will likely be uprooted. storm surge generally greater than 18 feet above Widespread damage to power lines and poles will predicted tide levels. A majority of framed homes likely cause power outages that could last from will be destroyed, with roof failure and wall col- several days to a week or more. Additionally, minor lapse. Recovery of utilities could take from several to moderate coastal flooding is to be expected. weeks to months, with many areas uninhabitable Category 2 during that period. Low-lying areas closest to the shore could be inundated by rising waters three– Sustained winds of 96-to-110 mph. A storm to-five hours before land fall. Major damage to surge from a Category 2 Hurricane is generally lower floors of all structures located less than 15 six-to-eight feet above predicted tide levels. Well- feet above sea level and within 500 yards of the constructed frame homes could sustain major roof shoreline is to be expected. Large scale evacua- and siding damage. Many shallowly rooted trees tions of low lying coastal communities within five- will be snapped or uprooted, posing a threat to to-ten miles of the shoreline should be enforced. structures, vital infrastructure and making roads impassable. Extensive power outages would be The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale assumes expected, with outages lasting up to a week or an average, uniform coastline for the contiguous more. Low-lying coastal areas could flood two-to- United States and was intended as a general guide four hours before the arrival of the storm. Damage for use by public safety officials during hurricane to small craft and moored vessels should also be emergencies. It does not reflect the effects of expected. varying localized bathymetry, coastline configuration, astronomical tides, barriers and/or other Category 3 factors that may modify surge heights or storm effects at the local level. Sustained winds of 111-to-130 mph, with a storm surge generally nine-to-twelve feet above predicted tide levels. Well-constructed frame Historic Record homes may incur severe damage, including the Through research efforts by NOAA’s National removal of roof decking and gable ends. A large Climate Center in cooperation with the National portion of trees will be either snapped or uproot- Hurricane Center, records of tropical cyclone oc- ed, leading to property and infrastructure dam- currences within the Atlantic Cyclone Basin have age. Electricity and water could be unavailable for been compiled from 1851 to present. Forty-five several weeks. Low-lying coastal areas could flood hurricanes and tropical systems have passed within three-to-five hours before the system’s landfall. In- a 65 mile buffer of the City of Bridgeport between undation from flood waters will be extreme, caus- 1851 and 2018, and 123 hurricanes and tropical ing damage to structures and property. Shoreline storms passed within a 200 mile buffer. Based on evacuations should be mandated to prevent loss these data, the Bridgeport area is impacted by a of life. close tropical event or hurricane once every 3.7 years, and could be impacted by a tropical event or hurricane tracking farther afield every 1.4 years.

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-20 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

spheric Administration (NOAA). The records cover events from 1900 until present. September 21, 1938 While this storm has no official name, it is often referred to as the Great New England Hurricane. It was classified as a Category 3 hurricane when it made landfall in Milford, Con- necticut and is regarded as the most intense hurricane to ever strike Con- necticut during the twentieth century. Sustained winds of 91 mph and gusts to 121 mph were reported on Block Island in Rhode Island. In Connecti- Figure 3.9: Tropical Cyclone Frequency. Data courtesy of NOAA’s National Hurricane Center cut, high winds caused downed power lines in many areas and resulted in While it is difficult to predict when a tropical storm two catastrophic fires in New London and Mystic. or hurricane will strike the area, there is some con- While three-to-six inches of rain fell across most sistency in the frequency of these storms. Figure portions of the state, isolated amounts of 14-to-17 3.9 shows the historical record which has a range inches were reported in central Connecticut. The of 1-5 storms every 10 years. Connecticut River rose close to 20 feet above flood Of the 45 tropical storms and hurricanes that stage in Hartford as a result of the heavy rains. have passed within 65 miles of Bridgeport, the Further damage was caused from storm tides that majority (35 storms) have been classified as either reached up to 25 feet in portions of eastern Con- a tropical storm or a tropical depression at land- necticut, while western sections saw storm tides of fall. However, six of the hurricanes made impact as 14-to-18 feet. Many of the shorelines homes and either Category 2 or 3. cottages were destroyed, with far more experienc- The storm tracks of the each hurricane event ing varying degrees of damage. are displayed in Figure 3.10. September 14 and 15, 1944 The following are detailed historical accounts Due to the system’s large size and immense of the major tropical storm systems that have af- strength, the Miami Hurricane Warning Office fected the state of Connecticut. The accounts are named this storm the “Great Atlantic Hurricane”. compiled from the National Oceanic and Atmo- While there was no direct landfall made over Connecticut many places across the state saw hurricane force winds, with a gust of 109 mph being reported in Hartford, Connecticut. How- ever, it was the heavy rain, not strong winds that produced the greatest storm impact for the state. More than ten inches of rain fell in the City of Bridgeport, which was the highest total in the State. August 31, 1954 Hurricane Carol arrived as a Category 3 system and was the most destructive tropical system to strike southern New England since the Great New England Hurricane of 1938. The storm made land fall near the mouth of the Connecti- cut River in Old Saybrook. The system brought sustained winds of 80-to-100 mph across much Figure 3.10: Historical hurricane and tropical storm tracks from NOAA

3-21 of the shoreline and through Rhode Island, and 2 storm by the time it made landfall on the Outer Cape Cod in Massachusetts. Heavy devastation Banks of North Carolina. Gloria maintained its occurred from large numbers of uprooted and strength through landfalls on Long Island, New snapped trees, and miles of downed power lines. York, and Bridgeport, Connecticut. It was only Along Connecticut’s coast, storm surge values downgraded to Category 1 after passing to the varied greatly from five-to-eight feet in the west, west of Hartford, Connecticut. Gloria brought dev- to ten-to-fifteen in eastern portions of the state. astation to the state primarily in the form of heavy There was also heavy crop damage, with 40 per- wind damage. The storm toppled thousands of cent of apple, corn, peach, and tomato crops being trees and caused major structural damage state- destroyed along portions of eastern Connecticut wide. Relatively light rain from the storm meant to Cape Cod. It is reported that 48 people lost their that there was little flooding accompanying the lives and damages to possessions and property wind damages and the power outages. exceeded one billion dollars (in 1954 dollars) for the Northeast. September 16, 1999 Torrential and record rainfall brought from August 11 and 12, and 18 through 20, 1955 Tropical Storm Floyd caused widespread urban, In an unusual occurrence, two named hurri- small stream, and river flooding. Fairfield, Hartford canes, Connie and Diane, passed within proximity and LitchfieldC ounties were declared disaster ar- of the state within nine days. While neither storm eas. Serious wide spread inland flooding through- directly struck Connecticut, their combined impact out low elevation and poor drainage areas was was immense. prevalent, and resulted in the closure of numerous Hurricane Connie was the first system, pass- roads and the flooding of many basements. ing to the west. The system produced four-to-six inches of rain across southern New England. The Recent Events rain saturated the ground and caused river and reservoir water levels to be well above normal. Connecticut and the Greater Bridgeport Re- gion were impacted by two recent events that oc- When Hurricane Diane impacted Connecticut, curred in back-to-back years: Tropical Storm Irene the State’s watercourses were already inundated and Superstorm Sandy. from Connie and the ground was unable to absorb the additional rainfall. Over the two day period, August 28, 2011 up to 20 inches of rain fell in parts of the State. At Irene began as a tropical wave, moving off the the headwaters of the Farmington River, 18 inches coast of western Africa on August 15, 2011. After of rain within a 24-hour period was recorded. This passing over Puerto Rico on August 22nd, Irene resulted in arguably the most devastating inland gained hurricane status and reached to Category floods to ever hit the state. Roads and bridges 3 on August 24th with peak wind intensities of 120 were washed out across the state, residents lost mph. drinking water and public utilities were inoperable. More than 90 people were confirmed dead from As the storm proceeded north it passed the storm and another dozen were missing and offshore of Florida and Georgia, weakening along presumed dead. The damage was estimated to the way. Irene made landfall as a Category 1 near have exceeded 1.5 billion dollars (1955 dollars). Cape Lookout, North Carolina on August 27th. After moving offshore, Irene tracked further north- September 27, 1985 northeastward along the Delmarva Peninsula Hurricane Gloria formed off Cape Verde on making its second US landfall near Atlantic City, September 15, 1985. It reached tropical storm sta- New Jersey as a tropical storm with maximum sus- tus on the September 17th but was downgraded tained winds of 69 mph. The system tracked up the to a tropical depression as optimal conditions de- Hudson River Valley before turning east across the teriorated. The storm continued its west-northwest northern Litchfield Hills of Connecticut on August movement and strengthened to a major hurricane 28th. by September 24th. As the storm tracked further In Connecticut, Irene had been predicted to northward along the Atlantic coast it weakened make landfall as a strong Category 1 or weak significantly. Gloria was downgraded from a Cat- Category 2 hurricane, but it had been downgraded egory 4 hurricane near the Bahamas, to a Category to a tropical storm by the time it reached the state.

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-22 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Irene produced average maximum wind gusts of pressure system is established over Bermuda that 52 mph and downed approximately one-to-two causes tropical storms to veer to the northeast percent of the trees in Connecticut. The extensive away from land. This high was not present to de- number of downed trees resulted in over 800,000 flect the storm away from the Northeast. Secondly, power outages. Restoration of power took up to a low pressure frontal system was forming in the twelve days. Heavy rains, up to six inches, caused central US. This pattern typically creates conditions widespread coastal flooding. Damage and inunda- for a nor’easter to form. Instead, this trough com- tion of seawater along the coast was worsened bined with Sandy to increase its size and intensity. by a large wind envelop that pushed water into Finally a large high pressure system built-up over western Long Island Sound. Although Irene was a northeastern North America and blocked Sandy tropical storm by the time it reached Connecticut, from moving out to sea turning it westerly toward it created a storm surge of about four feet, which is the Mid-Atlantic coast. It accelerated at an aver- consistent with a Category 1 or 2 hurricane. age forward speed of 23 mph, but, at the same On September 2, 2011, President Obama issued time, the colder waters weakened the system and a presidential disaster declaration for the entire caused Sandy to lose its tropical characteristics. state as a result of the damage caused by Tropical As shown in Figure 3.11, it made landfall in New Storm Irene. Jersey as a post-tropical (extratropical) storm with maximum sustained winds of about 65 mph. October 29, 2012 However, because of its size, Sandy created a catastrophic storm surge into the New York and New Sandy was considered to be a classic late- Jersey coastlines. season Caribbean hurricane, originating from the remnants of a tropical wave that moved westward In Connecticut, highest storm tide and great- from the west coast of Africa. It made landfall in est inundation occurred along western sections Jamaica as a Category 1 and increased in strength of the Connecticut coast. The National Oceanic to a Category 3 east of Cuba. Despite weaken- Service tide gauge in Bridgeport measured the ing to a Tropical Storm as it moved out of the storm surge at 9.83 feet above normal tide levels. Caribbean Sea, it continued to grow in size. As it The average surge along the Fairfield County coast continued north-northwest and parallel to the US was between four-and-six feet, with inundation up coast, Sandy re-strengthened into a Category 1 to six feet above ground level. Various estimated hurricane. values of flood water inundation based on USGS high-water marks and storm tide pressure sensors As Hurricane Sandy moved northward, sev- are listed below (Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane eral other atmospheric conditions affected it size, Sandy, National Hurricane Center, February 2013): direction and damage potential. Typically, a high • Fairfield: Estimated Inundation = 4.3 feet • Southport: Estimated Inundation = 4.0 feet • Bridgeport (South End): Estimat- ed Inundation = 3.5 feet • Bridgeport (South End): Estimat- ed Inundation = 3.2 feet • Bridgeport (Enterprise Zone): Estimated Inundation = 3.1 feet • Bridgeport (South End): Estimat- ed Inundation = 3.0 feet • Stratford (Lordship): Estimated Inundation = 2.8 feet • Bridgeport (Black Rock): Estimat- ed Inundation = 1.3 feet • Stratford: Estimated Inundation = 1.4 feet • Stratford (Lordship): Estimated Figure 3.11 - Source: Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Sandy, National Hurricane Center, Inundation = 1.2 feet February 2013 - Figure 2: Best Track Positions for Hurricane Sandy, 22 – 29 October 2012.

3-23 In Connecticut, Superstorm Sandy was re- Storm Surge sponsible for the deaths of five people and caused When a tropical storm or hurricane passes damage to approximately 3,000 homes. The pre- through the Region, it will impact the entire area. liminary estimated value of the damage was about However, because these storms have the capabil- $360 million state-wide. ity of producing excessive surge of water, inundation of coastal areas is more likely, and, as a result, Hazard Probability these areas are more vulnerable and at a greater risk. Hurricane storm surge maps depict the in- Based on review of historical records, Connect- undation of flood waters that would be expected icut and the Greater Bridgeport Region are likely from a worst case scenario of different categories to be hit and severely impacted by a tropical storm of hurricane. Further detail on property damage or hurricane at least once every 3.7 years, and may will be discussed in subsection 3.6. be moderately affected by such a storm every 1.4 years. According to Figure 2.61 in the Connecticut Hurricane surge inundation maps for Bridge- 2019 Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan, a Category port, Fairfield and Stratford are included in Appen- 1 hurricane can be expected to hit Connecticut dix F. Please note that storm surge zones depicted every 17 years, a Category 2 every 39 years and on these maps are not necessarily cumulative. Category 3 every 58-70 years. Despite these rates, Based on these maps and other GIS data developed it remains a possibility that a destructive storm will by MetroCOG, the exposure of parcels, buildings, hit the area anytime during the hurricane season historic resources, and critical facilities has been and the frequency of these storms is indepen- developed for each storm surge zone. Tables 3.3, dent of when the last storm occurred. As histori- 3.5, and 3.7 presented the exposure for the coastal cal examples, the Region has experienced severe towns of Bridgeport, Fairfield, and Stratford, respec- tropical events in each of the past two years, and tively. Note that the inland towns of Easton, Mon- in 1955 the state was impacted by two hurricanes roe, and Trumbull do not have any areas that lie within a nine day period. Because of the Region’s within storm surge zones. location on Long Island Sound, the area lies in the In Fairfield(Figure 3.12), a Category 1 hur- path of tropical systems and is susceptible to their ricane is likely to cause widespread flooding along destructive forces. the shoreline south of Old Post Road between According to the Geophysical Fluid Dynam- Sasco Hill Road and Ash Creek. Parts of South- ics Laboratory (GFDL) at NOAA, tropical cyclone port would be inundated by flood waters during a intensities are expected (greater than 66% chance) Category 2 or 3 storm. Small areas along the Mill to increase 1% to 10% globally due to global River would be affected by more severe hurricanes warming and to also bring higher rainfall rates. and the Town Center area along US Route 1 would More intensive tropical cyclones are likely to have become flooded as the result of a Category 3 or higher wind speeds and storm surges. Fortunately, 4 hurricane. Although many coastal properties in according the GFDL, overall frequency of tropical Fairfield have elevated their homes since Super- cyclones in the North Atlantic does not appear to storm Sandy in 2012 to mitigate damage from be increasing at this time. coastal flooding and storm surge, a recent CIRCA study found that elevated homes are more susceptible to wind shear damage. Potential risks from Risk Assessment wind are presented in the next section. Tropical storms and hurricanes impact Con- In Stratford, a Category 1 hurricane would necticut with heavy rains, storm surge, and strong cause flooding throughoutthe majority of the winds. Heavy rains can lead to flooding which South End, including the industrial areas along will be covered more in-depth in subsection 3.6. Route 113 (Lordship Boulevard and Main Street), Storm surge and devastating winds, while not the Sikorsky Memorial Airport and the residential unique to hurricanes and tropical storms, have neighborhoods bounded by Interstate 95, Lordship the largest impact when associated with tropical Boulevard, Access Road, Main Street and South events. Therefore we will discuss impacts from Avenue. A Category 2 hurricane would expand these conditions in this section. the extent of flooding in these areas. The only part of the South End unaffected by a Category 1 hurricane would be the Lordship neighborhood,

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-24 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Figure 3.12: Hurricane Surge Inundation Map for Fairfield, CT

because of its higher elevation. A Category 3 or 4 and along Route 130 (Connecticut Avenue and hurricane would cause flooding north of Interstate Stratford Avenue) in the East End. Flood waters 95 and within Stratford Center. Areas in the north- would also extend along the Pequonnock River, ern part of Stratford would be flooded by vari- reaching as far north as the US Route 1 and Route ous categories of hurricane, but the extent of the 8/25 interchange area, and along the Yellow Mill damage would be limited to existing marsh areas. Channel, as far north as US Route 1. Flooding A severe hurricane has the potential to impact the would also occur along the Rooster River. Sikorsky Aircraft Manufacturing Plant. Wind In Bridgeport, most of the South End and West End would be flooded from a Category 1 hurri- Wind damage from tropical cyclones affects cane. In addition, the shorelines of the Black Rock, the entire Region. To quantify the impact of these East Side, and East End neighborhoods would be storms the HAZUS-MH 4.2 Hurricane Model was inundated with flood waters. Steele Point, which is utilized. a peninsula, was previously prone to flood waters HAZUS-MH does not estimate damage based but the area has since been raised. The extent of on hurricane category but rather runs a probabilis- flooding in those areas would be somewhat lim- tic analysis similar to terminology associated with ited to the immediate shore area. If the City were flooding. For hurricanes, probabilistic scenarios hit by a Category 3 or 4 hurricane, flooding would of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 year wind events extend farther north from the shore and impact were separately modeled for each municipality. neighborhoods and commercial properties along Fairfield Avenue and State Street in the West End

3-25 Building Damage Table 3.10: Damage description from Hazus-MH Hurricane Model Technical Manual The default building stock from HAZUS-MH was used for all the HA- ZUS-MH analyses in this report. According to this database there are 95,528 buildings in the Region. Bridgeport has the most buildings with 31,041. HAZUS-MH uses a hazard-load-resistance- damage-loss methodology to produce loss estima- tions. Using wind models along with damage prob- abilities, expected building losses were estimated. The descriptions of damage facilities damaged for each wind event. can be found in Table 3.10. HAZUS-MH provided data on damage to es- In the Region, no buildings were damaged in sential facilities as well as loss of use estimates. a 10 year event and severely damaged buildings Loss of use refers to the inability of the essential were first estimated in a 50 year event. The coastal facility to provide its normal function to the com- communities had the highest number, as well as, munity. For example, schools are closed to stu- highest percentage of buildings damaged. dents. After hurricanes this is normally due to loss Table 3.11 aggregates the data for a regional of electricity. Town-specific results can be found in projection. Town specific projections can be found Appendix G. Results showed that schools were the in Appendix G. The numbers of buildings dam- only facilities that experienced loss of use, with the aged by wind in the region is less in the current majority of schools being closed for more than one version of HAZUS-MH than was estimated under day for a 500-year event or greater. the previous version in 2014. In the region, 201 buildings are at least moderately damaged in a Debris Generated 100-year event but that number increases to over HAZUS-MH generated estimates for the 7,400 buildings at least moderately damaged in a 1000-year event with Table 3.11: Hazus-MH building damage from hurricane impact 286 buildings being completely # of Buildings Damaged destroyed. Damage (2014) 10 yr 20 yr 50 yr 100 yr 200 yr 500 yr 1000 yr Essential Facilities Damage None 99,625 99,536 98,483 92,764 80,386 55,290 38,210 The essential facilities in the Minor 0 84 1,053 6,128 15,918 30,899 35,921 region were provided in the HAZUS- Moderate 0 4 83 718 3,049 11,018 18,541 MH default dataset. Therefore there may be some facilities that were Severe 0 0 4 27 193 1,645 4,637 not included in this analysis. In the Destruction 0 0 0 4 55 774 2,304 Region, HAZUS-MH models 2 Emer- Damage gency Operation Centers (EOC), 16 (2019) 10 yr 20 yr 50 yr 100 yr 200 yr 500 yr 1000 yr fire stations, three hospitals (Bridge- None 95,528 95,454 95,143 93,209 88,173 75,380 64,654 port Hospital, Saint Vincent’s Medical Minor 0 76 360 2,119 6,517 16,480 23,458 Center, and Southwest Connecticut Moderate 0 3 23 192 795 3,333 6,429 Mental Health System), 16 police stations and 130 schools. Table 3.12 Severe 0 0 2 9 37 243 702 summarizes the number of essential Destruction 0 0 0 0 6 92 286

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-26 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Table 3.12: Hazus-MH essential facility damage from hurricane impact Shelter Needs # of Facilities Damaged HAZUS-MH generated Damage the number of households (2014) Total 10 yr 20 yr 50 yr 100 yr 200 yr 500 yr 1000 yr displaced due to damage and EOC 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 loss off electricity and water. Fire 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The number of people requiring shelter was a fraction of Hospitals 4 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 those displaced households Police 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 and can be found in Table Schools 130 0 0 0 5 114 130 130 3.14. The current HAZUS-MH Damage model estimates that less (2019) Total 10 yr 20 yr 50 yr 100 yr 200 yr 500 yr 1000 yr people will need shelter than EOC 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 the previous HAZUS-MH model. Bridgeport, expect- Fire 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ably due to its high popula- Hospitals 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tion, has the highest shelter Police 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 needs. Overall, only 1 person Schools 130 0 0 0 0 0 72 106 requires shelter in a 100-year event or less. However, 1,044 Table 3.13: Hazus-MH debris generated from hurricane impact people could require shelter Debris Generated (tons) in a 1000-year event. Damage (2014) 10 yr 20 yr 50 yr 100 yr 200 yr 500 yr 1000 yr Economic Loss Bridgeport 0 233 5,120 19,193 43,198 102,998 172,667 Economic loss was calculated Easton 0 28 259 7,891 12,765 35,975 68,845 from both direct property damage and business interruption. Direct Fairfield 0 244 2,547 13,878 27,550 72,897 128,989 property damage includes the esti- Monroe 0 99 602 8,954 13,463 36,906 66,468 mated costs to repair or replace the Stratford 0 212 3,011 10,737 23,949 62,343 110,031 damage caused to the buildings and Trumbull 0 36 689 8,166 15,554 44,908 74,897 its contents. The business interruption costs are those associated with Total 0 852 12,228 68,819 136,479 356,027 621,897 the inability of a business to function Damage due to the hurricane. The breakdown (2019) 10 yr 20 yr 50 yr 100 yr 200 yr 500 yr 1000 yr of economic loss in these categories Bridgeport 0 16 2,931 12,391 28,497 62,556 94,461 can be found in Appendix G. Again, Easton 0 7 287 1,186 10,210 14,646 24,295 these estimates are from wind dam- Fairfield 0 71 1,481 6,053 16,284 34,440 50,772 age only. Monroe 0 3 462 1,488 9,752 15,111 23,555 Table 3.15 summarizes the Stratford 0 172 1,777 6,876 13,917 30,347 43,347 combined economic loss for each town. The current HAZUS-MH model Trumbull 0 10 304 3,169 9,297 17,157 28,511 estimates less damages overall for Total 0 279 7,242 31,163 87,957 174,257 264,941 the region than the previous model. The combined economic loss for amount of debris generated from wind damage. the region from the 100-year wind Table 3.13 provides the total debris generated event was estimated at $169.6 million, while the for the various probabilistic events. The current combined economic loss from the 1000-year wind HAZUS-MH model estimates less debris will be event was estimated at $1.86 billion. generated than the previous model. Bridgeport had the most debris generated in each hurricane scenario. The Region was projected to have 31,163 tons of debris in a 100- year event and 264,941 tons in a 1000-year event.

3-27 Table 3.14: Hazus-MH shelter needs from hurricane impact People Requiring Shelter Damage (2014) 10 yr 20 yr 50 yr 100 yr 200 yr 500 yr 1000 yr Bridgeport 0 0 0 3 55 462 1,322 Easton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fairfield 0 0 0 0 0 13 93 Monroe 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Stratford 0 0 0 0 1 35 234 Trumbull 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 Total 0 0 0 3 56 511 1,668 Damage (2019) 10 yr 20 yr 50 yr 100 yr 200 yr 500 yr 1000 yr Bridgeport 0 0 0 1 47 381 953 Easton 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fairfield 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 Monroe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stratford 0 0 0 0 1 15 66 Trumbull 0 0 0 0 1 6 9 Total 0 0 0 1 49 404 1,044

Table 3.15: Hazus-MH economic loss to the region from hurricane impact. Economic Loss (in thousands of dollars) Damage (2014) 10 yr 20 yr 50 yr 100 yr 200 yr 500 yr 1000 yr Bridgeport $0 $1,226 $22,419 $90,810 $242,139 $761,937 $1,549,089 Easton $0 $9 $814 $3,167 $7,441 $26,975 $62,130 Fairfield $0 $630 $11,519 $38,585 $107,356 $377,908 $823,051 Monroe $0 $63 $2,111 $7,689 $18,673 $66,306 $143,184 Stratford $0 $525 $9,902 $35,397 $104,330 $402,300 $885,214 Trumbull $0 $81 $4,269 $15,295 $42,487 $171,402 $354,233 Total $0 $2,534 $51,034 $190,944 $522,427 $1,806,828 $3,816,901 Damage (2019) 10 yr 20 yr 50 yr 100 yr 200 yr 500 yr 1000 yr Bridgeport $0 $82 $16,122 $69,590 $172,900 $454,157 $802,611 Easton $0 $23 $613 $2,661 $6,061 $14,852 $26,858 Fairfield $0 $386 $13,294 $42,148 $89,460 $234,741 $410,133 Monroe $0 $101 $1,789 $6,855 $15,759 $36,201 $63,784 Stratford $0 $208 $9,689 $33,266 $72,827 $210,106 $400,688 Trumbull $0 $95 $3,924 $15,061 $33,328 $82,588 $157,021 Total $0 $894 $45,432 $169,581 $390,334 $1,032,645 $1,861,095

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-28 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

3.5 Hazard Profile – Inland Cricker Brook at Beers Road, and Cricker Brook at Morehouse Road. In addition, flooding occurs at Flooding the headwaters of Patterson Brook at Route 136 and Tatetuck Brook at Route 59. Setting Flood risk areas in Easton, based on FEMA Firm Inland flooding is a well-documented natural data, are depicted on the map located in Appendix F. hazard that threatens many areas and neighbor- Fairfield hoods throughout the Region. It is one of the most commonly occurring natural hazards and The Town of Fairfield contains four primary has the potential to damage property and disrupt drainage basins that flow in a primarily north to the quality of life for many residents. An in depth south direction. The system most susceptible to review and analysis of records and feedback from inland flooding is along the Mill River, which flows residents indicates that inland flooding affects the from the Easton Reservoir through the center of Region with moderate to frequent regularity. It the Town. Extensive flooding is caused by a 1% should also be noted that flooding affects the Re- storm as well as from a more severe storm. Inland gion with varying degrees of intensity, dependent flooding is also a problem along the Rooster River on season, setting, and recent weather pattern. and Ash Creek and their tributaries. To a lesser extent, inland flooding poses a threat during extreme Bridgeport weather events along Great Brook and Saco Brook. Although Bridgeport is a heavily developed Much of the property directly abutting the urban environment, waterways still exist within Mill River falls within the 1% flood contour, while a its limits and have the potential to pose inland smaller portion falls within the 0.2% flood con- flooding concerns. Furthermore, due to the urban tour. These flooding concerns extend the length nature of the City, much of the water courses have of river and remain a very real threat. With regards undergone large-scale channel modifications to the Rooster River and Ash Creek, flooding is or have been buried. This has resulted in many more commonly caused by man-made constric- unintentional constrictions that have the potential tion. A specific location is where the river passes to create flooding issues during heavy precipita- under Interstate 95. The flow is controlled by a tion events. Of particular concern are the channels culvert system. During times of heavy precipita- of Island Brook and Ox Brook, along with several tion, the culvert can be overwhelmed and flood- tributaries of the Yellow Mill River in the northeast- ing can occur in the neighborhood surrounding ern section of the City. In addition, smaller more Royal Avenue and Camden Street. Homes in this localized areas experience flooding, such as the neighborhood are in the floodplain, and a viaduct Rooster River, Ash Creek, and Bruce Brook. Flood- is the only way in and out. Further specific flooding is also typical along the banks of the Pequon- ing concerns exist where Metro-North New Haven nock River downstream of Bunnells Pond. Line bridges cross the river. The bridges tend to The areas in Bridgeport at risk to inland flood- have low vertical clearances and narrow horizon- ing from 1% and 0.2% probability storms are de- tal spans. These features can act as a constriction picted in FEMA Firm maps, included in Appendix F. point and cause flooding of neighborhoods up river. Low-lying homes adjacent to London’s Brook Easton and downstream of the Fairchild Wheeler Golf Course are also prone to flooding. Great Brook can Unlike the other towns in the Region, Easton flood in the area of Merwins Lane. has a very low population density. Large-lot zoning regulations and a large portion of the town being Flood risk areas in Fairfield are depicted on the preserved as water company-owned lands have FEMA Flood Zone map attached in Appendix F. reduced property damage from flooding. Road- way flooding can be handled using barricades and Monroe signs to prevent loss of life, and alternate routes The areas of Monroe which are most fre- are available in almost every case. quently subject to flooding are adjacent to the Specific problem areas include flooding from Pequonnock River. This river consistently overflows the Aspetuck River at Silver Hill Road and at Wells its banks from major storm events. Flooding also Hills Road, Morehouse Brook at Morehouse Road, occurs in areas along the West Branch of the Pe-

3-29 quonnock River and along the Farmill River. FEMA Flood Zone map attached in Appendix F. Flooding occurs along the West Branch of Stratford the Pequonnock River in a variety of locations. The Aquarion Water Company operates several Inland flooding in Stratford occurs with mod- reservoirs throughout Fairfield County and owns erate to frequent regularity, with major events extensive tracts of land around these reservoirs. being seen on average once every five years. Areas A small impoundment is located along Route 25 that are most frequently reported flooded during about mid-way between Judd Road and Pepper rain events include Main Street at Stratford Center, Street. Water is diverted from the impoundment Broadbridge Avenue, Terrill Road, Hamilton, Reed through a pipeline to Easton Reservoir. It lies only a Street, Bunnell Avenue, and Parkwood Road. few feet below the roadway elevation and flooding Flooding can also occur in localized areas from occurs during heavy rain events. Stop logs are in storm drains backing up. Areas affected from this place at the dam that can be removed to allow for variety of inland flooding include the regions of greater water flow, either during or before a severe Albert Avenue and Albright Avenue where several weather event. While this measure is in place to residents have reported repeated flooding, with help mitigate flooding, it does not remove the one resident having to file multiple flood insurance possibility of flood occurrences entirely. The impact claims. Additional flooding is also experienced felt by flooding in this area is limited to roadway in the areas of Reed’s Lane, St. Michael’s Avenue, closures, as there are no homes or businesses Tyrone Place and West Avenue in the vicinity of within the vicinity. Although traffic has the poten- Barnum Avenue. However, it appears that the tial to be impacted, no homes or buildings would problems in these areas are not widespread. be affected by flooding in this area. Properties along the Pumpkin Ground Brook Another critical flooding area is where the also experience frequent flooding, especially in the West Branch crosses under Old Newtown Road. area of Cutspring Road and Chapel Street. Flood- The river has a tendency to back up at the under ing impacts the Oronoque Village condominium sized culvert resulting in repetitive losses for many complex, an over-55 community consisting of properties near Chuck’s Corner. However, there are 929 homes spread across about 300 acres. The secondary roads that could be taken in the event property is crossed by the Freeman Brook and of flooding to circumvent the blocked or impass- a small unnamed brook. Both have buried sec- able roadways. tions through the Village. During more severe rain In addition to the flooding associated with the events these streams tend to overflow and cause Pequonnock River and the West Branch, many of flooding, primarily in the FEMA designated flood its other tributaries experience flooding as well. zones. Property damage from these events has The neighborhood bounded by Pastor’s Walk and exceeded $300,000 with loss of vehicles, furnaces, Wiltan Drive is subject to backyard flooding and hot water heaters and damage to basements/lower drainage problems. A swale, or intermittent stream, levels and garages. flows parallel to the roads through the backyards. The areas in Stratford where inland flooding The swale was likely constructed when the neigh- typically occurs are depicted in FEMA Flood Zone borhood was developed. Additionally, a low-gradi- map included in Appendix F. ent stream under Bart Road and along Verna Road has virtually no gradient and is only a few feet Trumbull below backyard elevations. During heavy precipita- Trumbull contains fewer waters courses than tion events the potential exists for the stream to the other towns in the Region; however, inland over flow its banks and inundate the area.Lile the flooding remains a concern as the Town is tra- streams in the Pastor’s Walk and Wiltan Drive area, versed by the Pequonnock River, Horse Tavern this stream was likely constructed when the neigh- Brook, and Island Brook. The most frequent borhood was developed. A very small diameter flooding occurs along sections of Horse Tavern culvert at Bart Road may cause upstream flood- Brook, especially where it crosses under Chestnut ing during high flows. The culvert under Cottage Hill Road and Blackhouse Road. Severe flooding Street near Brookside Trail, on the Boys Halfway occurs from major rail events along sections of the River, may be also under capacity. Pequonnock River from about Daniels Farm Road, Flood risk areas in Monroe are depicted on the through the Twin Brooks Park area and the neigh-

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-30 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

borhoods between the river and White Plains Road 500-year flood designation has been converted to near the town line with Bridgeport. a 0.2% flood, meaning that in any given year there Horse Tavern Brook flows through a fairly is a 0.2% chance of a flood at that magnitude oc- developed section of Trumbull on its south- curring. western corner. The brook and its tributaries cause Flood plains are lands along watercourses that moderate flooding during periods of heavy rain. are subject to periodic flooding; floodways are A comprehensive flood control study has been those areas within floodplains that convey flood- completed for this area that addresses recurring waters. The floodways are subject to water being flooding and recommends mitigation actions. carried through them at relatively high velocities With regards to the Pequonnock River, the and forces. Beyond the floodway, lies the floodway neighborhood along Manor Drive is especially fringe, this is an area that remains in the flood- susceptible to flooding. This section of town is plain yet is out of the floodway. The floodways and in a low-lying flat area directly abutting the river. floodplains are the areas within the region that are The houses in the area are very close to the river’s vulnerable to flooding. elevation, which only augments their flood risk. In certain areas of the region flooding occurs Furthermore, the gradient of the floodplain along with greater frequency than documented by FEMA Route 127 causes flooding at the bend in the river. mapping. In these instances the higher rate of The floodrisk areas in Trumbull are depicted in flooding is due to a combination of heavy rainfall the FEMA Flood Zone map included in Appendix F. with insufficient drainage. Repetitive Loss Properties Hazard Assessment Properties that experience damage from recur- Flooding, whether coastal or inland repre- ring flooding and have made multiple claims under sents the most common and costly natural hazard the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) are in Connecticut. The state typically experiences referred to as “repetitive loss” properties. Due to flooding in early spring due to snowmelt and the multiple claims under the NFIP, these proper- heavy spring rains and then again in late summer ties are considered costly to insure and a strain on to early autumn when tropical storms are most FEMA resources. The FEMA offers grant programs active. This pattern has been evident in the past to assist communities and states in implementing with Tropical Storm Irene arriving in late August of actions that reduce or eliminate the long-term risk 2011 and Superstorm Sandy impacting the area of flood damage to focus on repetitive loss prop- in late October of 2012, as well as other coastal erties. The primary objective of these programs storms. However, severe thunderstorms are pos- is to eliminate or reduce the damage to residen- sible throughout the summer months and have the tial property caused by repeated flooding. Funds potential to produce substantial rainfall totals over are provided to implement various mitigation short periods of time. In addition, weather patterns measures that will reduce future flooding losses. can produce low pressure systems that form over Possible mitigation actions include acquisition or the ocean and cause north-easterly wind patterns. relocation of severe repetitive loss properties and These “nor’easters” can result in heavy rain and elevating existing structures. high winds. A Fact Sheet on the next page provides more In order to provide a national standard without detailed information regarding repetitive loss regional discrimination, the 100-year flood and properties in the region. FEMA has defined two the 500-year flood, which had been the standard classes of repetitive loss properties: adopted by FEMA as the base flood for flood plain A Repetitive Loss (RL) property is defined as a management purposes, has recently been revised. residential property that is covered under an NFIP In order to eliminate the idea that a 100-year flood flood insurance policy and meets one of the fol- will only occur once every hundred years, FEMA lowing criteria: has since adopted the 1% flood. This means that 1. Has incurred flood-related damage on two during any given year there is a 1% chance that occasions, in which the cost of the repair, a storm of sufficient precipitation flood will -oc on the average, equaled or exceeded 25% cur that will cause flooding and that it will reach of the market value of the structure at the or exceed FEMA’s base flood levels. Similarly, the time of each such flood event; and

3-31 REGIONAL CHALLENGES

REPETITIVE LOSS PROPERTIES

WHAT IS THE CHALLENGE? According to FEMA, a Repetitive Loss (RL) property is any insurable building for which two or more claims of more than $1,000 were paid by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) within any rolling ten‐year period, since 1978. A total of 409 RL properties are listed in the municipalities that comprise the six‐town MetroCOG region. A breakdown is as follows: • Bridgeport –94 RL properties • Easton –1 RL property • Fairfield – 210 RL properties • Monroe –1 RL property • Stratford –77 RL properties Typical non-residential RL • Trumbull –26 RL properties property in Bridgeport If a property is not insured against flood losses, or is insured but the owner does not submit claims, then the property cannot appear on the RL list. Therefore, the RL list is not an absolute reflection of flood risk in a community. Nevertheless, the RL list can provide a starting point for evaluating flood risk in a community, and it may indicate that flooding may be a problem in a specific area even when not obvious upon a cursory review of the setting.

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION

Examination of the RL list may indicate that flooding is a problem in a RL property in Trumbull that specific area. For a risk evaluation to be effective, each RL first must has been acquired and be accurate. Communities must carefully check and offer converted to open space corrections to their individual RL lists. Misplaced properties must be formally transferred to the correct municipality, duplicates must be cleared, and mitigation status should updated to ensure that resources are directed to the properties with most risk and highest flood losses. Examination of the current list reveals that the RL property in Monroe is likely not located in the Town of Monroe. FOR MORE INFORMATION It is important for MetroCOG communities to further reduce flood Diane Ifkovic losses, and these efforts must include the RL property losses that State NFIP Coordinator have represented a strain on the NFIP. Before targeting specific Connecticut Department of Energy and properties for technical assistance, each municipality must know Environmental Protection with certainty which RL properties are accurately represented by the 79 Elm Street information on the list. This plan therefore recommends that Hartford, CT 06106 municipalities with RL properties should work with DEEP to conduct (860) 424‐3537 a list validation, making corrections as needed and removing [email protected] incorrect listings such as the property listed in Monroe. Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

2. At the time of the second incidence of flood- resulted in losses have been mapped. These were related damage, the contract for flood insur- then aggregated into Census blocks to maintain ance contains increased cost of compliance property anonymity but allow the aggregated data coverage. to be displayed in Figure 3.13. A Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) property is defined as a residential property that is covered Historical Record under an NFIP flood insurance policy and meets one of the following criteria: On average, severe flooding occurs ap- 1. Has had at least four NFIP claim payments proximately once every five years throughout (including building and contents) over the region, with minor flooding events occurring $5,000 each, and the cumulative amount of more frequently. Since the early 1900s there have such claims payments exceeds $20,000; or been eleven major flooding events to impact the 2. For which at least two separate claims pay- state and particularly the MetroCOG region. These ments (building payments only) have been events occurred in March 1936, September 1938, made with the cumulative amount of the August 1955, October 1955, June 1982, May and building portion of such claims exceeding June 1984, October 2005, April 2007, August 2011, the market value of the building; and and September of 2012 on two separate occasions. 3. For both criteria, at least two of the refer- The 1955 flood has been estimated to be a two enced claims must have occurred within any percent to a 0.2% flood event across Connecti- ten-year period. cut, with flood frequencies of greater than a one percent storm in southwestern Connecticut. The A list of RL properties was obtained from the other storms had variable effects, depending on CTDEEP. These data were used to identify general the location. areas where properties are susceptible to recurring flooding that cause repetitive losses. These proper- The Pequonnock River flows through the ties are discussed in more detail in the Risk Assess- Region and drains into Long Island Sound at ment sections for inland and coastal flooding. Bridgeport. Rain events typically cause the river to overflow its banks and subject the Region to oc- In total, 407 properties in the Region have casional flooding, with some being severe. Based experienced repetitive losses, and 14 of these met the criteria for SRL properties. Not surprising, the vast majority of the RL properties are located the coastal communities: • Bridgeport has 95 RL properties (23.3% of total), of which 11 are non-residential and 84 are residential. • Easton has one residential RL property (0.2% of total). • Fairfield has 209 RL properties (51.4% of total), of which eight are non-residential and 201 are residential. • Stratford has 76 RL properties (18.7% of total), of which 10 are non-residential and 66 are residential. • Trumbull has 26 RL properties (6.4% of total), of which one is non-residential and 25 are residential. Of the 14 SRL properties, 9 are in Fairfield, four are in Stratford, and one is in Trumbull. All of the SRL properties in the region are residential. Note that there are no RL properties in Mon- roe. While disclosure regulations prohibit the identification of the addresses of RL properties, areas that have experienced repeated flooding that has Figure 3.13: Repetitive loss in the Region. Source: CT DEEP

3-33 on the Federal Emergency Management Agency and combined with excessive snowmelt to create (FEMA) Federal Insurance Study (FIS), the larg- extensive flooding. As reported by town residents, est flood events occurred in July 1897, July 1905, the Aspetuck River overflowed its banks and March 1936, September 1938, December 1948, flooded Route 136 downstream of the Aspetuck August 1955, October 1955 and April 2007. Reservoir. Due to the generally steep topography of September 16, 1999: Torrential and record Trumbull, waterways in the Town are subject to rainfall brought by Tropical Storm Floyd caused rapid rates of rise at high velocities. This geo- widespread urban, small stream, and river flooding. graphical factor combines with the river system’s Fairfield County was declared a disaster area, along relatively large drainage area to produce augment- with Hartford and Litchfield Counties. Serious wide ed flood levels. Major floods occurred in 1905, spread inland flooding throughout low eleva- 1936, 1938, 1955, and 1972. tion and poor drainage areas was prevalent, and In the Town of Monroe the upper reaches of resulted in the closure of numerous roads and the the Pequonnock River are subject to overtopping flooded basements. their banks with every major precipitation event. In April 21, 2000: A series of intense thunder- March of 1936, two closely occurring storms com- storms moved north to northeast across Southeast bined with a considerable amount of snowmelt Fairfield and New Haven Counties. The thunder- produced major flooding. The flood of October storms were accompanied by torrential rainfall that 1955 far exceeded any prior flood on record in produced widespread flooding of small streams, Monroe. Certain low lying areas directly adjacent brooks, rivers, and low-lying and poorly drained to the Pequonnock River and the West Branch of areas. They also produced lightning strikes. Rainfall the Pequonnock River experienced high levels of amounts ranged from around 2-to-4 inches. Sig- devastation from that event. nificant and widespread ponding of water caused The flood of October 1955 also exceeded any road flooding in Stratford and Milford. Selected prior recorded flood within the Town of Easton. rainfall amounts for southeast Fairfield County Due to the minimal quantity of developed land included 3.57 inches at Bridgeport and 3.56 inches along the stream, little is known of the exact in Stratford. Cost estimates of property damage severity of the flooding that took place during were unavailable. this storm. However, through resident reports, a August 11 and 12, 2000: From the east side of general idea of the level of damage can be as- Bridgeport and through Stratford, torrential rain certained. According to Easton citizens, the 1955 caused widespread and extreme flooding in low flood washed out the bridges on Valley Road and lying and poor drainage areas along area streams Center Road which crossed the Aspetuck River, and rivers. Rainfall totals from the event ranged upstream of the Aspetuck Reservoir. The Mill River from 4.0-to-7.5 inches in under two hours. The overtopped its banks destroying public and private heavy rains were reported to fall in “sheets” at a property. However, according to the Aquarion Wa- rate estimated by the National Weather Service ter Company, none of the four water supply reser- (NWS) of between 3.5-to-4.0 inches per hour. voirs (Easton, Aspetuck, Hemlock, or Saugatuck) Property damage from the event was extensive were in danger of overtopping during the flood of with a total of 471 residents experiencing flooding. October 1955. The flood waters deposited up to several feet of water into 447 residents’ basements, and another Recent Events 24 reported flooding of their first floors. The following are additional descriptions and August 21, 2004: Severe thunderstorms de- examples of more recent major flooding events in veloped to the west over the Hudson Valley and the Region. These examples are drawn from the moved into Connecticut through the afternoon. National Climatic Data Center, Storm Events Da- The storm systems produced heavy rainfall and tabase, and from correspondence with municipal caused significant street flooding. officials. September 18, 2004: The remnants of Hurri- April, 1980: A spring rainstorm caused severe cane Ivan pushed across the state producing heavy flooding along all watercourses in the Town of rain, totaling up to five inches in certain spots. The Easton. Due to the frozen ground the heavy pre- result was localized flash flooding of roadways. cipitation had no way of penetrating the surface June 29, 2005: Slow moving thunderstorms

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-34 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

developed over Connecticut on the afternoon of the Rooster River flooded nearby streets. June 29th in association with a slow moving front. April 16, 2017: Fire departments responded to The atmosphere was very moist, which allowed a water rescue call at the intersection of Barnum the thunderstorms to produce significant hourly Avenue and Bishop Avenue in the Mill Hill area of rainfall rates of greater than two inches. In a matter Bridgeport. of 2-to-4 hours, some locations in Fairfield County picked up anywhere from 3-to-5 inches of rain. April 16, 2018: The intersection of Bruce Av- enue and Stratford Avenue and the intersection of August 2, 2008: A stationary low in the region King Street and Broadbridge Avenue in Stratford produced severe thunderstorms with torrential were impassable due to flooding. downpours. This resulted in flash flooding, with many streets in the East End of Bridgeport in- July 17, 2018: A vehicle was trapped in undated, and properties damaged. Sections of floodwaters under the railroad overpass on West Fairfield and Stratford experienced similar flooding Broad Street between Knowlton Street and Linden from this event. Avenue in Stratford. August 7, 2008: Strong thunderstorms pro- September 25, 2018: Rain developed ahead duced heavy rainfall, causing flash flooding across of an approaching warm front, resulting in rainfall portions of southwest Connecticut. The Town of amounts of four inches or more across southern Stratford was particularly hard hit. Some of the Connecticut. A total of 7.32 inches of rain was worst flooding occurred on sections of Terrill Road, recorded in Trumbull. Widespread flash flooding where water levels were close to two feet high. occurred throughout the region. For more details Residents used kayaks along with other small regarding information on the September 25, 2018 floatation devices to navigate through the flooded storm, please refer to the Fact Sheet on the next streets. The same event brought flooding along page. East Main Street and Crescent Avenue in Bridge- • Flooding occurred along the Rooster River, port. In this location a car became stranded under Island Brook, and the Pequonnock River high flood waters and the two occupants had to be in Bridgeport. A few homes in Bridgeport rescued by local firefighters. Additionally, a school flooded during the storm and foundation on Waterview Avenue in Bridgeport was flooded. damage was reported. A total of 15 water November 1, 2010: A low pressure system rescues for people trapped in vehicles were tracking up the eastern seaboard combined with performed by local emergency management the remnants of Tropical Storm Nicole to produce personnel. heavy rain and flooding throughout portions of • Congress Street was flooded in Easton by Fairfield and New Haven Counties. Sections of the Mill River for the first time since 1982. Route 25 in Monroe, along with roads in the vicin- Dogwood Drive in Easton was overtopped ity of Interstate 95 at Exit 33 in Stratford, were in two locations by Morehouse Brook and a closed due to flooding. tributary. Two homes were directly flooded in June 23, 2011: Several rounds of thunder- Easton, and 50 water rescues were performed storms produced heavy rain across portions of by Easton emergency personnel per the southern Connecticut. This resulted in localized NCDC Storm Event database. flash flooding; specifically, the intersection of State • Flooding occurred along the Rooster River, Street and Iranistan Avenue in Bridgeport was Mill River, and other streams town-wide in closed due to three feet of standing water. Fairfield, with bank erosion occurring in many June 7, 2013: In Bridgeport, the intersections areas. Numerous people were trapped in of Iranistan Ave. and State St., and Fairfield Ave. vehicles on Bennet Street and at the intersec- and Railroad Ave., as well as Bishop Ave., River St., tion of Brookside Drive and Samp Mortar Savoy St. and Amsterdam Ave. were all closed due Drive due to flood waters. to flooding. Total reported rainfall amounts in Fair- • In Monroe, flooding occurred along Hurds field County ranged from 3.34 inches in Stamford Brook at East Village Road west of Robin to 4.60 inches at Sikorsky Airport in Stratford. Road, on Route 25 in front of the Fire Depart- July 14, 2014: A car was stuck in high water ment, and on Hattertown Road west of Knapp under an overpass at the intersection of Bishop St. Street along tributaries to the Mill River. and Connecticut Ave. in Bridgeport. In Fairfield, • Localized flooding occurred in Stratford.

3-35 REGIONAL CHALLENGES

CASE STUDY: INTENSE PRECIPITATION

WHAT IS THE CHALLENGE? Precipitation events have become increasingly intense over the last several decades. The total precipitation received over the course of the year has increased, as has the number of events with total precipitable moisture over 2”. This means that storms are becoming more intense, while aging infrastructure has not, or can not always be updated in a timely manner to reduce the rising flood risk. As a result, incidences of flash flooding have become a more common occurrence. On September 26, 2018, a severe thunderstorm complex lingered over Connecticut, dropping as much as 6 inches of rain in the span of several hours. This led to heavy localized flash flooding in several areas of the state. The images to the left show the floodwaters inundating parking lots and buildings in the Town of Trumbull.

Flood of September 26, 2018 Pictures sourced from social media

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION The communities in the MetroCOG region are united in their concerns about flooding related to intense precipitation events. All Radar Image showing potent line of six of the municipalities were heavily impacted by the flooding of thunderstorms which caused the September 26, 2018, whether rural or urban in character. Even flooding of September 26, 2018 before this event, the communities were taking actions to reduce flood losses. For example: • Three of the communities have joined the CRS program (Fairfield, Trumbull, and Stratford) and Bridgeport has submitted a letter of interest to FEMA regarding the program. FOR MORE INFORMATION • Fairfield is evaluating areas of flood storage in the Rooster River watershed. Diane Ifkovic State NFIP Coordinator • Trumbull has teamed with property owners to apply for FEMA Connecticut Department of Energy and funds to acquire properties. Environmental Protection 79 Elm Street • Easton has upsized stream crossings and drainage infrastructure. Hartford, CT 06106 This hazard mitigation plan update contains additional actions that (860) 424‐3537 the communities plan to take for reducing losses associated with [email protected] intense precipitation events. Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

• All mapped floodplains in Trumbull expe- inland flooding, with one of the RL proper- rienced flooding. Overwhelmed drainage ties being non-residential and 25 being systems contributed to widespread basement residential. flooding, and Route 111 was overtopped by Of the 14 SRL properties in the region, only the Pequonnock River. A sewer pumping two (one residential property in Fairfield and one station on Reservoir Avenue was flooded and residential property in Trumbull) appear to be due offline due to pump chamber damage. The to inland flooding. As noted previously, Monroe flash flooding restricted access to Daniels does not have any RL properties. Farm Road from Route 127. Losses experienced by RL properties is only a Photos of flooding during this event, as well as portion of the total flooding damage experienced impacts following this event are shown on the next by the region. Annualized loss estimates were page. prepared for flooding for each community as presented in Section 3.3. Hazard Probability A “Level 1” analysis was modeled using the Based on the review of historical records, se- HAZUS-MH version 4.2 flood modelin order to vere rain storms that result in moderate-to-severe quantify potential damages from inland flood inland flooding occur at fairly frequent rate. The events of specific magnitudes. Analyses were run occurrence of these flood-producing rain totals separately for each town and riverine flooding was between 2000 and 2018 suggest that one such modeled independently of coastal flooding. The storm has the potential to happen once every year. analysis used HAZUS-MH stock inventory as well as National Elevation Dataset (NED) Digital Eleva- According to the discussion in the State Water tion Models (DEMs) to model hydrology. Plan (2018), the modeled scenarios project a generally wetter future, with the largest precipita- Estimated damages generated by HAZUS-MH tion increases projected for the winter and spring version 4.2 (2019) are presented herein in compari- months. Summer and autumn months are pro- son to the results generated by a previous version jected to remain about the same in terms of both of HAZUS-MH for the 2014 NHMP. Some of the frequency and rainfall level. The models suggest results differ significantly than those estimated for that the region may be at risk of increased winter the 2014 NHMP. It is believed that the differences and spring flooding in the future due to climate are due to the updated methodology for estimat- change. ing flood damages in version 4.2 as well as the updated base data used for the analysis. Risk Assessment Building Damage RL properties in the region provide one meth- Building damage was based on a flood depth od of quantifying the risk of inland flooding in the grid that was created by overlaying the flood region. Out of the 407 RL properties in the region, depth by the DEM. This flood depth was then 128 appear to have experienced losses from inland used with a depth-damage curve to estimate flooding along streams and rivers, or from other damages to buildings expressed as percent of the sources such as poor drainage: building damaged. Table 3.16 shows the results • Bridgeport has the most RL properties for the region. The current HAZUS-MH results gen- susceptible to inland flooding (41). Nine of erally show that more buildings in the region are these RL properties are non-residential and susceptible to damage than the previous model, 32 are residential. but that the percentage of damage expected is • Easton has one residential RL property sus- lower than previously modeled. Town specific data ceptible to inland flooding. can be found in Appendix G. • Fairfield has 38 RL properties susceptible to inland flooding, with five of the RL proper- Essential Facilities Damage ties being non-residential and 33 residential. Damage, as well as loss of use estimates, was • Stratford has 22 RL properties susceptible to generated for all essential facilities. Damage was inland flooding, with five of the RL proper- calculated in the same method as building dam- ties being non-residential and 17 residential. age. Loss of use estimates were calculated by • Trumbull has 26 RL properties susceptible to assuming a default depth of flood to which the

3-37 Flooding on Cartright Street in Bridgeport - September 25, 2018 Storm. Photo by Daniel Morcarski contributed to New Haven Register

Flooding at Trumbull Music Studios - September 25, 2018 Storm. Photo Posted on Social Media by Trumbull Music Studios Flooding at Sacred Heart University - September 25, 2018 Storm. Photo contributed to NBC Connecticut

Flooding at Trumbull Music Studios - September 25, 2018 Storm. Photo Posted on Social Media by Trumbull Music Studios

Bank Erosion along Rooster River from September 25, 2018 Storm. Flooding Debris along Rooster River from September 25, 2018 Storm. Photo by Town of Fairfield Photo by Town of Fairfield

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-38 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Table 3.16: Hazus-MH building damage from inland flooding Table 3.17: Region (All Towns) Building Damage Hazus-MH essential facility damage from inland flooding Number of Facilities Damaged Damage (2014) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr Damage (2014) Total 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr 1-10% 1 1 0 1 1 EOC 2 0 0 0 0 0 11-20% 18 21 24 25 29 Fire 16 0 0 0 0 0 21-30% 4 5 8 11 16 Hospitals 4 0 0 0 0 0 31-40% 37 51 56 59 100 Police 16 0 0 0 1 1 41-50% 31 48 63 70 106 Schools 130 0 0 0 0 2 >50% 53 53 66 76 104 Damage Total 144 179 217 242 356 (2019) Total 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr Damage EOC 2 0 0 0 0 0 (2019) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr Fire 16 0 0 0 0 0 1-10% 215 239 270 397 943 Hospitals 3 0 0 0 0 0 11-20% 142 165 205 280 441 Police 16 1 1 1 1 1 21-30% 29 36 48 60 65 Schools 130 0 2 3 3 4 31-40% 4 4 6 11 12 41-50% 2 2 1 4 3 Table 3.18: Hazus-MH debris generated from inland flooding >50% 2 2 3 3 7 Debris Generated (tons) Total 394 448 533 755 1,471 Damage (2014) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr facility may close. This depth threshold for func- Bridgeport 1,316 1,437 1,664 1,786 2,222 tionality is different for each essential facility type. Easton 615 733 860 980 1,290 Loss of use projections can be found in Table 3.17. Fairfield 7,864 8,297 8,806 9,307 10,166 Town specific results can be found in Appendix G. Very few essential facilities are affected by any Monroe 364 556 737 864 1,375 inland flooding event. Onlyfour schools in Fairfield Stratford 547 717 915 1,031 1,469 and one police station in Easton were impacted. Trumbull 1,340 1,516 1,816 2,095 3,112 Debris Generated Total 12,046 13,256 14,798 16,063 19,634 Damage HAZUS-MH generated estimates for the (2019) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr amount of debris generated from inland flooding. Bridgeport 1,090 1,199 1,404 2,510 2,039 The overall debris generated is in Table 3.18. The current HAZUS-MH results generally show that less Easton 291 433 549 839 960 debris is generated from inland flooding than the Fairfield 1,058 1,367 1,755 2,116 1,984 previous model. Bridgeport had the most debris Monroe 180 236 289 379 679 generated with 2,510 tons in a 1% event, while Stratford 724 821 927 1,029 1,183 Trumbull had the most debris generated for a Trumbull 1,244 1,425 1,628 1,769 2,880 0.2% event with 2,880 tons. Overall, the Region is projected to have 8,682 tons of debris in a 1% flood Total 4,587 5,481 6,552 8,642 9,725 and 9,725 tons in a 0.2% flood. 3.19. The current HAZUS-MH results generally show that less people will require shelter than the Shelter Needs previous model. Shelter needs were generated in HAZUS-MH by the number of households displaced due to the Economic Loss flood and potential evacuation. Displaced houses Economic loss was calculated from both direct include not only areas in the flood but near the property damage and business interruption. Table flood in potential evacuation zones. The number 3.20 summarizes the combined economic loss for of people requiring shelter was a fraction of those each town. The current HAZUS-MH results predict displaced households and can be found in Table more economic loss due to flood damage than the

3-39 Table 3.19: Hazus-MH shelter needs from inland flooding 3.6 Hazard Profile – Coastal People Requiring Shelter Flooding Damage (2014) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr Bridgeport 720 816 1,002 1,055 1,964 Setting Easton 20 24 31 32 44 Coastal flooding is a natural hazard that Fairfield 867 1,041 1,165 1,270 1,738 threatens the MetroCOG Region. Much like inland flooding, coastal flooding represents a common Monroe 196 243 278 313 483 naturally occurring event that causes damage to Stratford 743 915 1,001 1,053 1,565 property and residents’ quality of life. The three Trumbull 124 146 177 213 428 member communities that are directly impacted Total 2,670 3,185 3,636 3,936 6,222 by coastal flooding are the City of Bridgeport and the Towns of Fairfield and Stratford. Damage (2019) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr Bridgeport Harbor is one of three deep water Bridgeport 65 71 80 146 172 harbors in Connecticut. The harbor is fed by three main tributaries, the largest being the Pequon- Easton 0 0 0 0 0 nock River, followed by the Yellow Mill Channel, Fairfield 9 11 14 19 135 and Johnson’s Creek/Lewis Gut. The Harbor area Monroe 1 1 2 2 7 includes the United Illuminating plant and a City- Stratford 18 22 23 28 43 owned marina, and many residential neighbor- Trumbull 6 8 8 12 16 hoods lay near the harbor’s edge and two marinas exist along the banks of Johnson’s Creek. Since the Total 99 113 127 207 373 adoption of the 2014 NHMP Update, Steele Point Table 3.20: Hazus-MH economic loss from inland flooding redevelopment is underway on land that is pro- Economic Loss (in millions of dollars) tected by new bulkheads on an elevated ground Damage surface that exceeds the base flood elevation. The (2014) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr redevelopment effort is expected to extend into Bridgeport $56.5 $64.2 $70.8 $74.2 $78.3 the 2030s. Easton $10.7 $12.9 $14.9 $16.5 $19.6 Much of Fairfield’s population resides south of the Interstate 95 corridor. The neighborhoods Fairfield $74.1 $85.1 $94.9 $103.6 $120.0 within the vicinity of Fairfield Beach and Pine Creek Monroe $14.3 $21.0 $26.1 $30.2 $42.5 have undergone a monumental shift over the re- Stratford $34.6 $42.4 $51.2 $57.8 $76.6 cent decades, transitioning from summer cottages Trumbull $43.1 $51.6 $59.8 $65.5 $88.5 to full time residences. This increased the region’s year-round population density, which in turn Total $233.2 $276.3 $317.6 $347.8 $425.4 increased concerns for public safety and possible Damage damage inflicted from a coastal flooding event. (2019) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr Bridgeport $96.6 $106.3 $118.1 $171.9 $173.3 A significant portion of the population of Stratford lives along the shoreline and, much Easton $15.0 $19.0 $22.0 $28.9 $31.5 like the shift seen in Fairfield, many of Stratford’s Fairfield $67.8 $77.3 $99.9 $125.7 $269.2 shoreline cottages have been converted to year Monroe $25.7 $31.5 $39.0 $50.2 $61.1 round residencies. Cottages located on Long Stratford $67.3 $81.2 $92.3 $106.2 $129.9 Beach, a barrier beach connecting Stratford with Pleasure Beach in Bridgeport, were removed and Trumbull $60.2 $71.9 $82.6 $110.7 $147.4 the area converted to permanent open space. In Total $332.6 $387.2 $453.8 $593.6 $922.4 addition to the immediate shoreline along Long Island Sound, the threat of coastal flooding exists previous model. Fairfieldcould expect the most for residents that reside along the lower reaches of losses of any MetroCOG municipality. Overall, the the Housatonic River. Region can expect $594 million dollars in loss from a 1% annual chance event and $922 million from a 0.2% annual chance event.

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-40 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

lantic Coast and carry heavy precipitation. This includes tropical storms, hurricanes, and nor’easters. These systems typically carry very low pressure gradients and strong winds. The direct coastal flooding associated with these storms can migrate into tidal and estuarine stream systems. In addition, floods of smaller magnitudes can occur with more frequent regularity. For example, areas within the Region that are proximate to low-lying coastline may be more prone to flooding from unusually high tides. While these events can occur with greater frequency, they are typically far less severe in duration and impact. This type of flooding is discussed in more detail in Section 3.7 (Sea Level Rise). The Fact Sheet on the next page provides more information regarding coastal flooding in the region.

Historical Assessment As mentioned above, flooding, whether coastal or inland, represents the most common and costly natural hazard in Connecticut. The FEMA FIS Figure 3.14: Flood zones and critical facilities identifies the coastal storm events that had the most effect on Fairfield, Stratford and Bridgeport Hazard Assessment as occurring in 1815, 1938, 1944, 1954, 1955, 1960, In Bridgeport, Fairfield and Stratford, se- 2011, and 2012. The major unnamed hurricane of vere flooding can result from astronomically September 21, 1938, was estimated to cause 600 high tide levels along coastal areas. Commonly deaths in New England. Another unnamed hurri- these extreme high tide events are brought on cane hit the Connecticut coast in September 1944, by a “nor’easter.” Characterized by slow moving and Hurricane Carol struck the Connecticut coast low-pressure zones, this storm system can occur in August of 1954. In the following year, 1955, throughout the year, although it most often occurs back-to-back hurricanes Connie and Diane caused during the winter months. Further events can be torrential rains in Connecticut, with up to 12 inches brought on by tropical systems of varying intensi- of rainfall in areas from Connie and an additional ties that pass through the area. 10 to 20 inches of rain from Diane. The extent of coastal flooding is depicted in the Figure 3.14. It is based on the flood zones Recent Events relating to a 1% and a 0.2% storm event, as determined by FEMA. Town maps for coastal flood- More recently, flooding and winds associated ing with enhanced critical facilities can be found in with hurricanes and storm events have caused Appendix F. extensive shoreline erosion and related damage. In 1985, Connecticut was impacted by Hurricanes As explained in the previous section, a 1% Bob and Gloria, with Gloria directly hitting the flood means that in any given year there is a one coastline. Tropical and extratropical storms have percent chance that there will be a storm that will produced periods of locally heavy rainfall. These cause a certain level of flooding. Similarly, the events have been recorded on June 4 through 7, flooding associated with a0.2% flood has 0.2% 1982, May 16, 1989, October 31, 1991, December chance of occurring in a year, and would affect a 10 through 12, 1992, and May 27-June 2, 1994. greater area than the 1% flood. Recent events have also demonstrated that the The majority of the Region’s coastal flooding extent of coastal flooding has exceeded the limits occurs from storm systems that move up the At- indicated on FEMA mapping. Inundation of flood

3-41 REGIONAL CHALLENGES

CASE STUDY: COASTAL FLOODING

WHAT IS THE CHALLENGE? Connecticut’s coastlines boast a range of economic and recreational benefits for the state. Unfortunately, increasingly strong storms and densely populated shorelines mean that coastal flooding has been an increasingly common, but unwelcome guest to our shoreline communities. Coastal flooding occurs during hurricanes and other strong cyclones including nor’easters. The direction and strength of wind play a role in forcing water into Long Island Sound from the open ocean to the east. The effects of flooding are exacerbated during high tide, and especially astronomically high tide. Estimates from the previous hazard mitigation plan report that economic losses in the MetroCOG region could be as high as $2.4 Fairfield Daily Voice Photo billion during a 100 year coastal flood event. Clearly coastal flooding has the ability to cause vast economic and commercial destruction in the area if not mitigated. The pictures on the left show coastal flooding in the MetroCOG area in the wake of Hurricane Sandy.

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION Hartford Courant Photo

Coastal flooding is on the rise due to the effects of climate change, so a proactive approach is necessary to ensure the safety and economic security of the region. Historical data is no longer the best way to predict the future extent and ferocity of coastal flood events. The latest modeling and predictions by local and national scientists have been incorporated into the plan in order to better inform MetroCOG communities. This hazard mitigation plan update focuses on a multifaceted FOR MORE INFORMATION approach for mitigating coastal flood impacts. Mitigation is not a one‐size‐fits‐all action. While some buildings may be adequately Diane Ifkovic protected through elevation, other properties may benefit from a State NFIP Coordinator FEMA subsidized buyout. The Plan’s strategies focus on education Connecticut Department of Energy and and outreach, working collectively to initiate change, and looking at Environmental Protection past actions to inform future decisions that influence regulations, 79 Elm Street policies, and enforcement actions that influence behavioral changes Hartford, CT 06106 to produce tangible results. (860) 424‐3537 [email protected] Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

waters from both Tropical Storm Irene and Super- October 29, 2012 storm Sandy extended farther inland than expect- Superstorm Sandy produced a storm surge ed. Furthermore, the Town of Fairfield reports that of 8-to-9 feet along much of western Long Island the need to plow sand from roads is becoming Sound, with its effects further exacerbated by its more frequently necessary due to deposition from coincidence with the high tide. This produced coastal floods. This occurred three times in 2018, up to two to five feet of inundation that spread whereas in previous years it was not necessary at several blocks inland in many places. In certain all. areas the inundation reached north of Interstate The following are additional descriptions and 95, including areas along the Pequonnock River in examples of more recent major flooding events Bridgeport and along Ash Creek and the Mill River in the region. These examples are drawn from the in Fairfield. National Climatic Data Center Storm Events Da- tabase, as well as from discussions with municipal February 27, 2013 stakeholders. Strong onshore winds were produced from a complex low tracking northeast system through March 19, 1996 the Ohio Valley. The winds produced a two to three A strong low pressure system moving north- foot storm surge for much of southwest Con- east off the Delmarva Coast brought strong winds necticut, resulting in widespread minor to locally of 40 to 50 MPH across much of the region. The moderate flooding. TheBirdseye Marina in Strat- strong winds pushed water inland producing tides ford experienced moderate inundation of up to two-to-four feet above normal. This resulted in a three feet; similar flooding was experienced along moderate flooding along much of western Con- Housatonic River. necticut’s shoreline. April 16, 2018 October 19, 1996 The entrance ramp to Interstate 95 from Surf A system that developed over the Delmarva Avenue in Stratford was closed due to flooding. Peninsula brought easterly gale force winds (40 mph) across Long Island that persisted from late October and November, 2018 Friday through Saturday. This caused tides to ex- Bridgeport, Fairfield, and Stratford were sub- ceed their astronomical means, and produced tide ject to many coastal flood watches and warnings levels of three-to-five feet above normal. In turn, in 2018, with flooding reported during storms on varying amounts of coastal flooding were reported October 27 and November 26. In Fairfield, vehicles along with varying degrees of beach erosion. In such as passenger cars and a mail truck were lost Stratford, roadways were covered with up to three to coastal flooding. In Stratford, the flooding feet of water leaving residents stranded. The Fair- associated with the November 26, 2018 storm ap- field Beach area also experienced flooding. Sand proached the limits of flooding sustained during was pulled from the beaches and deposited yards Tropical Storm Irene. away in the basements and first floors of residential homes. Hazard Probability March 13, 2010 Based on the review of historical records, The right combination of high and low pres- storms that result in moderate-to-severe coastal sure in the region created a prolonged period of flooding occur about once every three-to-four strong easterly winds. This resulted in tidal heights years. According to the NOAA GFDL, the effects of three to five feet above normal, with many loca- of climate change will also include changes to the tions reporting higher levels than seen in 20 years. magnitude of tropical storms. The National Oceanic Service (NOS) tidal gauge in Bridgeport reported a maximum tide level of 10.4 feet. This produced moderate flooding which Risk Assessment closed many roads close to the shoreline. Roads Coastal flooding may result in direct flooding crews had to be brought in to remove sand and damage to properties and infrastructure as well as debris from roadways. result in coastal erosion that may result in additional areas becoming floodprone overtime.

3-43 RL properties in the region provide one Table 3.21: Hazus-MH building damage from coastal flood- method of quantifying the risk of coastal flooding. ing in the region. Out of the 407 RL properties in Region (Coastal Towns) Building Damage the region, 279 have losses from coastal flooding Damage along the shoreline or along the tidal sections of (2014) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr streams and rivers: 1-10% 8 9 8 8 2 • Bridgeport has 54 RL properties susceptible 11-20% 307 337 265 235 236 to coastal flooding, with 2 of the RL properties being non-residential and 52 residential. 21-30% 820 1,052 970 794 537 • Fairfield has 171 RL properties susceptible to 31-40% 458 771 1,604 1,283 899 coastal flooding, with 3 of the RL properties 41-50% 385 657 1,500 2,195 2,063 being non-residential and 168 residential. >50% 36 136 500 1,000 3,406 • Stratford has 54 RL properties susceptible to coastal flooding, with 5 of the RL properties Total 2,014 2,962 4,847 5,515 7,143 being non-residential and 49 residential. Damage (2019) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr Of the 14 SRL properties in the region, 12 (eight in Fairfield and four in Stratford) appear to 1-10% 91 90 201 253 132 be due to coastal flooding. All are residential. 11-20% 152 154 493 798 1,071 Losses experienced by RL properties is only a 21-30% 51 49 197 469 979 portion of the total flooding damage experienced 31-40% 2 2 57 101 458 by the region. Annualized loss estimates were 41-50% 0 0 9 36 168 prepared for flooding for each community as pre- >50% 7 6 42 107 291 sented in Section 3.3. Total 303 301 999 1,764 3,099 A Level 1 HAZUS-MH analysis was run using the HAZUS-MH 4.2 flood model. The analysis used Table 3.22: Hazus-MH essential facility damage from coastal HAZUS-MH stock inventory as well as NED DEMs flooding to model hydrology. The NED DEM is a low reso- Region (Coastal Towns) lution (30 meter) dataset. This low resolution may Essential Facilities (Loss of use) have led to overestimation of damage from small Damage events which is evident in the following results. (2014) Total 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr The coastal flooding model was run independently EOC 2 0 0 0 0 0 for the three coastal communities (Bridgeport, Fire 16 0 0 2 2 2 Fairfield, Stratford). Hospitals 4 0 0 0 0 0 Building Damage Police 16 1 1 3 4 3 Building damage was assessed using the same Schools 130 2 3 7 8 14 methodology described in subsection 3.5. Town Damage specific damage can be found in AppendixG . Table (2019) Total 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr 3.21 summarizes the damage for the Region. In EOC 2 0 0 0 0 1 general, the current HAZUS-MH results predict Fire 16 0 0 0 0 2 that fewer buildings will be damaged by coastal Hospitals 3 0 0 0 0 0 flooding than the previous model. The model estimates that more than 100 buildings would Police 16 1 1 1 1 3 be more than 50% damaged from a 1% annual Schools 130 1 1 2 2 7 chance coastal flood andnearly 300 buildings in a 0.2% annual chance coastal flood event. G. As apparent in Table 3.22 essential facilities are impacted in every flood scenario. In general, the Essential Facilities Damage HAZUS-MH results show that less essential facili- Essential Facility damage and loss of use ties are at risk of coastal flooding than the previ- estimates were calculated in the same method ous model. Schools were the most impacted by described above in subsection 3.5. Town specific coastal flooding. loss of use projections can be found in Appendix

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-44 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Debris Generated amount of debris generated from coastal flooding. The amount of debris generated was much larger HAZUS-MH generated estimates for the than those from inland flooding hazards, but less than hurricane wind. Table 3.23 summarizes the Table 3.23: Hazus-MH debris generated from coastal flooding debris generated from different flooding scenarios. Debris Generated (tons) In general, the current HAZUS-MH model esti- Damage mates significantly less debris will be generated (2014) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr than the previous model. Bridgeport 1,415 4,324 11,168 25,449 110,450 Shelter Needs Fairfield 39,215 63,245 107,645 172,718 272,594 Shelter needs were generated in HAZUS-MH Stratford 9,536 16,252 43,665 83,154 229,056 by the number of households displaced do to the Total 50,166 83,821 162,508 281,321 612,100 flood and potential evacuation. Displaced houses Damage include not only areas in the flood but near the (2019) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr flood in potential evacuation zones. The number Bridgeport 162 162 1,125 2,755 10,870 of people requiring shelter was a fraction of those Fairfield 2,848 2,820 16,361 38,033 102,259 displaced households and can be found in Table 3.24. In general, the current HAZUS-MH results Stratford 976 976 4,729 10,112 33,377 predict a lower sheltering need in the region from Total 3,986 3,958 22,215 50,900 146,506 coastal flooding than the previous model results. Table 3.24: Hazus-MH shelter needs from coastal flooding Economic Loss People Requiring Shelter Economic loss was calculated as in the sub- Damage (2014) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr section 3.5. Table 3.25 summarizes the combined economic loss for each town. Overall, the current Bridgeport 1,901 3,356 6,819 9,677 18,511 HAZUS-MH model predicts less economic loss due Fairfield 5,512 6,187 7,069 7,578 9,442 to coastal flooding than the previous model, with Stratford 4,646 5,943 7,638 8,597 9,904 the greatest economic loss predicted for Fairfield. Total 12,059 15,486 21,852 25,852 37,857 The Region is projected to lose over $1.6 billion in a 1% annual chance coastal floodevent and over $2.9 Damage (2019) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr billion in a 0.2% annual chance coastal flood. Bridgeport 4 4 235 442 1,037 Fairfield 169 165 347 403 458 3.7 Hazard Profile – Sea Level Stratford 60 60 339 493 664 Rise Total 233 229 921 1,338 2,159

Table 3.25: Hazus-MH results for economic loss from coastal flooding Setting Economic Loss (in millions of dollars) Sea level rise has the potential to impact Damage all low-lying areas near the shore and unlike (2014) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr other natural hazards, is one that is constant and Bridgeport $55.4 $11.4 $357.6 $645.8 $1,343.5 ongoing. Fairfield $247.5 $394.5 $655.9 $795.2 $1,257.2 Stratford $320.0 $486.5 $764.4 $967.1 $1,198.3 Hazard Assessment Total $642.9 $1,000.5 $1,777.9 $2,408.1 $3,799.1 Sea level rise results from thermal expan- Damage sion of seawater and the melting of land based (2019) 10 yr 25 yr 50 yr 100 yr 500 yr ice sheets and glaciers. The Intergovernmental Bridgeport $23.0 $23.0 $142.0 $340.7 $896.4 Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated that Fairfield $148.6 $143.3 $423.0 $661.7 $1,092.6 the global mean sea level rose by 17 centimeters (~6.7 inches) in the 20th Century. The IPCC also Stratford $91.7 $91.7 $427.0 $635.1 $957.6 reported an observed rate increase of 1.8 mil- Total $263.3 $258.0 $992.0 $1,637.5 $2,946.6 limeters/year (~0.07 inches) between 1961 and

3-45 2003, while the rate was almost double from 1993 years. Relative sea level rise in Connecticut in the to 2003 to an average yearly rise at 3.1 millimeters same time period is estimated between 15 and 30 (~0.12 inches). centimeters (~6-to-12 inches). The IPCC further Local sea level change, which is of more direct estimates that global sea level will rise 9 to 88 concern to coastal communities, is caused by a centimeters (~3.5 to 34.5 inches) during the 21st combination of global sea level rise, changes in century. local and global ocean currents, and local changes A long-term tide gauge has been operated in land elevation. Weakening Atlantic currents and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- local land subsidence accelerate the rate of sea ministration (NOAA) at Steele Point in Bridgeport level rise occurring in Long Island Sound. Coastal since 1964. The historic mean sea level trend at communities experiencing increases in mean sea that gauge has been a rise of 2.83 millimeters per level are at greater risk to the effects of coastal year (0.93 feet in 100 years) with a 95% confidence flood hazards as natural, protective buffers such as interval of plus-or-minus 0.44 millimeters per year, coastal wetlands and dunes are lost and property based on monthly mean sea level data from 1964 and infrastructure become more exposed to the to 2016. frequency and severity of coastal flood and storm surge inundation. Risk Assessment As sea level rises, tidal marshes and barrier is- lands will be the first areas to experience damage. Sea level rise is a slow onset hazard, and its Within the MetroCOG Region, the three coastal severity or magnitude is measurable only over communities of Bridgeport, Fairfield and Stratford, long periods of time as further described below. will be highly susceptible to damage from sea level “Nuisance flooding” refers to the inundation of rise. These municipalities have a coastline that low-lying areas under “blue sky,” non-storm condi- extends about 15.5 miles and contain many tidal tions; this phenomenon has already been noted in marshes, inlets, embayments, rivers and creeks, all Fairfield and will continue to become a problem of which will be affected by sea level rise. with regards to access and asset-degradation as water more regularly renders roads impassable and affects structures and infrastructure systems. Historic Record Global mean sea level is projected to rise Sea levels have been constantly rising since between 0.98 and 8.2 feet over the 21st century. then end of the last ice age. However, it is only in Sea level rise is not consistent around the world, the last 20 years that this change has been increas- and as noted above is affected by local variations ing at a more rapid rate, and its threat realized. in currents, temperature, and changes in land Along the Atlantic Coast, it is estimated that by the surface elevation. It has long been expected that end of the century sea levels could rise anywhere the rate of sea level rise in Connecticut will be from 20-to-40 inches, with higher amounts pos- slightly higher than the global projections due to sible depending on the effect of melting polar ice. the effects of regional subsidence. However, more Connecticut is experiencing a relative sea recent studies have asserted that changes in ocean level rise greater than that of the rest of the globe. circulation will increase the relative sea level rise During the past ice age much of the northern along the Atlantic coast even more than previously hemisphere was covered in up to a mile of ice. The thought. immense size of these glaciers warped the Earth’s The Connecticut Institute for Resilience and crust, causing the northeast to be slightly uplifted. Climate Adaptation (CIRCA) has developed sea Since the ice has melted, the crust is slowly eve- level rise projections for use in Connecticut. A ning out, leading to Connecticut sinking at approx- Fact Sheet discussing these projections follows. imately 0.76-to-0.89 millimeters per year (≈0.03- CIRCA has established a “planning threshold” of a to-0.035 inches). This only further complicates 0.5-meter (1.64 feet) rise in sea level expected by assessing and predicting the long term effects of 2050, and has defined a “caution threshold” of 1.0 continued sea level rise. meters (3.28 feet) in sea level rise expected in the The IPCC concluded that there has been a period 2060-2090. global mean rise in sea level between 10 and 25 Rising sea levels will impact both the natural centimeters (~4-to-10 inches) over the last 100 and man-made coastal environments. It could

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-46 REGIONAL CHALLENGES

SEA LEVEL RISE

WHAT IS THE CHALLENGE? Global sea level rise (SLR) is occurring at an increasing rate due to the melting of land ice and the expansion of ocean water due to heat absorption associated with climate change. Global sea level represents a global mean; regional variations need to be considered for local planning. Observations and extrapolationst show tha the sea level in Long Island Sound is rising at a more rapid rate than the global SLR projections. The Connecticut Institute for Resilience and Climate Adaptation (CIRCA) has conducted regional projections for Connecticut, and has recommended that planning anticipates a 0.5 m (1ft 8 inch) rise in sea level by 2050. There is significant diversion between Connecticut sea level rise projections projections after 2050; for 2050, the difference between the lowest showing observation and model and highest projection is approximately 0.3 m, and for 2100 the difference is almost 1.5 m. based predictions, with the planning and caution thresholds. Sea level rise (SLR) impacts both human development and the environment. With rising seas comes increased flooding events along the coast, and along water bodies connected to the coast. This flooding affects homes, business, utilities and infrastructure, and can seriously affect a municipality during a large enough event.

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION The region is comprised of three coastal towns, which may become increasingly impacted by sea level rise. Bridgeport, Fairfield and Stratford, the three coastal communities in the MetroCOG region, Flooding in Fairfield County, Photo by already experience nuisance flooding as tide levels rise. Daily Voice As tides begin to further inundate the coastline on a regular basis, storms may result in an increased level of flooding. Mitigation actions should be continuously identified and implemented in order to minimize damages during storms and high tide events. FOR MORE INFORMATION Connecticut’s lawmakers adopted Public Act No. 18‐82 “An Act James O’Donnell, Executive Director Concerning Climate Change Planning and Resiliency” in 2018. This Connecticut Institute for Resilience and Act mandates that sea level rise be taken into account when Climate Adaptation (CIRCA) planning, and also requires municipalities to consider sea level rise University of Connecticut scenarios when preparing hazard mitigation plans. Avery Point Campus 1080 Shennecossett Rd Groton, CT 06340 (860) 405‐9214 [email protected] come less effective, leading to the potential for greater flooding from even moderate rain events. Bridgeport already experiences problems with inadequate storm drainage in coastal neighborhoods; a higher water table will only exacerbate this problem. Future storm events, especially those with an accompanying strong storm surge, will pose an even greater threat to coastal and low lying communities. Storm surges from hurricanes and nor’easters will reach further inland, impacting a greater portion of the region. The flooding and inundation that typically occurs from a Category 3 hurricane Figure 3.15: Effects of sea level rise on storm surge. could, by the end of this century, result from Source: Union of Concerned Scientists 2013 a Category 1 storm. This phenomenon is result in the disappearance of a large portion of portrayed in Figure 3.15. Sea level rise for Connecticut’s tidal wetlands, and the conversion the Region is shown in Figure 3.16. Town specific of upstream wetlands to saltwater marshland. sea level rise maps can be found in Appendix F. Beachfront communities will see increased erosion Of great concern is the influence sea level rise of the sand and dune structures, which potentially will have on the severity of episodic hazard events will lead to more extreme and frequent flooding. such as storm surge and coastal flooding, as well Dikes and sea walls that are in place now could see as long term coastal erosion. It can be expected a rapid decline in their effectiveness, potentially that sea level rise will be an amplifier of the magni- increasing the frequency and extent of flooding of tude for these other coastal hazards. coastal areas. Annualized loss estimates were prepared for As sea levels rise, drainage systems will be- sea level rise for each coastal community as presented in Section 3.3.

3.8 Hazard Profile – Winter Storms

Setting Winter weather affects the Region indiscriminately, bringing not only the typical threats of snow, wind, and ice, but concerns of extreme cold and flooding. Furthermore, the results of any one these events can create tertiary hazards as well; these include loss of power and heat. While severe winter weather is commonly associated with the months of December, January, and February, the potential exists for occurrences from late Septem- ber through mid-May. Although the entire Region is susceptible to winter storms, the geography, topography and its location along Long Island Sound influence the severity of different events. Because of their proximity to Long Island Sound, the coastal and low lying areas receive less snow amounts then the more northern reaches. However, the tempera- Figure 3.16: Sea level rise projections. Source: The Nature Conservancy

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-48 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

ture variations can affect precipitation mix during ing and driving conditions, and cause trees and a winter storm. Warmer temperatures can create branches to break from the weight of built-up ice. changeable conditions. Along the coast, it is not Power lines are susceptible to spanning from the uncommon for a mixture of snow, sleet and freez- weight of ice build-up. ing rain to occur, while most of Easton, Monroe and Trumbull are receiving only snow. These condi- Nor’easter tions affect driving conditions, damage to trees The classic winter storm in New England is the and power distribution. nor’easter. It forms as a low-pressure disturbance along the south Atlantic coast, moves northeast Hazard Assessment along the Middle Atlantic and the New England coasts and collides with a cold, dry high pres- Winter storms and weather range from bliz- sure system moving down from the north. Strong zards, ice storms, heavy snow, sleet, freezing rain northeast winds are created and wind driven waves and extreme cold. Most deaths from winter storms can batter the coastline, causing flooding and result from traffic accidents on icy roads and severe beach erosion. Coupled with a high tide, hypothermia from prolonged exposure to cold. the low pressure of a nor’easter can have an effect Damage to trees and tree limbs and the resultant similar to a storm surge from a hurricane. During downing of utility cables are a common effect of the winter months and if the temperatures are these types of events. Secondary effects include right, heavy snow totals are possible. loss of power and heat. The possible weather events that can impact Sleet the region are described below: Unlike freezing rain, sleet is formed by water droplets that freeze into ice pellets before reach- Blizzard ing the ground. Sleet usually bounces when hitting The main characteristic of a blizzard is that a surface and does not stick to objects. However, it has conditions of sustained winds or frequent it can accumulate like snow and cause a hazard gusts of 35 mph or more. The high winds cause to motorists. It typically falls as a mix of snow and blowing and drifting of snow and reduction of freezing rain. visibility. By definition, visibility is reduced to less than one-quarter mile for three or more hours. Historical Record Extremely cold temperatures are often associated with blizzard conditions. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- ministration (NOAA) has developed a Regional Winter Storm Snowfall Index (RSI) for the northeast that rates A heavy snow event results in a snow accumu- winter storms into five descriptive categories by lation of more than six inches in twelve hours, or score: Extreme, Crippling, Major, Significant, and more than twelve inches in twenty-four hours. Un- Notable. The index considers the impact the storm like a blizzard, a heavy snow event does not have had on the area and is based on snowfall amounts, the high, sustained winds that can cause reduced size of the area impacted and the population visibility and down trees and power lines. within the path of the storm. Winter storms from 1956 to 2018 were reviewed. During that time pe- Freezing Rain riod, 64 high impact snowstorms that affected the northeast were identified and rated: Temperatures at higher levels are warm enough for rain to form but surface temperatures Two were rated Extreme: are below 32 degrees. The rain freezes on contact • March 12, 1993 and coats objects such as trees, cars or roads, • January 6, 1996 forming a glaze of ice. Freezing rain is generally associated with an approaching warm front and cold Ten were rated Crippling: air is trapped at lower levels in the atmosphere. • February 14, 1958 When a substantial amount of freezing rain occurs • March 2, 1960 and at least one-quarter inch of ice accumulates, • February 2, 1961 it is referred to as an “Ice Storm.” The freezing rain • January 11, 1964 from an ice storm can create hazardous walk- • December 25, 1969

3-49 • January 19, 1978 Fourteen were rated Significant: • February 10, 1983 • March 18, 1958 • February 15, 2003 • December 23, 1966 • January 21, 2005 • February 5, 1967 • January 22, 2016 • February 8, 1969 • April 6, 1982 Twenty-two were rated Major: • January 24, 2000 • December 11, 1960 • December 18, 2009 • January 18, 1961 • March 15, 2007 • January 29, 1966 • March 4, 2013 • February 22, 1969 • December 13, 2013 • February 18, 1972 • December 30, 2013 • February 5, 1978 • January 25, 2015 • February 17, 1979 • March 5, 2018 • January 21, 1987 • March 11, 2018 • February 8, 1994 • February 12, 2006 Sixteen were rated Notable: • February 12, 2007 • March 18, 1956 • February 4, 2010 • January 25, 1987 • February 9, 2010 • February 22, 1987 • February 23, 2010 • February 2, 1995 • December 24, 2010 • March 31, 1997 • January 9, 2011 • December 30, 2000 • February 1, 2011 • March 1, 2009 • February 7, 2013 • January 26, 2011 • January 29, 2014 • October 29, 2011 • February 11, 2014 • January 20, 2014 • January 29, 2015 • November 26, 2014 • March 12, 2017 • December 9, 2014 • February 8, 2015 • January 3, 2018 • March 1, 2018 • March 20, 2018 The start date for these events are illus- trated in Figure 3.17. In general, there has been an increased frequency of occurrence of notable or stronger winter storms over the last 15 years as compared to the earlier parts of the RSI record. Severe winter storms can produce an array of hazardous weather conditions, including heavy snow, blizzards, freezing rain and ice pellets and extreme cold. Based on the RSI, nearly one-quarter of Figure 3.17: Index of snowstorms affecting the Northeast. Source: NOAA National Climate Center

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-50 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Snowstorms Affecting the Northeast by Regional Snowstorm Index category

Figure 3.20: Snowfall totals from NOAA for January, 2011 storm

Figure 3.18: RSI rating for winter storm occurrences. Source: NOAA the snowstorms were considered either extreme or crippling to the Northeast, while the majority were categorized as major. The remainder of the snowstorms were listed as significant or notable as seen in Figure 3.18.

Recent Events On February 11th and 12th, 2006, Connecticut received record snowfall from a relatively minor system that started along the southern Appala- chian range. It intensified over the Atlantic and developed into a nor’easter and became known as Figure 3.21: Snow totals from NOAA for Winter Storm Alfred the North American Blizzard of 2006. State highways were closed to facilitate clean-up and the seen in Figure 3.19. state was declared a federal disaster area. About 27.8 inches of snow was recorded in Fairfield as On January 9, 2011, Connecticut was hit by a winter storm that dropped up to two feet of snow, with 24.1 inches recorded in Danbury, 29 inches in Newtown and 22.5 inches in Hartford. In the Region, snowfall amounts totaled 16.5 inches in Bridgeport and were up to 20 inches in several northern areas as seen in Figure 3.20. Colder- than-expected temperatures resulted in the higher snowfall totals. In late October 2011, a historic and unprecedented early-season winter storm impacted the area with up to 18 inches in some parts of Con- necticut as seen in Figure 3.21. This was the first time a winter storm of this magnitude occurred in October. The storm is often referred to as the 2011 Halloween nor’easter or Storm Alfred. The combination of high winds and wet, heavy snow caused trees and power lines to snap. About 830,000 Figure 3.19: Snowfall totals from NOAA for February 2006 storm customers lost power throughout the state, and

3-51 According to the climate change models performed for the State Water Plan (2018), Connecti- cut is expected to experience higher temperatures during the winter months in the future as well as increased rainfall during the winter. This may result in fewer snow events overall and more wintry- mix storms consisting of snow, sleet, freezing rain, and potentially ice. However, given the increased overall precipitation, there may be a potential for higher snowfall amounts during the snowstorms that do occur.

Risk Assessment The entire Region is vulnerable to the impacts Figure 3.22: Snow totals from NOAA for Winter Storm NEMO of winter storms. While there may be damage to many remained without electricity for over a week. structures directly from the winter weather, the ter- Almost the entire state was declared a federal tiary effects are what impact the Region the most. disaster area; New London County was the only Transportation is severely impacted by winter exception. storms as heavy snowfall and icy conditions can The February 2013 nor’easter, commonly make roadways dangerous and in some cases referred to as Winter Storm Nemo, developed from impassible. This greatly restricts access to hospi- the combination of two areas of low pressure, one tals and other medical care facilities which puts originating in the northern plains and the other everyone at risk during an event. People in more forming over Texas. The National Weather Service rural areas of the Region are also more impacted issued blizzard warnings for all of Connecticut as travel is mostly limited to personal vehicles. In on February 7th and Governor Malloy declared a addition, rural areas often take longer to clear the state of emergency on February 8th and ordered roads often forcing people to stay in their homes. the closure of all limited access highways. The Even when roads are cleared, vulnerable popula- snowstorm resulted in heavy snowfall and blizzard tions such as the elderly and disabled may be force winds. The highest amounts were recorded in unable to clear their own walks and driveways, Hamden at 40 inches, while 30-to-36 inches blan- leaving them trapped inside. keted the Region as seen in Figure 3.22. During In addition to travel impediment, winter the evening and overnight, snow was falling at an storms also have the potential to knock out power extreme rate of six inches per hour. in the Region. Without power many individuals will Recent winter storms over the last five years be without heat, again putting certain populations have produced up to 16 inches of snow and oc- such as the elderly more at risk. casionally freezing rain or ice throughout the Annualized loss estimates were prepared for region. However, such storms have generally been winter storms for each community as presented in more manageable than the more severe storms Section 3.3. described earlier in the historic record. 3.9 Hazard Profile – Summer Hazard Probability Storms and Tornadoes Connecticut experiences at least one severe winter storm every five years. However, a variety of small and medium snow and ice storms occur Setting nearly every winter. The probability of a nor’easter Unlike many other natural hazard events that or any other winter storm occurring in any given are more likely to affect only certain portions of winter is likely. The data from the NCDC suggest the Region, summer storms and tornadoes have that the Northeast experiences a severe snow- the potential to affect the Region indiscriminately. storm every 1.2 years or, effectively, the area can These systems can bring with them torrential rains, expect at least one notable snow event every year. damaging winds, dangerous lighting, and large

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-52 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

hail. Furthermore, due to the complex nature of area where organized episodes of hail one inch in these storms, the affected area from an event diameter or larger, and/or damaging thunderstorm could be very small, perhaps only a few blocks winds have developed and are occurring, or are within a single town, or a system could impact the imminent. Winds for a severe thunderstorm must entire Region. be in excess of 58 miles per hour or in excess of 50 knots. Unlike a watch, a Severe Thunderstorm Warning is generally only issued for small areas Hazard Assessment where the severe weather is likely to impact the Severe summer storms include tornadoes, region in the very near future. downbursts, lightning, high winds, heavy rain and hail. These weather systems can cause flash floods, Hail as well as, downed trees and power lines. The pos- Hail is a severe weather phenomenon that can sible weather events that can impact the region are occur within strong thunderstorms where large described below: updrafts are present. Water droplets at the base of the cloud structure are carried upwards by strong Summer Storms updrafts where much colder temperatures at the The development of a thunderstorm occurs in top of the cloud freeze the droplets. As they fall several stages. These stages include growth, devel- back down towards earth the droplets are caught opment, electrification, and finally dissipation. For again by an updraft and carried to the upper level all of these stages to occur a precise combination of the cloud structure. With each trip from the of atmospheric conditions must be present. The bottom to the top of the cloud the frozen droplets formation of these storm cells often begins early become larger, forming the hailstones. This pro- in the morning when the sun’s rays begin to warm cess repeats itself until the mass of the hailstones the lower levels of the atmosphere; this warmer exceeds the capacity of the updraft to carry it air mass begins to rise. It is these rising pockets of aloft once more. This means that the stronger the warm air that produce cumulus clouds. As the day updraft within a storm, the larger hailstones it is progresses and the atmosphere warms further the capable of producing. clouds grow vertically, creating towering cumulus Hail has the potential to be extremely devas- clouds. The rapid vertical growth is the first sign tating; with hail above ¾ of an inch in diameter that a potentially severe thunderstorm is develop- capable causing significant damage to crops, ing. The final maturation of the cloud structure persons, and property. While correlations can be occurs when the very top of the cloud expands drawn between the presence of hail and a tornado, outward, producing a cloud that resembles mush- primarily because of the updrafts and downdrafts room or an anvil. required for both to occur. The presence of hail To help warn residents to the arrival of po- does not mean a tornado is imminent nor does its tentially severe and destructive storms systems absence mean there is no risk of a tornado. the National Weather Service utilizes a system of watches and warnings to designate the potential Lightning for damaging weather. The following definitions Lightning is an exceptionally dangerous hazard are pulled directly from the National Oceanic and that is most commonly associated with thunder- Atmospheric Administration’s webpage. storms. According to NOAA, It is reported to have killed 17 Connecticut residents from 1959 to 2016, Severe Thunderstorm Watch ranking the state 41st in the country for the num- A Severe Thunderstorm Watch outlines an ber of lightning fatalities out of 51 (50 states and area where organized episodes of hail one inch in Washington D.C.) during this period. diameter or larger, and/or damaging winds are ex- A lightning strike is the product of a com- pected during a three-to-eight hour period. Winds pleted circuit between positive and negative for a severe thunderstorm must be in excess of 58 charges within the thunderstorm cloud or between miles per hour or 50 knots. Typical watches cover that thunderstorm cloud and the ground. Initially about 25,000 square miles. the atmosphere acts as an insulator between the Severe Thunderstorm Warning positive and negative charges, however when the potential between the two becomes too great a A Severe Thunderstorm Warning outlines an rapid discharge of electricity occurs, producing a

3-53 lightning strike. Table 3.26: Enhance Fujita Scale. Lightning can occur, primarily, in two different Source: National Weather Service forms. Intra-cloud lightning occurs between op- ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE FOR TORNADOES positely charged particles within the thunderstorm EF Scale Intensity Wind Speed (mph) cloud structure. Because the discharge occurs EF-0 Gale 65-85 within the cloud structure, it poses little threat to EF-1 Weak 86-110 human life or destruction of property. The second form of lightning is cloud-to-ground light- EF-2 Strong 111-135 ning. This form occurs either between negatively EF-3 Severe 136-165 charged particles at the base of the cloud and EF-4 Devastating 166-200 positively charged particles on the ground; or posi- EF-5 Incredible >200 tively charged particles at the top of the thunderstorm structure and negatively charged particles was dubbed the F-scale, from F-0 to F-5, with the on the ground. Unlike the intra-cloud lightning severity of a tornado based upon wind speed. mentioned, cloud-to-ground lightning can pose a While the current scale is similar to the F-scale, the great threat to both human life and property. wind speeds and parameters by which the damage is assessed have been greatly improved. The Downbursts severity of a tornado is now measured using the Downbursts are a severe weather occurrence Enhanced Fujita scale which ranks tornados based that occasionally accompany a severe thunder- on their estimated wind speeds and the reported storm. While much of a thunderstorm’s life cycle damage from the event. The scale ranks tornadoes is dominated by strong updrafts that carry warm, from EF-0 to EF-5, with an EF-0 being the least se- moist, and unstable air aloft, a downburst develops vere and an EF-5 being the most severe as seen in when large portions of unstable air mass begin to Table 3.26. The new scale uses 28 damage indica- fall, creating a downdraft. As the air mass falls it tors that are each assigned a value of 1 through 8. begins to gain immense speed. When the air mass contacts the ground it expands outwards rapidly forming the actual downburst. These straight line Historic Record winds can easily exceed 100 mph. Downbursts can occur in two forms depending on their size: 1) if Severe Thunderstorms the affected area is less than 2.5 miles in diameter Records of severe thunderstorm events within the occurrence is categorized as a microburst, and the Region were gathered from NOAA’s National 2) for those occurrences that affect an area greater Climatic Data Center, Storm Events Database. The than 2.5 miles in diameter, it is categorized as a data provides detailed information on the events macroburst. and their affects and is for time period from Janu- ary 1, 1996 to present. Of special note is the severe Tornadoes thunderstorm that occurred on June 24, 2010. In meteorological terms defined by NOAA, “a This storm caused severe damage throughout the tornado is a violently rotating column of air, usually Region. pendant to a cumulonimbus [cloud structure], with On June 24, 2010 a cold front and strong up- circulation reaching the ground. It nearly always per level trough moved across New England, and starts as a funnel cloud and may be accompanied this unstable air mass spawned lines of severe by a loud roaring noise. On a localized basis, it thunderstorms across southwestern Connecticut is the most destructive of all atmospheric phe- during the afternoon hours. The accompany- nomena.” Tornadoes are the product of a severe ing super-cells and squall lines produced an EF-1 thunderstorm that has progressed in such a way to tornado in Bridgeport and severe winds and hail produce the low level rotation needed for tornado across the remainder of the region. The extent of development. Since the last adaptation of the the damage from this single event was vast. Regional Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan, the scale by which the severity of a tornado is measured The City of Bridgeport was impacted more has been modified. The original scale was created greatly than the remainder other parts of the Re- in 1971 by Dr. Ted Fujita, a University of Chicago gion. The devastation was caused by exceptionally severe storms research scientist. This original scale powerful straight line winds, believed to be in excess of 100 mph, along with a small EF-1 tornado.

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This led to the total collapse of five buildings and In Trumbull, sporadic damage from winds be- severe damage to at least nine other structures, lieved to be around 70 mph was reported, mainly including the Morton Government Center and Bar- from downed trees and power lines. A falling tree num Museum in the downtown area. Damage also struck a car on Daniels Farm Road, injuring the included a billboard being blown off the roof of an vehicle’s occupant. In addition, two homes were apartment building, blown out windows, build- damaged when trees fell on them. The damages ing façade damage, and over-turned vehicles on from the event totaled $40,000. Interstate 95 and Route 8/25, including a tractor Other recent severe thunderstorm events and trailer. The vicious storm was also responsible for tornadoes that produced damage within the Re- the downing of hundreds of trees, with two falling gion are listed below. on a house. At the Sikorsky Memorial Airport a wind gust May 16, 2007 tore a roof off of a hanger, shattering the struc- Severe thunderstorms developed ahead of ture’s windows and cracking its foundation. Several an approaching cold front across the region and planes suffered minor damage from the incident. produced potent straight line winds along with The winds also caused structural damage to the an EF-1 tornado in northern Fairfield County. old terminal building. Debris from the two build- The Town of Easton experienced exceptional ings also damaged a local bar adjacent to the winds which downed countless trees throughout property. The damage sustained to the airport the town. The extent of the damage from these totaled $50,000. downed trees is unknown; however it is likely that The National Weather Service (NWS) deter- power outages occurred in certain areas. mined that an EF-1 tornado did impact the City, in August 07, 2008 a very localized area to the north of Interstate 95 from about Route 8/25 to Pembroke Street. The Unstable, moist air spawned several severe NWS survey found signs of rotation in the area, thunderstorms in southwestern Connecticut. This including blown-in windows, pealed-off exterior line of storms delivered a microburst in the Town façades from homes, and sheared off trees tops. of Stratford, where shingles were torn from homes, Reports from eyewitnesses described near zero and many trees and power lines were downed. visibility, with a rain wrapped tornado surrounded Several of the downed trees fell on residents’ by swirling debris. Three residents were directly vehicles. injured from the tornado. The sum of this damage led to the partial closure of at least 57 streets, July 31, 2009 and the displacement of around two dozen resi- An approaching cold front approaching the dents. The cost of the damage in the City totaled Region spurred a cluster of severe thunderstorms $3,200,000. that caused damage in the southern Fairfield area. In Easton, significant tree damage resulted Further damage was caused from straight line from straight line winds believed to be in excess winds. Two tornados were produced from the sys- of 80 mph. Some of the toppled trees damaged tem, but occurred outside of the Region. residents’ homes, causing in excess of $30,000 in July 19, 2010 damages. A cold front crossing through the northeast While the Town of Monroe was hit far less corridor spawned several clusters of severe thun- severely by the thunderstorms, winds believed to derstorms across southern Connecticut. This led be around 60 mph sporadically toppled trees and to sporadic tree damage in the Nichols section of downed power lines. Trumbull, including a tree that fell on a house. Hundreds of trees were lost in Stratford, with the Lordship and Paradise Green sections being June 06, 2011 hardest hit. Fallen trees were reported to have Atmospheric instability spawned wide spread damaged a number of homes and several cars. clusters of severe thunderstorms across the ma- One resident was injured while in their car when jority of southern Connecticut. Many trees were it was stuck by a fallen limb. Strong winds were brought down by the strong winds associated with reported, believed to be close to 90 mph. The cost the storms in Stratford, along with sporadic tree of the damage totaled $100,000. loss in Monroe.

3-55 July 26, 2012 outages. Frequent cloud-to-ground lightning An approaching mass of warm air produced strikes occurred, with two lightning related injuries a cluster of severe thunderstorms in Fairfield and reported statewide. In Trumbull, lightning struck New Haven Counties. This led to downed tree a nearby communications tower and travelled limbs in Bridgeport and reports of a downed tree through a phone line into the Police Headquarters, in Monroe. injuring a police officer, who was working dispatch during the storms. September 6, 2014 June 08, 2008 High winds downed trees and wires that closed multiple roads throughout the town of Several clusters of severe thunderstorms de- Fairfield. veloped across the state producing strong winds, and numerous cloud-to-ground lightning strikes. June 23, 2015 A home in Stratford was hit by lightning, causing a fire. Widespread trees were reported down across the northern portion of Monroe. Several roads August 07, 2008 were closed. Several severe thunderstorms developed in the July 25, 2016 southwestern part of the state during the afternoon hours and brought torrential rains, strong Multiple trees and wires were reported down winds, and lightning. In the Nichols section of throughout Bridgeport. Trumbull lightning struck a tree behind a home, July 22, 2018 creating a hole in the exterior concrete wall of the home’s basement. Trees and powerlines were downed on Barnum Avenue during an overnight storm in Stratford. May 24, 2009 Tree limbs fell on a transformer on Pearl Street in An approaching cold front triggered small the Success Hill portion of Bridgeport, resulting in clusters of severe thunderstorms during the af- a power outage. ternoon hours in southern portions of the state. Lightning and Hail Cloud-to-ground lightning from one of the storms injured three people who were camping at Webb Severe thunderstorms that produce cloud- Mountain Park in the Stevenson section of Monroe. to-ground lightning strikes are listed below. Hail producing storms occur infrequently in the Region July 26, 2009 and NOAA records are limited. However, the po- A strong cold front brought strong thunder- tential exists for severe thunderstorms to produce storms to portions of Fairfield County, creating hail and cause widespread damage. Instances of numerous cloud-to-ground lightning strikes, two hail are included in the lightning records. of which struck homes in the Sport Hill section of May 31, 1998 Easton, producing fires at both locations. A line of severe thunderstorms formed in May 08, 2008 moist and unstable air ahead of an approaching An area of low pressure moved northeast cold front. The storms produced hail, a substantial across the state bringing with it a cold front. This number of lightning strikes, heavy rain, and power- resulted in tightening pressure gradients as the ful winds. At the Trumbull Police Headquarters, a system moved away from the Region and spawned lightning strike travelled down into the building several thunderstorms along this pressure gradi- through a telephone wire injuring a Communi- ent. Numerous cloud-to-ground lightning strikes cations Officer and damaging the radio system, were produced. Three men, who were fishing on a rendering it temporarily useless. jetty in Seaside Park in Bridgeport, were struck by August, 10, 2001 lightning. One of the men was killed. Several lines of severe thunderstorms devel- June 03, 2010 oped across the state during the afternoon hours. A slow moving cold front brought scattered These intense storms toppled trees, produced thunderstorms to southern Connecticut. A light- isolated flooding, and caused numerous power

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ning strike from this line of storms struck the Strat- severe thunderstorms are prevalent in the area field Elementary School in Fairfield. A large portion and the conditions needed for severe weather are of the school’s chimney was knocked out of the fairly common during the summer months. How- surrounding structure. ever, these weather patterns tend not to result in extreme conditions that produce tornadoes or hail. May 22, 2014 Since 1950, only 4 tornadoes have been recorded A lingering trough of low pressure triggered in the Region. This indicates that the probability of multiple rounds of showers and thunderstorms. the Region experiencing a tornado is about one Lightning struck a tree in Easton, which resulted in every 15 years. Damaging hailstorms are more damage to a garage and a portion of the associ- frequent but these events are also relatively rare. ated house. The risks from severe summer storms are related to thunderstorms that produce torrential rain that Tornadoes causes inland flooding or high winds that can The state and region are not highly suscep- cause downed trees and power lines. tible to tornadoes, and, when they do occur, the Based on the climate change modeling per- severity tends to be at the lower end of the Fujita formed for the State Water Plan (2018), summer scale. Since 1950, 14 tornadoes have occurred in temperatures are projected to increase. Combined Fairfield County, with the most severe storm, rating with the projection for more precipitation, it is an F-2, occurring in 1950. Four tornadoes struck likely that there will be higher-intensity summer somewhere in the Region, hitting Fairfield in 1958, storms and thunderstorms that contribute to flash Trumbull in 1992, Monroe in 1996 and Bridgeport flooding interspersed with longer dry periods dur- in 2010. Table 3.27 shows confirmed tornadoes ing the summer. The higher intensity storms are impacting Fairfield County; the data was extracted expected to contribute to an increased frequency from the NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center of tornadoes over time. Storm Events Database. Risk Assessment Hazard Probability These systems pose a great threat to the Re- Based on the review of recent events, the likeli- gion most notably from the torrential rains, dam- hood of a severe summer storm occurring in the aging winds, dangerous lighting, and large hail Region is fairly high. Weather systems that spawn that can be associated with a system of this type.

Table 3.27: Tornado activity in the region. Source: Storm Events Database, NCDC, NOAA METROCOG REGION

Date Location Fujita Scale Property Damage Wind Speed 14-Jul-50 Ridgefield F-2 $250,000 113-157 15-Aug-58 Fairfield F-1 $3,000 73-112 9-Aug-68 Danbury F-1 0 73-112 19-Jul-71 Norwalk F-2 $25,000 113-157 18-Sep-73 Greenwich F-1 0 73-112 29-Jun-90 Danbury F-0 $3,000 40-72 5-Jul-92 New Fairfield F-0 0 40-72 4-Aug-92 Trumbull F-1 0 73-112 9-Jul-96 Monroe F-1 0 73-112 31-May-02 Brookfield F-1 0 73-112 12-Jul-06 North Greenwich F-1 $2,000,000 73-112 16-May-07 Newtown EF-1 0 86-110 31-Jul-09 Pine Rock Park, Shelton EF-1 $10,000 86-110 24-Jun-10 Bridgeport EF-1 $3,200,000 86-110

3-57 From this trees and power lines can be toppled, magnitude represents a tenfold increase in mea- causing structure damage and the loss of power. sured strength. Earthquakes with a magnitude of Larger hail can crack windshields and dent the about 2.0 or less are usually called “microearth- roofs of cars along with causing damage to homes quakes” and are generally only recorded locally. and other structures. Finally, the torrential rains Earthquakes with magnitudes of 4.5 or greater are can produce flash flooding that has the potential strong enough to be recorded by seismographs all to damage homes and strand motorists. Along over the world. with the physical impacts of summer storms, these As more seismograph stations were installed systems arrive with incredible speed and ferocity. around the world following the 1930s, it became Residents can be unprepared and stranded in loca- apparent that the method developed by Richter tions without adequate shelter. was valid only for certain frequency and distance Annualized loss estimates were prepared for ranges, particularly in the southwestern United each community for thunderstorms and tornadoes States. New magnitude scales that are an exten- as presented in Section 3.3. sion of Richter’s original idea were developed for other areas . In particular, the Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw) was developed in the 1970s to replace 3.10 Hazard Profile – the Richter Scale and has been in official use by Earthquakes the USGS since 2002. According to the USGS, these multiple methods are used to estimate the magnitude of an Setting earthquake because no single method is capable An earthquake is a sudden rapid shaking of of accurately estimating the size of all earthquakes. the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of Some magnitude types are calculated to provide rock beneath the earth’s surface. The entire Region a consistent comparison to past earthquakes, and is susceptible to earthquakes; however, the effects these scales are calibrated to the original Richter may be felt differently in some areas based on the Scale. However, differences in magnitude of up type of geology. The US Geological Survey (USGS) to 0.5 can be calculated for the same earthquake monitors and reports on earthquake activity. Their through different techniques. In general, Mw pro- records indicate a lack of historical and instrumen- vides an estimate of earthquake size that is valid tal reports of strong earthquakes in Connecticut. over the complete range of magnitudes and so is This suggests that the State experiences only very commonly used today. minor seismic activity, even when compared to Although Mw is the most common measure other States in the northeast region. of earthquake size for medium and larger earthquakes, the USGS does not calculate Mw for earth- Hazard Assessment quakes with a magnitude of less than 3.5. Localized Richter Scales or other scales are used to calculate Earthquakes can occur at any time without magnitudes for smaller earthquakes. This is often warning. Damage to buildings can range from the case in Connecticut. minor cracking of walls and foundations to complete collapse. Earthquakes can cause disruption Regionally, the Weston Observatory utilizes of utility services, landslides, flash floods, fires, two scales to track the magnitude of earthquakes. avalanches, and tsunamis. These include the Nuttli Magnitude (Mn) for North America east of the Rocky Mountains and is more The underground point of origin of an earth- appropriate for the relatively harder continen- quake is called its focus; the point on the surface tal crust in Connecticut compared to California. directly above the focus is the epicenter. The Weston Observatory also utilizes the Coda Du- magnitude and intensity of an earthquake is de- ration Magnitude (Mc), which is based on the termined by the use of the Richter Scale and the duration of shaking at a particular station. The Mercalli scale, respectively. advantages of the Coda Duration magnitude is The Richter Scale was developed in 1935 and that this method can quickly estimate the magni- was used exclusively until the 1970s. It set the tude before the exact location of the earthquake is magnitude of an earthquake based on the loga- known. rithm of the amplitude of recorded waves. Be- The effect an earthquake has on the surface is ing logarithmic, each whole number increase in

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earthquake within 50 years.

Historic Record According to the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, Connecticut is a region of very minor seismic activity. However, the New England states regularly register seismic events and earthquakes have occurred in the Region. Based on the USGS archives, there have been 137 earthquakes recorded in Connecticut between 1598 and 1990. However, only two are considered notable. Both were recorded in the Moodus/East Haddam areas, one in 1568 and the other in 1791. The most severe earthquake in Connecticut’s history occurred at East Haddam on May 16, 1791. Stone walls Figure 3.23: Earthquake probability. Source: United States Geological and chimneys were toppled during this quake. In Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program, website October 1845, an Intensity V earthquake occurred referred to its intensity. While numerous intensity in Bridgeport. scales have been developed over the last several As seen in Table 3.28, 49 earthquakes have hundred years, the current scale used in the US is been recorded in Connecticut between 1976 and the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. It consists of 2016, ranging in magnitude from 1.1 to 3.8 on the a series of key responses to an earthquake, rang- Richter Scale, with only two having a magnitude ing from how it was felt by people (at the low end greater than 3.0. These are relatively minor earth- of the scale) to observed structural damage. Unlike quakes. Although magnitude and intensity mea- the Richter Scale, the Modified Mercalli Intensity sure different characteristics, the USGS has related Scale is an arbitrary ranking based on observed the magnitude of an earthquake to the typical effects, with a more intense earthquake simply intensity as measured by the Modified Mercalli described as having a greater effect than a less in- Intensity Scale. Generally, the earthquakes that tense earthquake, but not by how much. The scale have occurred in Connecticut produce very little is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity noticeable shaking, and are not felt by very many that range from imperceptible shaking felt by very people. However, it is notable that 32 earth- few people to catastrophic destruction. quakes occurred in Connecticut between 2012 and Earthquakes in Connecticut are not associated 2016, with the majority occurring in the Wauregan with specific known faults, like in California, and section of Plainfield. are referred to as intra-plate activity. Bedrock in In addition to the earthquakes that have oc- Connecticut and New England in general, is highly curred in Connecticut, the Region can feel the ef- capable of transmitting seismic energy; thus, the fects of earthquakes that happen outside the state. area impacted by an earthquake in Connecti- Most recently, on August 23, 2011, an earthquake cut can be four-to-40 times greater than that of that was centered in Virginia measured 5.8 on the California. In addition, the population density of Richter Scale. It was felt from Georgia to Canada, Connecticut can potentially put a great number including by many in the Region. Despite, no dam- of people at risk. The built environment in Con- age was reported in the Region. necticut includes old, unreinforced masonry that is not seismically designed. People who live or work in unreinforced masonry buildings, especially Hazard Probability those built on filled land or unstable soils, are at The conclusion by the USGS is that Con- the highest risk for injury from an earthquake. necticut is a region of minor seismic activity. The However, the Region is unlikely to experience an earthquakes that have occurred have been of low earthquake in any given year and is not suscep- magnitude and intensity. Most people would not tible to an earthquake with a high magnitude or feel the shaking generated by an earthquake in intensity. Figure 3.23, from the USGS indicates that Connecticut. While earthquakes have occurred the Region has only about a three percent prob- outside the state, the impacts felt in Connecticut ability of experiencing a 5.0 or greater magnitude

3-59 Table 3.28: Connecticut Earthquakes. Source: USGS from these events has also been minor. Based on RECENT EARTHQUAKES IN CONNECTICUT this review of recent events, the likelihood of an 1976 – 2018 earthquake of sufficient magnitude and intensity impacting the Region is low. Location Magnitude Depth Date Greenwich 0.8 2.4 km 12-Jan-16 Climate change is not expected to affect the magnitude or frequency of earthquakes affecting Bristol 1.4 5 km 17-May-15 the region. Plainfield 1.8 6.4 km 24-Feb-15 Plainfield 1.4 3.2 km 24-Feb-15 Risk Assessment Plainfield 1.0 4.7 km 15-Jan-15 Based on the historical record, the MetroCOG Plainfield 2.0 5.9 km 15-Jan-15 Region has a low risk for earthquake activity. How- Plainfield 1.5 4.3 km 14-Jan-15 ever, it is not impossible that a significant event Plainfield 1.8 8.8 km 14-Jan-15 could occur and cause tremendous damage. While Plainfield 2.6 8.8 km 13-Jan-15 no earthquakes have been centered in Bridgeport, there have been historic earthquakes of estimated Plainfield (10) 0.6 - 3.3 1.7 - 4.6 km 12-Jan-15 magnitude 5.0 and above in other parts of the Plainfield 2.3 4.6 km 8-Jan-15 state. Greenwich 1.5 2 km 20-Nov-14 The State NHMP presents four “worst-case” Plainfield 0.8 4.2 km 9-Nov-14 scenarios for major earthquakes occurring in the Plainfield 1.5 4.4 km 9-Nov-14 state. These include a 6.4 magnitude earthquake Plainfield 1.5 5.3 km 14-Oct-14 in East Haddam, a 5.7 magnitude earthquake in Haddam, a 5.7 magnitude earthquake in Portland, Sterling 1.3 5 km 13-Oct-14 and a 5.7 magnitude earthquake in Stamford. Each East Haddam 1.6 5 km 18-Aug-14 of these scenarios was modeled for each town in Deep River 1.7 4.5 km 14-Aug-14 the Region using HAZUS-MH. Deep River 2.7 4.1 km 14-Aug-14 While these scenarios are unlikely, they would Stonington 2.0 5 km 29-Nov-13 result in significant damage with the Stamford Ledyard 2.0 6.3 km 29-Nov-13 scenario causing the greatest loss in the region. As Table 3.29 shows, more than 4,800 buildings Weston 1.4 12.6 km 4-Nov-12 would be at least moderately damaged including Stamford 2.1 4 km 8-Sep-12 150 completely destroyed. Many essential facili- East Hartford 1.7 5 km 3-Jun-11 ties would lose functionality during the first day as Clinton 2.3 2 km 11-Mar-08 shown in Table 3.30. For example, the HAZUS-MH model estimates that only 62% of available hospi- Norwich 2.0 12 km 22-Aug-02 tal beds would be available in Bridgeport immedi- Greenwich 1.1 6 km 5-Mar-02 ately following the Stamford scenario earthquake. North Branford 1.8 2 km 3-Feb-01 The transportation system will also experience Danbury 2.6 6 km 22-Aug-00 moderate damage in the earthquake however no Groton 2.8 20 km 10-Mar-92 facilities were completely damaged. Economic Stamford 3.0 10 km 28-Oct-91 losses for transportation and utility systems are shown in Table 3.31. Middletown 2.4 5 km 11-Sep-87 New Milford 3.0 7 km 26-Feb-83 The economic impact from the Stamford earthquake scenario would be devastating costing Colchester 2.4 1 km 17-Jun-82 the region over 1.4 billion dollars in damage from Colchester 3.0 2 km 17-Jun-82 building-related and lifeline-related losses. Table Colchester 2.2 1 km 17-Jun-82 3.32 summarizes the economic loss. Madison 3.8 5 km 21-Oct-81 While a significant earthquake has never been New Haven 3.0 0 km 25-Oct-80 centered in the Greater Bridgeport Region, the East Haven 3.1 0 km 24-Oct-80 modeling suggests that a significant event inour developed and densely populated Region would Middletown 2.2 0 km 24-Apr-76 have a serious impact.

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Table 3.29: Hazus-MH building damage from earthquake Annualized loss estimates for earth- # of Buildings Damaged in Region quake damage were prepared for each community using HAZUS-MH as pre- Scenario None Slight Moderate Extensive Complete sented in Section 3.3. East Haddam 83,802 8,767 2,542 375 40 Haddam 88,726 3,027 683 78 7 3.11 Hazard Profile – Portland 91,636 3,098 697 89 8 Stamford 76,268 13,300 4,841 968 152 Dam Failure

Table 3.30: Hazus-MH essential facilities functionality Setting Essential Facilities Damage in Region Dams are man-made or artificial bar- (<50% functionality on day 1) riers usually constructed across a stream Facility Total East Haddam Haddam Portland Stamford channel to impound water. Various mate- EOC 2 0 0 0 0 rials are used for dam construction such as timber, rock, concrete, earth, steel or a Fire 16 0 0 0 1 combination of these materials. However, Hospitals 3 0 0 0 0 in Connecticut, most dams are construct- Police 16 0 0 0 2 ed of earth or combinations of earth and Schools 130 0 0 0 13 other materials. Spillways are commonly constructed of non-erosive materials such as concrete or rock. Spillway systems are Table 3.31: Hazus-MH transportation and utility damage typically provided along the dam to allow Transportation and Utility Damage in Region (Millions) water to flow from the impounded area, East and mechanisms are typically installed to Component Haddam Haddam Portland Stamford control water levels of the impoundment. Highway Bridges $69.46 $4.47 $4.45 $81.31 The construction of dams began with Railway Bridges, Facilities $0.14 $0.05 $0.05 $0.28 the arrival of the first colonial settlers in Bus Facilities $0.48 $0.20 $0.20 $0.81 the 1630s. Dams were essential for economic development and were used for Ferry Facilities $0.07 $0.03 $0.03 $0.14 manufacturing, water supply, mechanical Port Facilities $1.67 $0.64 $0.62 $3.30 power and for fire protection. In addition Airport Facilities $0.60 $0.25 $0.24 $0.84 to the historic economic benefits, Con- Potable Water Systems $1.65 $0.29 $0.30 $6.54 necticut’s dams are also used for flood Wastewater Systems $4.47 $0.84 $0.81 $15.72 control, water supply, recreation and for mitigating the impact of increased runoff Natural Gas Systems $0.11 $0.04 $0.04 $0.17 typically caused by land use changes Electrical Power Facilities $3.46 $0.62 $0.60 $10.93 associated with property development. Communication Facilities $0.02 $0.01 $0.01 $0.05 Since 1878, the CTDEEP has exercised regulatory oversight of dams and reservoirs and regularly inspects dams. High Table 3.32: Hazus-MH results for economic loss hazard potential dams are inspected at a Economic Loss in Region (in millions of dollars) more frequent interval. Dam safety and inspection regulations are codified in Town East Haddam Haddam Portland Stamford state statutes. Bridgeport $270.08 $56.20 $56.32 $568.38 The state classifies dams based on Easton $11.37 $2.39 $2.56 $45.93 their hazard potential, that is, the dam- Fairfield $122.80 $24.64 $24.94 $541.45 age that would likely occur if the structure Monroe $37.44 $9.66 $11.58 $50.29 failed. Five classes have been developed: Stratford $125.42 $29.80 $29.27 $147.66 Class AA Trumbull $73.53 $17.83 $19.28 $130.00 Negligible hazard potential; no mea- Total $640.64 $140.52 $143.95 $1,483.71 surable damage to roadways, land and

3-61 structures. Economic loss would be negligible. dams and two are Class B dams. Class A The dams are scattered throughout the Re- gion and the area of the impoundment ranges Low hazard potential; damage to agricultural from small detention ponds to large public water land and unimproved roadways. Economic loss supply reservoirs. Fairfield is the home of the most would be minimal. dams, including those impounding the Hemlock Reservoir and the Samp Mortar Reservoir. Both Class BB are classified as Class C dams. The second highest Moderate hazard potential; damage to nor- number of dams is found in the Town of Trumbull, mally unoccupied structures and low volume (less with 29 dams. While most have low hazard poten- than 500 vehicles per day). Economic loss would be tial, there are four Class C dams in the town. The moderate. Class C dams are located at and impound Canoe Brook Lake and Pinewood Lake, both private lakes. Class B Twenty dams are located in Easton, including those Significant hazard potential; possible loss of impounding the Easton Lake Reservoir and Sau- life, minor damage to habitable structures, resi- gatuck Reservoir, and 16 dams are in Monroe. The dences, and other critical infrastructure, damage most critical dam in Monroe is the Stevenson Dam to roadways that carry less than 1,500 vehicles per that impounds the Housatonic River to create Lake day, and impact on railroads. Economic loss would Zoar and is used to generate electricity. Route 34, a be significant. main highway, is located along the top the Steven- son Dam. The fewest number of dams are located Class C in Bridgeport, with 11 dams, and Stratford with 10 dams. Three of the dams in Bridgeport have high High hazard potential; probable loss of life, hazard potential, while one of the dams in Stratford major damage to habitable structures, residences, poses a high risk. The Class C and Class B dams are and other critical infrastructure, damage to main listed in Table 3.34. Figure 3.23 shows the location roadways that carry greater than 1,500 vehicles per of these dams. day, and impact on railroads. Economic loss would be great. The highest potential impact from a dam Hazard Assessment failure would result from Class B or Class C dams. Dam failures can be triggered suddenly, with The inundation of water released from a failure of little or no warning, due to other natural disas- these dams would result in loss of life and major ters, such as, heavy rains, floods and earthquakes. damage to main roads and habitable structures. Excessive floodwaters cause pressure and addi- There are 117 dams of varying size in the tional force to build behind dams, and, depending MetroCOG Region which are listed in Table 3.33. on its condition, a failure can occur. In addition, a The majority of the dams are classified as having a chain reaction from the sudden release of wa- negligible to low hazard potential – Class AA, A, or ters can cause the next dam downstream to fail. BB. Thirteen dams have been classified as Class C Earthquakes cause a violent and rapid shaking of the ground, which can severely damage a dam, Table 3.33: Dams in Region. Source: CT DEEP causing it to fail. NUMBER OF DAMS BY CLASS METROCOG REGION Class Class Class Class Historical Assessment Town Total A/AA BB B C Fortunately, there have been few dam failures Bridgeport 11 6 2 0 3 in Connecticut. The most recent severe dam failure Easton 20 14 3 1 2 incident in southern Connecticut occurred in 1982. Fairfield 31 20 9 0 2 During a period of heavy rain over the weekend of Monroe 16 14 1 0 1 June 5th and 6th, 1982, flooding throughout the state resulted in 17 dam failures and severe dam- Stratford 10 7 1 1 1 age to another 31 dams. The total cost from this Trumbull 29 16 9 0 4 event was approximately $70 million. Region 117 77 25 2 13 Only one significant dam failure event has

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-62 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Table 3.34 High hazard dams in the Region. Source: CT DEEP SIGNIFICANT & HIGH HAZARD POTENTIAL DAMS Downstream Dam Name Watercourse Town Class Lake Forest Dam Island Brook Bridgeport C Bunnells Pond Pequonnock Bridgeport C Dam River Island Brook Island Brook Bridgeport C Lagoon Dam Popps Mountain Saugatuck Easton C Dike River Easton Reservoir Mill Brook Easton C Dam Hemlock Cricker Brook Fairfield C Reservoir Dam Samp Mortar Mill River Fairfield C Reservoir Dam Stevenson Dam Housatonic Monroe C River Beaver Dam Pumpkin Stratford C Lake Dam Ground Brook Canoe Brook Horse Tavern Trumbull C Lake Dike Brook Canoe Brook Canoe Brook Trumbull C Lake Dam Canoe Brook Trumbull C Figure 3.23: Dams in the Region. Source: CT DEEP Lake East Dike stage when the floodwave reached the mouth of Pinewood Lake Booth Hill Trumbull C the river which minimized damage to shipping. Dam Brook Total damages were estimated at $250,000, or $7.2 Aspetuck Aspetuck Easton B million in 2018 dollars. Reservoir Dam River Flooding from the September 25, 2018 storm Brewster Pond Long Brook Stratford B washed out a small dam along Sasco Brook in Dam Fairfield. A photo of the dam taken by Town staff is occurred in the Region. According to the National provided below. Performance of Dams Program (NPDP), on July 29, 1905 a cloudburst produced 11.32 inches of rain in Hazard Probability 17 hours. Four dams in the Pequonnock River watershed (Berkshire Mill Dam, Toucey Dam, Ward’s Since the failure of a dam can occur without Mill Dam, and Bunnell’s Lower Reservoir Dam) warning, there is no particular season that is more were affected. The Berkshire Mill Dam was under- susceptible to dam failures than another. However, mined. The Toucey Dam in the Long Hill section of dams are at a greater risk of failure during heavy Trumbull breached and contributed to the failure rain events as overtopping is a major cause of of the Ward’s Mill Dam downstream. Reports to dam failure. To mitigate the potential hazards, the the NPDP suggest that the Ward’s Mill Dam prob- CTDEEP requires dams to be routinely inspected ably failed by sliding on ledge. The combined and those that have a higher hazard potential are damage contributed to the collapse of the Bun- inspected more frequently. Therefore, the likeli- nell’s Lower Reservoir Dam (used for public water hood of a dam failure impacting the Region is low. supply) downstream. The collapse at Bunnell’s Dam CTDEEP and state regulations also require was due in part from overflow caused by blockage dams that are repaired or reconstructed to be de- of the spillway by debris. The resulting floodwa- signed to handle at least a 100-year rainfall event ters damaged several bridges, impeded traffic, and with at least one foot of freeboard. The dam safety damaged ships at the mouth of the river. Accord- statutes are codified in Section 22a-401 through ing to contemporary reports, the tide was at ebb 22a-411 inclusive of the Connecticut General

3-63 reporting requirements for owners when the work is completed. Effective October 1, 2013, the owner of any high or significant hazard dam (Classes B and C) was required to develop and implement an EAP after the Commissioner of DEEP adopts regulations. The EAP must be updated regularly, and copies must be filed with DEEP and the chief executive officer of any municipality that could potentially be affected in the event of an emergency. The new regulations were adopted in 2016 and subsequently established the requirements for EAPs, including (1) criteria and standards for inundation studies and inundation zone mapping; (2) procedures for monitoring the dam or structure during periods of Minor Dam Washed Out along Sasco Brook. heavy rainfall and runoff, including personnel as- Photo by Brian Carey, Town of Fairfield signments and features of the dam to be inspected Statutes. Sections 22a-409-1 and 22a-409-2 of the at given intervals during such periods; and (3) a Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies, have formal notification system to alert appropriate been enacted which govern the registration, clas- local officials who are responsible for the warning sification, and inspection of dams. Dams must be and evacuation of residents in the inundation zone registered by the owner with CT DEEP, according to in the event of an emergency. Connecticut Public Act 83-38. Dams found to be unsafe under the inspection Risk Assessment program must be repaired by the owner. Depend- As listed above, there are 13 Class C dams in ing on the severity of the identified deficiency, the Region. These dams are considered to cause an owner is allowed reasonable time to make the the greatest risk to life and property upon failure. required repairs or remove the dam. If a dam Fortunately, the majority of dams in the region owner fails to make necessary repairs to the sub- are well-maintained and the risk of failure is low. ject structure, CT DEEP may issue an administrative The overall risk of failure is likely to increase in the order requiring the owner to restore the structure future due to the expected increased incidence of to a safe condition and may refer noncompliance flooding due to the effects of climate change. with such an order to the Attorney General’s Office for enforcement. As a means of last resort, the CT The following describes the land uses and DEEP Commissioner is empowered by statute to hazards associated with each: remove or correct, at the expense of the owner, any unsafe structures which present a clear and Bridgeport – Three Class C Dams present danger to public safety. Bunnells Pond Dam Important dam safety program changes oc- Impounds the Pequonnock River and creates curred in Connecticut while the previous edition an approximate 47-acre pond, located in Beardsley of this plan was being developed in 2013. Public Park. The lake and dam are owned by the CT DEEP. Act No. 13-197, An Act Concerning the Dam Safety Downstream of the dam is Glenwood Park, an ac- Program and Mosquito Control, passed in June tive recreation area that includes tennis courts and 2013 and described new requirements for dams ice skating facility. Farther downstream is the com- related to registration, maintenance, and emer- mercial area along US Route 1, as well as, densely gency action plans (EAPs) moving forward. This populated residential neighborhoods. The dam act required owners of certain unregistered dams was built in 1906 and is an earthen structure with a or similar structures to register them by October concrete spill-lay. 1, 2015. The act generally shifted regularly scheduled inspection and reporting requirements from Lake Forest Dam the CTDEEP to the owners of dams. The act also Impounds Island Brook and creates a privately made owners responsible for supervising and owned lake with a surface area of about 66 acres. inspecting construction work and established new

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The lake is surrounded by single family residen- Samp Mortar Reservoir Dam tial neighborhoods on relatively small lot sizes. Impounds Cricker Brook, entering on the west Downstream is the Island Brook Lagoon, another side, and the Mill River, entering from the north. impoundment of Island Brook that would be im- The lake formed by the dam is owned and main- pacted by a failure of the Lake Forest Dam. tained by a private association. Residences line the Island Brook Lagoon Dam banks of the Samp Mortar Reservoir, and land use downstream of the dam is moderately dense resi- Impounds Island Brook and creates a small, dential. The total surface area is about 35 acres. privately owned lake, with a surface area of about five acres. It is surrounded by single family residen- Monroe – One Class C Dam tial neighborhoods on relatively small lot sizes. Stevenson Dam Easton – Two Class C Dams Impounds the Housatonic River to create Lake Easton Lake Reservoir Dam Zoar. The concrete dam is owned and maintained by First Light Power Resources, and used for Impounds the Mill River to create the Easton hydroelectric power generation. The area immedi- Lake Reservoir, a public water supply reservoir. It ately downstream is largely undeveloped; although is owned and maintained by the Aquarion Water the Housatonic River is a very significant recre- Company. The dam is constructed of concrete and ational resource, and numerous riverfront struc- the reservoir has a surface area of about 488 acres. tures are present a short distance downstream The area directly downstream of the reservoir is from the dam in Derby and Shelton. Route 34, a made up of sparsely developed residential land main artery between New Haven and Newtown, is uses, consisting of single family homes on at least located on top of the dam. one-acre lots. Farther downstream, the residential patterns become denser but remain single family Stratford – One Class C Dam: residential. Beaver Dam Lake Dam Popps Mountain Dam (Dike) Impounds the Pumpkin Ground Brook and This dam is located on the Saugatuck Reser- creates Beaver Dam Lake, a private lake in the voir about 2,000 feet northeast of the main dam northwest corner of Stratford. It has a surface area (Samuel P. Senior Reservoir Dam) that impounds of about 58 acres. The shoreline is sparsely devel- the Saugatuck River to create the reservoir. The oped and the large Roosevelt Forest is to the east outflow from the dam drains primarily into the of the lake. Downstream, land use patterns become Town of Weston and undeveloped portions of medium density, single-family residential. The Easton. The surface area of the Saugatuck Res- Trumbull Corporate Park lies downstream and just ervoir is about 827 acres. The dike is a concrete east of the dam. structure. Trumbull – Four Class C Dams Fairfield – Two Class C Dams Canoe Brook Lake Dike Hemlock Reservoir Dam Impounds the Horse Tavern Brook and creates Impounds the Cricker Brook to create the Canoe Brook Lake, a private lake in the northwest Hemlock Reservoir, a public water supply reservoir. part of Trumbull. It has a surface area of about 64 It is owned and maintained by the Aquarion Water acres. The lake and dike are owned and maintained Company. The dam is constructed of concrete and by an association of property owners living on and the reservoir has a surface area of about 437 acres. near the lake. The shoreline is lined with homes on The area directly downstream of the reservoir is large lots and houses are setback from the edge low-to-medium dense residential development, of the water. The dike is located on the south edge consisting of single family homes on at least one- of the lake and Canoe Brook Road is on top of the acre lots. Cricker Brook flows from the dam into dike. Downstream, land use patterns are primarily Samp Mortar Reservoir. Farther downstream, the medium density, single-family residential. Horse residential patterns become denser but remain Tavern Brook flows into the land now occupied by single family residential. the Westfield/Trumbull Shopping Park, about 1.2 miles downstream of the dike.

3-65 Canoe Brook Lake Dam Impounds the Canoe Brook, entering Canoe Brook Lake (described above) on the west side. Land use on this side of the lake is more sparsely developed than downstream of the Canoe Brook Lake Dike along Horse Tavern Brook, although it is exclusively residential.

Canoe Brook Lake Dike, East Dike This dike is located along the east side of Ca- noe Brook Lake (described above). Land use on this side of the lake consists of single-family residential homes on small-to-medium sized lots – one-half to one acre.

Pinewood Lake Dam Impounds the Booth Hill Brook and creates Pinewood Lake, a private lake in the southeast part meaning that less developed communities such as of Trumbull. It has a surface area of about 60 acres. Easton have a greater risk than heavily developed The lake and dike are owned and maintained by an communities such as Bridgeport. association of property owners living on and near the lake. The shoreline is lined with homes on large lots and houses are setback from the edge of the Hazard Assessment water. The dike is located on the south edge of the Wildfires are also known as “wildland fires.” lake and West Lake Road runs along the top of the Wildfires are any nonstructural fire, other than a dike. Downstream, land use patterns are primarily prescribed burn, that occurs in undeveloped areas. medium density, single-family residential. Booth They are considered to be highly destructive, Hill Brook flows into Twin Brooks Park and joins uncontrollable fires. Although the term brings to the Pequonnock River. mind images of tall trees engulfed in flames, wildfires can occur as brush and shrub fires, especially 3.12 Hazard Profile – Wildfires under dry conditions. According to the National Fire Protection Agency, fuel, heat, oxygen, and an uninhibited Setting chain reaction (known as the fire tetrahedron) Wildfires are a relatively common occurrence must be present in order to have any type of fire. in Connecticut but are typically small and cause The CTDEEP Forestry Division issues forest little to no damage to populated areas. Structural fire danger ratings. The ratings are low, moderate, fires in higher-density areas of the region are not high, very high, and extreme. These are based on considered herein. an index of how quickly a fire is likely to spread Wildfires typically occur in undeveloped rural and measures of drought. In addition, the National or forested areas although smaller fires can also Weather Service issues “Red Flag Warnings”. A Red occur along highway medians. Wildfire damage is Flag Warning means that if a fire occurs, firefight- typically greatest at the wildland-urban interface ers can expect it to behave erratically due to where low-density suburban/rural developed areas weather conditions. border undeveloped wooded and shrubby areas. Wildfires are of particular concern for areas with Historical Assessment limited firefighting access such as outlying areas without public water service and large contigu- According to the CTDEEP Forestry Division, ous forest parcels with limited access. Unlike the much of Connecticut was deforested by settlers other hazards described in this Plan, the likelihood and turned into farmland during the colonial of damage due to wildfires in Connecticut typi- period. A variety of factors in the 19th century cally decreases with increasing population density, caused the decline of farming in the state, and

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-66 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

forests reclaimed abandoned farm fields. In the fall fire season runs from October through the first early 20th century, deforestation again occurred in snowfall. Fall fires can spread rapidly because of Connecticut, this time for raw materials needed to drying leaves that have fallen. ship goods throughout the world. Following this Fire risk in the region is believed to be roughly deforestation, shipping industries in Connecticut the same as in the rest of the state. According to began to look to other states for raw materials, the USDA Forest Service Annual Wildfire Summary and the deciduous forests of today began to grow Report for 1994 through 2003, an average of 600 in the state. acres per year in Connecticut was burned by wild- During the early 20th century, wildfires regu- fires. The National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) larly burned throughout Connecticut. Many of reports that a total of 4,975 acres of land burned in these fires began accidentally by sparks from Connecticut from 2002 through 2018 due to 2,931 railroads and industry while others were delib- nonprescribed wildfires, an average of 1.7 acres erately set to clear underbrush in the forest and per fire and 293 acres per year (Table 3.35). provide pasture for livestock. A total of 15,000 to The CTDEEP Forestry Division estimated the 100,000 acres of land was burned annually during average acreage burned per year statewide to be this period. This destruction of resources led to much higher (1,300 acres per year) in the 2014 the creation of the position of the State Forest Fire Connecticut NHMP Update. In general, wildland Warden and led to a variety of improved coordina- fires in Connecticut are small and detected quickly, tion measures. with most of the largest wildfires being contained In 1999, the State was faced with a busy wild- to less than 10 acres in size. While the overall in- fire year due to drought conditions. The State’s cidence of forest fires is relatively low (an average 2014 NHMP Update notes that the worst year for of 180 fires per year from 2002 to 2017, or slightly wildland fires in the past decade was 2012 when more than one fire per Connecticut municipality 577 separate fire events occurred throughout the per year), wildfires are a hazard communities must state. The 2016 drought also exacerbated wildland prepare for each year. fires, with over 900 acres burned in the state dur- Based on the historic record, the average wild- ing that year (Table 3.35). fire in Connecticut in a very dry year (1999) burned an average of 5 acres per fire while the average Hazard Probability acres burned per fire has been 1.7 acres per year since 2002. These averages are also reasonable for Nationwide, humans have caused approxi- the MetroCOG Region although it is expected that mately 90% of all wildfires in the last decade. larger wildfires could occur, particularly in relatively Accidental and negligent acts include unattended undeveloped areas such as parts of Easton and campfires, sparks, burning debris, children play- Monroe. ing with matches, and irresponsibly discarded cigarettes. The remaining 10% of fires are caused primarily by lightning. Risk Assessment There are three fire seasons in Connecticut. The overall risk in the MetroCOG Region from The spring season runs from mid-March to mid- wildfires is relatively low. The CTDEEP also states May. Prior to leaf-out, fuels such as grasses, dead that the primary cause of wildland fires in seven leaves, branches, and twigs on the forest floor are of the eight counties is undetermined, with the heated and dried out by the sun. These fuels cause secondary cause being arson or debris burning. spring fires that tend to spread quickly although Forest fires can cause not only long-term damage they tend to cause little long-term damage to the to vegetation and ecosystems but also damage to forest. The summer fire season lasts from mid-May developments, especially as residential develop- through September and is largely dependent on ment has increased in woodland areas. precipitation, or lack thereof. Summer fires tend to According to the 2010 USDA report Wildland- spread less quickly than spring fires because they Urban Interface of the Conterminous United States, burn deeper into the ground. However, the burn- 65.6% of Connecticut lies in areas of wildland- ing of organic material in the soil makes summer urban interface. This area further includes 53.8% fires more difficult to suppress. Summer fires are of all housing structures and 53.9% of the state’s the most destructive to vegetation. Consequently, population. According to the mapping in this erosion usually follows summer forest fires. The

3-67 Table 3.35: Wildland Fire Statistics for Connecitcut The State Water Plan (2018) climate models Source: National Interagency Fire Center suggest increased summer temperatures and longer dry periods in the summer months. This sug- Number of Number of Total gests that climate change will contribute to lower Wildland Acres Prescribed Acres Acres summer groundwater levels and drier soil condi- Year Fires Burned Burns Burned Burned tions that will make the region more susceptible to 2018 52 40 0 52 40 wildfires in the future. 2017 97 243 3 31 274 2016 268 778 3 152 930 3.13 Hazard Summary 2015 76 159 4 25 184 NOTE: Hazards Summary presented on the 2014 28 69 4 34 103 next page. 2013 76 238 4 37 275 2012 180 417 4 42 459 2011 196 244 7 42 286 2010 93 262 6 52 314 2009 264 246 6 76 322 2008 330 893 6 68 961 2007 361 288 7 60 348 2006 322 419 6 56 475 2005 316 263 10 130 393 2004 74 94 12 185 279 2003 97 138 8 96 234 2002 101 184 13 106 290 Total 2,931 4,975 103 1,192 6,167

report, the coastal area of the MetroCOG region is generally considered outside of the wildland- urban interface and not prone to wildfires. The Town of Easton and Monroe as well as northern Fairfield and Stratford, and portions of Trumbull are located in the wildland-urban interface. These general risk areas were used to estimate vulnerable assets as presented in Tables 3.3 through 3.8. Estimates of annualized loss have been determined based on data presented in the 2014 Connecticut Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update as presented in Table 3.9. The inverse of the population density of each town as compared to the population density of the county was used to adjust the wildfire statistics for average fire size and the number of annual events (Table 2-61 of the 2014 state plan). An estimated average cost of $2,000 per event was used to determine costs. This method generally allows for larger annualized wildfire losses to be estimated for the communities with a lower population density as these communities are known to generally be more prone to wildfires in Connecticut. Overall, the annualized losses for the MetroCOG Region due to wildfires are relatively modest.

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-68 Section 3: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

HAZARDS SUMMARY Hazard Probability of Future Type Historical Extent Occurence Impacts Vulnerable Areas Hurricanes Category 3 hurricane • Tropical cyclone every Loss of life, building damage, Low-lying areas in or near was strongest storm 3.6 yrs essential facility damage, flood zones vulnerable to to strike Connecticut debris, people requiring shelter, inland flooding from rain; • Cat 1 every 10-15 yrs transportation disruption, loss of coastal low-lying areas • Cat 2 every 23-30 yrs power, economic loss vulnerable to coastal flooding and storm surge • Cat 3 every 46-74 yrs Inland The 1955 flood was Moderate to extreme Loss of life, building damage, Low lying areas nears Flooding estimated to be a flooding occurs at a essential facility damage, streams; especially those 2% to 0.2% event for fairly frequent rate. debris, people requiring shelter, in the 1% and0.2% flood the region Based on historical transportation disruption, zones. Certain areas are record from 2000-2012 economic loss, breach of dams more susceptible due to it suggests one such local conditions such as storm happens every poor drainage. year. Coastal Category 3 hurricane Based on historical Loss of life, building damage, Low lying coastal areas Flooding was strongest storm record moderate to essential facility damage, especially those in FEMA to strike Connecticut severe coastal flooding debris, people requiring shelter, 1% and 0.2% flood zones creating largest occurs once every transportation disruption, storm surge three to four years economic loss Sea Level Relative sea level IPCC reports 9-88cm More damage from coastal and Low lying coastal areas Rise rise has been (~3.5 to ~34.5 in) by inland flooding events especially those in FEMA between 15-30 cm 2100; CIRCA planning 1% and 0.2% flood zones (~6-12 in) over last number of 0.5 m by 100 years 2050 Winter Recent storms have Based on historical Transportation disruption, loss • Entire region Storms dropped up to 36 record severe winter of power, moderate building • More rural areas where in of snow in the storms occur once damage, loss of life especially to road clearing is more Region every 1.2 years in the at risk populations such (elderly/ difficult and loss of power Region disabled) leads to loss of water Summer Most severe tornado Based on historic Building damage, vehicular Entire region Storms and in history was EF-2 record tornadoes hit damage, debris, people needing Tornadoes Region once every 15 shelter, power loss and downed years trees, loss of life from lightning strikes and tornadoes Earthquakes Magnitude 5 Low probability of Loss of life, building damage, Entire region earthquakes have significant event essential facility damage, occurred historically debris, people requiring shelter, in the State transportation disruption, economic loss, fires Dam Failure Failure of a class C Low probability but Loss of life, building damage, Low lying areas dam could occur during essential facility damage, downstream of dams large rain events debris, people requiring shelter, transportation disruption, economic loss Wildfire Undeveloped areas Low probability for Building damage, debris, smoke, Structures near the urban- damaging fires loss of life, people requiring wildland interface shelter, economic loss

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Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-70 Mitigation 4 Strategies

The previous section profiled hazards in the region and the impact, extent and probability of the hazard. Risks were assessed by data collection, research of past events, GIS and HAZUS-MH analyses and the planning process described in Section 2. The risk assessment was utilized to identify assets most vulnerable to specific hazards. As a result of These recommended mitigation actions are a reflection of the these assessments, problem statements risk and vulnerability assessments, problem statements and the were developed to inform the formu- Plan’s goals and objectives. Regional mitigation actions address lation of goals and objectives and to the challenges posed by hazards throughout the region, while local mitigation actions address the unique impacts of a hazard on determine mitigation actions. a municipality or neighborhood. As this plan is an update to the 2014 NHMP, past mitigation actions were reviewed to determine The NHMP discusses mitigation actions whether they had been implemented, their effectiveness and at both the regional and local scale. their current applicability to the region or respective community. Those actions that are ongoing from the 2014 plans or that still must be implemented are included as mitigation actions for this update. A cost benefit review tool, STAPLE+E was utilized to understand the social, technical, administrative, political, legal, economic and environmental costs and benefits of each mitigation action. Based on this review, actions were prioritized for future implementation.

4.1 Problem Statements Key problem areas and critical issues for each municipality were identified through the risk and vulnerability assessments. The following problem statements were formed through the planning process and were utilized to develop a vision for the plan, a series of goals and objectives and mitigation actions.

City of Bridgeport • Low lying neighborhoods and streets – Black Rock, Downtown, the East End, East Side and South End – are susceptible to coastal flooding from excessive storm surge from hurricanes, tropical storms, extratropical storms, and nor’easters.

4-1 • Vulnerable and at risk populations, including of Connecticut participated in the National Disas- low income, minorities, persons with limited ter Resilience Competition, which also resulted in English proficiency, elderly and disabled per- an award. As of 2019, the State of Connecticut is sons disproportionately live in flood prone actively working toward implementation of the two areas. awards, now known as “Resilient Bridgeport.” • Housing stock in areas at risk of coastal Resilient Bridgeport is a collaborative, integra- flooding from extreme weather is older and tive approach to coastal resiliency in the City. The less able to withstand the forces of storm project is funded by the United State Department surges. of Housing & Urban Development through the • Seaside Village, a housing cooperative, is at Community Development Block Grant - Disaster risk from severe flooding and has barriers Recovery (CDBG-DR) and National Disaster Recov- to mitigation such as a complex combined ery (CDBG-NDR) Programs. The funding is being sewer system and historic status. administered by the Connecticut Department of • Several coastal features are vulnerable to Housing (DOH) and includes various other lever- damage from extreme weather, including aged state and federal funds. Refer to the fact Ash Creek, Seaside Park, Pleasure Beach and sheet on the next page for more information about Johnson’s Creek. the program. When executed, Resilient Bridgeport • Access to some parts of the City can be will provide flood protection to a large part of the cut-off due to flooding, especially at under- City’s South End. passes of the Metro North New Haven Line and Interstate 95. • Despite many years of planning and studies, Town of Easton flood risks remain present along confined • A large proportion of Easton is forested and urban watercourses such as Ox Brook, Island excessive damage and downing of limbs Brook, and the headwaters of Yellow Mill and trees occurs from severe winds. Downed Channel. trees cause power disruptions throughout • The City operates two wastewater treatment the Town and restricts access to residential plants, both of which are located in flood neighborhoods. Because of the develop- hazard areas and flooding can cause over- ment patterns in Easton, few alternate routes flows of waste water and pollution to enter around downed trees exist, effectively isolat- Long Island Sound. ing impacted areas. • Several sections of the City are served by • A water purification and filtration plant combined sewer systems. These combined is located at the base of the Easton Lake systems can be overwhelmed by excessive Reservoir. The Region’s public drinking water runoff from heavy rain events and cause supply could potentially be severely limited overflows of wastewater from the sewage if the plant is damaged during an extreme treatment plants. storm. • The City operates Reverse 9-1-1 and Ever- bridge systems to notify residents about Town of Fairfield approaching extreme weather or mandatory • Coastal flooding from excessive storm surge evacuation orders, but reaching those with from hurricanes, tropical storms, extra- limited English proficiency remains a chal- tropical storms, and nor’easters is a problem lenge. for areas of Fairfield south of US Route 1, • Schools are used as emergency shelters. The especially the area just north of Fairfield schools are appropriate for short term shel- Beach and Jennings Beach (and behind ter needs but are not appropriate for long Fairfield Beach Club), which sits in a basin. term use as shelters, especially for people Flood waters that over top the dunes or with medical needs. overflow from Ash Creek collect in the area When the prior edition of this plan was being as well. Sand deposited by the flood waters developed in 2014, the City of Bridgeport and clogs storm drains, and water needs to be State of Connecticut were in the final stages of the pumped. design competition known as Rebuild by Design. • Coastal infrastructure, including roads, coast- The award for the City of Bridgeport was an- al shoreline protection elements, and water nounced in 2014. The next year, the City and State

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-2 NEW INITIATIVES

RESILIENT BRIDGEPORT WHAT IS THE INITIATIVE? Resilient Bridgepoint is a collaborative, integrative approach to coastal resiliency in the City of Bridgeport. The project is funded by the Federal Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery (CDBG‐DR) and National Disaster Recovery (CDBG‐NDR) programs, as part of the Connecticut Department of housing Sandy Recovery and National Disaster Resilience programs as well as leveraged state and federal funding. Overall, the project provides a framework that can be implemented in the city, and that can also be used as a model by other areas in Bridgeport and other cities in the region. Above: Heavy street flooding in In addition to the framework, a pilot project has been designed for Bridgeport, CT Post the South End of Bridgeport. The project includes multiple elements: • The Rebuild by Design project to provide stormwater management Below: Rebuild by Design project with and dry egress for public housing in the South End stormwater park and elevated road for dry egress, Resilient Bridgeport • Flood Risk Reduction on the east side of the South End consisting of a coastal flood defense system to reduce risk from acute storms; and a combination of green infrastructure, pump station, and stormwater management solutions to address chronic flooding • A Resilience Center to educate and facilitate increased resiliency within the community

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION

The City of Bridgeport and the other coastal municipalities in the MetroCOG region are heavily developed along the majority of the coastline. As a result, resiliency strategies are being considered and tailored to individual communities’ issues and needs. The Resilient Bridgeport project aims to serve as a multifaceted solution to flooding in the South End, as well as an example to surrounding communities on resiliency strategies that can be implemented. By addressing the flooding issues in the South End, future storm impacts can be reduced, and public space and private property can ultimately benefit from the runoff reduction strategies to be constructed. FOR MORE INFORMATION MetroCOG communities, and others in the region, are facing increasing Rebecca French, Ph.D. challenges as sea levels rise and storms become more intense. Projects Director of Resilience such as this will hopefully provide long term relief to the community, Connecticut Department of Housing and the to the diverse resources the city has to offer. [email protected] (860) 270‐8231 ResilientBridgeport.com and sewer infrastructure are at risk of coastal school needs to be addressed. flooding, coastal erosion, and sea level rise. • The Pine Creek area is protected by a dike Town of Stratford system, but recent events indicate a need to raise the height of the dikes. • Coastal flooding from excessive storm surge • Fairfield’s wastewater treatment plant is from hurricanes, tropical storms, extratropi- located in a flood hazard area. The berm that cal storms, nor’easters, and heavy rain events protects the facility from flooding needs to during high tide is a problem for the South be raised. This project is underway. End neighborhood. This area also includes • The northern part of Fairfield is forested an industrial and commercial district located and excessive damage and downing of along Route 113. The adjacent Lordship area limbs and trees occurs from high winds and does not experience as much flooding from heavy snow fall. Downed trees cause power storms because it is a coastal upland with an disruptions throughout the area and restricts elevation above base flood heights. How- access to these residential neighborhoods. ever, the neighborhood can become isolated Because of the development patterns in as access is cut-off by flood waters. this part of the Town, few alternate routes • Stratford’s wastewater treatment plant is around downed trees exist, effectively isolat- located in a flood hazard area. The berm ing impacted areas. that protects the facility from flooding has • The severe storm of September 25, 2018 was been sufficient, preventing the facility from a stark reminder that property owners are at being flooded. However, the berm needs to risk of damaging riverine floods, especially be raised to protect the plant against the along the Rooster River. newly calculated flood zone elevation and • Undersized culverts and low lying rail increased storm surges. The nearby animal underpasses create chokepoints that cause shelter is also floodprone. isolated flooding in several areas. The most • A number of sewage pump stations are prominent is the culvert that carries Ash located in flood prone areas, and need to be Creek under Interstate 95. The neighbor- protected. hood north of this location experiences • During thunderstorms and heavy rain events recurring flooding from even moderate over a short period of time, inland flood- intensity storms. ing occurs in the South End, under railroad • The October and November 2018 storms viaducts and along several smaller brooks caused surprising flood levels in Fairfield. and streams, especially in the Stratford Cen- ter area, Oronoque Village and along Bruce Brook and Raven Brook. These streams Town of Monroe become overwhelmed by excessive runoff • The Town is susceptible to power disruptions from heavy rain events. Several sections have from downed trees. Extensive tree coverage been channelized and the structures exacer- exists, especially in proximity of road rights- bate the flooding potential. of-way. Damage and downing of limbs and • Wind causes tree limbs to fall, block roads trees occurs from high winds and heavy and cause power outages. The urban tree snow fall. Downed trees also restrict access canopy of the Town is composed of many to residential neighborhoods, effectively older trees and some species are not suit- isolating impacted areas. able for their locations. • Undersized culverts cause flooding at several • With limited options for addressing flooding locations, including along Route 25 in the from severe rain events, the Town is inter- vicinity of the West Branch of the Pequon- ested in siting green infrastructure. A study nock River and the diversion to the Easton is needed to determine where it would be Lake Reservoir. effective. • Inland flooding occurs along the Pequon- nock River behind Bart Shopping Plaza on Town of Trumbull Route 25 and behind Chuck’s Corner on Route 25 near Purdy Hill Road. • Inland flooding is a problem for areas of • Alternate power generation at the high Trumbull along the Pequonnock River. Recur- ring problem areas include Trumbull Center

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-4 Section 4: Mitigation

in the vicinity of Daniels Farm Road, the Twin goal of the Regional Framework for Coastal Brooks Park area and west of Route 127 Resilience was to foster collaboration among south of the Unity Park area. the ten participating municipalities (includ- • Trumbull does not operate its own waste- ing Bridgeport, Fairfield, and Stratford in the water treatment facility. Instead, sewage is MetroCOG Region) to identify and pursue collected by a sanitary sewer system that green infrastructure and green coastal proj- connects to the treatment plants located ects that would reduce risks to people and in Bridgeport. Because of the topography infrastructure. Through this collaboration, of Trumbull, pump stations are located there was an assessment and advancement throughout the Town. Many of these are of opportunities to reduce risk from large- located in flood hazard areas. scale storm events, and increase the viability • There are three Class C dams located in and resiliency of natural ecosystems along Trumbull, and the failure of these structures approximately thirty percent of Connecticut’s would greatly impact residential neighbor- coastline. Refer to the fact sheet on the next hoods downstream of the impoundments. page for more information about the effort, • Most streets throughout the Town are lined as well as its outcomes. by mature trees that are susceptible to • “Resiliency Planning for Historic & Cultural damage from high winds and heavy snow Resources” (2016-2018): Recognizing that fall. Downed trees cause power disruptions historic and cultural resources are increas- throughout the Town and restricts access to ingly at risk to natural hazards and climate some residential neighborhoods. The Town change, the State Historic Preservation public works personnel can clear debris but Office (SHPO) conducted this planning must coordinate efforts with the utility com- initiative for the communities of Bridgeport, pany to ensure power to any downed lines Fairfield and Stratford. Numerous examples has been deactivated. were identified where historic and cultural • Undersized culverts create chokepoints that resources were at risk now and could be at cause isolated flooding in several areas. risk in the future due to climate change and Problem areas include: Daniels Farm Road the identification of more historic resources. over the Pequonnock River, Lake Avenue Historic resources are difficult to floodproof, over the inlet to Canoe Brook Lake and Mel- elevate, or relocate without potential loss rose Avenue over Island Brook. of their historicity. Therefore, a thorough • Like in Fairfield, the September 25, 2018 understanding of the options for each set storm was a stark reminder that property of historic resources is necessary prior to owners are at risk of damaging riverine disasters that could damage these resources, floods. in order to avoid irreversible damage during • The Town is planning to conduct a town recovery. Refer to the Fact Sheet on the next wide Comprehensive Drainage and Flood page for more information about the effort, Conveyance Study. as well as its outcomes.

MetroCOG Region Statewide Efforts Since the adoption of the 2014 NHMP Plan In addition to MetroCOG’s Regional efforts, Update, MetroCOG has participated in a variety of the State of Connecticut and various state agen- regional resilience planning efforts. These efforts cies have also advanced numerous hazard mitiga- include: tion and resilience efforts since MetroCOG’s 2014 • “Resilient Regional Framework for Coastal NHMP Update. Fact sheets for five initiatives follow Resilience in Southern Connecticut” (2015- this page. Brief information is provided below: 2017): The project was funded by the Na- • In 2014, the Connecticut State Colleges tional Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) & Universities (CSCU) began a process to through a grant to the South Central Re- develop a Multi-Campus Hazard Mitigation gional Council of Governments (SCRCOG). Plan for each of the CSCU campuses. The SCRCOG administered the grant and part- purpose of the CSCU Multi-Campus Hazard nered with MetroCOG and The Nature Con- Mitigation Plan is to institute a consistent servancy (TNC) to execute the project. The hazard mitigation planning approach across

4-5 NEW INITIATIVES

REGIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR COASTAL RESILIENCE WHAT IS THE INITIATIVE? The Towns of Fairfield and Stratford and the City of Bridgeport participated in the “Regional Framework for Coastal Resilience in Southern Connecticut” in 2015‐2017. The project was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) through a grant to the South Central Regional Council of Governments (SCRCOG). SCRCOG administered the grant and partnered with MetroCOG and The Nature Conservancy (TNC) to execute the project. The goal of the Regional Framework for Coastal Resilience was to foster collaboration among the ten participating municipalities to identify and pursue green infrastructure and green coastal projects that would reduce risks to people and infrastructure, if implemented. Through this collaboration, there was an assessment and advancement of opportunities to reduce risk from large‐scale storm events, and increase the viability and resiliency of natural ecosystems along approximately thirty percent of Connecticut’s coastline. The project began with a planning phase in 2015, continued through an engagement and design phase in 2016, and concluded with report Above: ArcGIS Online viewer, Regional and plan publication in 2017. The project web page can be found at Framework for Coastal Resilience https://scrcog.org/regional‐planning/coastal‐resilience/ Below: Conceptual design for dune ridge in Fairfield

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION Approximately 120 individual coastal and non‐coastal green infrastructure or gray‐green resilience projects were identified in the three‐town area of Fairfield, Bridgeport, and Stratford. Many of the projects were captured from the Greater Bridgeport Hazard Mitigation Plan Update (July 2014) and re‐cast as potential green or green‐gray projects. Some of these potential projects included beach nourishment, dune creation or restoration, incorporating living shorelines along the coast, using bioengineered coastal bank stabilization techniques, and constructing rain gardens in non‐coastal areas. One conceptual design for each municipality was produced. Fairfield’s design was a dune ridge creation (pictured to the left). Bridgeport’s design was a FOR MORE INFORMATION living shoreline at Johnsons Creek. Stratford’s design was a Patrick Carleton, AICP bioengineered coastal bank stabilization near Russian Beach in the MetroCOG Lordship area. 100 Lafayette Boulevard Bridgeport, CT 06604 The Regional Framework for Coastal Resilience provided numerous (203) 336‐5405 x 26 potential projects that are closely aligned with the goals of hazard [email protected] mitigation, and some of them were incorporated into the mitigation strategy of this plan. NEW INITIATIVES

MITIGATION OF RISKS TO HISTORIC RESOURCES

WHAT IS THE INITIATIVE? Recognizing that historic and cultural resources are increasingly at risk to natural hazards and climate change, the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) conducted a resiliency planning study for historic and cultural resources from 2016 through 2018. Working with the State’s Councils of Government and municipalities, numerous examples were identified where historic and cultural resources were at risk now and could be at risk in the future due to climate change and the identification of more historic resources. Historic resources are difficult to floodproof, elevate, or relocate without potential loss of their historicity. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the options for each set of historic resources is Freeman House necessary prior to disasters that could damage these resources, in Photo Weafer Design order to avoid irreversible damage during recovery. SHPO’s planning process identified eight strategies that can be employed to make historic and cultural resources more resilient: • Identify Historic Resources • Revisit Historic District Zoning Regulations • Strengthen Recovery Planning • Incorporate Historic Preservation into Planning Documents • Revisit Floodplain Regulations and Ordinances • Coordinate Regionally and with the State • Structural Adaptation Measures • Educate

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION Academy Hill Historic District Photo Liz Davis SHPO has produced three sets of resources that can be used to inform hazard mitigation planning: • Individual reports produced for coastal communities include detailed recommendations that are application in the Capitol Region. • A best practices guide for planning techniques to make historic resources more resilient was completed in 2017 and will be made FOR MORE INFORMATION available in 2018. Douglas Royalty • The State Historic Preservation Plan is being updated and will provide policy direction to communities. Hurricane Sandy Grant Administrator State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) Because community planners often do not know which resources 450 Columbus Blvd, Suite 5 may be historic or cultural, or which are most likely to be considered Hartford, CT 06103 historic in the next decade as structures built in the 1950s and 1960s (860) 500‐2347 become eligible, it can be difficult to evaluate risks to flooding and [email protected] other hazards. Therefore, this plan suggests as a mitigation action that each MetroCOG municipality should conduct a survey of potential historic resources in cooperation with SHPO. NEW INITIATIVES

CONNNECTICUT STATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN WHAT IS THE INITIATIVE? In 2014, the Connecticut State Colleges & Universities (CSCU) began a process to develop a Multi‐Campus Hazard Mitigation Plan for each of the CSCU campuses to fulfill federal, state, and local hazard mitigation planning requirements. The purpose of the CSCU Multi‐ Campus Hazard Mitigation Plan is to institute a consistent hazard mitigation planning approach across all campuses and understand past and potential risks associated with natural hazard events. Hazard mitigation is important to CSCU because of its susceptibility to many types of natural hazard events to its campuses, assets, and people involved in its operations. Major activities involved in the development of this plan consisted of hazard identification and rankings, hazard event profiles, hazard vulnerability assessments and loss estimates, development of hazard mitigation goals and objectives, and formulation of hazard mitigation projects. Housatonic is a two‐year public community college located at 900 Lafayette Boulevard in the City of Bridgeport. Housatonic currently serves an eleven‐town area in southwestern Connecticut and offers 40 associates degrees in arts and sciences and 24 certificates through the departments of Humanities, Mathematics and Science, Behavioral and Social Sciences, Business and Computer Sciences, and Developmental Studies. Housatonic employs 198 full‐time staff and faculty to serve an undergraduate population of 4,431 students.

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION The Housatonic Community College (Housatonic) Chapter of the Multi‐ Campus Hazard Mitigation Plan addresses hazards, vulnerabilities, and mitigation actions specifically for the Housatonic campus. The campus is comprised of two buildings, Lafayette Hall and Beacon Hall that are both multipurpose and house academic, administrative, and instructional spaces. While the campus does not have residential buildings, commuters have easy access to Housatonic, which is located at the confluence of three major highways including Interstate 95 and Connecticut Routes 8 and 25. Distinctive to the campus is the Housatonic Museum of Art located on the first floor of Lafayette Hall, which contains an art collection valued at over $13 million. The public can view the 4,000 works of art in the collection free of charge. The museum at Housatonic is one of the largest art collections of any community college in the nation. FOR MORE INFORMATION Mitigation actions recommended in the plan include the following: Chris Dupuis, Director of Capital Projects Board of Regents • Increase emergency power generator capabilities on campus to cover 61 Woodland Street essential services (e.g., IT, boilers, phone, laboratory refrigerators/freezers, alarms, and security cameras, repeaters). Hartford, CT (860) 723‐0315 • Evaluate & implement raising of critical infrastructure components that [email protected] currently exist below flood zone elevations. • Install green roofs to remove heat from roof surface and reduce stormwater runoff NEW INITIATIVES

HELPING SMALL BUSINESSES MITIGATE IMPACTS OF NATURAL HAZARDS

WHAT IS THE INITIATIVE?

In an effort to assist small business with reduction of property damage or loss due to natural hazards, CT DEEP has proposed strategies for towns to implement educational programs with recommendations for best management practices (BMPs) to prevent pollution from chemicals from getting out into the environment. According to FEMA, 40% of businesses affected by disaster never reopen, and 25% that do reopen fail; other studies show that 90% of businesses fail within two years of being struck by a disaster. Damage during storm events result in property damage, loss of inventory, and environmental contamination and liabilities resulting Flooding in Downtown Fairfield from chemical releases into the environment. Photo Town of Fairfield The sample mitigation objectives for municipalities is to increase awareness by small businesses of any chemicals and toxic products they use, store and/or sell, and to use BMPs to improve safety. On a regional scale, the objectives are to improve chemical safety practices to prevent disruption of economic activity and protect the environment and public health. Strategies for educational programs include providing information on municipal websites, social media, brochures and posters, or through workshops.

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION The benefits of reducing damage to small businesses during a Ct.deep.gov disaster are a reduction in property damage and losses, avoiding expensive cleanups, reducing liability and risk to public health, and a more rapid recovery and continued operations that result in less impacts to the municipality’s economic base. The municipalities of the MetroCOG Region can benefit from mitigation actions related to mitigating flood impacts to small businesses. DEEP has recommended that hazard mitigation plan strategic actions list the municipality as the lead agency, with FOR MORE INFORMATION assistance from CT DEEP, where DEEP would develop information for dissemination. Suggested action priority is on a medium scale, with Connie Mendolia a completion time frame of one year. Department of Energy & Environmental Protection 79 Elm Street Hartford, CT 06106‐5127 (860) 424‐3297 www.ct.gov/deep NEW INITIATIVES

LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT FOR RURAL RESILIENCY

WHAT IS THE INITIATIVE? Low‐impact development (LID) prioritizes minimally invasive design, construction, and site operation techniques to reduce stormwater runoff quantity, undesirable water quality, and the corresponding negative impacts to receiving waters. Strategies such as reducing impervious services, installing infiltration systems, and zone‐specific standards are used to address environmental impacts that come from typical development approaches such as extensive parking areas, box‐building construction, and rapid stormwater removal from a site. LID helps to increase local resilience to climate change by mitigating the impacts of drought, protecting drinking water reserves, reducing flooding, and reducing stress on infrastructure. A joint initiative between Northwest Hills Council of Governments, Northwest CT Conservation District, and CIRCA resulted in development of a municipal‐scale manual for a sustainable approach to protect water sources and historic development patterns in rural communities. The manual presents techniques designed to help properly capture, infiltrate, and manage stormwater, which in turn recharges groundwater, reduces erosion, and protects sensitive habitats. The manual provides a framework to improve water quality through engineering specifications, enforcement tools and development standards to reduce erosion and impacts from pollution on aquatic and natural environments.

Images: nrcs.usda.gov REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION LID can increase the resilience to the impacts of climate change on the natural, built, and human environments. The installation of LID infrastructure increases small and rural community resiliency in many ways, including: • protecting drinking water supplies, streams, rivers and other water resources throughout the watershed • protecting natural vegetation, hydrology and other resources on development sites FOR MORE INFORMATION • reducing damage to local roads, bridges, the built environment, as well as to agricultural resources and human environments. Joanna Wozniak‐Brown, PhD Regional Planner The development of a LID Manual for rural communities focuses on Northwest Hills Council of Governments strategies achievable by rural municipalities, which tend to be 59 Torrington Road, Suite A‐1 different than urban communities such as Fairfield (which developed Goshen, CT 06756 a downtown green infrastructure plan). Municipalities in the (860) 491‐9884 MetroCOG Region such as Easton and Monroe can benefit from [email protected] mitigation actions related to increasing resiliency through LID. NEW INITIATIVES

“SUSTAINABLE CT”

WHAT IS THE INITIATIVE? Sustainable CT is a voluntary certification program to recognize thriving and resilient Connecticut municipalities. An independently funded, grassroots, municipal effort, Sustainable CT provides a wide‐ ranging menu of best practices. Municipalities choose Sustainable CT actions, implement them, and earn points toward certification. Sustainable CT also provides opportunities for grant funding to help communities promote economic well‐being and enhance equity, all while respecting the finite capacity of the natural environment. The program is designed to support all Connecticut municipalities, regardless of size, geography or resources. Sustainable CT empowers municipalities to create high collective impact for current and future residents. The mission statement is: To provide municipalities with a menu of coordinated, voluntary actions, to continually become more sustainable; to provide resources and tools to assist municipalities in implementing sustainability actions and advancing their programs for the benefit of all residents; and to certify and recognize municipalities for their ongoing sustainability achievements.

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO Images courtesy of Sustainable CT HAZARD MITIGATION Sustainable CT provides a “Master Action List” to serve as a resource as communities track progress towards certification. Many actions are consistent with the goals of hazard mitigation and, if accomplished, may demonstrate progress with hazard mitigation. Examples include: • Identify, or create and disseminate, a toolkit for pre‐disaster FOR MORE INFORMATION business preparedness tand for pos ‐disaster conditions. Sustainable CT Office: • Review and revise regulations to encourage and promote LID. 372 High St Willimantic, CT 06226 • Review the POCD and adopt a revised POCD that includes the (860) 465‐2813 Hazard Mitigation Plan goals and at least three other sustainability concepts. Sustainable CT Mailing Address: • Conduct a Climate Vulnerability Assessment, identify how the 83 Windham St impacts of climate change will likely affect the community, and Willimantic, CT 06226 demonstrate consideration has been given to low‐income residents and their vulnerability to extreme weather events. https://sustainablect.org/about/ contact‐us/ The town of Trumbull has registered for the Sustainable CT program, and the town of Fairfield has been Silver Certified. NEW INITIATIVES

REVISED MUNICIPAL SEPARATE STORMWATER SYSTEM (MS4) GENERAL PERMIT WHAT IS THE INITIATIVE?

The General Permit for the Discharge of Stormwater from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4 General Permit) is the product of a mandate by the U.S. EPA as part of its Stormwater Phase II rules in 1999. This general permit requires municipalities to manage stormwater entering its storm sewer systems to protect watercourses. DEEP issued a new General Permit in May 2018 (effective July 1, 2019) that applies to 121 towns and all state and federal institutions that operate a stormwater system. All municipalities within an “urbanized area” are required to comply with the General Permit. All municipalities in the MetroCOG region are required to comply. Given the complexities of the new permit, the UConn Center For Land Use Education and Research (CLEAR) was charged with providing technical assistance to municipalities. The CLEAR web site (http://nemo.uconn.edu/ms4/index.htm) contains valuable information to help municipal staff navigate permit compliance.

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION http://nemo.uconn.edu/ms4/index.htm Because watershed boundaries do not coincide with political boundaries, the actions of municipalities upstream can have a significant impact on the downstream municipality’s land and water resources. Stormwater management throughout an entire watershed, FOR MORE INFORMATION with commitment from all municipalities, is critical to protecting the health of the State’s resources. MS4 compliance is there both Department of Energy & Environmental community‐specific and regional at the same time. Protection 79 Elm Street The basic requirements of the permit are to (1) submit a Stormwater Hartford, CT 06106‐5127 (860) 424‐3297 Management Plan (SMP) identifying six minimum control measures to prevent and/or treat polluted runoff; (2) submit annual reports Amanda Ryan indicating implementation progress; and (3) monitor the quality of Municipal Stormwater Educator water. Many municipal planners and engineers have noted that the UConn CLEAR objectives of the MS4 permit are aligned with the objectives of flood Middlesex County Extension hazard mitigation. Therefore, MS4 compliance is expected to help PO Box 70, 1066 Saybrook Road communities achieve progress with hazard mitigation. Haddam, CT 06438 (860) 345‐5231 Section 4: Mitigation

all campuses and understand past and po- storm sewer systems to protect watercours- tential risks associated with natural hazard es. DEEP issued a new General Permit in events. The Housatonic Community College May 2018 (effective July 1, 2019) that applies campus is located in Bridgeport. to 121 Connecticut towns and all state and • In an effort to assist small business with federal institutions that operate a storm- reduction of property damage or loss due to water system. All municipalities within an natural hazards, CT DEEP has proposed strat- “urbanized area” are required to comply with egies for towns to implement educational the General Permit. All municipalities in the programs with recommendations for Best MetroCOG region are required to comply. Management Practices (BMPs) to prevent Some of the goals of the permit are well- pollution from chemicals from getting out aligned with hazard mitigation. Refer to the into the environment. Fact Sheet for more information. • A joint “rural resiliency” initiative between CIRCA, Northwest Hills Council of Gov- ernments, and Northwest CT Conserva- 4.2 Vision, Goals & Objectives tion District resulted in development of a The primary goal of the NHMP is to reduce the municipal-scale manual for a sustainable loss of life, personal injury and damage to prop- low impact development (LID) approach to erty, infrastructure, natural, cultural and economic protect water sources and historic develop- resources from natural disasters. This goal has ment patterns in rural communities. The remained consistent since the original 2006 NHMP. manual presents techniques designed to help properly capture, infiltrate, and manage The following vision statement was pre- stormwater, which in turn recharges ground- pared by the Planning Committee and regional water, reduces erosion, and protects sensi- stakeholders in 2012-2013 to establish the goals, tive habitats. objectives and mitigation actions of the Plan. Goals • Sustainable CT is a voluntary certification represent the plan’s long term vision for address- program to recognize resilient Connecti- ing the impact of and building resiliency to natural cut municipalities. The program provides a hazards throughout the Region. wide-ranging menu of best practices. Mu- nicipalities choose Sustainable CT actions, Vision implement them, and earn points toward certification. Sustainable CT also provides “The communities of the MetroCOG Region opportunities for grant funding to help com- recognize the need, in light of recent severe and munities promote economic well-being and extreme weather events, to increase resilience to enhance equity, all while respecting the finite the devastating effects of natural hazards and miti- capacity of the natural environment. Me- gate future impacts through adaptation of existing troCOG worked closely with SustainableCT, infrastructure, improved planning and assessment, housing an intern at our office in Bridgeport expanded education and awareness, and proac- to assist member municipalities enrolling in tive response to emergencies caused by natural the program. Currently, the Town of Fairfield hazards.” This vision statement was deemed appro- and the Town of Trumbull are registered with priate for the 2019 NHMP Update. SustainableCT, two of the 85 communities registered statewide. Fairfield, which has a Goals Silver Certification Status in the program is one of five highest certified communities in The individual goals and objectives of the the state. Trumbull is a participating com- NHMP cover six functional areas. Most were munity. deemed appropriate for the plan update. A few • The General Permit for the Discharge of additions were made during the public review of Stormwater from Small Municipal Separate the 2019 draft plan. These are noted by an asterisk Storm Sewer Systems (MS4 General Permit) (*). One additional CRS related objective was also is the product of a mandate by the U.S. EPA added as denoted by a pound sign (#). as part of its Stormwater Phase II rules in 1999. This general permit requires municipalities to manage stormwater entering its

4-13 Prevention impacts of natural hazards.

Goal Objectives 1. Rebuild damaged infrastructure and build- Continue pre-disaster mitigation planning that ings to meet the minimum design standards assesses impacts from natural hazards and identi- to withstand the impacts of natural disasters. fies effective strategies to mitigate future events 2. Implement floodplain management echt - and increase hazard resiliency. niques above and beyond minimum NFIP Objectives requirements. 1. Adopt and keep current the Natural Hazard 3. Construct flood control measures. Mitigation Plan. 4. Maintain drainage systems. 2. Adopt and enforce nationally recognized 5. Increase the capacity of drainage systems, building codes and design standards in high including the separation of combined sewer hazard areas. systems, utilization of low impact develop- 3. Implement management practices and tech- ment techniques and construction of green niques that go beyond minimum require- infrastructure. ments. 6.* Ensure that green, green/gray, and gray 4. Integrate the natural hazard mitigation ob- (hard) shoreline infrastructure are all utilized jectives and strategies detailed in the NHMP in the region as appropriate. with local land use policies and zoning regulations. Natural Systems Protection 5. Continue to participate and comply with Goal guidelines and requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Protect and restore natural systems and fea- 6. Improve storm water management planning tures that mitigate the impact of natural hazards. and adopt policies to reduce runoff. Objectives: 7. Implement “No Adverse Impact” policies. 1. Prohibit removal of natural vegetation dunes 8. Implement low impact development tech- and use of riprap along stream channels. niques and green infrastructure policies and 2. Restrict development in floodplains and design guidelines. sensitive coastal areas. Property Protection 3. Protect and restore riverbanks, wetlands, salt marshes, and dunes. Goal 4. Establish vegetative riparian buffers. 5. Preserve floodplains as open space and Protect buildings from the impacts of natu- acquire floodplain lands for open space. ral hazards and implement projects to safeguard 6. Restore and replenish beaches. against the impacts of natural hazards. 7. Implement tree trimming programs that Objectives maintain healthy and appropriate urban for- 1. Rebuild damaged buildings to meet mini- est and tree canopy. mum design standards so as to withstand the impacts of natural hazards. Education and Awareness 2. Acquire repetitive loss properties, as deemed Goal necessary. 3.* Ensure that code plus construction is con- Educate residents, businesses and stakehold- sidered to reduce wind damage risk during ers throughout the region about natural hazards building elevation projects. and increase the awareness of severe and extreme weather events. Structural and Infrastructure Projects Objectives Goal: 1. Inform residents of shelter locations and evacuation routes. Protect infrastructure from the impacts of 2. Encourage homeowners to purchase flood natural hazards and implement projects (struc- insurance. tural and infrastructure) to safeguard against the 3. Educate citizens about actions to take in the

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-14 Section 4: Mitigation

event of extreme weather – before, during projects, yielding many successful mitigation proj- and after. ects or phases of projects. For example, the Town 4. Educate residents on the importance of wet- of Fairfield prepared a green infrastructure plan lands and the need for the protection and and concept design for the downtown area, which maintenance of wetlands. represents a key phase in a larger effort to install 5. Conduct outreach to educate and advise green infrastructure downtown. Other communi- homeowners about risks to life, health and ties in the region may be interested in pursuing safety. green infrastructure. Refer to the fact sheet below 6. Hold workshops to facilitate dissemination for more information. of information on technical assistance pro- The Town of Fairfield has been successful in grams. working through the State’s Microgrid Program 7. Encourage residents and businesses to pre- to implement a local microgrid. Most of the other pare for extreme weather and for actions to funded microgrids in Connecticut have been out- take when an event occurs. side the MetroCOG Region, but Fairfield’s success 8. Develop pamphlets on emergency proce- may inspire other towns to pursue similar projects. dures and management and make avail- Refer to the fact sheet below for more information able at city and town halls, libraries and on about the microgrid in Fairfield. municipal websites. 9.# Accomplish a robust education program in The numerous mitigation successes in the communities that have joined and partici- Region demonstrate a strong capacity for the pate in the FEMA Community Rating System MetroCOG communities to continue implementing (CRS). mitigation projects. While the mitigation actions in the original Emergency Services Protection Actions 2006 NHMP were developed in direct coordination with local officials, themitigation actions in Goal the 2014 Plan were developed through The Nature Improve upon and ensure the continuity of Conservancy’s CRB process combined with a emergency services during severe and extreme review of actions from the 2006 NHMP. Each com- weather events. munity utilized the TNC Risk Matrix to understand the risks associated with natural hazards and to Objectives understand vulnerabilities and strengths. Through 1. Conduct planning studies on evacuation pol- this matrix, participants developed and prioritized icies, sheltering needs and capacity, hydrol- actions to address the impacts of natural hazards. ogy, “Make Safe” procedures, and natural features. For the 2019 NHMP Update, MetroCOG and 2. Protect critical facilities and infrastructure the Consultant regularly communicated with the necessary for emergency response. Local Planning Teams, which consisted of municipal staff from areas such as Engineering, Planning & Zoning, Public Works/Facilities, Emergency 4.3 Development of Hazard Management & Public Safety and various other Mitigation Strategies disciplines. In addition, MetroCOG provided each community and other stakeholders an opportunity Many mitigation success stories can be found to attend CRBs to provide an opportunity to con- in the MetroCOG Region. For example, the Town tinue the discussion regarding the identification of of Trumbull has partnered with homeowners to hazards, assessment of risks and the development secure funding for property acquisitions, and the of strategies to establish a more resilient Region. Town of Fairfield has partnered with homeowners Mitigation actions are considered at the to secure funding for building elevations. Refer to regional and local levels. Regional actions are the fact sheet on the next page for more informa- general in nature and can be regarded as best tion about the acquisitions in Trumbull. practices. Mitigation actions at the local level ad- Bridgeport, Fairfield, and Stratford were highly dress the unique characteristics of a community or successful is obtaining CDBG-DR funding associ- the concerns expressed by the community. ated with Hurricane Sandy. Some of these grants Each mitigation action falls into one of the fol- were used for planning while other were used for lowing six categories:

4-15 MITIGATION SUCCESS STORY

PROPERTY ACQUISITIONS: TRUMBULL, CONNECTICUT

WHAT IS IT?

When repeatedly experiencing and recovering from flood events, along with the ever‐rising cost of flood insurance, becomes too much of a hassle, homeowners may decide that it’s time to relocate. The Town of Trumbull has periodically partnered with property owners to apply for FEMA mitigation funds and acquire properties that have experienced flood losses. The photograph to the left depicts the property at 206 Lake Avenue that was View of the parcel before acquisition acquired using a PDM grant from FEMA. By acquiring Photo by Town of Trumbull properties at risk, the Town relieves the owners of a financial burden and enables them to move to a less hazard‐prone area. Following property acquisitions, Trumbull has converted the areas to open space. These areas are now a valuable aesthetic with the added benefits of improving wildlife habitat and creating areas where floodwaters can safely accumulate, decreasing flood risks elsewhere.

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION If a property owner does decide it may be time to move, his or View of vacant parcel her town and state, as well as the federal government, may be Photo by Town of Trumbull able to help. Some local communities support property acquisition programs, and grants are available for application through the federal government. Property owners unable to FOR MORE INFORMATION sell their property on the market may be eligible for a property Ken Dumais acquisition program or grant. State Hazard Mitigation Officer Acquisition and conversion to open space of flood prone CT Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection properties aligns primarily with the Multi‐Jurisdictional Hazard CT Division of Emergency Management Mitigation Plan’s Municipal Goal #4: Increase the use of and Homeland Security natural, “green,” or “soft” hazard mitigation measures, such as Strategic Planning and Community open space preservation and green infrastructure. Preparedness Unit 1111 Country Club Rd, 3rd Floor North Middletown, CT 06457 (860) 685‐8151 [email protected] MITIGATION SUCCESS STORY

FAIRFIELD GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE WHAT IS IT? The Town of Fairfield is currently experiencing challenges relating to an excess of urban stormwater runoff coupled with a restrictive storm drainage system that is inadequate to handle the large volume of runoff generated by the town's impervious surfaces. Due to the high‐density surface and subterranean infrastructure, it is impossible to fully condition the storm drainage system to handle the current and future stormwater volumes. Additionally, climate change projections indicate that future storms may be more intense, with greater rainfall totals in shorter amounts of time. Green infrastructure (GI), sometimes used synonymously with “low impact development” (LID), is an important tool in addressing climate change. Consider the following: Street flooding in downtown Fairfield immediately downgradient • Reducing stormwater runoff reduces downstream flooding. from impervious surfaces • GI reduces heat‐island effects through reduction of heat emission from pavements, which can cool temperatures by 20‐45 degrees. • GI captures pollutants such as particulate matter and contaminants, providing improved water quality and significant public health benefits for communities.

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO HAZARD MITIGATION

Many GI techniques can prevent stormwater from being generated, reduce total runoff volume, and/or can sequester stormwater runoff and allow it to infiltrate into the ground without entering a municipal Concept design for rain garden in a stormwater system. This not only reduces flood threats but also parking area. reduces pollutant loading into water bodies and can help recharge groundwater aquifers. Rain gardens, bioretention swales, green roofs, porous pavement/pavers and other methods can be both functional and aesthetic additions to any community. FOR MORE INFORMATION The Town of Fairfield executed a study of how GI can reduce runoff Laura Pulie, P.E . in the downtown area and developed a downtown green Senior Civil Engineer infrastructure conceptual plan. The Town intents to implement Town of Fairfield components of the conceptual plan over the next decade, which will (203) 256‐3015 lead to reduced generation of stormwater and help alleviate flooding [email protected] in the downtown area. MITIGATION SUCCESS STORY

MICROGRID: FAIRFIELD, CONNECTICUT

WHAT IS IT?

A microgrid is a localized electric system that includes both electricity sources (such as power plants, generators, fuel cells, or solar panels) and electricity users. Under normal conditions, a microgrid is connected to regional electric grids, but during regional power outages a microgrid is able to act in “island mode,” maintaining power to connected users. In 2015, the Town of Fairfield installed a 300‐kilowatt microgrid, that, in the event of an emergency, will be capable of keeping multiple municipal resources in operation. These resources include the police and fire headquarters, emergency Fairfield ; photo by Daily Voice communications center, a cell phone tower, and the Operation Hope’s Homeless Shelter. The natural gas and solar powered power source is located adjacent to the Fairfield Police Department.

REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LINK TO Fairfield microgrid area; photo by HAZARD MITIGATION Schneider Electric Blog Power outages caused by the effects of winter storms, hurricanes, lightning, and other natural hazards is one of the most commonly cited impacts of natural disasters in the region. Such outages can have direct impacts on health, safety, and the economy, as well as indirect impacts on hazard response and recovery efforts. Developing microgrids that encompass critical facilities such as emergency response, shelter, and communications, can help make a community more resilient to natural disasters. Urgent needs of the community can be met and response and FOR MORE INFORMATION recovery efforts can move forward without delay while the Microgrid Program regional grid is repaired. CT Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Microgrid development aligns primarily with the Multi‐ Bureau of Energy and Technology Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Municipal Goal #5: (860) 827‐2655 Improve the resilience of local and regional utilities and [email protected] infrastructure using strategies including adaptation, hardening, and creating redundancies. Section 4: Mitigation

• Prevention: actions that will keep problems 2. Is there public support both to implement from getting worse and maintain the project? • Property Protection: actions that address individual buildings Legal • Public Education & Awareness: actions that 1. Is the Region or municipality authorized to will inform the public implement the proposed strategy? • Natural Resource Protection: actions that will 2. Is there a clear legal basis or precedent for protect natural resources this activity? • Emergency Services Protection: actions that will protect emergency services before, dur- Economic ing and immediately after an occurrence 1. What are the costs and benefits of this strat- • Structural Projects: actions that will control egy? the hazard 2. Does the cost seem reasonable for the size of the problem and the likely benefits?

STAPLE+E Environmental 1. How will the strategy impact the environ- Throughout the planning process, a wide ment? range of actions to mitigate and increase resiliency 2. Will the strategy need environmental regula- to the impacts of natural hazards were identified tory approvals? and discussed. Prioritizing each action will determine its effectiveness in reducing or preventing The benefit of each criteria was ranked as low future impacts. The STAPLE+E method was used to (1), medium (2) or high (3). Costs were ranked as prioritize the mitigation actions. low (-1), medium (-2) or high (-3). Criteria received a 0 if there was no cost or benefit, or if the criteria The STAPLE+E method evaluates the costs and were not applicable to the mitigation action. benefits of a specific action against social, technical, administrative, political, legal, economic and The workshop risk matrices informed the over- environmental criteria. This method is commonly all STAPLE+E process, as actions identified through used by planners and public administrators. Based the risk matrices obviously had some community on this review, actions were prioritized for future or stakeholder support. Typically, these actions re- implementation. The previous NHMP used a simi- ceived a high ranking for the administrative, social lar approach. and/or political benefits. High administrative and technical rankings were given to actions that were The STAPLE+E cost benefit review evaluates underway or in the process of implementation, the following: since the community demonstrates the capacity to Social implement the action. 1. Is the proposed strategy socially acceptable The economic costs of actions were evaluated to the Region or municipality? based on a monetary estimate. Minimal cost ac- 2. Are there equity issues involved that would tions require little staff time or municipal resources mean that one segment of the Region or and could possibly be implemented through vol- municipality is treated unfairly? unteer assistance. Low cost actions were less than $100,000. Moderate cost actions were between Technical $100,000 and $500,000 and high cost items were 1. Will the proposed strategy work? over $1,000,000. 2. Will it create more problems than it will solve? The results of the STAPLE+E review will inform how actions are prioritized and implemented. Administrative Implementation will be discussed in Section 5 of 1. Can the Region or municipality implement the NHMP. the strategy? 2. Is there someone to coordinate and lead the effort? 4.4 Regional Actions Natural hazards are not governed by state, Political regional or local boundaries and typically impact 1. Is the strategy politically acceptable? a large geographic area. The following mitiga-

4-19 tion actions are general and address the regional 2. Prohibit filling in floodplain areas. scale and impact of natural hazards. These provide 3. Increase capacity of storm water drainage a basis for hazard mitigation in the region as well systems and separate combined sewer sys- as a template for identifying specific mitigation tems. projects. 4. Increase capacity of detention and retention ponds and basins. 5. Maintain drainage systems by clearing sedi- Inland and Coastal Flooding: ment, removing debris and routinely repair- Through the risk assessment, vulnerability as- ing and cleaning storm drains. sessment and discussions throughout the planning 6. Elevate structures, roads, and bridges above process, the communities of the MetroCOG Region base flood elevation. were found to be most at risk from flooding, both 7. Construct flood control measures, such as, inland and coastal. Common impacts of flooding berms and dikes, and use hardened material include damage to personal property, buildings, to prevent erosion. and infrastructure, closure of roads, disruptions of 8. Install bioengineered bank stabilization tech- critical services, and injuries to persons in flood niques. prone areas. General mitigation actions include: Natural Systems Protection Prevention 1. Protect and restore natural flood mitigation 1. Incorporate flood mitigation in local land features. use regulations. 2. Protect and restore riverbanks, wetlands and 2. Enforce flood management regulations. dunes. 3. Develop storm water management regula- 3. Use vegetative buffers. tions and programs 4. Establish riparian buffers. 4. Develop regional watershed councils to pre- 5. Preserve floodplains and wetlands as open pare watershed management plans. space. 5. Improve storm water management planning 6. Acquire floodplain lands and wetlands for and adopt policies to reduce storm water open space. runoff, such as, requiring development proj- 7. Establish a green infrastructure program that ects have “zero discharge.” requires more trees to be planted or pre- 6. Comply with the NFIP and maintain FEMA served, encourages the use of porous pave- elevation certifications. ment, and planting of vegetative buffers. 7. Implement floodplain management echt - 8. Develop stream buffer ordinances. niques above and beyond minimum NFIP re- 9. Continue beach nourishment programs. quirements, including increasing “freeboard” 10. Limit or restrict development in floodplain heights, adopting “No Adverse Impact” areas. policies, notifying repetitive loss property owners, and participating in the Community Education and Awareness Rating System (CRS) program. 1. Increase awareness of flood risk and safety. 8. Conduct hydrologic and hydraulic studies to 2. Encourage homeowners to purchase flood evaluate risks and flood mitigation strate- insurance. gies. 3. Educate citizens about safety during flood conditions. Property Protection 4. Conduct outreach to educate and advise 1. Adopt and enforce building codes and in- homeowners about risks to life, health and crease “freeboard” requirements. safety. 2. Remove existing structures from flood-prone 5. Hold workshops to facilitate dissemination areas. of information on technical assistance pro- 3. Flood-proof basements and other areas. grams. 4. Encourage elevation of structures. Emergency Services Structural 1. Flood proof critical facilities in vulnerable locations, such as wastewater treatment 1. Limit the amount of impervious surface. plants, EOCs, police and fire stations, and

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-20 Section 4: Mitigation

emergency shelters. about sea level rise. 2. Locate critical facilities, such as wastewater 2. Encourage homeowners to purchase flood treatment plants, EOCs, police and fire sta- insurance. tions, and emergency shelters outside floodprone areas. Emergency Services 1. Locate critical facilities, such as wastewater treatment plants, EOCs, police and fire sta- Sea Level Rise tions, and emergency shelters outside areas Many of the mitigation actions that address vulnerable to sea level rise. the impact of coastal and inland flooding will also mitigate the impacts of sea level rise. Sea level rise Severe Winter Weather causes land loss in low-lying coastal areas. Sea level rise also exacerbates erosion and flooding as Severe winter storms may include snow, sleet, new areas become vulnerable to storm surge, wave freezing rain, or a mixed precipitation, and are of- action, and tides. ten accompanied by high winds. The damage from these storms includes downed trees, widespread Prevention power outages, road closures and limited access to 1. Map and assess vulnerability to sea level critical facilities, and can result in injury and death. rise, including modeling of various “what if” scenarios. At a minimum, utilize the sea Prevention level rise projection prepared by CIRCA and 1. Adopt and enforce building codes. adopted by Public Act 18-82. 2. Improve tree maintenance. 2. Use GIS to map at-risk areas and structures. 3. Regulate and manage development in high Infrastructure risk areas and create a sea level rise overlay 1. Protect power lines and infrastructure. zone. 2. Establish and follow standards and guide- 4. Prohibit reconstruction and redevelopment lines for tree pruning around power lines in areas susceptible to chronic flooding. and routine inspection of hazardous trees. 3. Establish debris management and clearing Property Protection capabilities. 1. Protect buildings by acquiring structures in 4. Reduce the impacts to roads by planning for high risk areas and either demolish or relo- snow removal and debris clearing. cate. 5. Maintain and improve snow clearing equip- 2. Raise buildings above potential sea levels. ment. Structural Education and Awareness 1. Protect infrastructure by acquiring structures 1. Increase awareness and educate the public in high risk areas and either demolish or about proper tree maintenance. relocate. 2. Educate citizens about safety during winter 2. Raise infrastructure above potential sea lev- storms and power outages. els. 3. Provide residents with the locations of 3. Limit the amount of impervious surface. warming centers and shelters during a power outage. Natural Systems Protection 1. Preserve open space and wetlands in high Emergency Services risk areas. 1. Ensure adequate power to critical facilities 2. Acquire open space in high risk areas. such as EOCs, police and fire stations, and 3. Protect and restore natural buffers. emergency shelters. 4. Implement dune restoration projects. 2. Improve communication and cooperation 5. Promote conservation and management of with local utilities, “Make Safe” crews and open spaces and wetlands within sea level power restoration regarding downed trees rise areas. and power lines. 3. Ensure emergency access to vulnerable Education and Awareness populations and critical facilities. 1. Increase awareness and educate the public

4-21 Earthquakes: with local utilities regarding downed trees and power lines, “Make Safe” crews and Property damage from earthquakes is primar- power restoration. ily caused by the failure and collapse of structures. 3. Ensure emergency access to vulnerable The Region is not at high risk to earthquakes. populations and critical facilities.

Severe Summer Weather: Wildfires: Severe summer weather comes in the form 1. Pursue the extension of public water supply of thunderstorms and tornadoes, and is accom- for fire protection into outlying areas. panied by lightning, hail and high winds. These 2. Pursue the installation of dry hydrants in events pose a threat to lives, property, and vital areas without adequate fire protection. utilities primarily from downed trees, limbs, power 3. Ensure off-road emergency vehicles are lines and flying debris. Although infrequent in the available to access wildfires. Region, a tornado is a violently rotating column of 4. Provide educational information to home- air that has contact with the ground and is often owners and businesses within the wildland- visible as a funnel cloud. The destruction caused urban interface. by tornadoes ranges from light to catastrophic depending on the intensity, size, and duration of the storm. All Hazards: 1. Secure and install backup generators that Prevention are adequate to meet the needs of criti- 1. Adopt and enforce building codes. cal facilities and evacuation locations, both short term and long term. Structural 2. Expand the use of GIS to inform municipal 1. Install lightning protection and grounding staff, residents, businesses and regional on communications infrastructure and criti- stakeholders of potential natural hazards cal facilities. and strategies to mitigate, prepare and/or 2. Install surge protection on critical electronic respond to the impacts of natural hazards. equipment. Education and Awareness National Flood Insurance Program 1. Develop a lightning brochure for distribution As described in Section 3, inland and coastal at recreation facilities and parks. flooding has severely impacted communities 2. Ensure the public is aware of emergency throughout the MetroCOG Region. All communi- cooling centers during severe hot weather. ties in the MetroCOG Region participate in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) as pre- Emergency Services sented in Table 4.1. 1. Ensure adequate power to critical facilities such as EOCs, police and fire stations, and Communities that participate in the NFIP must emergency shelters. adopt a local flood damage prevention ordinance 2. Improve communication and cooperation with established minimum building standards for

Table 4.1: NFIP Adoption NFIP Status Total Policy Policy Holders Holders (as of in SFHA (as of Average Insurance In City or Town NFIP Entry Date Effective FIRM 11/18) 11/18) Premium Force Bridgeport 10/15/80 07/08/13 1,669 1,056 $1,056 $325,636,800 Easton 09/30/83 06/18/10 33 9 $764 $9,918,100 Fairfield 08/15/78 07/08/13 2,330 1,844 $1,610 $631,856,500 Monroe 04/17/85 06/18/10 50 16 $1,000 $13,324,500 Stratford 06/01/78 07/08/13 1,891 1,214 $1,421 $442,417,900 Trumbull 12/04/79 06/18/10 163 91 $1,081 $45,669,800

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-22 Section 4: Mitigation

the floodplain. All new buildings and substantial and hurricanes and inland flooding from heavy improvements to existing buildings are required rain events. Inland flooding is worsened by the to be protected from damage by floods with a 1% past channeling and/or burying of water courses. annual chance of occurring (the 100-year flood). Addressing the impacts of coastal and inland Any new floodplain development may not aggra- flooding continue to be priorities in Bridgeport, vate existing flood problems or increase damage as they were in the 2006 and 2014 NHMPs. NHMP to other properties. recommendations expanded to include a diverse and very comprehensive set of strategies to ad- All communities in the MetroCOG Region have dress the impacts caused by a variety of natural adopted and continue to enforce floodplain man- hazards. agement regulations that are consistent with those required by the NFIP. Continued compliance with As detailed in the BGreen Plan, the City has NFIP standards, active participation in the NFIP placed a priority on proactively addressing ris- and application to the Community Rating System ing sea levels and the impacts of climate change. will mitigate the financial impacts of future flood While improvements to and expansion of infra- events. structure and structural solutions remained as priority actions, as in the previous NHMPs, green infrastructure, low impact development and com- Mitigation Actions for Repetitive Loss prehensive, region-wide watershed management Properties were also recommended as strategies to mitigate Due to multiple claims under the NFIP, Repeti- the impacts of natural hazards. A number of strate- tive Loss Properties are costly to insure and strain gies to protect/nourish beaches, such as at Sea- FEMA resources. FEMA offers grant programs to side Park and shoreline neighborhoods were also assist communities and states in implementing ac- recommended throughout the update process. tions that reduce or eliminate the long-term risk of New priorities for infrastructure improve- flood damage to focus on repetitive loss proper- ments were also identified as part of the update. ties. The primary objective of these programs is While the 2006 NHMP identified specific sewer to eliminate or reduce the damage to property separation projects, recommendations in the 2014 caused by repeated flooding. Funds are provided NHMP were focused on finding opportunities for a to implement various mitigation measures that will coordinated approach to the overall sewer separa- reduce future flooding losses. Possible mitigation tion project by a number of City departments. This actions include acquisition or relocation of severe includes upgrading to a separated sanitary sewer repetitive loss properties and elevating existing system during road improvement projects. Con- structures. tinuing to secure funding for the various phases of ongoing projects and completing these projects remains a City priority. Integrating low impact de- 4.5 Review of Prior Hazard velopment best management practices into these Mitigation Actions projects was emphasized throughout the update. In the 2006 and 2014 NHMPs, local actions The 2014 NHMP placed greater emphasis on were recommended to mitigate the impacts of pre-disaster planning and effective public educa- natural hazards and address the specific concerns tion. Public education, outreach and early warn- of each respective community. The following nar- ing to residents is crucial to insuring a resilient rative of mitigation strategies explains the overall community. These strategies ensured that the concerns of each community during the 2014 public has the information to adequately prepare NHMP Update. The mitigation strategy matrices in (and recover) in the event of a disaster. Assisting the 2014 NHMP were the result of the workshop’s residents of high density public housing, vulner- risk matrices, discussions with municipal staff, the able populations, the transit dependent and those concerns gathered through the public outreach with special needs before, during and after severe process and the STAPLE+E review method. weather events was another City priority. The City of Bridgeport will continue to provide universal shelters, which provide facilities for people with City of Bridgeport special needs and accept pets. The primary natural hazards impacting Bridge- Hazards caused by severe ice, wind, snow- port include coastal flooding from tropical storms

4-23 storms and heat also received attention from Town of Fairfield stakeholders in Bridgeport. During periods of In Fairfield, a lot more attention has been severe heat, ensuring that vulnerable populations given to coastal areas since hurricanes Irene and are aware of and have access to cooling centers is Sandy hit the Town. Unprecedented coastal flood a crucial task. Developing a plan to address City damage has renewed the focus on mitigating operations protocols for varying levels of snow- against future damage. A Coastal Resiliency Plan fall and securing additional equipment for snow has been developed with the assistance of Metro- removal are priorities to address events such as COG and The Nature Conservancy. Many residents Winter Storm Nemo in 2013. Increasing the effec- have or are planning to have their homes elevated tiveness of emergency communications – among for storm protection and to lower flood insurance City departments and to the public are priority rates. Many neighborhoods are demanding bet- strategies that can be utilized during a variety of ter flood protection in the form of pump stations natural hazard events. or dikes. The Town is also examining methods to harden its infrastructure and is assisting home Town of Easton owners to prevent future damage by elevating homes to achieve FEMA flood regulation compli- Easton is sparsely developed and a large pro- ance. Due to the impact of hurricanes, snow storms portion of the Town is preserved as either existing and weather related events, utility issues have also or former water company owned lands. As such, been on the forefront. the impacts from natural hazards are somewhat limited. Most recommendations for Easton were oriented to infrastructure projects so as to miti- Town of Monroe gate the impacts of flooding. These recommenda- The 2006 NHMP included recommendations tions, such as warning of residents in areas that focused on mitigating the impacts of flooding may become isolated or blocked during severe through maintenance and infrastructure improve- weather remain as priorities to the Town. In the ments. However, both the range of hazards to pre- 2014 NHMP, the public drinking water supply and pare for and the range of strategies expanded in tree management received greater attention and the 2014 NHMP. This reflected a shift in priorities increased in priority. due to the impacts of heavy snow, ice and storms Easton is home to four reservoirs that are the as well recognizing the role green infrastructure primary source of public drinking water in the and natural features can play in mitigation. Region. A large filtration plant, located at the base Strategies to mitigate the impacts of snow, ice of the Easton Lake Reservoir dam, was built several and wind included an expansion of the Town’s tree years ago to ensure clean and safe water. The maintenance program and improving communi- Easton Emergency Management Director’s primary cation with utilities. Warning residents who may concern is to ensure the plant remains operational become isolated by blocked roads and insuring during any hazard. Ensuring the public drinking adequate power generators at shelters were other water supply is a priority to the Town of Easton recommendations made. and the MetroCOG Region. All properties in Monroe are served by on-site Damage to trees, and the resulting power septic systems. Systems close to the Pequonnock outages from downed trees and from severe winds River and the river’s branches may fail due to during thunderstorms, hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rains and subsequent flooding and cause an nor’easters and snow storms have also impacted increase in pollutants entering the river. The rec- the Town of Easton. Priority strategies to mitigate ognition of the impact that a failing septic system the impacts of these hazards include tree mainte- may have on the quality of local waterways was a nance programs, education of residents on proper new concern of the Monroe community that was tree maintenance and coordination with utility tree not reflected in the 2006 NHMP. The need to up- trimming programs. During disasters, enhanced grade septic systems to sanitary sewers in certain communications with utilities and access to emer- areas was emphasized by workshop participants gency services (on roads blocked by downed trees, and in the Town’s Plan of Conservation and Devel- as well as snow) are necessary. Back-up and alter- opment. nate power generation at key facilities received greater priority in the 2014 NHMP. Since 2006, the Town of Monroe has diversi-

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-24 Section 4: Mitigation

fied how storm water management and flooding ample of the Town’s commitment to management are approached. Infrastructure projects and regular and protection of its natural areas. maintenance remained as stormwater management and flood mitigationstrategies . However, low Town of Trumbull impact development BMPs received greater focus in the 2014 NHMP. Zoning regulations have been Mitigating the impacts of inland flooding in revised to require improved landscaping and less certain areas of the Town of Trumbull, tree mainte- pavement at developments. Riparian buffers along nance, coordinated power restoration and assisting waterways and an emphasis on storm water reten- residents during severe weather events are priori- tion and quality are further examples of the prior- ties in the Town of Trumbull. Recommendations in ity placed on the protection of natural features. the 2006 NHMP were primarily oriented to infrastructure improvements so as to mitigate flooding. Like the other communities discussed in the NHMP, Town of Stratford recommendations made by Trumbull stakeholders Recommendations made in the 2008 annex to expanded in the 2014 NHMP to include a diverse the NHMP were primarily focused on flood mitiga- set of measures to mitigate the impacts caused by tion through infrastructure improvements and a variety of natural hazards. regular maintenance of infrastructure. Due to more The Town’s Plan of Conservation and De- severe weather events since 2008, recommenda- velopment promoted low impact development tions made in the 2014 NHMP Update emphasized and green infrastructure approaches to protect the importance of pre-disaster planning and co- natural resources as development occurs. Assess- ordination, the utility of natural features for flood ing the capacity of open space for flood storage, mitigation and the impact of hazards related to education to residents about green infrastructure wind, ice and snow. solutions and wetland protection and the imple- Greater understanding of the urban tree can- mentation of the Pequonnock River and Rooster opy, encouraging utilities to follow recommended River watershed-based plans were some of the arboriculture practices and a regular tree mainte- recommendations that recognize the utility of nance plan were new strategies in the 2014 NHMP natural features as a flood mitigation method. The to address pre-disaster planning and hazards not importance of natural features was a new priority related to flooding – such as the impacts of wind, in the 2014 NHMP. ice and snow. Insuring adequate power generators Inland flooding continues to be a concern for at shelters, encouraging restaurants and busi- the Town of Trumbull. In addition to natural mitiga- nesses to install backup generators and educating tion measures, improvements to infrastructure and the public on preparing for severe weather are structures is a Town priority as well. This priority other recommendations that reflect planning and has not changed since the 2006 NHMP. However, preparation as a community priority. the number of recommendations regarding infra- Like the coastal jurisdictions of Bridgeport and structure and structural improvements increased in Fairfield, the impacts of hurricanes Irene and Sandy the 2014 NHMP. expanded and diversified the range of mitigation A reliant and resilient electrical system was strategies that the Town of Stratford considered in a key concern in Trumbull’s POCD and increased the 2014 NHMP Update. Additional improvements in priority due to long term power outages after to facilities and infrastructure so as to protect hurricanes Irene and Sandy and Winter Storm against flooding were identified – such as the Alfred (in October of 2011). Tree lined streets play waste water treatment plant and pump stations. an important role in the Town’s atmosphere and These vulnerabilities led to the Town develop- quality of life, but downed limbs and trees also ing a coastal resilience plan in 2016. In 2014, the brought power lines down and prevented access to Town has placed a greater priority on low impact many roads – further delaying power restoration. development techniques, ordinances to reduce Balancing the importance of trees to the Town with storm water runoff, increased protection and a proactive maintenance plan for trees close to maintenance of Stratford’s beaches and enhancing power lines is necessary for both these priorities to the flood protection features of all natural areas be realized. (such as forests, marshes and open space). The Roosevelt Forest Management Plan is one such ex- In addition to tree maintenance, additional

4-25 recommendations were made to assist residents during long term power outages and for improved power restoration. Improved access to information about services for at-risk residents during disasters, adequate generators at shelters, charging stations and multiple avenues for communications with residents were some examples of recommendations in regards to community assistance. A variety of opportunities to restore power more quickly were identified, including town staff workforce availability, enhanced communication with utilities, periodically revisiting the critical locations for immediate power restoration and updated maps/GIS. While downed trees and tree limbs knock out power, they also block roads and prevent residents from accessing emergency services. Snow and ice storms limit access to emergency services and emergency responders as well. Since Trumbull is served by hospitals in Bridgeport, this access is a regional priority. The importance of access to the regional services located in the City of Bridgeport became apparent during Winter Storm Nemo, as the amount of snow that needed to be cleared severely burdened public works crews throughout the region.

Summary of Prior Mitigation Actions A summary of the previous mitigation strategies presented for each community in the 2014 NHMP is presented on the following pages. The tables include a description of each prior action, the status of the action in 2019, and, if necessary, a determination of whether the action required revisions for inclusion within the implementation strategies presented in Section 5.

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-26 Bridgeport Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Prevention Consider enrolling and participating in FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS) program. Identify and This action represents several specific actions but all integrate building codes, land use policies and zoning are meant to support CRS participation. The City sent Complete CAV and initial steps to enter into the CRS 1 regulation modifications that minimize exposure of a CRS letter of interest to FEMA in June 2018. A new program. existing buildings, future development and critical action is “Complete CAV and initial steps to enter into infrastructure to natural hazards and extreme the CRS program.” weather. This is already required by the City Code ("No person shall throw or deposit any solid waste in any stream, 2 Adopt stream dumping regulations. Not Applicable sewer or other body of water"). Regulation is not needed. The process states that this is already practice through the State Building Code. The building code narrative is Identify and integrate building code, land use policies not needed, but specificity about regulations is and zoning regulation modification that minimize Revise Zoning Regulations to include low impact 3 needed. Carry Forward with Revision. The Zoning exposure of existing and future development and development (LID) and resilience standards. Regulations (currently amended to July 2018) will be critical infrastructure and facilities. rewritten beginning in 2019, with anticipated adoption in 2021. LID and resilience standards will be added.

Continue the policy of “Universal” shelters, “Universal” 4 Complete and ongoing Not Applicable means specific needs and pets are allowed for. The City has achieved significant success in this matter, with projects ranging from a small grant from CIRCA ($60,000 for a living shoreline design) to several Consider tapping into new or alternate sources of million dollars from Rebuild By Design and the NDRC 5 Not Applicable funding for resilience/hazard mitigation projects. competition. The City's focus is to now shift toward execution of the many grants. Future editions of the hazard mitigation plan may include actions similar to this. Consider adopting standards to require two or more feet of freeboard when developing or redeveloping Progress toward adopting freeboard has not been structures in tidally influenced floodplains. Initiate made, although the revised State Building Code Freeboard of greater than one foot will be considered 6 longer‐term opportunity to adapt the City to flooding requires one foot of freeboard. Carry Forward with as part of the Zoning Regulation rewrite. through new building siting to elevations well above Revision. FEMA’s 1% flood zones (i.e., 500‐year standard). Investigate opportunities for floodplain easements on Identify opportunities for floodplain easements on 7 Carry Forward properties. properties. The City has made significant progress installing green Encourage low impact development techniques and infrastructure on public properties and along streets. 8 LID will be included with the Zoning Regulation rewrite green infrastructure for new developments. Additional efforts are needed to encourage GI and LID on private properties. Carry Forward with revision.

Complete. In 2013, the City engaged the Spatial Analysis Laboratory (SAL) at the University of Secure funding for and initiate an urban forest canopy Vermont’s Rubenstein School of the Environment and 9 study. A study was conducted in 2010 but needs to be Natural Resources to carry out an assessment of the Not Applicable updated. existing and potential tree canopy in Bridgeport. In 2014, a municipal tree maintenance workshop was held by GBRC and study report was published.

Public Act 18‐82 has addressed this, with new Factor climate change impacts into City‐funded critical Factor climate change impacts into all critical resiliency standards enumerated in State statute for infrastructure improvement plans by requiring that 10 infrastructure improvement plans (i.e., bridges, bus State‐funded projects and federally‐funded projects the standards similar to those of Public Act 18‐82 be route realignment). passed through the State. This accounts for many of applied to City‐funded projects. As a first step, the infrastructure projects in Bridgeport. produce guidance document by 2021.

Continue to implement the comprehensive urban This action represents a capability. Subsequent to 11 Not Applicable forest management plan. revised action #9 above, this action may be revised

12 Continue to expand Energy Improvement Districts Complete Not Applicable Continue to amend the storm water management 13 Complete Not Applicable manual as necessary. Conduct a study to assess and prioritize the highest This is being accomplished through several efforts 14 Not Applicable risk locations across the City. described in the plan and represented in these actions. Bridgeport Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Continue to enforce V‐zone requirements in sections of coastal A zones located waterward of waterfront 15 Complete Not Applicable roadways. Applicable ordinances are amended as FIRM maps are revised. Pending funding, proceed with the Storm water Pending funding, proceed with the Storm water Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. Carry 16 Authority Feasibility Study. Consider incentives to Authority Feasibility Study. Consider incentives to forward. reduce the amount of impervious surface in the City. reduce the amount of impervious surface in the City. Property Protection Complete; additional efforts will be made in Encourage property owners to elevate electrical and 17 connection with substantial damage and substantial Not Applicable heating systems above the base flood elevation. improvement determinations. Complete; additional efforts will be made in Continue to flood‐proof structures, especially in the 18 connection with substantial damage and substantial Not Applicable Seaview Avenue/Lower East End neighborhoods. improvement determinations. Complete; additional efforts will be made in Elevate houses as they are renovated or constructed in 19 connection with substantial damage and substantial Not Applicable the Black Rock Area. improvement determinations. Complete; additional efforts will be made in Encourage property owners to elevate structures 20 connection with substantial damage and substantial Not Applicable above the base flood elevation. improvement determinations. Structural Conduct study of Ash Creek sedimentation to Consider moving sediment to preserve the hydrologic Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. Carry 21 determine if sediment removal will enhance flood function of Ash Creek. forward. capacity. Significant progress has been made in these areas, with GI installed on public property and along city Expand the separation of sanitary and storm drainage Pursue a target of 30 additional GI installations on City‐ roadways. The Zoning Regulations revision will help sewers. Implement and install green infrastructure and owned land and along streets in the 2019‐2024 22 encourage the same on private properties. Other building modifications to improve on‐site storm water planning timeframe. Select some locations from the actions on this list are addressing the Zoning management, retention and infiltration. Regional Framework for Coastal Resilience. Regulations. A revised action here addresses city property and streets. 23 Improve the drainage and catch basin system. This is an ongoing effort that is funded by the City. Not Applicable With the implementation of the Streamflow Standards and Regulations in Connecticut, Aquarion Water Company will have fewer opportunities for this Improve ability of drinking water supply reservoirs to approach. Action must be deleted in favor of 24 accommodate high intensity, short duration rain Not Applicable alternate means of flood mitigation downstream of events. reservoirs. Additionally, none of the Aquarion reservoirs are upstream of rivers that flow through the City. Significant progress has been made in these areas, with GI installed on public property and along city roadways. The Zoning Regulations revision will help 25 Minimize the impact of new development See above actions #3, 8, and 22 encourage the same on private properties. Other actions on this list are addressing the Zoning Regulations. Expand the separation of sewer and surface runoff Make additional progress with combined sewer Progress has been made. Additional progress is 26 across more of the City’s water/sewer infrastructure separations and CSO abatement as outlined in plans desired. (i.e., CSO separation). developed in 2018. Ultimately, the Rebuild By Design award did not Implement findings of the Lower West End resiliency Consider retreat from the Cedar Creek shoreline address the Cedar Creek area. Lower West End planning to draw appropriate businesses to the 27 where vacant properties have little probability of resiliency planning with BEDCO and the WECDC was northwest bank of Cedar Creek, such as water‐ expansive redevelopment. completed in 2019 to address the northwest bank of dependent and floodable land uses. Cedar Creek. Continue to remove derelict structures in flood zones OPED and DPF are continuing to demolish or and other areas of high risk; and redevelop or convert 28 Address the number of derelict structures in the City. rehabilitate derelict structures, but additional progress to open space. The target for 2019‐2024 is ten is desired. Carry forward. additional properties. Continue to protect vital transportation infrastructure working with GBT, local, state and federal Agencies as 29 well as providing safe and secure access to and from This is established practice and is updated as needed. Not Applicable transit hubs as preparation for any future storm response and/or evacuation. Continue to implement the recommendations from the Pleasure Beach Master Plan. Phase I work is in Complete; additional efforts will be undertaken as part Complete the components of the "Resilient 30 construction. The City is seeking funding for Phase II of the NDRC award execution. The project is known as Bridgeport" project execution that are scheduled for and hopes to build in more resilience measure into "Resilient Bridgeport." 2019‐2024. plans. Bridgeport Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Complete; additional efforts will be undertaken as part Implement recommendations made by the Seaside of the NDRC award execution through "Resilient 31 See action #30 above. Park flood control study. Bridgeport." Ultimately, the Rebuild by Design award did not address this area. OPED implementing a zoning amendment requiring an Initiate a waterfront recapture program and consider 32 easement along the waterfront so as to provide a Secure waterfront easements as available. waterfront easements. waterfront pathway. Additional execution is desired. Improve drainage as part of road improvement Underway; this is now practice and a new action is not 33 Not Applicable projects. needed. Initiate strategically placed green infrastructure and Significant progress has been made in these areas, roof leader and other building modification projects to with GI installed on public property and along city improve on‐site storm water runoff retention and roadways. The Zoning Regulations revision will help 34 See above actions #3, 8, and 22 infiltration. Continue working to find physical locations encourage the same on private properties. Other for ‘green solutions’ called for in the WPCA Long Term actions on this list are addressing the Zoning Control Plan (LTCP). Regulations and GI installations. This beach is re‐nourished as needed. The action is 35 Protect beach at Seaside Park Not Applicable not needed. 36 Continue to clean catch basins annually. This is an ongoing effort that is funded by the City. Not Applicable

Continue the aggressive street sweeping program and 37 cleaning streets prior to forecasted storms to keep This is an ongoing effort that is funded by the City. Not Applicable storm grates clear and accommodate higher flows.

38 Continue to frequently clean the racks at Bowe Street. This is an ongoing effort that is funded by the City. Not Applicable

Aggressively maintain culverts and remove debris from 39 This is an ongoing effort that is funded by the City. Not Applicable channels along Ash Creek/Rooster River. Use signage and large, visible staffs to indicate depths 40 of water so that vehicles can avoid flooded viaducts This is an ongoing effort that is funded by the City. Not Applicable when necessary. Aggressively maintain culverts and remove debris from 41 channels along Johnson Creek, Pequonnock River, and This is an ongoing effort that is funded by the City. Not Applicable Yellow Mill. Install an automated flood control gate system to measure flooding at viaducts. This system will insure timely police response to close the viaducts and Progress has been hindered by lack of funding and prevent cars from getting stuck. The City has installed staff resources. The City wishes to make progress in Pilot test an automated viaduct closure system for one 42 flood depth signage and posts to indicate the depth of this area and the action is carried forward with a viaduct. water at critical locations to inform motorists to avoid revision to be more specific. flooded viaducts when necessary and has developed well‐marked, color‐coded evacuation routes for residents to follow.

These areas will be addressed as needed. Current 43 Improve beach protection in the Black Rock Area. Not Applicable beach conditions are considered appropriate. Proceed with creation of a storm water detention area at the north end of Roger’s Park. The design phase of 44 the project has been bonded. The project’s scope and Complete Not Applicable fee negotiation for design is anticipated to be complete by the end of 2013. Improve drainage when completing roadway projects 45 This is an ongoing effort that is funded by the City. Not Applicable in the future to address flooded viaducts. Continue the drainage maintenance program for 46 inspections of private drainage facilities to be Ongoing; action not needed. Not Applicable maintained and cleaned. Systematically replace culverts and bridges and This is an ongoing effort that is funded by the City 47 Not Applicable upgrade drainage systems. through the Capital Improvement Plan. Repair/replace the State Street Ext/Commerce Drive Repair/replace the State Street Ext/Commerce Drive Progress has been hindered by lack of funding. Carry 48 Bridge and upgrade the catch basins and drainage Bridge and upgrade the catch basins and drainage forward. system. system. Because the bank consists of privately‐owned parcels, Protect the Cedar Creek bank with bulkheads or other this must be accomplished during redevelopment or 49 Not Applicable creative hard solutions. when existing owners approach the City with proposals. Bridgeport Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Raise the height of two harbor breakwaters to protect Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. This the inner harbor, St. Mary’s at Ash Creek and the very costly project would need significant design and Conduct a feasibility study for increasing the heights of 50 Fayerweather lighthouse breakwater from the reach of permitting efforts. The action is carried forward with a the breakwaters. higher waves and to reduce damage from wave action. revision. Implement physical enhancements of beach protection infrastructure, including breakwaters, Breakwaters are addressed by the City, whereas 51 groins, and hardscape along Seaside Park, in the Black groins, walls, and bulkheads are addresses by property Not Applicable Rock neighborhood and in the lower East Side, as owners. necessary and appropriate. Acquire additional land as needed for the creation of a This action is in relation to Island Brook and Ox Brook. 52 Not Applicable detention area. See revised action #53 below. Implement Flood Control Project to divert 400 cfs from Island Brook at Old Town Road to Ox Brook at Roger’s Park. This flow is to be diverted back to Island Brook Progress has been hindered by lack of funding. Carry Execute design of the flood mitigation project for 53 at Fairview Avenue through a large detention basin at forward with the first phase. Island Brook and Ox Brook. Shriva Park. The final phase of the Ox Brook project will address this issue. In the Northeast section, continue with the Feasibility/Flood Control Study that takes the Progress has been hindered by lack of funding. Carry Execute design of the flood mitigation project for 54 downstream constriction at the GE Property into forward with the first phase. northeast Bridgeport. consideration, and implement recommendations as appropriate. Remove existing bridges at Feroleto Steel and Scofield Avenue and replace with new bridges that increases Refer to Town of Fairfield. Action no longer addressed 55 Not Applicable the base height of the structures and minimizes flood by Bridgeport. impacts. Progress has been made in some of these areas. The Town of Fairfield completed a study in 2019 to Build in extra flood storage at Island Brook, Bruce evaluate options for flood storage in the Rooster River 56 See action #53 for Island Brook/Ox Brook. Brook and Rooster River/Ash Creek. watershed. Bridgeport has installed GIS citywide. Additional progress is desired for Island Brook and Ox Brook as noted above. Replace or maintain the culverts along the Ox Brook to Progress has been hindered by lack of funding. Carry 57 See action #53 for Island Brook/Ox Brook. adequately handle the flow of water. forward with the first phase. Progress has varied along the Yellow Mill Channel. Privately‐owned sections have been addressed (i.e., at Pursue funds for design of a demonstration project for Increase, and in some cases introduce, bank protection 58 the Bass Pro Shop property). City‐owned sections green coastal bank protection opportunities along the along the Yellow Mill Channel. have been evaluated (i.e. in the Regional Framework Yellow Mill Channel. for Coastal Resilience). Additional progress is desired. The southern portion of the road was elevated for the Consider elevating Waterview Avenue, especially in 59 Steel Point project. The northern section will not be Not Applicable connection with redevelopment projects. elevated. The currently plan for this road is to allow is to be Allow Barnum Boulevard to be submerged during a 60 submerged during coastal flood events that exceed the Not Applicable storm surge. road elevation. Recent planning efforts on both sides of Cedar Creek Consider elevating the road and parking lots in the have been predicated on an assumption that roads 61 Cedar Creek area, especially in connection with will not be elevated. Property‐specific options and Not Applicable redevelopment projects. limited use of flood protection systems will be considered on a case‐by‐case basis.

At the present time, the only roads contemplated for Elevate low‐lying roads, including the south end of elevation are those identified as such in the "Resilient 62 Seaview Avenue, Waterview Avenue, Seabright Bridgeport" project area. The City will continue to Not Applicable Avenue and Gilman Street. look for opportunities to elevate roads, but none are proposed at this time. Raise the electrical boxes at Seaside Park in areas Progress has been made but this is not yet complete. Raise the remaining unmitigated electrical boxes at 63 vulnerable to flooding. Some of this has occurred Carry forward. Seaside Park in areas vulnerable to flooding. following Super Storm Sandy. Bridgeport Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Potential hurricane barrier locations for Cedar Creek were initially identified in the Rebuild By Design Protect the banks along Cedar Creek and upstream of competition, but they are not part of the project at Black Rock Harbor with construction of a hurricane this time. Lower West End planning (completed in 64 barrier, bulkheads and other hardscape and elevated 2019) was predicated on an assumption that a See action #27 above. streets and parking lots in vicinity of or adjacent to hurricane barrier was unlikely to be feasible, and Cedar Creek. therefore the focus for this area is to attract businesses that can tolerate flooding and businesses that will address the bank of Cedar Creek. Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. This very costly project would need significant design and Conduct a feasibility study for increasing the heights of 65 Upgrade the Bridgeport Harbor Seawall. permitting efforts. The action is carried forward with a the seawalls. revision. The approach for flood mitigation in the Rooster River/Ash Creek area has been more recently focused Upgrade improvements along Ash Creek/Rooster River on reducing flood flows by identifying areas for flood 66 Not Applicable from a 50‐year storm to 100‐year storm. storage (Town of Fairfield completed a study in 2019) and installing GI in Bridgeport. This action is not needed. CTDOT owns this land and Metro North is the operator. Over the long‐term, DOT involvement will Encourage the owner of the rail line to raise the grade 67 be needed. An action is not needed for the five‐year Not Applicable of the railroad. timeframe of this edition of the hazard mitigation plan. Because this dam is privately‐owned, the City cannot 68 Replace the Charcoal Pond dam (private). make progress in this matter. CT DEEP involvement Not Applicable will address the dam. The Town of Stratford is continuing to make progress Continue to work with the Town of Stratford to Realign Bruce Brook and soften the bends from Sage with Bruce Brook. The Bruce Brook CLOMR at Barnum 69 complete the Bruce Brook improvements near Barnum Street to Bowe Street. Avenue is still underway. Action will be carried Avenue. forward with revision. This action is no longer being pursued due to potential Create dike and pumping system for low‐lying areas 70 costs vs. benefits. Other flood mitigation efforts will Not Applicable along Ash Creek/Rooster River. be pursued if needed. 71 Continue to monitor the replaced dam at Lake Forest. Ongoing; action not needed. Not Applicable

Potential hurricane barrier locations for Cedar Creek were initially identified in the Rebuild By Design competition, but they are not part of the project at this time. Lower West End planning (completed in 2019) was predicated on an assumption that a Install a hurricane barrier to connect Black Rock to hurricane barrier was unlikely to be feasible, and 72 Seaside Park to minimize storm surge and act as a See action #27 above. therefore the focus for this area is to attract flood control gate. businesses that can tolerate flooding and businesses that will address the bank of Cedar Creek. Seaside Park improvements on the southeast side of Cedar Creek will continue to be made resilient to coastal flood events.

Over the long‐term, DOT involvement will be needed. As part of Barnum Station project, the City will be Reconstruct New Haven rail line bridges over city Execute the design to address drainage and flooding at 73 addressing drainage/flooding at Seaview Avenue. This streets to prevent flooding. Seaview Avenue where it crosses the railroad line. project is in early design phases and the responsible department is OPED/PF. Natural Systems Protection 74 Preserve open space and wetlands in high risk areas. Ongoing; action not needed. Not Applicable Utilize GIS to map open space, wetlands and 75 Ongoing; action not needed. Not Applicable ecologically valuable areas. Progress has been slow but continues. The Regional Framework for Coastal Resilience identified potential Pursue funds for design of a demonstration project for Protect and restore natural buffers, natural systems on coastal green infrastructure and living shoreline sites. 76 green coastal enhancement and restoration the watershed and full coastline scales Individual sites have been partly addressed (i.e. opportunities (similar to action #58 above). Johnson Creek design for a living shoreline). Additional progress is desired. Bridgeport Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Acquire open space in high risk areas. Identify and Progress has been impeded by lack of staff resources. seek further conservation through acquisition of Carry Forward with revisions, but defer the marsh 77 Identify open space to acquire in high risk areas. marsh “Advancement Zones” and riparian corridor advancement zone portion of the action to action #78 restoration projects throughout the City. below.

Implement the recommendations from the Select one recommendation from the Pequonnock Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. Carry 78 Pequonnock River Watershed Plan to improve water River Watershed Plan to improve water quality and Forward with revision. quality and alleviate flooding. alleviate flooding, and secure funding. Implement the recommendations from the Rooster Select one recommendation from the Rooster River Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. Carry 79 River Watershed Plan to improve water quality and Watershed Plan to improve water quality and alleviate Forward with revision. alleviate flooding. flooding, and secure funding. This beach is re‐nourished as needed. The action is 80 Plan for beach nourishment at Seaside Park. Not Applicable not needed. Dune restoration projects will be identified as needed 81 Implement dune restoration projects. Not Applicable in future editions of the hazard mitigation plan.

Promote conservation and management of open spaces and wetlands within sea level rise areas. Progress has been made in this area as described 82 Restore and protect natural systems in Bridgeport See actions #58, 76, 77, and 80. above. Several mitigation actions will address this. including replanting the Remington Woods riparian zone, Pleasure Beach and along Ash Creek. Identify parcels within the marsh advancement zone Identify parcels within potential marsh advancement that could be acquired, including properties along Progress has been impeded by lack of staffing. Carry zones that may be acquired, including properties along 83 Cedar Creek that have low potential for Forward with revision. Cedar Creek that have low potential for redevelopment. redevelopment. Complete the components of the "Resilient Introduce land forms to minimize vulnerability to The South End neighborhood is being addressed by 84 Bridgeport" project execution that are scheduled for storm surge in the South End community. the NDRC funding and "Resilient Bridgeport" project. 2019‐2024. Identify potential areas of erosion along Ash Creek Progress has been impeded by lack of staffing and 85 Mitigate erosion from flooding at Ash Creek. that may require mitigation, and secure funding for funding. Carry Forward with revision. feasibility studies. Education & Awareness Implement outreach programs to educate citizens Implement outreach programs to educate citizens regarding flood management ordinances, flood Progress has been hindered due to lack of staffing regarding flood management ordinances, flood 86 insurance programs, and other flood relevant issues, resources. If the City enters the CRS program, these insurance programs, and other flood relevant issues, including creditable activities in the CRS program and actions may enhance the City's rating. Carry forward. including creditable activities in the CRS program and GIS. GIS. Increase community awareness and preparedness Increase community awareness and preparedness through education and outreach via the religious Progress has been hindered due to lack of staffing through education and outreach via the religious 87 community, public libraries and higher education and resources. If the City enters the CRS program, these community, public libraries and higher education and implement neighborhood specific emergency and actions may enhance the City's rating. Carry forward. implement neighborhood specific emergency and communications plans. communications plans. Finalize specific neighborhood plans for emergency management and communications and implement Finalize specific neighborhood plans for emergency plan provisions. Each plan should be translated into Progress has been hindered due to lack of staffing management and communications and implement 88 the top five languages spoken in the City of Bridgeport. resources. If the City enters the CRS program, these plan provisions. Each plan should be translated into The 2013 Clean Air Cool Planet fellow developed draft actions may enhance the City's rating. Carry forward. the top five languages spoken in the City of Bridgeport. versions of Neighborhood Plans for the 3 coastal neighborhoods.

Increase education and communications on response Progress has been hindered due to lack of staffing Increase education and communications on response 89 procedures for residents of high density public housing resources. If the City enters the CRS program, these procedures for residents of high density public housing areas, especially those located in the coastal area. actions may enhance the City's rating. Carry forward. areas, especially those located in the coastal area.

Assess/augment local areas of the public refuge Progress has been hindered due to lack of staffing Assess/augment local areas of the public refuge 90 system across the City and ensure residents are aware resources. If the City enters the CRS program, these system across the City and ensure residents are aware of uses and procedures during emergencies. actions may enhance the City's rating. Carry forward. of uses and procedures during emergencies.

Progress has been hindered due to lack of staffing 91 Encourage homeowners to purchase flood insurance. resources. If the City enters the CRS program, these Encourage homeowners to purchase flood insurance. actions may enhance the City's rating. Carry forward. Help reduce the disbursement of toxic substances Proactively reduce the disbursement of toxic Progress has been hindered due to lack of staffing 92 from ﬂooded homes and facilities by conducting substances from ﬂooded homes and facilities. resources. Carry forward with revision. outreach regarding this topic. Strengthen existing communication systems with new technology to ensure widespread and rapid alert and 93 This is mostly complete and established practice. Not Applicable continue implementing a Reverse 9‐1‐1 system to alert residents in the case of impending floods Bridgeport Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Emergency Services Continue to follow the State Debris Management Plans and FEMA Regulations regarding coordinated post‐ 94 This is established practice and is a City capability. Not Applicable disaster clean‐up and contamination remediation efforts. In high density and public housing developments, In high density and public housing developments, post address evacuation routes, communication, Progress has been hindered due to lack of staffing 95 the evacuation routes, enhance communication, and transportation needs and the age of basement resources. Carry forward with revision. evaluate additional transportation needs. utilities. Additional snow removal equipment, such as back Additional equipment is acquired as needed and in 96 hoes and plows is needed for severe winter storms, Not Applicable accordance with the City's capital planning. such as Nemo. Reassess current capacity and needs of sheltering, cooling and medical network across City as well as The City has identified mass care shelters and Once during the timeframe of this plan update, assess adjoining municipalities in the Greater Bridgeport cooling/warming centers, and is discussing a regional capacities and needs of sheltering, cooling, and 97 Region. The City has pre‐identified mass care shelters, approach to mass care sheltering. Additional progress medical network across City as well as adjoining cooling/warming centers, and are discussing a regional is desired. municipalities in the Greater Bridgeport Region. approach to mass care sheltering. Install a warning siren system in areas vulnerable to Secure funding to install a warning siren system in Progress has been hindered by lack of funding. Carry 98 inland and coastal flooding to alert residents to areas vulnerable to inland and coastal flooding to alert forward. evacuate. residents to evacuate. Continue to increase the effectiveness of the current emergency communication system and infrastructure with residents (i.e., communication trees) and 99 This is established practice and is a City capability. Not Applicable commuters. Reassess effectiveness and shortfalls of emergency systems and infrastructure after major events. Implement a system for the GPS tracking of trucks 100 Complete Not Applicable used for snow removal and cleanup. These items have been scoped by the Public Facilities and Emergency Management departments to In coastal and low‐lying areas, raise/repair bridges for understand costs, prioritization and phasing. Pursue funding to complete a feasibility study for 101 evacuation routes, viaducts for pumping stations and Coordination with state agencies may be necessary. raising bridges and their connecting roads in one back up generators. Additional progress is desired for the bridges. specific pilot area. Viaducts and generators are addressed elsewhere in this table. Upgrade Emergency Operations Center equipment to Secure funding to upgrade Emergency Operations include a complete camera board for Situational Progress has been hindered by lack of funding. Carry Center equipment to include a complete camera 102 Awareness and display board for public facilities forward. board for situational awareness and display board for equipment tracking. public facilities equipment tracking. Update and integrate new technology across multiple platforms within the City, State and Federal storm 103 Complete Not Applicable response activities and provide additional training to staff. Secure funding to install a camera system to more Install a camera system to more thoroughly Progress has been hindered by lack of funding. Carry 104 thoroughly understand storm surge and to enhance understand storm surge and to enhance evacuation. forward. evacuation. Develop an annex to the All Hazards Emergency Operations Plan to specify police, fire and public facilities protocols for varying levels of snowfall. The 105 Complete Not Applicable City conducted a study of management operations following the 2013 Nemo Snowstorm and is working to increase mapping and emergency response protocols. Easton Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Prevention

Ongoing. Priority lists are maintained for trees. The Develop a tree management plan to prioritize actions 1 more significant challenge is Emerald Ash Borer. Not Applicable and tree removal due to the white pine infestation. Action can be removed in favor of #2 below.

Carry forward with revision. Priority lists are Increase funding for the routine tree maintenance and Implement a routine tree maintenance and inspection 2 maintained for trees. The more significant challenge is inspection program and remove a greater number of program and remove hazardous trees and branches. Emerald Ash Borer. hazardous trees and branches each year. Property Protection/Structural Improve the culverts under Morehouse Road that Both culvert replacements have been completed as of 3 Not Applicable carry Morehouse Brook and Cricker Brook. fall 2018. Consider elevating Morehouse Road in the vicinity of This has been considered and the Town does not 4 its crossing over Morehouse Brook at Morning Glory believe it is necessary given the other work that has Not Applicable Drive been conducted. Erect signs and install barricades at Silver Hill Road and 5 at Wells Hill Road where they cross the Aspetuck River Ongoing capability. Not Applicable to prevent access during floods. Erect signs and install barricades at Beers Road where The culvert capacity has been doubled at this location 6 it crosses the East Branch of Cricker Brook to prevent Not Applicable and the action is no longer needed. access during floods. Maintain the Emergency Telecom/Center Road area to 7 Ongoing capability. Not Applicable keep clear of debris and vegetation. Consider elevating Beers Road where it crosses the The culvert capacity has been doubled at this location 8 Not Applicable East Branch of Cricker Brook. and the action is no longer needed. Public Education & Awareness Ongoing capability. The Senior Center is used to Educate the dispersed elderly population on responses 9 distribute information and ensure that these efforts Not Applicable during disasters. are reaching as many people as possible. Emergency Services Complete. The Town utilizes a Reverse 911 system. Improve warning of residents that would be isolated 10 This area was handled with direct outreach during the Not Applicable by flooding along Morehouse Brook at Pond Road September 2018 flood event. Complete. The Town utilizes a Reverse 911 system. Improve warning of residents that would be isolated 11 This area was handled with direct outreach during the Not Applicable by flooding along Morehouse Brook at Dogwood Drive September 2018 flood event. Improve warning of residents that may become Complete. The Town utilizes a Reverse 911 system. 12 isolated by downed trees during an extreme weather Furthermore, this would be accomplished by direct Not Applicable event. outreach such as telephone calls. Fairfield Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Prevention Enroll Fairfield in FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS) program to improve resilience and lower flood 1 Complete Not Applicable insurance premiums for residents and private entities in the National Flood Insurance Program. 2 Develop a tree cutting and maintenance plan. Complete Not Applicable 3 Require underground utilities on new streets. Complete Not Applicable Consider adopting standards to require two or more One foot of freeboard is required per Zoning 4 feet of freeboard when developing or redeveloping Regulations and is consistent with the State Building Not Applicable structures in tidally influenced floodplains. Code. Action can be retired. Complete. The POCD is being updated for adoption in Integrate hazard mitigation plans and policies into town 2020 and the Town follows the State Building Code, 5 building codes, planning and zoning regulations, and Not Applicable which was amended in 2018 with important flood the Town’s Plan of Conservation and Development. hazard mitigation components.

Significant progress has been made including the Flood and Erosion Control Board's Flood Mitigation Plan, the Develop a comprehensive protective infrastructure Regional Framework for Coastal Resilience (resulting in analysis of the Town’s coast and waterways that a conceptual design for a dune ridge in the area south 6 incorporates natural infrastructure (salt marshes, of Penfield Beach), and the Riverside Drive/Ash Creek Not Applicable beaches, dunes and floodplains) and existing flood protection system plan. In addition, the U.S. engineered infrastructure. Army Corps of Engineers continues to evaluate flood protection for Fairfield. Future actions may include pursuing individual findings and conceptual designs.

Reassess the viability and cost‐benefit of direct future As noted above for #6, significant progress has been capital investment in the coastal floodplain as an made. The Town evaluates individual segments of 7 Not Applicable immediate and longer‐term, proactive risk reduction green infrastructure and flood protection as funds and action. time allow. Consider expanding town‐wide energy efficiency The Clean Energy Task Force was established and meets 8 policies and building codes with the goal of Not Applicable on a monthly basis to identify and pursue actions. substantially reducing Fairfield’s carbon footprint.

Increase design standards for tidal flood control The Town has proceeded with design of two tide gate structures and improve inspection and maintenance system replacements, taking future conditions into Secure funds and proceed with construction of the 9 requirements to avoid failures during future coastal consideration as well as manual and automatic controls Riverside Drive tide gate system. storm events. to ensure that they remain operational. Complete. Significant progress has been made Assess the current conditions and potential impact subsequent to the State dam safety regulations of 2014‐ Ensure that dam failure EAPs are on file at the Town 10 from catastrophic dam failure; assess previous 2015. Dam failure EAPs are available for all Class B and Hall and with the Emergency Management inundation contingency plans. C dams, and these include detailed inundation mapping Department. and procedures. Develop a better debris management plan with designated lead for flood control structures before and 11 Complete Not Applicable after extreme events, particularly for the 28 town‐ owned and three state‐owned tide gates in Fairfield.

Complete. The POCD is being updated for adoption in Modify and integrate building codes, land use policies, 2020 and the Town follows the State Building Code, and zoning regulations to minimize the exposure to sea which was amended in 2018 with important flood 12 level rise, storm surge, and inland flooding of existing Not Applicable hazard mitigation components. Furthermore, Public and future development, infrastructure, critical Act 18‐82 codified additional resilience measures for facilities, and natural resources. State‐funded critical infrastructure and facilities. Progress has been made. Most recently, the dike Assess the safety and viability of existing water and around the WWTP has been addressed. Water system 13 Not Applicable sewer infrastructure in the coastal flood zone. infrastructure is owned by Aquarion Water Company and not addressed by the Town. Significant progress has been made including the Riverside Drive/Ash Creek flood protection system plan Break into two actions: (1) Advance the South Benson Prepare an action plan to reduce the susceptibility of which addresses how storm surge affects this area; and Road pumping station to final design and construction. the low lying Fairfield Beach area to storm surges from the South Benson Road pumping station which has (2) Pursue an executable phase of the Riverside 14 Long Island Sound. Specifically the Plan should address been designed and would pump stormwater and Drive/Ash Creek flood protection system by focusing on the feasibility of installing a “hurricane barrier” and a coastal waters from the area north of Fairfield Beach. design of a segment that affects only Town‐owned storm water pump station. Future phases will include securing funds for land. construction of the pumping station. Fairfield Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable The reassessment has been completed and the Town Reassess long‐term viability of the wastewater elected to continue supporting the current location. treatment facility and determine the feasibility of The WWTP dike project is underway with completion in Secure funds for a microgrid at the WWTP to include 15 hardening and flood proofing the existing structure 2019. A microgrid has been proposed for the WWTP, adjacent and nearby municipal buildings. versus siting a new facility in a lower risk area. animal shelter, and other municipal buildings in the vicinity. Consideration of sea level rise and the former Federal Reassess the capacity of existing flood control Flood Risk Management Standard was a key structures (berms/dikes, tide gates, culverts, dams, 16 component of the Riverside Drive/Ash Creek study and Not Applicable reservoirs) in light of accelerating rates of sea level rise conceptual plan. The Town has the capability to use and likelihood of more significant precipitation events. this approach on future evaluations. Public Act 18‐82 has addressed this and codified Factor sea level rise into all critical infrastructure, considerations for State‐funded critical actions and development plans, and public amenity improvements critical facilities. The Town can use the same approach 17 and consider planning for a worse‐case scenario based for Town‐funded projects. Even prior to Public Act 18‐ Not Applicable on a 0.2% storm event or flood or a Category‐3 82, the Town considered sea level rise in the WWTP Hurricane. dike project and the Riverside Drive/Ash Creek study and plan. Property Protection Strategically consider the acquisition of chronically Some progress has been made with potential property flood prone and repetitive loss properties, as well as acquisitions using FEMA grants and private funds. those properties that can assist in the implementation 18 Additional progress will likely be made as a result of Not Applicable of flood drainage improvements to protect against CRS participation, which will require and enable annual storm surge or to allow flood waters to recede after a outreach to properties in RL areas. flood event. Address equipment in library basements to prepare for This project has been funded and is pending. Carry Address equipment in library basements to prepare for 19 when flooding occurs. forward. when flooding occurs. Significant progress has been made. Over 50 home elevations were funded by HMGP, and numerous Encourage home elevations for properties below the elevations have been pursued by property owners 20 base flood elevation to comply with or exceed the Not Applicable using their own funds. The Town has demonstrated standards of the National Flood Insurance Program. capacity to administer these projects and the action does not need to be carried forward. The Town has adopted one foot of freeboard to be Promote elevating private properties in the flood consistent with the State Building Code. FEMA‐funded 21 hazard zones to the required base flood elevations plus elevations will be performed with additional freeboard Not Applicable a 2‐to‐3 foot freeboard above the base levels. as required by the State. The intent of this action has been met.

Ensure that the design criteria for future structures in Progress has been made through several efforts. A the coastal floodplain include a determination of the policy discussion was included in the POCD Update. probable factors of obsolescence during the structure’s 22 State‐funded or assisted projects will be subject to Not Applicable lifespan so that the design‐service‐life and value of a Public Act 18‐82 which codified standards for resilient structure approximate the time when sea level rise or critical activities and actions. other factors would render the structure obsolete.

Structural Install flood protection and harden existing berms to Complete for the WWTP. Other berms in the area of 23 protect critical municipal facilities, including the the WWTP such as the Pine Creek dike system are Not Applicable wastewater treatment plant and pump station. being studied by the Army Corps of Engineers. Raise the berm around the wastewater treatment 24 Complete Not Applicable plant. Install storm water pump stations and upgrade storm As noted above for #14, design of the South Benson systems to keep up with rising sea levels, especially in Advance the South Benson Road pumping station to 25 Road pumping station has been completed. Additional the area bounded by Old Post Road, Fairfield Beach final design and construction. progress is desired. Carry forward with revision. Road, Reef Road and South Benson Road.

Increase the height of the dike along Pine Creek by 2’ to 3’ to provide additional protection for several hundred Coordinate with the Army Corps of Engineers to homes, the sanitary sewer pump station, the municipal The Pine Creek dike system is being studied by the 26 determine a feasible option for future improvements to athletic complex, and Town roads. This project will also Army Corps of Engineers. the dike system. reduce potential flooding from a FEMA‐defined 1% storm. The Town completed an assessment of five municipal Secure funds for beach nourishment in accordance with 27 Consider increasing beach nourishment. beaches and conceptual design for developing the engineered beach study and design. engineered beaches. Fairfield Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable See #9: Secure funds and proceed with construction of As noted above for #9, the Town has proceeded with the Riverside Drive tide gate system. See #26: design of two tide gate system replacements, taking Coordinate with the Army Corps of Engineers to future conditions into consideration as well as manual Improve and elevate tide gates and dikes to keep up determine a feasible option for future improvements to 28 and automatic controls to ensure that they remain with rising sea levels. the dike system. See #14: Pursue an executable phase operational. Regarding dikes, the Town plans to ensure of the Riverside Drive/Ash Creek flood protection that new flood protection systems (if constructed) will system by focusing on design of a segment that affects take sea level rise into account. only Town‐owned land.

Address the continued periodic tidal flooding of streets This action is focused on ensuring that rapid draining of and properties in the coastal flood plain by making flooded areas will occur after flooding. Significant concerted efforts to design, construct, and maintain progress has been made relative to new tide gates and flood relief and drainage structures (e.g., dikes, tide 29 the South Benson Road pumping station as noted Refer to above carried forward and revised actions gates, detention and natural marsh basins, storm above. If additional projects are identified in the next sewers and natural channels) to ensure the discharge five years, the Town will incorporate them into the next of flood waters during the receding tidal cycles edition of this plan. immediately following the flood event.

Continue to maintain flood gates on the McLevy This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 30 Not Applicable property. removed.

Continue to keep debris clear of drainage systems; plan This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 31 Not Applicable for improvement/implementing routine management. removed. Progress has been made and this action has been 32 Waterproof manhole covers. incorporated as a Public Works capability. The action Not Applicable can be removed. Continue to perform culvert maintenance and debris This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 33 removal in the Rooster River, Ash Creek/Royal Avenue Not Applicable removed. and Camden Street areas. Relocate the sanitary sewer transmission truck line This project is underway. Carry forward for Relocate the sanitary sewer transmission truck lines 34 from the flood prone Rooster River and Ash Creek completion. from areas of significant flood risk. corridor. The Town has made significant progress through ongoing reviews of development proposals and Encourage green development and rehabilitation of Secure funds for execution of a portion of the completion of the Downtown Green Infrastructure 35 existing impervious structures to reduce runoff Downtown Green Infrastructure Study and Conceptual Study and Conceptual Plan in 2018. Carry forward with generated in urbanized areas. Plan. revision to ensure progress resulting from the study and plan. As noted immediately above, the Town has made Explore building modifications, use of pervious road significant progress through ongoing reviews of Secure funds for execution of a portion of the materials and green infrastructure designs to improve development proposals and completion of the 36 Downtown Green Infrastructure Study and Conceptual on‐site storm water retention and reduce storm water Downtown Green Infrastructure Study and Conceptual Plan. inflows into Fairfield’s wastewater treatment system. Plan in 2018. Carry forward with revision to ensure progress resulting from the study and plan

Prior to a storm, lower the volume of water in the This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 37 Not Applicable wastewater treatment plant to increase capacity. removed. Design culverts for a 50‐year or 100‐year storm in the Allocate funds for replacements of culverts to alleviate Study and design has been completed for some areas. 38 Rooster River, Ash Creek/Royal Avenue and Camden flooding in the Rooster River, Royal Avenue, and Carry forward with revision. Street areas. Camden Street areas. Determine whether the culvert at Merwins Lane can be 39 Consider improving the culvert at Merwins Lane. Additional progress is desired. Carry forward. replaced to increase capacity. Evaluate methods to increase storage or improve A flood detention/storage study was completed in 2019 Identify the next steps to set aside land for 40 drainage to alleviate flooding downstream of the to augment previous studies in the Rooster River detention/watershed storage in the Rooster River Fairchild Wheeler golf course. watershed. Carry forward with revision. watershed.

As noted above for #35, the Town has made significant Install on site detention, relay new storm lines, progress through ongoing reviews of development incorporate bioswales and/or rain gardens in Secure funds for execution of a portion of the proposals and completion of the Downtown Green 41 developed areas to help reduce or redirect runoff that Downtown Green Infrastructure Study and Conceptual Infrastructure Study and Conceptual Plan in 2018. contributes to flooding. For example, in the Fairfield Plan. Carry forward with revision to ensure progress resulting Center and Railroad parking lot. from the study and plan. Continue to maintain/improve critical culverts and This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 42 associated outlets/swales to remove debris, especially Not Applicable removed. in advance of storms. Fairfield Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Some progress has been made in the past, with two Conduct a feasibility study for elevating Fairfield Beach Elevate Fairfield Beach Road as needed to keep up with sections elevated, but significant buy‐in from property 43 Road, including public outreach and incorporation of rising sea levels. owners will be needed for future efforts. The action public input. will be carried forward with revision.

See #6 above. This action is essentially the same, but calls for a dike system rather than alternate approaches. Significant progress has been made including the Flood and Erosion Control Board's Flood Extend the dike system along the shoreline from the Mitigation Plan, the Regional Framework for Coastal Riverside Drive and Post Road area to Sasco Hill. Resilience (resulting in a conceptual design for a dune 44 Not Applicable Obtain easements to extend and complete the system ridge in the area south of Penfield Beach), and the in areas where it does not presently exist. Riverside Drive/Ash Creek flood protection system plan. In addition, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers continues to evaluate flood protection for Fairfield. Future actions may include pursuing individual findings and conceptual designs.

Extend the dike in Southport along Harbor Road in the Conduct a study to determine the feasibility of 45 Additional progress is desired. Carry forward. AE flood zone. extending the dike in Southport along Harbor Road.

The Town has determined that modifying the drainage systems on these roads may not be feasible. In lieu of Improve the drainage system in the Downtown area, 46 modifying drainage systems, the Town will be pursuing Not Applicable along Sanford and Reef Roads green infrastructure in the downtown area that drains to these systems as noted above.

Incorporate drainage improvements and best 47 management practices to the Grasmere Brook ?? watershed to reduce flooding.

This action cannot be achieved until the initial steps toward feasibility studies and designs are completed. Consider acquisition of properties where it is prudent 48 Property acquisitions would be beyond the timeframe Not Applicable and feasible to extend and construct the dike system. of this plan. The action should be removed in favor of the other actions listed above. Determine the feasibility of installing pumping stations Install pump stations to address flooding in the This action will require ongoing coordination with the 49 beneath the railroad underpasses to remove underpasses of New Haven rail line bridges. owner of the railroad. Carry forward with revision. floodwaters. 50 Expand and repair flood gates along the Mill River. ? ?

Consider increasing the approved bulkhead elevation Property owners along the bulkhead are opposed. The 51 Not Applicable along Pine Creek to account for sea level rise. action can be removed. Refer to #43 above. Some progress has been made in Consider elevating all roads within the AE and VE flood the past, but significant buy‐in from property owners 52 zones, including Fairfield Beach Road and surrounding will be needed for future efforts. The action will be Not Applicable neighborhoods. retired in favor of the action listed above for Fairfield Beach Road. Implement a dike system in the Rooster River, Holland A flood protection system is not believed feasible due 53 Street, Ash Creek/Royal Avenue and Camden Street to the limited space available. Other options will be Not Applicable areas. pursued here. Consider elevating Merwins Lane. This would require This action is no longer desired as a method of 54 Not Applicable the abutting property owner’s permission and permits. addressing flood risk. The action can be dropped. This action will require coordination with the owner of Reconstruct New Haven rail line bridges over town the railroad, Metro North, and Amtrak beyond the 55 streets to prevent flooding, including at North Pine Not Applicable timeframe of this plan. Future editions of the plan will Creek Road, Mill Plain Road, and Round Hill Road. address this. Reconstruct and expand the culvert conveying Ash A flood detention/storage study was completed in 2019 Creek and Rooster River under I‐95 to reduce flooding to augment previous studies in the Rooster River in the Camden Street and Royal Avenue neighborhoods 56 watershed. The Town plans to pursue these types of Not Applicable and to meet a 1% storm event. Include other local flood mitigation methods rather than upsizing the I‐95 bridges on Rooster River in this project, so as to culverts. increase hydraulic capacity and reduce flooding. Fairfield Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable

Improve and install flood control outlet pipes and tide Complete, although additional projects are planned as 57 gates along Pine Creek and Ash Creek to increase the Not Applicable noted above. removal of flood waters.

Natural Systems Protection Select one action from the Rooster River Watershed Some progress has been made with actions listed in the Incorporate improvements listed in the Rooster River Management Plan and secure funding for its execution. 58 watershed management plan. Revise for more Watershed based Plan. Focus on an action that has multiple hazard mitigation specificity. benefits. Implement a comprehensive tree health, maintenance, 59 and removal plan to reduce the number of downed Complete Not Applicable trees and limbs during a storm event. Update the Town’s Plan of Conservation and Development to include riparian corridor restoration as The update is underway with a planned adoption in 60 well as acquisitions of open space and marsh Not Applicable 2020. This is being incorporated. advancement zones for storm surge defense and floodwater storage. Significant progress has been made. For example, tidal Protect and restore natural systems (salt marshes, wetlands along Reef Road were restored in 2017. The beaches, dunes, floodplains/riparian areas, forested Town participated in the Regional Framework for Conduct outreach and feasibility study for the 61 lands) on both watershed and full coastline scales, as Coastal Resilience (2015‐2017) to identify specific green conceptual dune ridge design that addresses the well as diked and isolated wetlands to better withstand coastal infrastructure opportunities such as living Penfield/Shoal Point area. and absorb storm surges and flooding. shorelines and beach/dune creation and restoration. Additional progress is desired.

Renourish engineered beaches, Town and private As noted above for #27, the Town completed an Secure funds for beach nourishment in accordance with 62 beaches after storm events, including Fairfield Beach, assessment of five municipal beaches and conceptual the engineered beach study and design. Jennings Beach, Sasco Hill Beach and Southport Beach. design for developing engineered beaches.

Restore upland storm water discharges in Pine Creek to their historical locations around the marsh and thereby 63 utilize the large acre‐foot‐volume of storage capacity of ?? the diked marshes with tide gates closed during storms to detain floodwaters during a high tide and heavy rain. Education & Awareness Progress has been made and the CERT is active. Refer Train and equip neighborhood storm response teams Train and equip neighborhood storm response teams to (i.e., CERT), especially in neighborhoods that have in (i.e., CERT), especially in neighborhoods that have in https://www.fairfieldct.org/content/15561/12843/178 64 the past been cut off from emergency services by the past been cut off from emergency services by 68.aspx. Additional progress is desired. CRS floodwaters or downed trees, as well as to assist lower‐ floodwaters or downed trees, as well as to assist lower‐ participation will encourage progress with this action. income populations. income populations. Carry forward. Ensure that residents are aware of the location and operations of emergency shelters, warming/cooling This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 65 Not Applicable centers, and charging stations and establish procedures removed. for their use via routine notifications

Communicate with residents about the importance of This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 66 Not Applicable removing debris in marshes after storms. removed. Some progress has been made. Carry forward with Develop tree planting guidelines that are aligned with 67 Develop tree planting guidelines. revision. hazard mitigation goals. Improve warning of residents that may become This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 68 isolated by downed trees during an extreme weather Not Applicable removed. event. Utilize GIS to inform responders and residents during a This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 69 Not Applicable severe weather event, or in the event of an evacuation. removed. Erect signs and install barricades on Merwins Lane to 70 encourage residents to take alternate routes during Conducted on an as‐needed basis. Not Applicable flooding events. Emergency Services Address road access by prioritizing snow clearing during This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 71 storms, providing water pump‐outs during flooding and Not Applicable removed. identifying alternate routes to closed‐off areas.

Reassess needs and capacity for shelters, This is regularly conducted, and is an ongoing 72 Not Applicable warming/cooling centers, and charging stations. capability. The action can be removed.

Continue use of pre‐disaster communications (code This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 73 Not Applicable red), social media and EOC communications. removed. Fairfield Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable The Town has an agreement with the Senior Center for Use vehicles (school buses, etc.) to transport bus transport, and acquired an Army transport truck for 74 Not Applicable vulnerable, senior and disabled populations to shelters. evacuations. The action is considered complete and can be removed. Protect/ flood‐proof town services and data. Develop a This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 75 plan for stockpiling food, water and gas in case of Not Applicable removed. emergencies. Identify demographics so as to plan to prevent shut‐ins This is regularly conducted, and is an ongoing 76 Not Applicable during emergency events. capability. The action can be removed. Significant progress has been made working with UI. 77 Clarify relationship with UI for downed power lines. Not Applicable This action can be removed. The Town has identified these potential access problems and focuses on notifications and evacuations Identify vulnerable neighborhood egress chokepoints to address sections that cannot be kept open. Future and identify alternate access routes to neighborhoods projects include some road elevations as noted above Conduct a feasibility study for elevating Turney Road, 78 and facilities when those chokepoints are not passable; (for Fairfield Beach Road). Turney Road is another including public outreach and incorporation of public harden and flood proof these chokepoints as necessary possible corridor of interest. Elevating Turney Road input. to ensure they remain open. was partly addressed during the public engagement associated with the Riverside Drive/Ash Creek flood protection study and conceptual plan. Reinstitute the Fairfield University and Sacred Heart Agreements are in place and this is an ongoing 79 Not Applicable University MOU with EOC. capability. The action can be removed. Build redundancies into EOC/EEC emergency communications systems and networks to ensure continuity of communications between town This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 80 Not Applicable emergency services and residents. Utilize existing removed. community networks (churches, etc.) as supplements to “technological” methods of communication.

Provide and install generators to senior housing Provide and install generators to senior housing Progress has been hindered by lack of funding. Carry 81 complexes and other complexes that serve vulnerable complexes and other complexes that serve vulnerable forward. populations to allow them to shelter in place. populations to allow them to shelter in place. Provide adequate generators to evacuation facilities 82 (Ludlowe High School, Warde High School and Ludlowe Complete Not Applicable Middle School). Ensure Emergency Operation Plans of private dam The State's revisions to dam safety regulations in 2014 facilities are adequate, including Aquarion Water Ensure that the current EAPs are filed with pertinent 83 has resulted in new Emergency Action Plans (EAPs) for Company facilities at Aspetuck Reservoir and Hemlock Town departments. Class B and C dams. Complete. Reservoir. Enter into a mutual aid agreement with long term care 84 Complete Not Applicable facilities to share generators during an evacuation. Provide water/ice/showers for owners of private This is an ongoing capability. The action can be 85 Not Applicable systems without power. removed. Ensure the ability of cell phone towers to generate Significant progress has been made in tower coverage 86 power; talk to cell companies about generation/ Not Applicable and redundancy. disaster recovery plans. Consider alternate locations for ECC and EOC during 87 Complete; Fairfield University is an alternate location. Not Applicable weather events Complete. A microgrid has been installed and IT equipment relocation is being executed. The microgrid Expand the energy reliability of critical Town facilities, can provide electricity for critical services at the Police including the use of distributed generation and micro‐ 88 and Fire Headquarters, the Emergency Not Applicable grids. Relocate IT equipment out of municipal building Communications Center, the nearby cell phone tower, basements in low lying areas. and Operation Hope’s homeless shelter which is located behind Police Headquarters.

Enhance flood protection at the DPW (immediate and surrounding areas) garage or consider feasibility of Enhance flood protection at the DPW (immediate and Progress has been hindered by lack of funding. Carry 89 moving garage to an alternate location Study/explore surrounding areas) garage or consider feasibility of forward. how to evacuate water and relocate equipment prior to moving garage to an alternate location. a threatening event.

Conduct a study to identify the highest risk locations The intent of this action has been met through for prioritized mitigation and emergency response numerous studies and plans conducted over the past 90 Not Applicable efforts before, during and/or after an extreme event five years. The Town continuously updates this during a variety of hazard scenarios. information as needed, and the action can be removed, Monroe Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Prevention The town encourages responsible stormwater management and includes elements of LID during During the update of the POCD, include a strong focus Explore building modiﬁcations, use of pervious road review of individual projects. Compliance with the MS4 on stormwater management that sets policy for LID materials, and green infrastructure design to improve 1 permit also leads to these efforts. However, with the and green infrastructure, and encourages update of on‐site storm water retention and reduce storm water POCD update in 2019‐2020, the Town wishes to directly regulations to formalize the current practices of runoff address LID and green infrastructure within a requiring onsite management of stormwater. stormwater discussion or chapter.

Drawdowns and diversions by Aquarion have occurred on occasion, including prior to the September 25, 2018 Establish a pre‐storm drawdown process of Stepney Work with Aquarion to ensure that informal practices flood event (at the direction of CT DEEP). The Town 2 Dam to increase storage capacity and prevent down of impoundment drawdown and water diversions are would like to formalize this process to ensure that it stream flooding formalized in Aquarion operations plans. become standard practice and can be accomplished without intervention.

Drawdowns and diversions by Aquarion have occurred Hold discussions with the Aquarion Water Company on occasion, including prior to the September 25, 2018 Work with Aquarion to ensure that informal practices about the possibility of increasing the diversion of the flood event (at the direction of CT DEEP). The Town 3 of impoundment drawdown and water diversions are Pequonnock River to the Easton Lake Reservoir in would like to formalize this process to ensure that it formalized in Aquarion operations plans. advance of a storm become standard practice and can be accomplished without intervention.

The town encourages responsible stormwater management and includes elements of LID during During the update of the POCD, include a strong focus Enforce rigorous storm water controls and encourage review of individual projects. Compliance with the MS4 on stormwater management that sets policy for LID the installation of green infrastructure to reduce runoff 4 permit also leads to these efforts. However, with the and green infrastructure, and encourages update of generated at industrial and corporate parks, Strategies POCD update in 2019‐2020, the Town wishes to directly regulations to formalize the current practices of include on‐site detention, bioswales and rain gardens address LID and green infrastructure within a requiring onsite management of stormwater. stormwater discussion or chapter. Assess the impacts and location of septic systems The Health Department addresses this on an ongoing 5 Not applicable impacted by flooding basis and the action can be dropped. Conduct a townwide hydrologic analysis that addresses Conduct a town‐wide hydrologic analysis of A townwide hydrologic/drainage study has been in the flooding, stormwater, and water conveyance needs to 6 flooding/storm water impacts and water conveyance Town's CIP for several years and has not been identify projects that can be implemented to reduce needs to minimize risk to people and infrastructure conducted due to budgetary constraints. risks to infrastructure and people. Improve coordination between the Monroe Department of Public Works crews and local utility 7 This is an ongoing capability. Not applicable crews to make safe areas with downed trees and allocate resources to priority locations. Public Education & Awareness Encourage residents to take alternate routes during 8 This is an ongoing capability. Not applicable flooding events on Pepper Street Improve warning of residents that may become Communications have improved with CodeRED, social 9 isolated by downed trees during an extreme weather media, and other platforms. This is an ongoing Not applicable event capability. Natural Resources Protection Actions Implement various strategies included in the The Town has made progress with this action. For Pequonnock River Initiative Watershed Management example, a 319 grant was secured and used for a Implement one additional project identified in the 10 Plan, including increasing buffers, installing green stream buffer enhancement project within the last five watershed management plan, with a focus on flood risk infrastructure (rain gardens, bio‐swales, storm water years. However, additional projects are desired outside reduction. planters), and repairing stream channels. the limited resources of the 319 program.

Continue and expand the proactive tree maintenance The program was expanded and the tree warden's program by removing dead/diseased trees and budget was increased 25% between 2018 and 2019. 11 Not applicable branches and coordinate with the local utilities’ tree The current level of effort is believed appropriate, trimming program although future expansions are not off the table. Emergency Services Protection Actions Upgrade the power supply at critical facilities with new generators, include the Town Garage, High School, The only remaining standby power need is the high Acquire and install a generator for the high school that 12 Jockey Hollow and Chalk Hill School, all Town Shelters , school. enables its use as a shelter. the Emergency Operations Center, the Senior Center and senior housing facilities Upgrade windows at the Emergency Operations Center, 13 All necessary upgrades are complete. Not applicable High School, and Shelters Structural Incorporate additional power generation into the new 14 This has been completed. Not applicable Marian Heights facility under construction Monroe Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Upgrade the surge protection on the Town's computer 15 This has been completed. Not applicable server Replace and increase the size of culverts at key Culverts on Route 111 have been upgrades and culverts Ensure that CT DOT completes the upgrades of culverts 16 locations on Route 25 and Route 111, including the in on Route 25 will be upgraded within the life span of on Route 25. vicinity of Chuck's Corner and Bart's Shopping Center this update. Reconstruct and elevate a section of Route 25 in the This project is part of DOT's ongoing Route 25 Ensure that CT DOT completes the Route 25 drainage 17 vicinity of the West Pequonnock Reservoir improvements. and flood risk reduction projects. As noted above, a townwide hydrologic/drainage study Conduct a townwide hydrologic analysis that addresses has been in the Town's CIP for several years and has flooding, stormwater, and water conveyance needs to 18 Replace or retrofit undersized culverts not been conducted due to budgetary constraints. identify projects that can be implemented to reduce Once completed, additional culvert needs can be risks to infrastructure and people. identified. This project is part of DOT's ongoing Route 25 Ensure that CT DOT completes the Route 25 drainage 19 Install new culverts to address flooding on Main Street improvements. and flood risk reduction projects. A beaver dam is no longer a problem in this area. The Prepare a hydraulic study of this section of the brook Remove the Beaver Dam on Sammis Brook and replace Town wishes to re‐evaluate conveyance between the 20 and determine if improvements are needed to reduce with a constructed dam that has water level controls two sides of the road, which could potentially address flood risk. flood risk. As noted above, a townwide hydrologic/drainage study Conduct a townwide hydrologic analysis that addresses Replace and expand the culvert conveying the West has been in the Town's CIP for several years and has flooding, stormwater, and water conveyance needs to 21 Branch of the Pequonnock River under Pepper Street not been conducted due to budgetary constraints. identify projects that can be implemented to reduce along Brook Street Once completed, additional culvert needs can be risks to infrastructure and people. identified. This potential action should be deferred until studies 22 Consider elevating Pepper Street Not applicable are completed. Improve the culverts conveying a low‐gradient stream This area is characterized by wetlands and a low‐ under Bart Road and along Verna Road and remove gradient watercourse. Damage from flood has not 23 Not applicable debris and blockages of the channel to maintain free occurred, as only backyards are affected. The action flow can be dropped. Construct a proper channel for the swale of the This area is characterized by wetlands and a low‐ tributary of the West Branch of the Pequonnock River gradient watercourse. Damage from flood has not 24 Not applicable in the backyards of residences along Pastor's Walk and occurred, as only backyards are affected. The action Wiltan Drive can be dropped. Upgrade power lines and poles in the vicinity of Barn The need for this area was addressed through backfeed 25 Not applicable Hill and Webb Mountain capabilities, and the action is no longer needed. Remove debris and clear blockages of culverts at key river crossings throughout the Town, including the Ongoing MS4 compliance screening and work with CT West Branch of the Pequonnock River at Route 25, 26 DOT will reveal where these actions are needed. The Not applicable Purdy Hill Road and Pepper Street, the Boys Halfway action can be dropped from the update to this plan. River at Cottage Street and the Far Mill River at Moose Hill Road Stratford Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Prevention Progress as been hindered by lack of staffing resources. Develop comprehensive stormwater regulations that Integrate Low Impact Development techniques in the This recommendation has been re‐written because the address both quality and quantity control measures land use process, as well as in the new zoning previous one is too vague. The Town is looking into 1 including MS4 requirements and Low Impact regulations for the Transit Centered Development revising regulations to incorporate MS4 requirements Development (LID) techniques for transit oriented District in the vicinity of the Town Center. while simultaneously addressing LID techniques. Carry district at Town Center. forward with revision. Flood audits on Masarik Avenue & Benton Street: after This action item must be discontinued. Private property the permitting process has been completed, begin 2 would be involved. It is not feasible for the Town to Not Applicable cleaning a downstream channel from Benton Street to implement this action. However, see #40 below. Hathaway Drive. See #1 above. Progress as been hindered by lack of See #1: Develop comprehensive stormwater staffing resources. The Town is looking into revising regulations that address both quality and quantity Adopt ordinances that call for reductions in storm 3 regulations to incorporate MS4 requirements while control measures including MS4 requirements and Low water runoff in new developments simultaneously addressing LID techniques. Carry Impact Development (LID) techniques for transit forward with revision. oriented district at Town Center.

Action should be discontinued. The Stratford High Evaluate ways to use the Stratford High School ball 4 School was re‐built recently. The Town will pursue Not Applicable fields to increase protection of the Downtown. other options for flood mitigation in this area. Property Protection Develop a contingency plan and notification process to Complete; the Town revisits this plan on an ongoing 5 Not Applicable ensure buses are relocated prior to flooding events. basis. Action can be removed.

Elevate private homes in Lordship area to meet or Some progress has been made when projects trigger exceed FEMA requirements for Base Flood Elevation. Elevate structures in the Lordship area to meet or substantial damage or substantial improvement 6 Phase I to include homes on Washington Parkway. exceed FEMA requirements for Base Flood Elevation thresholds. Additional progress is desired. Carry Pursue funding through Pre‐disaster mitigation grants forward with additional specificity. to elevate five homes on Washington Parkway.

Reassess existing and future risks to the South End and employment growth area identified in the Stratford Progress has been made. The new State Building Code Pursue funding to mitigate existing and future risks to Plan of Conservation and Development. The Plan effective 2018 incorporates freeboard for all flood the South End and employment growth area identified should consider all costs of redeveloping land in zones. A coastal resiliency plan was developed in 2015‐ 7 in the Stratford Plan of Conservation and Development. vulnerable areas and consider less vulnerable areas; 2016. Several action items were identified for Funds may be used to install flood control systems evaluate existing buildings and ensure new building are implementation as part of this plan. Carry forward with and/or elevate and extend seawalls where necessary. higher than unelevated existing ones; identify building revision that focuses on flood protection. codes that would reduce flood risk in at‐risk locations.

Flood proof structures in the Lordship area where Structures in Lordship are mostly residential and will be 8 Not Applicable appropriate. elevated as noted above. Action can be removed.

Floodproofing of structures is not practical because Flood proof structures and construct drainage private properties are involved. The Town will be improvements in the Town Center, as well as 9 addressing overall drainage improvements as part of Not Applicable encourage Low Impact Development techniques to Complete Streets Phase I. LID will be addressed by mitigate flooding in this area. regulations as noted above for #1. Relocate private contractor’s equipment in flood zones The Town encourages private property owners to take to secure flood proofed location prior to events; Surf care of floodproofing of their properties. Limited 10 Not Applicable Avenue, Barnum Avenue, Bowe Avenue, Greenfield budget available for addressing private properties Avenue, Albright Avenue. otherwise. Action can be removed. Maintain a list of properties that have experienced The Town has not made progress in the area of repetitive loss from storms and flooding (with owner Consider acquiring properties that have experienced property acquisitions. The Town's Coastal Resiliency interest for future acquisition) and pursue open space repetitive loss from storms and flooding and maintain a Plan recommended various mitigation measures for funding as it becomes available. Acquire properties 11 list of properties with owner interest for future properties severely impacted by flooding. These actions based on this list (this action calls for list development acquisition, and as NRCS funding becomes available. should be prioritized and properties that should be and applications for funding in the timeframe of this acquired should be identified. plan; acquisitions are deferred to future editions of this plan). Structural Proceed with roadway reconstruction on the Lordship Boulevard/State Route 113. The Connecticut 12 Complete. Not Applicable Department of Transportation has initiated a project to elevate Route 113 in the vicinity of Sikorsky Airport.

13 Continue to clean catch basins on a regular basis. This is a capability and the action can be removed. Not Applicable Stratford Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable

The design of Surf Avenue culvert replacement project Pursue funding to design and initiate multiple culverts Address recurring flooding on Surf Avenue at the I‐95 14 is on‐going. Funding is needed for implementation. and channels on Surf Avenue at the I‐95 overpass along overpass. Carry forward with revision. with the flood wall to reduce chronic coastal flooding.

Complete the design phase and initiate construction to Significant progress has been made relative to design Pursue funding to design and initiate multiple culverts replace multiple culverts and channels at Barnum 15 along this section of Bruce Brook. Carry forward with and channels at Barnum Avenue between Sage and Avenue between Sage Avenue and Bowe Avenue to revision. Bowe Avenues. alleviate flooding of Barnum Avenue and West Avenue. Maintain the project to replace and enlarge the Brook improvements are complete and the Stratford structured channel and culverts conveying Tanners High School was rebuilt in 2018. Action can be 16 Brook from the ball fields at Stratford High School, from Not Applicable removed. See #23 below for an additional action Broadbridge Avenue and King Street and along the New related to Tanners Brook. Haven rail line. Develop a maintenance protocol with the US EPA to Progress has been made and the action can be address flood mitigation strategies at the Raymark removed. The Town and EPA are working together to (Superfund) site. Work with the Raymark waste site at address the site. If redevelopment occurs in the future, 17 Not Applicable Ferry Creek and Lockwood Avenue to ensure planting the Town will require the development to be resilient and stabilization of land to prevent mobilization during and compliant with flood damage prevention events. regulations and the State Building Code. Assess feasibility of elevating Main Street ‐ from 5 1/2’ 18 Complete (see #12 above). Not Applicable to 7’. Coordinate a full scale survey of Short Beach with the Secure funding to build Short Beach to the elevations 19 Army Corp of Engineers so that it may meet FEMA’s Survey was completed. Carry forward with revision. and grades of survey design recommendations definition of an engineered beach. conducted by US Army Corps of Engineers.

The Town used a CDBG‐DR grant to conduct a planning study of Town infrastructure and develop a Coastal Resiliency Plan. The plan recommended enhancements Secure funding to implement flood protection Increase protection around the wastewater treatment including this Mitigation Measure. A portion of funding 20 measures around the wastewater treatment plant by plant by raising the existing flood control berm. is in place through CDBG grant for implementation. raising the existing flood control berm. 40% match is needed to implement through federal or state grants. Carry forward with revision to focus on securing the funds.

The Town used a CDBG‐DR grant to conduct a planning In the South End neighborhood, evaluate installing twin Secure funding to design and build twin 6’ X 8’ box study of Town infrastructure and develop a Coastal 6’ X 8’ box culvert with regulating tide gate to allow culvert with regulating tide gate to allow tidal flushing 21 Resiliency Plan. The plan recommended enhancements tidal flushing while preventing tidal flooding up to while preventing tidal flooding along Lordship including this Mitigation Measure. Carry forward with elevation 9’ on Lordship Boulevard. Boulevard. revision to focus on securing the funds.

Work with the local utility to harden utilities (bury Ongoing efforts are undertaken by the Tree Warden lines); maintain contractor on call list; tree trimming and Director of Public Works. An on‐call contractor is 22 Not Applicable and maintenance efforts; secure funding for tree also available. These efforts have addressed the intent removal. of this action, and it can be removed.

The project to increase the width of channelized 1. Pursue funding to evaluate the feasibility of Tanners Brook downstream of Broadbridge Avenue is in daylighting of streams and prioritize actions to reduce Continue with the project to increase the width of the permitting phase. CT DEEP and FEMA CLOMR hazards. 2. Continue with the project to increase the channelized stream downstream of Broadbridge application have been applied for. When approved, the width of the channelized stream downstream of Avenue to reduce flooding at a condominium parking Town will proceed with the balance of funding request Broadbridge Avenue to reduce flooding at a lot. The replacement and enlargement of the to bid the project. Following the bid and fully funding condominium parking lot. The replacement and 23 structured channel and natural channel that conveys the project, a contract will be awarded and the Town enlargement of the structured channel and natural Tanners Brook from Broadbridge Avenue South to King will oversee construction to fully implement the channel that conveys Tanners Brook from Broadbridge Street has been designed and is in the permitting project. Additional progress is desired relative to other Avenue South to King Street has been designed and is phase. Funds have been allocated for construction. streams in the town that can potentially be daylighted. in the permitting phase. Funds have been allocated for The action will be divided into two actions to carry construction. Execute construction in the timeframe of forward. this plan.

This project is under preliminary design. The Town is currently proceeding with further study based on FEMA Pursue funding to complete the bridge project to Complete the bridge project to elevate Broad Street revisions to the Base Flood Elevation. Permitting and 24 elevate Broad Street over Ferry Creek. Town currently over Ferry Creek. funding will be the next step in this design. Once pursuing funding through LOTCIP grant. completed, the Town will bid and oversee construction to fully implement the project. Stratford Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable

Based on completion of assessment of its operations, the Town conducted a study to determine the areas where Inflow and Infiltration (I/I) can be reduced. In Increase the capacity of the wastewater treatment addition, the Coastal Resiliency Plan evaluated Reduce I/I through execution of projects utilizing the 25 system by reducing inflows, such as with flood proofed manholes and other infrastructure that needs to be Clean Water Act grant funds. manhole covers. protected during coastal ﬂooding. Based on this evaluation, the Town applied for and received $700,000 of Clean Water Act grant funds. Carry forward with revision.

Funding for this, which was obtained through a CDBG‐ DR grant, was de‐commissioned recently. This project is Complete the design phase for a 36” relief pipe to Long Secure funding to design and build a 36” relief pipe to 26 currently being designed and will proceed to local Brook and proceed to construction. Long Brook and proceed to construction. permitting in the near future. The project should be implemented and constructed in less then two years. Complete the bridge project to elevate Broad Street 27 Duplicate with #24 above Duplicate with #24 above over Ferry Creek. Complete the West Broad railroad viaduct renovation This project is approaching the construction phase. project. Assess the feasibility of other locations in need State funding in the amount of $ 6 million is in place. Execute the West Broad Street project to reduce (Bruce Avenue, King Street, East Main). Utilize green 28 Carry forward to focus on execution. The green drainage‐related flooding and flooding associated with infrastructure to reduce drainage “upstream” from infrastructure component of this action will be Tanners Brook. viaducts (catchment basins, swales, storm water addressed as explained in #1 above. gardens, etc...). Consider a quantitative study to determine which manhole covers within the existing or new flood zones See #25 above. This action is similar and the intent will 29 to waterproof to prevent inundation of flood waters See #25 above. be addressed with the CWA grant funds. into the sanitary sewer system, and secure funding for this project.

The Health Department has reached out to Oronoque residents providing them with emergency preparedness information. In addition, staff have Secure funding to respond to future needs as provided on‐site instructions on how to enroll in the Respond to future needs as appropriate at Oronoque appropriate at Oronoque Village. Specifically, acquire 30 Stratford Electronic Notiﬁcation System so they can be Village. additional equipment to provided enhanced emergency sure to receive timely emergency notiﬁcations. The management related to the development. Town needs additional equipment for providing emergency management services to Oronoque Village. However, limited funding has impeded this progress.

The Town used a CDBG‐DR grant to conduct a planning Flood proof critical buildings south of Stratford Avenue: study of Town infrastructure and develop a Coastal Pursue funding to floodproof municipal buildings in the raise equipment and generators, install projectile proof 31 Resiliency Plan. The plan recommended enhancements town by raising equipment and generators and windows (municipal buildings, private residents, including this Mitigation Measure. Carry forward with installing projectile proof windows where necessary. community buildings). revision to focus on securing the funds. Permitting and design are underway. The Town is Complete the replacement of storm water culverts considering applying for local bridge program to pursue Secure funds to replace the stormwater culverts under 32 under Old Spring Road with new box culverts. funding and implement. Carry forward with revision to Old Spring Road with new box culverts. focus on securing the funds. The Town has selected a consultant to design a 7X3 culvert as part of the West Broad St roadway 33 See #28 above See #28 above improvements. This will alleviate flooding at the West Broad St RR underpass at Tanner’s Brook. Action can be removed. This is on a private property Proceed with increasing the size of the culvert at Reed that was sold to another owner recently. Only this 34 Not Applicable St. to 500’ of 12’ X 4’ box culvert. property floods on Reed Street and the property owner floodproofed it. No further work is needed at this time.

An assessment of drainage system components A stream improvement project was completed on through specific areas of Oronoque Village is underway. 35 Freeman Brook, which flows through this area. The Not Applicable Continue to monitor improvements to drainage system action is no longer needed. completed by Association in 2004. Consider installing twin 6’ X 8’ box culverts on Lordship Boulevard with regulating tide gate to allow tidal 36 Same as #21 above Not Applicable movement while preventing flooding in the South End neighborhood. Consider replacing the storm water culverts under The action can be discontinued. This location is Bruce Quail Street with new box culverts. Due to the status of Brook near Wooster Pond. No flood mitigation is 37 Not Applicable an adjacent Superfund site, the Town has been unable required. The pond is believed to acts as a flood to proceed with this project. storage facility. Stratford Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable

Conduct an investigation to examine the implications of various flooding scenarios on the wastewater 38 Same as #20 above Not Applicable treatment plant and identify appropriate and feasible responses, such as raising the berm.

Complete. In 2018, a consultant was hired to conduct an assessment of the Birdseye ramp to maintain Pursue funding to implement the best approach to Assess approaches to maintain the functionality of the functionality during storm events. No implementation maintain the functionality of the Birdseye ramp under 39 Birdseye boat docks and ramp under flooded has been undertaken yet although $14,000 was flooded conditions to ensure continued use during conditions to ensure continued use during disasters. budgeted. EMS Department is currently seeking disasters. approval from DEEP and the Town Council. Carry forward with revision for next stage. This action was recommended in the Coastal Resilience Structural flood proofing on Massarik Avenue/Benton Pursue funding to implement structural flood proofing 40 Plan. Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. Street. on Massarik Avenue/Benton Street. Carry forward with revision. Evaluate a flood control structure at Stratford High This action can be discontinued in favor of the above 41 School ball field on King St. to create 2.5 MG of flood descriptions of actions in the Tanners Brook watershed Not Applicable storage for 1% storm event (i.e. #16 above). Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. The Town will include in the CIP and prioritize this project Pursue funding to mitigate bank erosion at Diane 42 Consider bank erosion protection east of Diane Terrace. and schedule the design, permitting and construction in Terrace and engage private properties on that street. the order of prioritized capital improvements. Maintain the Beaver and Brewster dam studies (inspection reports conducted by the State of Beaver Dam and Cooks Pond Dam are privately owned Connecticut) and continue to identify mitigation actions sites, and Cooks Pond Dam does not exist now. An EAP to reduce loss. Assess current condition and impacts of exists for Brewster Dam. The Town's Conservation 43 Not Applicable catastrophic failure for all dams. Access previous Administrator is updating the Brewster Dam study. The inundation contingency plans for the Beaver Dam, intent of this action has been met and it can be Brewster Pond Dam, Pecks Mill Pond Dam, Cooks Pond removed. Dam. Consider integrating the animal shelter into This action was recommended in the Coastal Resilience improvements at the wastewater treatment plant, such Floodproof the animal shelter adjacent to the 44 Plan. Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. as by extending the protective berm around the Wastewater Treatment Plant. Carry forward with revision. shelter. Conduct a feasibility study to determine whether the Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. Carry 45 Strengthen and extend the Lordship Beach seawall. Lordship seawall can be modified to increase its forward with a revision to focus on a feasibility study, resilience to future storms. Assess and scope the feasibility of hardening facilities The Town is currently addressing resiliency of pumping associated with 2 pump stations; assess impact of stations both in North End and South End. The Town Secure funds for pumping station improvements to 46 temporary loss of multiple pump stations; consider Engineer has applied for funding provided by the incorporate resiliency; and implement the alternative sites for relocation of vulnerable stations WPCA; Clean Water Fund is being used for improvements. long term construction. Natural Systems Protection The property is currently under a Conservation Protect and maintain Long Beach as an effective barrier Restriction so that no future building can occur on the 47 Not Applicable beach. beach. The Town will continue to maintain Long Beach West as a natural and effective barrier beach.

Implement a routine tree maintenance and inspection 48 This is a capability and the action can be removed. Not Applicable program and remove hazardous trees and branches.

The Town executed a study in order to operate and maintain the beach as a "engineered beach" in relation Protect and maintain Short Beach, including to FEMA DAP 9580.8. In 2017, the beach was replenishing the beach (engineered beach) after a replenished with >520 cubic yards of sand. The sand 49 major event. Coordinate with federal agencies to Not Applicable was placed in accordance with engineered designs in conduct a cost/benefit analysis for Short Beach order to ensure stability and maximum retention. The replenishment over time. Town has an annual documented maintenance plan for the beach. The action can be discontinued.

Assess the impacts on Long Beach/Pleasure Beach and adjoining National Wildlife refuge and built structures This group of actions was addressed in the Coastal (roads, commercial/industrial, residential, airport) from 50 Resilience Plan and is addressed above within other Not Applicable breach of barrier island during future extreme weather actions. events; cost/benefit analysis of beach restoration/replenishment over time.

Renourish and replenish beaches and regenerate dunes Progress has been made at Short Beach as noted 51 Not Applicable after major events. above. Action has not been needed at other beaches. Stratford Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable

Secure funding for and initiate the urban forest canopy This project was completed by November 2014 and 52 study (an application for funding through an America Not Applicable contributed to MetroCOG Tree Canopy Assessment. the Beautiful grant was submitted in November 2013)

Pursue funding to address the impacts of hazards on Assess the impacts of hazards on natural areas: Some progress was made via the Coastal Resilience natural areas, focusing on individual studies for Roosevelt Forest, Booth Memorial Park, Far Mill River, Plan, but some of these areas are not coastal. Roosevelt Forest, Booth Memorial Park, Far Mill River, 53 Wooster Park; identify ways to enhance Additional progress is desired but funding and staffing and Wooster Park. The studies should identify ways to defensive/protective features for additional flood limitations have hindered progress. Carry forward with enhance defensive/protective features for additional protection longer‐term. revisions and divide the action into separate studies. flood protection in the long term. The Town is in the process of developing an educational program as part of Community Rating System (CRS) program that teaches residents and Work with private land owners to understand the businesses about the importance of maintaining an Educate private land owners to understand the 54 importance and benefits of maintaining and leaving adequate vegetative buffer to maintain stream importance and benefits of maintaining and leaving vegetation in place to stabilize riverbanks channels and prevent erosion based on ﬂooding. The vegetation in place to stabilize riverbanks program aims to educate the public through ﬂyers and discussions at public events. Carry forward with revision. Complete. The Town's Coastal Resilience Plan and its Consider a “Living Shoreline Plan” for the Stratford part of the Regional Framework for Coastal Resilience 55 Not Applicable coastline. have together addressed the intent of this action and mapped out potential living shorelines. Partially complete. The Regional Framework for At Russian Beach, assess the ongoing and long‐term Coastal Resilience included a bioengineered bank Secure landowner permissions and funding for design 56 impacts from hazards towards developing a sustainable stabilization design for Russian Beach. Landowner buy‐ and execution of the bank stabilization project. course of action. in is needed. Additional steps will include final design and construction.

Over the past five years the Town has attempted to work with utilities companies conducting right of way clearance and trimming of trees to support a replanting program in Town. The utility companies assert that Develop a tree replanting plan and maintenance plan they do not have the funding to support such a consistent with recommended arboriculture practices program. The Town applied for and was awarded an and that is supportive of the “right tree, right place” Work with local utilities to develop a replanting plan America the Beautiful grant by CT DEEP in 2016 to plant policy. The Town's Tree Warden will work to establish and maintenance plan for trees consistent with 57 nearly 50 trees in public parks, schools, and open a regular tree planting program and obtain grants (as recommended arboriculture practices and that is spaces in accordance with the "right tree right place" available) in support of the initiative. The Tree Warden supportive of the “right tree, right place” policy practice. The shade trees are now thriving and plans for will also develop an ordinance that mandates a tree future plantings are being developed. The Town has replanting program/schedule in accordance with "right also encouraged residents to plant shade trees on their tree, right place" policy. private property by offering a discount on tree purchases at a local garden exchange. Carry forward with revision for additional progress.

Education and Awareness

Over the past five years, the Town of Stratford Conservation Commission and the general public has been updated on the "Living Shoreline Project" via public meetings and outreach events at Stratford Point (i.e. Earth Day, Forest to Shore Day). Town residents, local students, and volunteers across the region have participated in planting saltmarsh cordgrass and coastal Highlight the Living Shoreline project on Stratford upland vegetation at the site, under the direction of 58 Not Applicable Point. Sacred Heart University and Audubon CT. Protective dunes on site have also been restored and stabilized through grant‐funded projects overseen by Sacred Heart university. The Town will continue to work with Audubon CT and Sacred Heart University to educate the public on the importance of restoring coastlines via living shorelines methodologies. A specific mitigation action is not needed at this time.

Utilize GIS for the purposes of notification, evacuation Additional progress in this area is needed. Refer to #67 59 and awareness of the location of floodplains and Refer to #67 below below for more information. mitigation projects. Stratford Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable

Participation in the CRS program will provide opportunities to make progress in this area. To raise public awareness on disaster preparedness and Focus public education on safety tips and reminders to mitigation, and to maintain good standing with the Develop, adopt, and implement a PPI as part of the 60 individuals about how to prepare for cold weather, program, a Program for Public Information (PPI) Town's participation in the CRS program. heat waves and severe weather events. outlining the schedule and implementation of all outreach activities should be adopted by the Town. This PPI will serve as a guide in educating general public and local officials on all types of hazards. Participation in the CRS program will provide opportunities to make progress in this area. To raise public awareness on disaster preparedness and Businesses in the Main Enterprise and Lordship mitigation, and to maintain good standing with the Boulevard areas need to find solutions to minimize Develop, adopt, and implement a PPI as part of the 61 program, a PPI outlining the schedule and impacts to facilities and improve business continuity Town's participation in the CRS program. implementation of all outreach activities should be after major events; additional generators needed. adopted by the Town. This PPI will serve as a guide in educating general public and local officials on all types of hazards. Participation in the CRS program will provide opportunities to make progress in this area. To raise public awareness on disaster preparedness and Implement outreach programs to educate citizens mitigation, and to maintain good standing with the Develop, adopt, and implement a PPI as part of the 62 regarding Ordinances, Insurance, and other flood program, a PPI outlining the schedule and Town's participation in the CRS program. relevant issues. implementation of all outreach activities should be adopted by the Town. This PPI will serve as a guide in educating general public and local officials on all types of hazards. Participation in the CRS program will provide opportunities to make progress in this area. To raise public awareness on disaster preparedness and Encourage restaurants throughout town to acquire and mitigation, and to maintain good standing with the Develop, adopt, and implement a PPI as part of the 63 install backup generators to increase food preparation program, a PPI outlining the schedule and Town's participation in the CRS program. and ice availability. implementation of all outreach activities should be adopted by the Town. This PPI will serve as a guide in educating general public and local officials on all types of hazards. This has largely been completed but participation in the CRS program will provide additional opportunities. To raise public awareness on disaster preparedness and Use signage and public information to make the public mitigation, and to maintain good standing with the aware of evacuation routes and available shelters, Develop, adopt, and implement a PPI as part of the 64 program, a Program for Public Information (PPI) especially those individuals living within hurricane Town's participation in the CRS program. outlining the schedule and implementation of all storm surge evacuation zones. outreach activities should be adopted by the Town. This PPI will serve as a guide in educating general public and local officials on all types of hazards. Continue use of QAlert (online) system for complaint 65 tracking to maintain a database of calls received by the This is a capability and the action can be removed. Not Applicable Town. Emergency Services Continue to implement and operate the Stratford 66 Electronic Notification System to alert residents and This is a capability and the action can be removed. Not Applicable businesses in the case of impending storms and floods. The Town's EMS has plans to update the system. The Town will work with the Stratford Fire Department, Update the evacuation plans and make these routes Police Department, and MetroCOG to update the available on the new Regional GIS system. The 67 Use of GIS to document evacuation plans. evacuation plans and make these routes available on evacuation routes will also be made available to the the new Regional GIS system. The evacuation routes public on the Town's website. will be made available to the public on the Town's website. The Town is currently working with the Regional Homeland Emergency Preparedness Team to improve communications during storm events. This team will Improve coordination with utilities in response to 68 directly work with United Illuminating (UI) to Not Applicable disasters and increase “make safe” crews. streamline and improve the policy for administrating the use of "Make Safe" Crews. The action can be discontinued. Stratford Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable

Pursue funding to provide adequate back‐up power to Provide adequate back‐up power to Bunnell High The Town secured approximately $40,000 through the Birdseye Municipal Complex, Flood Middle School, School, Birdseye Municipal Complex, Flood Middle CIP and installed an emergency generator at Bunnell 69 Stratford Housing Authority units, and the Baldwin School, Stratford Housing Authority units and the High School. Generators will be installed at other sites Senior Center; and to make improvements to the Baldwin Senior Center. as additional funding is available. existing generator at Stratford Fire Station .

Progress has been made in related areas. Fire, Police and Health coordinate to utilize the Stratford Electronic Notiﬁcation System in a planned series of pre‐event notiﬁcations warning people about the dangers of waiting too long to evacuate. For those not heeding Pursue funding to update evacuation plans to factor Update evacuation plans to factor lack of access to voluntary or mandatory evacuations, the local National lack of access to transportation routes during peak transportation routes during peak events (CAT‐3). Guard unit may be called in to evacuate in the areas of events such as a severe hurricane, and display them 70 Integrate into notification of voluntary and mandatory highest risk. The Town currently has a multi‐tiered using digital signage at select locations. Integrate evacuation orders. approach to creating a communication flow with notification of voluntary and mandatory evacuation redisents. The Town's EMS works with CAO's office to orders into these messages. disseminate messages through social media. The Town has plans to display digital signage with disaster preparedness and recovery messages at select locations in the town in the near future.

Prioritize use of evacuation sites/warming centers for 71 Complete Not Applicable storm events.

Discontinue action. EMS is working on alternative Keep access to Birdseye Municipal Complex open as it 72 approaches. EMS staff are working on training town Not Applicable is a critical sheltering facility employees for sheltering people. Components of this were completed two years ago 73 Make Police Station more resilient during events Not Applicable using $170,000 from CIP funds. Some progress has been made. The CERT team has been trained to provide support in sheltering and mass care activities. The Emergency Operation Plan has been Clearly define roles of the Community Emergency Clearly define roles of the Community Emergency updated to delineate the CERT functions. The Town's 74 Response Teams (CERT) to minimize response functions Response Teams (CERT) to optimize response functions EMS Department has goals to re‐focus on this program of emergency services. of emergency services. to determine usage, how to keep CERT members engaged, how to train and recruit CERT members, etc. Carry forward with revision. Address gas stations without generators by securing This action is no longer believed necessary, as many 75 support and funding to provide generators to enable gasoline service stations have upgraded standby Not Applicable gas pumping. power. This is being addressed as parts of other actions that Work with the Stratford Housing Authority to develop 76 address evacuation routes and logistics such as #69 and Not Applicable evacuation plans. #70 above. Improve warning of residents that may become Complete and ogling as part of the Town's notification 77 isolated by downed trees during an extreme weather Not Applicable systems. event. Trumbull Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Prevention Participate in FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS) 1 Complete Not Applicable; action removed program. The tree warden has an annual budget and the Town conducts some tree work. UI conducts tree 2 Improve the tree management plan. Not Applicable; action removed maintenance which is also helpful. This action is not needed. Conduct a comprehensive assessment and study of all Secure funds and develop a scope of work to study a drainage easements in the Town to assess condition, Progress has not been made, due to staff and budget 3 portion of the Town's drainage easements and map locations, prioritize and develop action plans for constraints. Carry forward with revision. drainage network. maintaining and upgrading as needed.

Carry forward with revision. The Town encourages use Replace with “Conduct a feasibility study to determine of LID during development reviews. However, while Modify regulations to provide incentives and/or credits where green infrastructure can be installed” (#31 the Town has made some progress, it does not have a 4 for installation of green infrastructure for the on‐site below) and "Prepare a draft of municipal regulations policy in place or locations identified for additional retention and control of storm water runoff. that can be used to require low impact development green infrastructure, not are regulations in place to and green infrastructure." require such. Conduct a tree inventory and canopy assessment in Trumbull and identify locations for planting of trees. An 5 application for an America the Beautiful grant to fund The study was completed. Not Applicable; action removed an unban tree canopy for the Greater Bridgeport Region has been submitted. Progress was made on Horse Tavern Brook and Booth Conduct a drainage study at critical locations known to Hill Brook, and upgrades have resulted (i.e. Booth Hill "Secure funds and develop a scope of work to study 6 flood, including White Plains Road and Route 127 at the Brook culvert replacement). Any remaining lack of one of the Town's watercourses and watersheds. Town Center. progress is due to staff and budget constraints. Carry Island Brook will be prioritized next." forward with revision. Conduct hydrologic studies of water conveyance and Progress was made on Horse Tavern Brook and Booth obstacles for water courses throughout the Town, Hill Brook, and upgrades have resulted (i.e. Booth Hill "Secure funds and develop a scope of work to study 7 including Horse Tavern Brook, Island Brook and Booth Brook culvert replacement). Any remaining lack of one of the Town's watercourses and watersheds. Hill Brook, as well as in floodplains and at culverts and progress is due to staff and budget constraints. Carry Island Brook will be prioritized next." crossings. forward with revision. Utilize GIS to assess and identify the locations and This will occur in connection with CRS participation. 8 extent of exposure from flooding for all structures The GIS capability already exists. Action can be Not Applicable; action removed within the SFHA. removed. Carry forward with revision. The Town encourages use Replace with “Conduct a feasibility study to determine of LID during development reviews. However, while where green infrastructure can be installed” (#31 Review the Town’s storm water management policy for the Town has made some progress, it does not have a 9 below) and "Prepare a draft of municipal regulations green infrastructure projects. policy in place or locations identified for additional that can be used to require low impact development green infrastructure, not are regulations in place to and green infrastructure." require such.

"Secure funds and develop a scope of work to study Assess the flood storage capacity of existing open space Progress has not been made, but this will be 10 one of the Town's watercourses and watersheds. as part of an upcoming inventory. accomplished as hydrologic studies are completed. Island Brook will be prioritized next." Progress was made on Horse Tavern Brook and Booth Hill Brook, and upgrades have resulted (i.e. Booth Hill "Secure funds and develop a scope of work to study Conduct a flood drainage study across the Long Hill 11 Brook culvert replacement). Any remaining lack of one of the Town's watercourses and watersheds. drainage corridor. progress is due to staff and budget constraints. Carry Island Brook will be prioritized next." forward with revision. This will occur in connection with CRS participation. Review flood risks in areas north and west of the Route 12 The GIS capability already exists. Action can be Not Applicable; action removed 25 and Route 111 intersection. removed. Subsequent to progress related to the actions regarding Update Town drainage regulations for new 13 drainage (#3) and watercourses (#6, 7, 10, and 11), the Not Applicable; action removed development and redevelopment projects. Town will determine if regulation changes are needed. Subsequent to progress related to the actions regarding drainage (#3) and watercourses (#6, 7, 10, and 11), the 14 Improve drainage maintenance of vegetated swales. Not Applicable; action removed Town will determine if vegetated swale maintenance is needed. Property Protection Consider elevating repetitive loss structures, structures Carry forward with revision. The Town has encouraged Revise action to "Annually send a letter to property 15 in the floodplain, homes along the Pequonnock River property owners to elevate structures and requires this owners in RL areas to inform them of options for and homes on Manor Drive and Larkspur Lane. when substantial improvement limits are triggered. elevating or acquiring structures to reduce flood risk." Trumbull Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Determine base flood elevations for homes located in high flood hazard areas, including along Manor Drive Limited progress has been made, but this will be "Provide 100 year ﬂoodplain locations on our GIS 16 and the Twin Brooks Park neighborhoods conducted as part of CRS participation. Carry forward. Website for residents." (Larkspur/Seneca). Progress was made on Horse Tavern Brook and Booth Evaluate potential locations in the Island Brook Hill Brook, and upgrades have resulted (i.e. Booth Hill "Secure funds and develop a scope of work to study Park/Island Brook area and Melrose (south of Island 17 Brook culvert replacement). Any remaining lack of one of the Town's watercourses and watersheds. Brook) for detention and pursue property acquisition as progress is due to staff and budget constraints. Carry Island Brook will be prioritized next." needed. forward with revision. The Town has teamed with RL property owners to Revise action to "Annually send a letter to property acquire and demolish several residential structures. owners in RL areas to inform them of options for 18 Acquire repetitive loss properties. Additional acquisitions will be considered depending on elevating or acquiring structures to reduce flood risk" results of outreach conducted through CRS (see #15 above). participation. Structural Upgrade snow removal and response equipment where Ongoing; this is standard practice and is one of the 19 Not Applicable; action removed needed. Town's capabilities. Implement the proposed floodplain management plan Floodplain mapping in this area has been revised with a 20 at Horse Tavern Brook, including the proposed LOMR and the Town believes the appropriate risk is Not Applicable; action removed detention ponds and basins. represented. Continue catch basin maintenance in the Pequonnock Ongoing; this is standard practice and is one of the 21 River watershed, along Pequonnock River tributaries Not Applicable; action removed Town's capabilities. and Pinewood Lake. Continue to maintain critical culverts and remove Ongoing; this is standard practice and is one of the 22 Not Applicable; action removed debris, especially in advance of storms. Town's capabilities. A master plan for pumping stations has been completed. The Town is currently rehabilitating and Design for other pumping stations is ongoing. Revise to Flood‐proof exposed pump stations in low‐lying, 23 floodproofing the Beardsley pump station. demonstrate commitment to completing other floodprone areas Improvements were completed to the Reservoir Pump pumping stations. station to prevent flooding. Significant progress has been made statewide relative Continue to inspect and maintain existing dams in the to dam safety due to regulation changes in 2014‐2015. 24 Not Applicable; action removed Horse Tavern Brook area. Dams are inspected at the owner's cost as required by CT DEEP. Coordinate with the State to improve flood water This occurs as needed through typical DOT 25 Not Applicable; action removed conveyance at the culvert on Route 15. coordination. Significant progress has been made statewide relative Continue to inspect and maintain existing dams and to dam safety due to regulation changes in 2014‐2015. 26 reexamine the safety and condition of Class A and B Not Applicable; action removed Dams are inspected at the owner's cost as required by dams, including Canoe Brook Lake. CT DEEP. Install back‐up generation at sewage pump stations 27 Complete Not Applicable; action removed through the Town. Improve management of and conduct controlled Progress has not been made, due to staff and budget Secure funds and complete study to determine how 28 drainage of Pinewood Lake prior to storm events to constraints. A scope of work has been developed for water level can be controlled to mitigate downstream maximize retention capacity. this. Carry forward with revision. flooding. Storm sewer projects in both Pequonnock & Pinewood drainage basins are ongoing. As the Town completes Complete storm sewer projects in the Pequonnock roadway improvements in these drainage basins areas, 29 Not Applicable; action removed River and Pinewood Lake drainage basin. it makes stormwater system improvements. Because this is ongoing and in the capital improvement plan budgets, the action can be removed. The Town has replaced many drainage pipes over the Replace existing culverts conveying the Pequonnock last five years and some of them were upgrades. These Replace with "Allocate funds and conduct design for River at Daniels Farm Road, in the Twin Brooks area locations were not yet upgraded due to other enlarged conveyance at Daniels Farm 30 and at the Merritt Parkway with higher capacity replacement priorities that came up. The Merritt Road/Pequonnock River and downstream in e Twin structures. Parkway location cannot be modified with CT DOT Brooks Park area" taking the lead. Carry forward with revision. The Town encourages use Install green infrastructure, including bioswales, rain of LID during development reviews. However, while Replace with “Conduct a feasibility study to determine 31 gardens, vegetative roofs and permeable pavement, to the Town has made some progress, it does not have a where green infrastructure can be installed.” retain storm water runoff and promote infiltration. policy in place or locations identified for additional green infrastructure. Continue to ensure the culvert maintenance plan is updated and implemented, particularly in advance of a Ongoing; this is standard practice and is one of the 32 Not Applicable; action removed major rain event and specifically in the Twin Brooks Town's capabilities. area. Trumbull Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Replace with "Determine if floodplain enhancement at Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. The Regrade the floodplain at the bend in the Pequonnock the bend of the Pequonnock River near Route 127 is 33 Town will determine if this is needed during the five‐ River at Route 127 to improve conveyance. feasible and would be effective for flood mitigation, year plan timeframe. and secure funding if found to be cost effective." Assess the condition of existing dams in Town, including at Canoe Brook Lake and Pinewood Lake, and Significant progress has been made statewide relative Replace with "Allocate funds and retain consultant to install new drainage valves and other control devices to dam safety due to regulation changes in 2014‐2015. review dam safety files and EAPs for dams in Trumbull; 34 necessary to draw down water levels in advance of Action should be carried forward in light of this and determine which dams may have the ability to be approaching storms and limit the potential hazards to progress. modified for flood mitigation capabilities." downstream properties. Replace with "Determine if bridge and culvert Address road flooding by replacing high capacity flood Progress has been impeded by lack of funding. The replacements at Twin Brooks and Trumbull Center will 35 control/conveyance structures at Twin Brooks and Town will determine if this is needed during the five‐ effectively reduce flooding, and secure funding if found Trumbull Center. year plan timeframe. to be cost effective." Natural Systems Protection Implement various strategies included in the Pequonnock River Initiative Watershed Management Some progress has been made with actions Replace with “Conduct a feasibility study to determine 36 Plan, including increasing buffers, installing green recommended in the watershed management plan. where green infrastructure can be installed” (see #31 infrastructure (rain gardens, bio‐swales, storm water However, additional progress is desired. above). planters), and repairing stream channels.

Implement a tree trimming and maintenance program, The tree warden has an annual budget and the Town coordinated with utility companies, to remove diseased conducts some tree work. UI conducts tree 37 and hazardous trees and branches; and increase Not Applicable; action removed maintenance which is also helpful. This action is not homeowner awareness and public outreach regarding needed. the need to properly maintain trees.

This action was geared toward converting acquired RL properties to open space. The Town has succeeded in Acquire land in flood prone and hazard areas for open 38 acquiring and clearing a few properties. Going forward, Not Applicable; action removed space. this will be considered on a case‐by‐case basis in connection with CRS participation. Public Education & Awareness Expand awareness of the benefits and opportunities of Targeted outreach will be conducted as part of 39 Carry forward as written. green infrastructure and pervious pavement. participation in CRS. Improve tree management through outreach and 40 Carry forward Same wording public education. Expand outreach to residents on the importance of wetlands and drainage swales for risk reduction from Targeted outreach will be conducted as part of 41 Carry forward as written. flooding. Look to increase the protection of additional participation in CRS. floodplains. Expand outreach efforts regarding how to prepare for extreme weather and what to do in the event of a natural disaster, including enhancing the Town’s Targeted outreach will be conducted as part of 42 Carry forward as written. website, preparing pamphlets to be available at Town participation in CRS. Hall and the Trumbull Library and enhancing hazard‐ related mapping. Improve access to information on services for at‐risk Targeted outreach will be conducted as part of 43 Carry forward as written. populations during disasters. participation in CRS. Continue to update websites with information and 44 Complete Not Applicable; action removed maps to aid in preparedness and mitigation. Increase warning and notification of anticipated flood 45 events to residents, especially those who live along the Complete Not Applicable; action removed Pequonnock River and in the Manor Drive area. Emergency Services Protection Improve the Town’s make safe plan for downed power 46 lines and power outages. Improve communication and Complete Not Applicable; action removed cooperation with local utilities.

Continue to periodically revisit top 10 list of first power Ongoing; this is standard practice and is one of the 47 restoration sites and critical locations in the Town Not Applicable; action removed Town's capabilities. Center for immediate power restoration. Wire the Trumbull Library to serve as a recharging 48 Complete Not Applicable; action removed location for personal electronic devices. Improve access to and availability of information on Targeted outreach will be conducted as part of 49 Carry forward as written. services during an emergency. participation in CRS. Trumbull Status of Mitigation Actions, 2014‐2019

ID Description of Action Status of Action in 2019 Revision for 2019‐2024, if Applicable Ongoing; this is standard practice and is one of the 50 Continue to operate CT ALERT system Not Applicable; action removed Town's capabilities. Improve coordination and communications during an Ongoing; this is standard practice and is one of the 51 Not Applicable; action removed extreme weather event. Town's capabilities. Continue to examine longer‐term needs for power Most facilities now have standby power, including the 52 Not Applicable; action removed continuity and generator placement high school. Review workforce availability and increase disaster Ongoing; this is standard practice and is one of the 53 training as needed to ensure adequate and trained Not Applicable; action removed Town's capabilities. workforce for facilities during emergencies.

Secure and install back‐up generation equipment at Most facilities now have standby power, including the 54 critical and priority facilities, especially for adequate Not Applicable; action removed high school. back‐up power at Trumbull High School.

Secure support and funding to provide generators at Progress has been made by the owners of gasoline 55 Not Applicable; action removed gas stations to enable gas pumping. service stations. Action can be removed. Annual review of Region 1 Memorandum of Ongoing; this is standard practice and is one of the 56 Understanding and work to improve communications Not Applicable; action removed Town's capabilities. with the SHMO. Continue to explore opportunities to improve Ongoing; this is standard practice and is one of the 57 communications and coordination with the EMS Not Applicable; action removed Town's capabilities. Department. Evaluate the need for emergency access into and from Progress has been impeded by lack of staff resources Evaluate the need for emergency access into and from the Trumbull Corporate Park and the for this type of evaluation. Carry forward with revision 58 the Trumbull Corporate Park and the Westfield/Trumbull Shopping Mall and construct access to focus on the evaluation, with construction deferred Westfield/Trumbull Shopping Mall. roads as deemed necessary. to a future hazard mitigation plan timeframe. This page purposely left blank.

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-54 5 Implementation

This section describes the process by which recommendations developed based on the discussions in the previous chapters will be implemented. The funding sources and planning mechanisms through which recommendations will be implemented The strategies with which to implement mitigation recom- are described. Plan monitoring and mendations are discussed at the local and regional scales. The evaluation, public participation and mitigation action matrices from the previous section have been the role that the Conservation Tech- used as the framework to form an implementation plan for each community. A description of technical and financial resources nical Advisory Committee (CTAC) and concludes this section. CRS program will play in these activities is explained. 5.1 Adoption & Responsibilities for Implementation MetroCOG will guide the updated NHMP through the FEMA approval process and will assist the governing bodies of member communities throughout the process of adopting the updated NHMP. The updated NHMP will be considered current for five years from the date that the first MetroCOG community adopts the plan. Once the plan has been formally adopted by the community’s governing body, the community is eligible for certain funding programs administered by FEMA. Communities that have not adopted the plan will not be eligible for these programs but will not prevent the eligibility of other communities that have adopted the plan. After adoption by the community and as funding becomes available, local officials will be responsible for assigning the appropriate resources to implement mitigation actions. If and when recommendations from this NHMP are implemented, they will most likely be administered by the municipal departments that oversee these activities. These departments include Engineering, Public Works, Planning, and Emergency Management. MetroCOG will work with local communities to pursue mitigation actions by providing technical assistance to identify and pursue funding opportunities detailed later in this section.

5-1 5.2 Planning Mechanisms ties related to conservation. Meetings of the CTAC are held quarterly and are open to the public. In Each community in the MetroCOG Region will addition to the appointed members, meeting at- integrate recommendations of the NHMP through tendees typically include local conservation orga- existing planning mechanisms, such as Plans of nizations, residents, staff of the CTDEEP and other Conservation and Development (Table 5.1), Zoning regional stakeholders. Throughout the process Regulations, Capital Improvement Plans, operating of developing the NHMP, the CTAC has provided budgets and local programs or initiatives. By tak- guidance and will continue to monitor the imple- ing advantage of existing mechanisms, the recom- mentation of mitigation actions post-adoption. mendations of the NHMP are more likely to be successfully implemented. The agenda of each quarterly CTAC meeting will include an item regarding the NHMP. CTAC mem- Table 5.1: Status of Plans of Conservation and Development in bers will provide updates on the implementation the MetroCOG Region of recommended NHMP mitigation actions in Will Hazard their respective communities. MetroCOG will keep Date of Is Hazard Is POCD Mitigation track of these updates through the implementa- Effective Mitigation Update Be Community POCD Includied? Underway? Included? tion matrix framework. Bridgeport 2019 Yes No N/A MetroCOG will annually report on the progress of implementing NHMP recommenda- Easton 2018 Yes No N/A tions and will be responsible for coordinating an Fairfield 2016 Yes Yes Yes annual meeting with the CTAC to review the plan. Monroe 2010 Yes Yes Yes In addition to CTAC members, participants in the Stratford 2014 Yes No N/A review will include representatives of the depart- Trumbull 2014 Yes No N/A ments listed in the implementation matrices including the local coordinators. Matters to be As these hazard mitigation recommendations reviewed will include an assessment of the goals become institutional practices throughout the and objectives of the NHMP, a review of hazards or MetroCOG Region, new mechanisms to implement disasters that occurred during the preceding year, these actions are anticipated. New public-private an evaluation of the mitigation activities that have partnerships, strengthened relationships with been accomplished to date, a discussion of why community organizations and local incentives will implementation of mitigation activities may be further realize the goals of the NHMP. behind schedule, and recommendations for new projects and revised activities. The maintenance schedule for the NHMP (post adoption) is present- 5.3 Progress Monitoring, ed in Table 5.2. Public Participation and Plan Continued public involvement will be sought regarding the monitoring, evaluation of and up- Maintenance dating of the NHMP. Public input may be solic- Each municipality has a local coordinator who ited through community meetings and input to will be responsible for a local annual review of the web-based information gathering tools. Public NHMP and will convene a meeting of public of- comment on changes to the Plan may be sought ficials to discuss progress. At these local meetings, through notifications posted to the websites of the the status of local actions will be discussed, and MetroCOG, as well as through the websites and new mitigation actions will be added if appropri- social media accounts of individual municipalities. ate. Minutes from the local annual NHMP meetings will be provided to MetroCOG to track plan maintenance. 5.4 Community Rating System The Conservation Technical Advisory Commit- Program tee (CTAC) of MetroCOG will monitor the regional FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS) is a progress of the NHMP implementation. Each voluntary program that offers discounts on flood MetroCOG municipality is formally represented on insurance premiums to communities that under- the CTAC with a member of the local Conservation take activities beyond minimum flood insurance Commission and a staff member with responsibili- standards. Activities include public outreach and

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-2 Section 5: Implementation

Table 5.2 Post-Adoption Plan Maintenance Schedule 2019-2020 2020-2021 2021-2022 2022-2023 2023-2024 MetroCOG staff will MetroCOG staff will MetroCOG staff will MetroCOG staff will MetroCOG staff will seek seek funding for seek funding for seek funding for seek funding for funding for regional projects regional projects and regional projects and regional projects and regional projects and and provide technical provide technical provide technical provide technical provide technical assistance to municipalities assistance to assistance to assistance to assistance to for local funding municipalities for local municipalities for local municipalities for local municipalities for local opportunities. funding opportunities. funding opportunities. funding opportunities. funding opportunities. Municipalities will Municipalities will Municipalities will Municipalities will Municipalities will integrate integrate NHMP integrate NHMP integrate NHMP integrate NHMP NHMP recommendations recommendations recommendations into recommendations recommendations into into local plans, ordinances into local plans, local plans, ordinances into local plans, local plans, ordinances and budgets. ordinances and and budgets. ordinances and and budgets. budgets. budgets. Quarterly meetings Quarterly meetings Quarterly meetings Quarterly meetings Quarterly meetings of the of the Conservation of the Conservation of the Conservation of the Conservation Conservation Technical Technical Advisory Technical Advisory Technical Advisory Technical Advisory Advisory Committee, Committee, hosted Committee, hosted Committee, hosted Committee, hosted hosted by the MetroCOG. by the MetroCOG. by the MetroCOG. by the MetroCOG. by the MetroCOG. Meeting agendas will Meeting agendas Meeting agendas Meeting agendas Meeting agendas include an item for will include an item will include an item will include an item will include an item municipalities to provide for municipalities to for municipalities to for municipalities to for municipalities to updates on the status of provide updates on provide updates on provide updates on provide updates on natural hazard mitigation the status of natural the status of natural the status of natural the status of natural actions. The CTAC will hazard mitigation hazard mitigation hazard mitigation hazard mitigation serve as a forum to discuss actions. actions. actions. actions. the status of the NHMP update. Local coordinators Local coordinators Local coordinators Local coordinators Local coordinators will host will host a meeting will host a meeting will host a meeting will host a meeting a meeting with local staff with local staff to with local staff to with local staff to with local staff to to track progress on local track progress on track progress on track progress on track progress on mitigation actions and add local mitigation local mitigation local mitigation local mitigation new actions if appropriate. actions and add new actions and add new actions and add new actions and add new A summary of the meeting actions if appropriate. actions if appropriate. actions if appropriate. actions if appropriate. will be recorded to inform A summary of the A summary of the A summary of the A summary of the the next NHMP Update. meeting will be meeting will be meeting will be meeting will be recorded to inform the recorded to inform the recorded to inform the recorded to inform the next NHMP Update. next NHMP Update. next NHMP Update. next NHMP Update. MetroCOG will MetroCOG, CTAC, integrate NHMP municipalities and regional recommendations stakeholders submit the into the Regional draft update of the NHMP Plan of Conservation to CT DEEP and FEMA. & Development. Ultimate adoption of NHMP MetroCOG staff by local legislative bodies. will work with municipalities to seek funding for the 2024 update of the NHMP.

5-3 information on flood protection, open space pro- and awareness are being implemented through tection, storm water management and floodplain the CRS Program. mitigation. Since the 2014 Plan Update, the Towns of Fairfield, Stratford and Trumbull have been admitted to the CRS Program. The City of Bridge- 5.5 Mitigation Actions for Each port submitted a Letter of Intent in 2018 and is the Community process of conducting the CRS application process. Due to the rigorous requirements of the CRS Pro- This 2019 NHMP Update includes mitigation gram, the NHMP will be monitored, evaluated and actions for each community in the MetroCOG updated as a CRS activity. Region. New mitigation strategies were identified through a variety of meetings with local offi- The CRS program requires that communi- cials, the results of the 2019 CRB Workshops and ties with ten or more repetitive loss properties the public participation process which included (Category C communities) prepare a floodplain meetings, online surveys and reviews of the Plan. management plan that covers the repetitive loss Other recommendations from the 2014 NHMP are areas. All coastal communities in the MetroCOG carried forward as presented in Section 4.5. These Region are Category C Repetitive Loss Communi- actions are presented after Section 5.5, following ties. To enhance its CRS participation, the Town of the discussion of the top five priorities for each Stratford plans to prepare a Repetitive Loss Area community presented below. Analysis (RLAA) should grant funding be available. The STAPLE+E method was used to prioritize Multi-jurisdictional Natural Hazard Mitigation each action for each community. The STAPLE+E Plans that are prepared in accordance with the CRS worksheet for each community is in Appendix H. Floodplain Management Planning process qualify for floodplain management planning credit in The STAPLE+E scores were reviewed to deter- the CRS Program. Each CRS community has been mine the top five priority actions for each com- awarded approximately 200 points for adopting munity. It is important to note that other factors the NHMP. CRS Program requirements for the unrelated to the scores, such as availability of NHMP, post-adoption, are as follows: funding, may influence community priorities from • An annual evaluation report on progress 2019 through 2024. Nevertheless, the top five ac- towards plan implementation must be pre- tions for each community represent a cross section pared at least once each year and submitted of the primary concerns in each. with the community’s annual CRS recertifica- tion. The report must be submitted to the City of Bridgeport - Top Five Priorities governing body, released to the media, and • #2 - Revise Zoning Regulations to include made available to the public. LID and resilience standards. • If a community receives credit as a result of • #3 - Consider additional freeboard (> 1 foot) participation in a multi-jurisdictional plan as part of the Zoning Regulation rewrite. that includes action items for each commu- • #4 - Factor climate change impacts into City- nity, the annual evaluation report must cover funded critical infrastructure improvement those action items. This can be done either plans by requiring that the standards similar by a multi-jurisdictional planning commit- to those of Public Act 18-82 be applied to tee or through separate submittals by each City-funded projects. As a first step, produce community. However, a community will not guidance document by 2021. receive credit if it did not participate in the • #11 - Identify open space to acquire in high meeting at which the annual report was risk areas. prepared. Therefore, the submittal needs to • #44 - Carefully regulate the 60 Main Street show who participated in the preparation of and ferry terminal site redevelopments to the report. ensure flood resiliency; these are key water- • The community must update the plan at front sites and the City has an opportunity least every five years. for supporting innovative designs. As public information activities are an im- Four of the City’s high priority actions are portant and required component of CRS, NHMP related to future regulation of development and public participation requirements and recommen- redevelopment projects in the city, which is ap- dations of the NHMP regarding public education

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-4 Section 5: Implementation

propriate given the densely-developed nature of Town of Monroe - Top Five Priorities the community and the regulations revision which • #1 - During POCD update, include an ap- is upcoming. propriate focus on stormwater management that sets policy for LID and green infrastructure, and encourages update of regulations Town of Easton - Top Five Priorities to formalize the current practices of requir- • #1 - Increase funding for the routine tree ing onsite management of stormwater. maintenance and inspection program and • #2 - Work with Aquarion to ensure that remove a greater number of hazardous trees informal practices of Stepney Dam impound- and branches each year. ment drawdown is formalized in Aquarion • #3 - Consider the pros and cons of incorpo- operations plans. rating LID in the upcoming regulations revi- • #4 - Conduct a town wide hydrologic analy- sion, and incorporate if found appropriate. sis that addresses flooding, stormwater, and • #6 - Work with CTDEEP to complete a formal water conveyance needs to identify projects validation of the RL list (currently one prop- that can be implemented to reduce risks to erty) and update the mitigation status of infrastructure and people. each listed property. • #12 - Conduct outreach to local small busi- • #7 - Contact the owners of RL properties and nesses with the aim of preventing the acci- nearby properties at risk to inquire about dental release and pollution from chemicals mitigation undertaken and suggest options stored and used at their facilities during or for mitigating flooding in those areas. This following natural hazard events. should be accomplished with a letter directly • #14 - Work with CTDEEP to complete a for- mailed to each property owner. mal validation of the RL list (the sole listed • #8 - Acquire a generator for the Senior RL property is not located in Monroe). Center to enhance its use as a heating and cooling center. Monroe’s concerns largely remain focused on flooding and drainage, and all of the high priority Two of the Town’s actions are related to its actions reflect this concern. rural, forested character which has contributed to loss of power due to damage to utilities from trees. Town of Stratford - Top Five Priorities • #3 - Pursue funding to mitigate existing and Town of Fairfield - Top Five Priorities future risks to the South End and employ- • #6 - Address equipment in library basements ment growth area identified in the Stratford to prepare for when flooding occurs. Plan of Conservation and Development. • #7 - Coordinate with the USACE to deter- Funds may be used to install flood control mine a feasible option for future improve- systems and/or elevate and extend seawalls ments to the Pine Creek dike system. where necessary. • #10 - Secure funds for execution of a por- • #5 - Pursue funding to design/build multiple tion of the Downtown Green Infrastructure culverts and channels on Surf Avenue at the Study and Conceptual Plan. Interstate 95 overpass along with the flood • #24 - Enhance flood protection at the DPW wall to reduce chronic coastal flooding. (immediate and surrounding areas) garage • #8 - Secure funding to implement flood or consider feasibility of moving garage to protection measures around the wastewater an alternate location. treatment plant by raising the existing flood • #32 - Develop a written plan for inspection control berm. of Town-owned bridges that may experience • #13 - Reduce inflow and infiltration through scour during flood events. The plan should execution of projects utilizing the Clean Wa- set a time frame for inspections after flood- ter Act grant funds. waters have receded. • #17 - Pursue funding to floodproof munici- The Town’s high-priority actions cover a wide pal buildings in the town by raising equip- range of flood-related concerns from basement ment and generators and installing projec- flooding to a dike system to green infrastructure tile-proof windows where necessary. to bridge scour. These actions reflect the diverse Similar to Fairfield, the Town of Stratford’s nature of flood risk in Fairfield.

5-5 high-priority actions cover a wide range of flood- nesses and institutions throughout the Region. related concerns from structural projects to flood- Improved tree maintenance programs, enhanc- proofing. These actions reflect the diverse nature ing communication with utilities and prioritizing of flood risk in Stratford. critical access roads for clearing of blockages from fallen tree limbs continue throughout the Region. Town of Trumbull - Top Five Priorities Each community has developed a number of • #2 - Prepare a draft of municipal regula- capabilities relative to NHMP implementation as tions that can be used to require low impact presented on the following pages. development and green infrastructure. • #7 - Provide FEMA Special Flood Hazard MetroCOG Area locations on the GIS Website. • #16 - Expand awareness of the benefits and MetroCOG developed a regional website to opportunities of green infrastructure and inform residents, businesses, and regional stake- pervious pavement. holders about natural hazards (http://www.ct- • #17 - Improve tree management through metro.org/projects/environment-sustainability-2/ outreach and public education. flood-protection/#.XNHr9RRKhpg). While primarily • #20 - Improve access to information on ser- aimed at addressing flooding, the website also vices for at-risk populations during disasters. considers other hazards such as hurricanes, summer storms, tornadoes, winter storms, and earth- With suburban characteristics, the Town’s quakes. The website details potential impacts and priorities reflect an interest in LID, green infra- how residents and businesses should prepare for structure, and tree maintenance and management. such events. These actions are meant to prevent flood risks and power outage risks from increasing. City of Bridgeport 5.6 Implementation The City of Bridgeport has demonstrated a commitment to implementing NHMP recommen- Capabilities dations regarding regulations, infrastructure and Development patterns in the region have public education and awareness. A storm water not significantly changed since the2014 NHMP. management manual was updated in 2008 and the FEMA’s updated Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps Department of Public Facilities has the authority to (DFIRMs) and the impacts of Hurricanes Sandy and amend the City’s stormwater regulations. The CT- Irene continue to affect communities throughout DEEP completed reconstruction of the Lake Forest the Region. For many coastal communities, the dam in 2010. Over 200 seminars on flooding and Coastal V (Velocity) Zone widened to include struc- public safety are provided to residents by the City tures that had previously been located in the A of Bridgeport every year. A Reverse 911 system Zone (1% annual chance floodzone without wave and the online Bridgeport 311 keeps residents and action). Furthermore, the revised DFIRMs required concerned citizens informed of issues and prob- communities to enforce local floodplain regula- lems in the city. tions for structures that were once located outside Bridgeport has a universal shelter policy which of the floodplain. Thus, recommendations from helps to meet specific needs of attendees includ- the previous NHMP regarding increased elevation ing allowing pets. Furthermore, the City has made standards and extending V Zone regulations to the significant progress installing green infrastructure A Zone have been implemented or partially real- on public property, completed an assessment of ized by several communities since 2014. the existing and potential tree canopy in 2013, and The impacts of Hurricanes Irene and Sandy, has encouraged the elevation and/or floodproof- as well as inland flooding, reinforce local aware- ing of homes and electrical systems. The City also ness of the need to plan for and mitigate the continues to implement recommendations from potential impacts from flooding and high winds. the Pleasure Beach Master Plan, cleans catch ba- While flooding had long-term devastating impacts sins, storm grates, and river channels regularly, and on many properties along the coast, widespread created a storm water detention area at the north power outages that lasted several days to a week end of Rogers Park (2013). New technology has or longer had severe impacts on residents, busi- also been established to track cleanup such as GPS

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-6 Proposed Mitigation Actions for Bridgeport, 2019‐2024

Carried Current ID Former ID Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Operating budget; existing The Engineering Department has been designated as staff to coordinate. PF with the CRS coordinator (by letter to FEMA dated April Complete CAV and initial steps to enter into the PP, PR, PE, 7/2019‐ 11 CF assistance 2018). The OPED staff will be brought into the process <$100,000 CRS program. ES, NR 6/2020 from OPED as needed, given the emphasis on reviewing building and development permits. City capital funds to retain Revise Zoning Regulations to include low impact 1/2019‐ 23 CF PR OPED OPED has retained a consultant for assistance. <$100,000 consultant development (LID) and resilience standards. 6/2020 Consider freeboard of greater than one foot as 7/2019‐ City capital funds to retain 36 CF PR OPED OPED has retained a consultant for assistance. <$100,000 part of the Zoning Regulation rewrite. 6/2020 consultant Factor climate change impacts into City‐funded Operating budget; existing critical infrastructure improvement plans by staff to coordinate. requiring that the standards similar to those of PF and OPED will collaborate to develop this guidance, 1/2020‐ 410 CF PR, ST, PP PF and OPED <$100,000 Public Act 18‐82 be applied to City‐funded using the State's guidance related to Public Act 18‐82. 12/2020 projects. As a first step, produce guidance document by 2021. Complete the components of the "Resilient U.S. HUD, CT Department of The State is managing this project. The City will 7/2019‐ 530Bridgeport" project execution that are scheduled CF ST, PP PF and OPED >$1 Million Housing continue to coordinate and participate as needed. 6/2024 for 2019‐2024. Make additional progress with combined sewer City capital funds and EPA 7/2019‐ 626separations and CSO abatement as outlined in CF ST PF and WPCA PF to continue this effort. >$1 Million CWA Funds 6/2024 plans developed in 2018. Pending funding, proceed with the Storm water City capital funds to retain Authority Feasibility Study. Consider incentives to 7/2020‐ consultant 716 CF PR PF PF will coordinate this project. <$100,000 reduce the amount of impervious surface in the 6/2021 City. Pursue a target of 30 additional GI installations City capital funds, grant on City‐owned land and along streets in the 2019‐ funds, and in‐kind services 7/2019‐ 8222024 planning timeframe. Select some locations CF ST, NR PF and OPED PF to continue this effort. >$1 Million from non‐profits such as 6/2024 from the Regional Framework for Coastal The Nature Conservancy Resilience. Identify opportunities for floodplain easements PF and OPED will collaborate to identify these 7/2019‐ $100,000‐ City capital funds to retain 97 CF NR PF and OPED on properties. opportunities. 6/2024 $500,000 legal expertise PF and OPED will collaborate to identify these 7/2019‐ $100,000‐ City capital funds to retain 10 32 Secure waterfront easements as available. CF NR PF and OPED opportunities. 6/2024 $500,000 legal expertise Operating budget; existing PF and OPED will collaborate to identify these 7/2019‐ staff to coordinate (action is 11 77 Identify open space to acquire in high risk areas. CF NR PF and OPED <$100,000 opportunities. 6/2024 to identify only).

Identify parcels within potential marsh Operating budget; existing advancement zones that may be acquired, PF and OPED will collaborate to identify these 7/2019‐ staff to coordinate (action is 12 83 CF NR PF and OPED <$100,000 including properties along Cedar Creek that have opportunities. 6/2024 to identify only). low potential for redevelopment. Conduct study of Ash Creek sedimentation to City capital funds to retain Public Facilities and engineering to work together and 7/2021‐ 13 21 determine if sediment removal will enhance flood CF ST PF <$100,000 consultant assess feasibility, using a consultant as needed. 6/2022 capacity. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Bridgeport, 2019‐2024

Carried Current ID Former ID Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Identify potential areas of erosion along Ash City capital funds to retain Public Facilities and engineering to work together and 7/2021‐ 14 85 Creek that may require mitigation, and secure CF ST PF <$100,000 consultant assess feasibility, using a consultant as needed. 6/2022 funding for feasibility studies. Implement findings of the Lower West End OPED will work with the Bridgeport Economic Operating budget; existing resiliency planning to draw appropriate Development Corporation (the agency that completed staff to coordinate. 7/2019‐ 15 27 businesses to the northwest bank of Cedar Creek, CF PP OPED the planning study) to implement recommendations <$100,000 6/2021 such as water‐dependent and floodable land during the regulations revision process referenced uses. above. U.S. HUD, CT Department of Continue to remove derelict structures in flood Housing, FEMA HMA zones and other areas of high risk; and redevelop PF and OPED will collaborate to identify these 7/2019‐ 16 28 CF NR PF and OPED >$1 Million or convert to open space. The target for 2019‐ opportunities. 6/2024 2024 is ten additional properties. Repair/replace the State Street Ext/Commerce CT DOT and City capital 7/2019‐ 17 48 Drive Bridge and upgrade the catch basins and CF ST PF PF to lead this project. >$1 Million funds 6/2024 drainage system. Execute design of the flood mitigation project for PF to retain consultant or consultant team to complete 7/2020‐ $100,000‐ City capital funds to retain 18 53 CF ST PF Island Brook and Ox Brook. this design. 6/2022 $500,000 consultants Execute design of the flood mitigation project for PF to retain consultant or consultant team to complete 7/2020‐ $100,000‐ City capital funds to retain 19 54 CF ST PF northeast Bridgeport. this design. 6/2022 $500,000 consultants Operating budget; existing Pursue funds for design of a demonstration PF to identify and secure funds. Potential funds are 7/2019‐ staff to coordinate (action is 20 58 project for green coastal bank protection CF ST, NR PF <$100,000 NOAA, NFWF, and CIRCA (state) grant programs. 6/2022 to secure funds only). opportunities along the Yellow Mill Channel. Pursue funds for design of a demonstration Operating budget; existing project for green coastal enhancement and PF to identify and secure funds. Potential funds are 7/2019‐ staff to coordinate (action is 21 76 CF ST, NR PF <$100,000 restoration opportunities (similar to the action NOAA, NFWF, and CIRCA (state) grant programs. 6/2022 to secure funds only). for Yellow Mill Channel, above). Operating budget; existing Continue to work with the Town of Stratford to 7/2019‐ staff to coordinate (action is 22 69 complete the Bruce Brook improvements near CF ST PF PF to collaborate as needed. <$100,000 6/2022 to work with Stratford). Barnum Avenue. Execute the design to address drainage and City capital funds to retain This item requires extensive coordination with CT DOT, flooding at Seaview Avenue where it crosses the 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ consultants 23 73 CF ST PF MTA, and Metro North Rail. PF to retain consultant or railroad line, potentially coinciding with the 6/2023 $500,000 consultant team to complete this design. proposed Barnum RR Station. Select one recommendation from the Operating budget; existing PF and OPED to identify and secure funds. Potential Pequonnock River Watershed Plan to improve 7/2020‐ staff to coordinate (action is 24 78 CF ST, NR PF and OPED funds are NOAA, NFWF, and EPA Section 319 (state) <$100,000 water quality and alleviate flooding, and secure 6/2022 to secure funds only). grant programs. funding. Operating budget; existing Select one recommendation from the Rooster PF and OPED to identify and secure funds. Potential 7/2020‐ staff to coordinate (action is 25 79 River Watershed Plan to improve water quality CF ST, NR PF and OPED funds are NOAA, NFWF, and EPA Section 319 (state) <$100,000 6/2022 to secure funds only). and alleviate flooding, and secure funding. grant programs. City capital funds with Pilot test an automated viaduct closure system EMHS to lead, but PF needed for coordination and 7/2022‐ $100,000‐ 26 42 CF ES PF and EMHS potential DHS emergency for one viaduct. design considerations. 6/2024 $500,000 preparedness funding Conduct a feasibility study for increasing the PF to retain consultant or consultant team to complete 7/2022‐ $100,000‐ City capital funds to retain 27 50 CF ST PF heights of the breakwaters. this study. 6/2024 $500,000 consultants Proposed Mitigation Actions for Bridgeport, 2019‐2024

Carried Current ID Former ID Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? City capital funds Raise the remaining unmitigated electrical boxes 7/2020‐ 28 63 CF PP PF PF to complete these efforts. <$100,000 at Seaside Park in areas vulnerable to flooding. 6/2021 Conduct a feasibility study for increasing the PF to retain consultant or consultant team to complete 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ City capital funds to retain 29 65 CF ST PF heights of the seawalls. this study. 6/2023 $500,000 consultants Operating budget; existing Implement outreach programs to educate citizens Conduct in connection with CRS entry, if CRS entry staff to coordinate in regarding flood management ordinances, flood timeframe allows. If CRS participation does not 7/2020‐ connection with CRS 30 86 insurance programs, and other flood relevant CF PE PF and EMHS <$100,000 proceed as planned, complete the action as a 6/2024 issues, including creditable activities in the CRS standalone action. program and GIS. Operating budget; existing Increase community awareness and preparedness Conduct in connection with CRS entry, if CRS entry staff to coordinate in through education and outreach via the religious timeframe allows. If CRS participation does not 7/2020‐ connection with CRS 31 87 community, public libraries and higher education CF PE PF and EMHS <$100,000 proceed as planned, complete the action as a 6/2024 and implement neighborhood specific emergency standalone action. and communications plans. Operating budget; existing Finalize specific neighborhood plans for Conduct in connection with CRS entry, if CRS entry staff to coordinate emergency management and communications timeframe allows. If CRS participation does not 7/2020‐ 32 88 and implement plan provisions. Each plan should CF ES PF and EMHS <$100,000 proceed as planned, complete the action as a 6/2024 be translated into the top five languages spoken standalone action. in the City of Bridgeport. Increase education and communications on Operating budget; existing response procedures for residents of high density 7/2020‐ staff to coordinate 33 89 CF PE EMHS EMHS to lead. Coordinate with action #34 below. <$100,000 public housing areas, especially those located in 6/2024 the coastal area. Operating budget; existing In high density and public housing developments, 7/2020‐ staff to coordinate 34 95 post the evacuation routes and evaluate CF ES EMHS EMHS to lead. <$100,000 6/2024 additional transportation needs. Assess/augment local areas of the public refuge Operating budget; existing system across the City and ensure residents are 7/2020‐ staff to coordinate 35 90 CF ES EMHS EMHS to lead. <$100,000 aware of uses and procedures during 6/2024 emergencies. Conduct in connection with CRS entry, if CRS entry Operating budget; existing Encourage homeowners to purchase flood timeframe allows. If CRS participation does not 7/2021‐ staff to coordinate in 36 91 CF PP PF and EMHS <$100,000 insurance. proceed as planned, complete the action as a 6/2024 connection with CRS standalone action. Conduct in connection with CRS entry, if CRS entry Operating budget; existing Help reduce the disbursement of toxic substances timeframe allows. If CRS participation does not 7/2020‐ staff to coordinate 37 92 from ﬂooded homes and facilities by conducting CF ES PF and EMHS <$100,000 proceed as planned, complete the action as a 6/2024 outreach regarding this topic. standalone action. City capital funds to retain Once during the timeframe of this plan update, consultants assess capacities and needs of sheltering, cooling, 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ 38 97 and medical network across City as well as CF ES EMHS EMHS to lead. 6/2023 $500,000 adjoining municipalities in the Greater Bridgeport Region. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Bridgeport, 2019‐2024

Carried Current ID Former ID Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Operating budget; existing Secure funding to install a warning siren system 7/2021‐ staff to coordinate (action is 39 98 in areas vulnerable to inland and coastal flooding CF ES EMHS EMHS to lead. <$100,000 6/2022 to secure funds only). to alert residents to evacuate. Operating budget; existing Pursue funding to complete a feasibility study for PF to retain consultant or consultant team to complete 7/2022‐ staff to coordinate (action is 40 101 raising bridges and their connecting roads in one CF ST PF <$100,000 this study. 6/2023 to secure funds only). specific pilot area. Operating budget; existing Secure funding to upgrade Emergency Operations staff to coordinate (action is Center equipment to include a complete camera 7/2021‐ 41 102 CF ES EMHS EMHS to lead. <$100,000 to secure funds only). board for situational awareness and display 6/2022 board for public facilities equipment tracking. Operating budget; existing Secure funding to install a camera system to 7/2021‐ staff to coordinate (action is 42 104 more thoroughly understand storm surge and to N ES EMHS EMHS to lead. <$100,000 6/2022 to secure funds only). enhance evacuation. This is an ongoing project. The action is geared toward Operating budget; existing Closely monitor Marina Village reconstruction to 7/2019‐ 43 ‐‐ N PP OPED ensuring that the design and construction is resulting in <$100,000 staff to coordinate. ensure that the project is flood resilient. 6/2023 a resilient housing complex. Operating budget; existing Carefully regulate the 60 Main Street and ferry staff to coordinate. terminal site redevelopments to ensure that the These are anticipated high‐visibility projects. The 7/2019‐ 44 ‐‐ projects are flood resilient; these are key N PP OPED action is geared toward ensuring that the designs and <$100,000 6/2023 waterfront sites and the City has an opportunity construction are resulting in resilient development. for supporting innovative designs. Incorporate flood resiliency in the WWTP 7/2020‐ City capital funds and EPA 45 ‐‐ N PP WPCA WPCA to lead when project occurs. >$1 Million upgrades that occur in the near future. 6/2024 CWA Funds City capital funds to retain Complete permitting and design of Johnson Creek 7/2020‐ 46 ‐‐ NNRPFPF to pick up design from MetroCOG and continue. <$100,000 consultant Living Shoreline demonstration project. 6/2021 Conduct outreach to local small businesses with Operating budget; existing the aim of preventing the accidental release and staff to coordinate. Coordinate directly with CT DEEP on this statewide 7/2020‐ 47 ‐‐ pollution from chemicals stored and used at their N PE EMHS <$100,000 initiative. 6/2021 facilities during or following natural hazard events. Operating budget; existing Secure funding from SHPO to conduct a historic Coordinate directly with CT SHPO on this statewide 7/2021‐ staff to coordinate (action is 48 ‐‐ resources survey focusing on potential historic N PP OPED <$100,000 initiative. 6/2022 to secure funds only). resources in coastal flood risk areas. Operating budget; existing Coordinate directly with CT DEEP. Conduct in Work with CT DEEP to complete a formal staff to coordinate. connection with CRS entry, if CRS entry timeframe 7/2019‐ 49 ‐‐ validation of the RL list and update the mitigation NPPPF and OPED <$100,000 allows. If CRS participation does not proceed as 6/2020 status of each listed property. planned, complete the action as a standalone action. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Bridgeport, 2019‐2024

Carried Current ID Former ID Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Operating budget; existing Contact the owners of Repetitive Loss Properties staff to coordinate. and nearby properties at risk to inquire about Conduct in connection with CRS entry, if CRS entry mitigation undertaken and suggest options for timeframe allows. If CRS participation does not 7/2019‐ 50 ‐‐ NPPPF and OPED <$100,000 mitigating flooding in those areas. This should be proceed as planned, complete the action as a 6/2020 accomplished with a letter directly mailed to each standalone action. property owner.

Type of Action: PP = property protection PR = prevention NR = natural resources protection or restoration ST = structural projects ES = emergency services PE = public education Proposed Mitigation Actions for Easton, 2019‐2024

Current ID Former ID Carried Type of Responsible (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Forward or Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding Action Department 2014) 2019) New Action? Increase funding for the routine tree Work with Board of Selectmen and Finance to maintenance and inspection program and 7/2019‐ 12 CF PP DPW increase funding, with target for accomplishing <$100,000 Town budget remove a greater number of hazardous trees 6/2021 this within two years. and branches each year. Operating Consider the costs and benefits associated Reach out to neighboring towns such as Fairfield budget; existing with registering in the Sustainable CT Board of and Trumbull to seek advice about the program. 7/2020‐ 2 ‐‐ N PR, NR, PE <$100,000 staff to program, which includes some objectives Selectmen Estimate staff and volunteer time to enter and 6/2021 coordinate. aligned with hazard mitigation. remain in the program. During the upcoming regulations revision Operating Consider the pros and cons of incorporating process, review and consider the findings and budget; existing low impact development (LID) in the 7/2019‐ 3 ‐‐ N PR, NR PZC recommendations of the rural LID guidance <$100,000 staff to upcoming regulations revision, and 6/2022 funded by CIRCA and published on the CIRCA coordinate. incorporate if found appropriate. web site. Operating budget; existing Secure funding from SHPO to conduct a staff to Coordinate directly with CT SHPO on this 7/2021‐ 4 ‐‐ historic resources survey focusing on potential N PP PZC <$100,000 coordinate statewide initiative. 6/2022 historic resources in flood risk areas. (action is to secure funds only). Complete bridge replacement projects funded Work with MetroCOG and CT DOT as needed to 7/2019‐ 5 ‐‐ N ST DPW >$1 Million LOTCIP by the LOTCIP program. execute projects. 6/2023 Work with CT DEEP to complete a formal Operating validation of the RL list (currently one Contact the NFIP coordinator at CT DEEP to get 7/2019‐ budget; existing 6 ‐‐ N PP DPW <$100,000 property) and update the mitigation status of started and obtain the appropriate forms. 6/2020 staff to each listed property. coordinate. Contact the owners of Repetitive Loss Operating Properties and nearby properties at risk to budget; existing inquire about mitigation undertaken and staff to Contact the NFIP coordinator at CT DEEP to 7/2019‐ 7 ‐‐ suggest options for mitigating flooding in N PP DPW <$100,000 coordinate. obtain the template for a letter. 6/2020 those areas. This should be accomplished with a letter directly mailed to each property owner. Acquire a generator for the Senior Center to FEMA HMA, DHS Board of Secure funding and assign project to appropriate 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ 8 ‐‐ enhance its use as a heating and cooling NES emergency Selectmen staff to execute. 6/2022 $500,000 center. preparedness

Carried Current ID Former ID Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Secure funds and proceed with Conservation and 7/2019‐ Capital improvement 19, 28 construction of the Riverside Drive tide CF ST Conservation and DPW are collaborating on this project. >$1 Million Engineering 6/2020 funds gate system. Operating budget; Ensure that the current dam failure EAPs existing staff to EMD to obtain copies and file them with departments such as 7/2019‐ 2 10, 83 are filed with pertinent Town CF ES OEM <$100,000 coordinate (action is to DPW and Planning. 6/2020 departments. obtain and distribute).

Advance the South Benson Road pumping DPW and 7/2019‐ Capital improvement 3 14, 25 CF ST DPW/Engineering is coordinating this project. >$1 Million station to final design and construction. Engineering 6/2022 funds

Pursue an executable phase of the Conservation, Conservation and DPW collaborated on the Riverside Riverside Drive/Ash Creek flood protection 7/2020‐ $100,000‐ 4 14, 28 CF ST Engineering, and Drive/Ash Creek project in 2016‐2017 and should collaborate Grant funds for design system by focusing on design of a segment 6/2022 $500,000 FECB on the design phase. that affects only Town‐owned land.

Secure funds for a microgrid at the WWTP The Town has been successful with the State's microgrid 7/2019‐ 515to include adjacent and nearby municipal CF PP, ES WPCA program. Leverage this experience to pursue a microgrid at >$1 Million State microgrid program 6/2022 buildings. the WWTP and nearby buildings.

Address equipment in library basements to 7/2019‐ $100,000‐ Capital improvement 619 CF PP Library/DPW Continue this project to completion. prepare for when flooding occurs. 6/2020 $500,000 funds Operating budget; Although the Town's FECB has been discussing and promoting Coordinate with the Army Corps of existing staff to various means of improving the dike system, the Army Corps Engineers to determine a feasible option FECB and 7/2019‐ coordinate. 7 26, 28 CF ST of Engineers is proceeding with a study of flood protection. <$100,000 for future improvements to the Pine Creek Engineering 6/2022 The Town should try to participate more directly, either dike system. through CT DEEP or with the Corps. Operating budget; Secure funds for beach nourishment in Conservation and The Town has conducted beach nourishment in the past and 7/2020‐ existing staff to 8 27, 62 accordance with the engineered beach CF NR <$100,000 Engineering will utilize similar procedures going forward. 6/2022 coordinate (action is to study and design. secure funds only). Relocate the sanitary sewer transmission 7/2019‐ Capital improvement 934truck lines from areas of significant flood CF ST WPCA This project is underway. Carry forward for completion. >$1 Million 6/2022 funds risk. Operating budget; Secure funds for execution of a portion of The Town applied for a grant from NFWF in 2018 but was not 7/2019‐ existing staff to 10 35, 36, 41 the Downtown Green Infrastructure Study CF ST, NR Engineering <$100,000 successful. Additional funding opportunities will be pursued. 6/2022 coordinate (action is to and Conceptual Plan. secure funds only). Allocate funds for replacements of culverts Study and design has been completed for some areas. The 7/2022‐ Capital improvement 11 38 to alleviate flooding in the Rooster River, CF ST Engineering >$1 Million Town will begin allocating funds through the CIP. 6/2024 funds Royal Avenue, and Camden Street areas. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Fairfield, 2019‐2024

Carried Current ID Former ID Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Operating budget; Due to neighbor opposition, the action should focus on existing staff to determining whether the project is feasible, whether it can Determine whether the culvert at Merwins 7/2020‐ coordinate. 12 39 CF ST Engineering achieve the desired result, and whether issues with the <$100,000 Lane can be replaced to increase capacity. 6/2021 neighbor can be resolved. If one of these is not favorable, this project should be retired from consideration. Operating budget for A flood detention/storage study was completed in 2019 to Identify the next steps to set aside land for existing staff and/or Engineering and augment previous studies in the Rooster River watershed. 7/2020‐ 13 40 detention/watershed storage in the CF ST, NR <$100,000 consultant DPW Utilize the momentum surrounding this issue to define the 6/2021 Rooster River watershed. next steps to further explore feasibility. Operating budget for Conduct a feasibility study for elevating Due to the dual needs of this project (engineering feasibility Engineering, DPW, 7/2020‐ $100,000‐ existing staff and/or 14 43 Fairfield Beach Road, including public CF ST, ES and public buy‐in), a formal feasibility study will be conducted and OEM 6/2021 $500,000 consultant outreach and incorporation of public input. that directly incorporates public input. Conduct a study to determine the This feasibility study can proceed in a manner similar to the Operating budget for FECB and 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ 15 45 feasibility of extending the dike in CF ST Ash Creek/Riverside Drive study and conceptual plan. Public existing staff and/or Engineering 6/2022 $500,000 Southport along Harbor Road. input should be directly incorporated. consultant Operating budget for Determine the feasibility of installing Engineering should retain a consultant for this feasibility study Engineering and 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ existing staff and/or 16 49 pumping stations beneath the railroad CF ST if possible, but may be able to complete in‐house if time DPW 6/2022 $500,000 consultant underpasses to remove floodwaters. permits. Select one action from the Rooster River Operating budget; Watershed Management Plan and secure existing staff to Conservation to identify and secure funds. Potential funds 7/2020‐ 17 58 funding for its execution. Focus on an CF ST, NR Conservation <$100,000 coordinate (action is to are NOAA, NFWF, and EPA Section 319 (state) grant programs. 6/2022 action that has multiple hazard mitigation secure funds only). benefits. Operating budget for Conduct outreach and feasibility study for Conservation, Conservation to identify and secure funds, working with the 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ existing staff and/or 18 61 the conceptual dune ridge design that CF ST, NR Engineering, and FECB and Engineering. Potential funds are NOAA, NFWF, and 6/2022 $500,000 consultant addresses the Penfield/Shoal Point area. FECB CIRCA (state) grant programs. Operating budget; Train and equip neighborhood storm existing staff to response teams (i.e., CERT), especially in coordinate. neighborhoods that have in the past been 7/2019‐ 19 64 CF ES OEM and CERT The EMD and CERTs will collaborate to accomplish this action. <$100,000 cut off from emergency services by 6/2021 floodwaters or downed trees, as well as to assist lower‐income populations. Operating budget; Develop tree planting guidelines that are DPW and 7/2019‐ 20 67 CF PP Conservation and DPW will team to develop guidelines. <$100,000 existing staff to aligned with hazard mitigation goals. Conservation 6/2021 coordinate. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Fairfield, 2019‐2024

Carried Current ID Former ID Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Operating budget for Because elevating Turney Road was partly addressed during existing staff and/or the public engagement associated with the Riverside consultant Drive/Ash Creek flood protection study and conceptual plan, Conduct a feasibility study for elevating Conservation, this past effort should be used to initiate the study. 7/2022‐ $100,000‐ 21 78 Turney Road, including public outreach CF ST, ES Engineering, FECB, Consultant services may be secured for further evaluating the 6/2023 $500,000 and incorporation of public input. and OEM feasibility and engaging the public. However, unlike the Riverside Drive/Ash Creek study, this action should directly involve emergency management personnel.

Provide and install generators to senior housing complexes and other complexes Assigned staff should begin securing funds early in the 7/2021‐ FEMA HMA, DHS 22 81 CF ES, PP OEM and DPW >$1 Million that serve vulnerable populations to allow lifespan of the plan update. 6/2024 preparedness grants them to shelter in place. Operating budget for Enhance flood protection at the DPW existing staff and/or (immediate and surrounding areas) garage DPW will commence this action with a feasibility study that 7/2022‐ $100,000‐ 24 89 CF ST, PP DPW consultant or consider feasibility of moving garage to addresses flood protection vs. relocation. 6/2023 $500,000 an alternate location. Operating budget; Conduct outreach to local small businesses existing staff to with the aim of preventing the accidental 7/2020‐ coordinate. 25 ‐‐ release and pollution from chemicals N PE P&Z Coordinate directly with CT DEEP on this statewide initiative. <$100,000 6/2021 stored and used at their facilities during or following natural hazard events. Secure funding from SHPO to conduct a Operating budget; historic resources survey focusing on 7/2021‐ existing staff to 26 ‐‐ N PP P&Z Coordinate directly with CT SHPO on this statewide initiative. <$100,000 potential historic resources in coastal flood 6/2022 coordinate (action is to risk areas. secure funds only). Operating budget; Work with CT DEEP to complete a formal Coordinate directly with CT DEEP. Conduct in connection with 7/2019‐ existing staff to 27 ‐‐ validation of the RL list and update the N PP P&Z <$100,000 CRS participation. 6/2020 coordinate. mitigation status of each listed property. Operating budget; Contact the owners of Repetitive Loss existing staff to Properties and nearby properties at risk to coordinate. inquire about mitigation undertaken and suggest options for mitigating flooding in 7/2019‐ 28 ‐‐ N PP P&Z Conduct in connection with CRS participation. <$100,000 those areas. This should be accomplished 6/2020 with a letter directly mailed to each property owner. Coordinate with CRS participation. Operating budget; Contact the owners of properties that existing staff to experience frequent flooding (which may coordinate. not be RL properties) to suggest options 7/2019‐ 29 ‐‐ N PP P&Z Conduct in connection with CRS participation. <$100,000 for mitigating flooding. This should be 6/2020 accomplished with a letter directly mailed to each property owner. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Fairfield, 2019‐2024

Carried Current ID Former ID Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Operating budget; Achieve additional objectives associated Encourage the existing volunteer committee to achieve Existing volunteer 7/2019‐ existing staff to 30 ‐‐ with the Sustainable CT program, focusing N PR, NR additional actions, with direction to focus on those aligned <$100,000 committee 6/2020 coordinate. on those aligned with hazard mitigation. with hazard mitigation. Operating budget; Work with USGS or NOAA to establish a existing staff to tide gauge in Long Island Sound to provide This action will require considerable coordination. Initial Engineering and 7/2020‐ coordinate. Funding for 31 ‐‐ real‐time water level data. The nearest NES contacts should be made with NOAA and USGS, as both <$100,000 OEM 6/2022 execution will be USGS gauge is in Stamford and the nearest agencies host tide gauges in Long Island Sound. addressed in future NOAA gauge is in Bridgeport. updates. Operating budget; Develop a written plan for inspection of existing staff to Town‐owned bridges that may experience DPW and DPW and Engineering will collaborate on this action. 7/2019‐ coordinate. 32 ‐‐ scour during flood events. The plan should NST <$100,000 Engineering Consultant services are not likely needed. 6/2020 set a timeframe for inspections after floodwaters have receded. Provide suggested "code plus" strategies Operating budget; to make structures more resilient to wind The Building Department staff will commence this action in 7/2019‐ existing staff to 33 ‐‐ N PP Building <$100,000 when applications are processed for the next fiscal year and then make it common practice. 6/2020 coordinate. elevating buildings.

Carried Current ID Former Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ ID (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? During the update of the POCD, include an appropriate focus on stormwater Town operating budget for management that sets policy for LID and The POCD Update will commence by mid‐2019. The staff resources plus 7/2019‐ 11green infrastructure, and encourages CF PR, NR PZ Town and consultant will work together to address LID <$100,000 allocation for consultant 6/2020 update of regulations to formalize the and GI. services during POCD current practices of requiring onsite update management of stormwater. This action has appeared in the hazard mitigation plan Work with Aquarion to ensure that several times. During the timeframe of this update, the informal practices of Stepney Dam 7/2020‐ Town operating budget for 22 CF ST, ES ENG and EMD appropriate departments will make contact with <$100,000 impoundment drawdown is formalized in 6/2022 staff resources Aquarion management to address and formalize this Aquarion operations plans. practice. This action has appeared in the hazard mitigation plan Work with Aquarion to ensure that several times. During the timeframe of this update, the informal practices of Pequonnock River 7/2020‐ Town operating budget for 33 CF ST, ES ENG and EMD appropriate departments will make contact with <$100,000 water diversions are formalized in 6/2022 staff resources Aquarion management to address and formalize this Aquarion operations plans. practice. Conduct a townwide hydrologic analysis A townwide hydrologic/drainage study has been in the that addresses flooding, stormwater, and Town's CIP for several years and has not been conducted 7/2020‐ $100,000‐ Town capital funds 46water conveyance needs to identify CF ST ENG due to budgetary constraints. The Engineering 6/2022 $500,000 combined with grant funds projects that can be implemented to Department will work to secure the funding and execute reduce risks to infrastructure and people. this project. The Town has made progress with this action. For example, a 319 grant was secured and used for a stream Implement one additional project buffer enhancement project within the last five years. Town capital funds 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ 510identified in the watershed management CF PR, NR PW However, additional projects are desired outside the combined with Section 319 6/2023 $500,000 plan, with a focus on flood risk reduction. limited resources of the 319 program. The Town has grant funds experience in this matter and will apply for additional funds. Acquire and install a generator for the high 7/2021‐ FEMA HMA and DHS 612 CF ES, PP PW The Town will secure funds and prioritize this installation. >$1 Million school that enables its use as a shelter. 6/2023 preparedness grants Route 25 work is underway with completion scheduled Ensure that CT DOT completes the 7/2019‐ 716 CF ST ENG/CT DOT for the timeframe of this plan update. The Town will >$1 Million CT DOT upgrades of culverts on Route 25. 6/2023 continue to work with CT DOT. Ensure that CT DOT completes the Route Route 25 work is underway with completion scheduled 7/2019‐ 81725 drainage and flood risk reduction CF ST ENG/CT DOT for the timeframe of this plan update. The Town will >$1 Million CT DOT 6/2023 projects. continue to work with CT DOT. Prepare a hydraulic study of the part of The necessary scope of this evaluation is believed Sammis Brook where a beaver dam has understood. The Engineering Department will secure the 7/2020‐ Town capital funds 920been a problem in the past, and determine CF ST ENG <$100,000 appropriate funds and either complete internally, or 6/2021 combined with grant funds if improvements are needed to reduce retain a consultant for, the study. flood risk. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Monroe, 2019‐2024

Carried Current ID Former Forward or Type of Responsible (2019‐ ID (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Town operating budget for staff resources plus Address (in the Subdivision Regulations) Conduct simultaneous with the POCD Update noted 7/2019‐ 10 ‐‐ NPPPZ <$100,000 allocation for consultant tree heights and appropriate street trees. above. 6/2020 services during POCD update Operating budget; existing Consider the costs and benefits associated Reach out to neighboring towns such as Fairfield and staff to coordinate. with registering in the Sustainable CT Trumbull to seek advice about the program. Estimate 7/2020‐ 11 ‐‐ N PR, NR PZ <$100,000 program, which includes some objectives staff and volunteer time to enter and remain in the 6/2021 aligned with hazard mitigation. program. Operating budget; existing Conduct outreach to local small businesses staff to coordinate. with the aim of preventing the accidental Coordinate directly with CT DEEP on this statewide 7/2020‐ 12 ‐‐ release and pollution from chemicals N PE EMD <$100,000 initiative. 6/2021 stored and used at their facilities during or following natural hazard events. Secure funding from SHPO to conduct a Operating budget; existing historic resources survey focusing on Coordinate directly with CT SHPO on this statewide 7/2021‐ staff to coordinate (action 13 ‐‐ NPP PZ <$100,000 potential historic resources in flood risk initiative. 6/2022 is to secure funds only). areas. Operating budget; existing Work with CT DEEP to complete a formal Coordinate directly with CT DEEP to obtain the 7/2019‐ staff to coordinate. 14 ‐‐ validation of the RL list (the sole listed RL N PP ENG appropriate forms. Only one property is listed in Minimal 6/2020 property is not located in Monroe). Monroe.

Current Former ID Carried Type of Responsible ID (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Forward or Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding Action Department 2024) 2019) New Action? Operating budget; existing Develop comprehensive stormwater regulations staff to coordinate. that address both quality and quantity control Develop regulations based on model Engineering and 11, 3 measures including MS4 requirements and Low CF PR stormwater ordinance that will be released by 7/2020‐6/2021 <$100,000 Planning Impact Development (LID) techniques for transit the State. oriented district at Town Center. Elevate private homes in Lordship area to meet or exceed FEMA requirements for Base Flood Over the next five years, pursue funding Elevation. Phase I to include homes on Washington Engineering and 26 CF PP through Pre‐disaster mitigation grants to 7/2020‐6/2024 >$1 Million FEMA HMA Parkway. Pursue funding through Pre‐disaster Planning elevate five homes on Washington Parkway. mitigation grants to elevate five homes on Washington Parkway. Pursue funding to mitigate existing and future risks Operating budget; existing to the South End and employment growth area staff to coordinate (action Planning and Engineering will collaborate to identified in the Stratford Plan of Conservation and Engineering and is to secure funds only). 37 CF ST, PP pursue options for the South End, consistent 7/2021‐6/2024 <$100,000 Development. Funds may be used to install flood Planning with findings of the Coastal Resilience Plan. control systems and/or elevate and extend seawalls where necessary. Operating budget; existing Maintain a list of properties that have experienced staff to coordinate (action repetitive loss from storms and flooding (with The Town's Coastal Resiliency Plan is to secure funds only). owner interest for future acquisition) and pursue recommended various mitigation measures for open space funding as it becomes available. Engineering and 411 CF NR properties severely impacted by flooding. These 7/2020‐6/2024 <$100,000 Acquire properties based on this list (this action Planning actions should be prioritized and properties that calls for list development and applications for should be acquired should be identified. funding in the timeframe of this plan; acquisitions are deferred to future editions of this plan). Pursue funding to design and initiate multiple Operating budget; existing Currently, the design of Surf Avenue culvert culverts and channels on Surf Avenue at the I‐95 Engineering and staff to coordinate (action 514 CF ST replacement project is on‐going. Funding is 7/2020‐6/2023 <$100,000 overpass along with the flood wall to reduce PW is to secure funds only). needed for implementation. chronic coastal flooding. Operating budget; existing Pursue funding to design and initiate multiple Significant progress has been made relative to Engineering and staff to coordinate (action 615culverts and channels at Barnum Avenue between CF ST design along this section of Bruce Brook. 7/2020‐6/2023 <$100,000 PW is to secure funds only). Sage and Bowe Avenues. Funding is needed for construction. Secure funding to build Short Beach to the Operating budget; existing elevations and grades of survey design Engineering and Departments to collaborate on securing funding staff to coordinate (action 719 CF ST 7/2020‐6/2023 <$100,000 recommendations conducted by US Army Corps of PW for this project. is to secure funds only). Engineers. Operating budget; existing Secure funding to implement flood protection A portion of funding is in place through CDBG Engineering and staff to coordinate (action 820measures around the wastewater treatment plant CF ST grant for implementation. 40% match is needed 7/2019‐6/2021 <$100,000 PW is to secure funds only). by raising the existing flood control berm. to implement through federal or state grants. Secure funding to design and build twin 6’ X 8’ box Operating budget; existing This action was recommended in the Coastal culvert with regulating tide gate to allow tidal Engineering and staff to coordinate (action 921 CF ST Resilience Plan. Funding is needed for design 7/2019‐6/2021 <$100,000 flushing while preventing tidal flooding along PW is to secure funds only). and construction. Lordship Boulevard. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Stratford, 2019‐2024

Current Former ID Carried Type of Responsible ID (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Forward or Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding Action Department 2024) 2019) New Action?

Operating budget; existing This action came from a separation of previous staff to coordinate (action strategies related to Tanners Brook. The section is to secure funds only). Pursue funding to evaluate the feasibility of of Tanners Brook near Broadbridge Avenue is Engineering and 10 23 daylighting of streams and prioritize actions to CF ST, NR addressed below. The Town will leverage its 7/2022‐6/2024 <$100,000 PW reduce hazards. experience with Tanners Brook to evaluate whether other streams can be partially restored by removing channelized sections.

Continue with the project to increase the width of the channelized stream downstream of This project is in the permitting phase. CT DEEP Broadbridge Avenue to reduce flooding at a permits and a FEMA CLOMR application have condominium parking lot. The replacement and been applied for. When approved, the Town enlargement of the structured channel and natural Engineering and will proceed with the balance of funding Capital improvement 11 23 CF ST 7/2019‐6/2024 >$1 Million channel that conveys Tanners Brook from PW requests and to bid the project. Following bid funds Broadbridge Avenue South to King Street has been and fully funding the project, a contract will be designed and is in the permitting phase. Funds have awarded and the Town will oversee been allocated for construction. Execute construction to fully implement the project. construction in the timeframe of this plan. Operating budget; existing This project is under preliminary design. The staff to coordinate (action Town is currently proceeding with further study is to secure funds only). Pursue funding to complete the bridge project to based on FEMA revisions to the Base Flood Engineering and 12 24, 27 elevate Broad Street over Ferry Creek. Town CF ST Elevation. Permitting and funding will be the 7/2019‐6/2020 <$100,000 PW currently pursuing funding through LOTCIP grant. next step in this design. Once completed, the town will bid and oversee construction to fully implement the project. Based on completion of assessment of its operations, the Town conducted a study to Reduce I/I through execution of projects utilizing Engineering and determine the areas where Inflow and 13 25, 29 CF ST 7/2020‐6/2023 >$1 Million Clean Water Act funds. the Clean Water Act grant funds. PW Infiltration can be reduced. The Town applied for and availed $ 700,000 from State Clean Water Fund Grant Money. Operating budget; existing Funding for this, which was obtained through a staff to coordinate (action CDBG‐DR grant, was de‐commissioned recently. is to secure funds only). Secure funding to design and build a 36” relief pipe Engineering and This project is currently being designed and will 14 26 CF ST 7/2022‐6/2024 <$100,000 to Long Brook and proceed to construction. PW proceed to local permitting in the near future. The project should be implemented and constructed in less then two years. Execute the West Broad Street project to reduce This project is currently getting ready to go into Engineering and 15 28, 33 drainage‐related flooding and flooding associated CF ST construction phase. State funding in the amount 7/2019‐6/2021 >$1 Million State funding PW with Tanners Brook. of $ 6 million is in place. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Stratford, 2019‐2024

Current Former ID Carried Type of Responsible ID (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Forward or Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding Action Department 2024) 2019) New Action?

Operating budget; existing The Health Department has reached out to staff to coordinate (action Oronoque residents providing them with is to secure funds only). emergency preparedness information. In Secure funding to respond to future needs as addition, staff have provided on‐site instructions appropriate at Oronoque Village. Specifically, Emergency on how to enroll in the Stratford Electronic 16 30 acquire additional equipment to provided CF ES 7/2019‐6/2021 <$100,000 Management Notiﬁcation System so they can be sure to enhanced emergency management related to the receive timely emergency notiﬁcations. The development. Town needs additional equipment for providing emergency management services to Oronoque Village. Pursue funding to floodproof municipal buildings in Operating budget; existing the town by raising equipment and generators and Staff will pursue funds from FEMA and other staff to coordinate (action 17 31 CF PP PW 7/2019‐6/2021 <$100,000 installing projectile‐proof windows where mitigation and preparedness grant programs. is to secure funds only). necessary. Operating budget; existing Permitting and design are underway. Staff is staff to coordinate (action Secure funds to replace the stormwater culverts Engineering and 18 32 CF ST considering applying for local bridge program to 7/2019‐6/2021 <$100,000 is to secure funds only). under Old Spring Road with new box culverts. PW pursue funding and implement.

In 2018, a consultant was hired to do Implement the best approach to maintain the assessment of the Birdseye ramp to maintain functionality of the Birdseye boat ramp under PW and Emergency functionality during events. No implementation Capital improvement 19 39 CF ES 7/2019‐6/2021 >$1 Million flooded conditions to ensure continued use during Management has been undertaken yet although $14,000 was funds disasters. budgeted. EMS Department is currently seeking approval from DEEP and the Town Council. Operating budget; existing Pursue funding to implement structural flood Engineering and Staff will pursue funds from FEMA and other staff to coordinate (action 20 40 CF PP 7/2020‐6/2021 <$100,000 proofing on Massarik Avenue/Benton Street. Planning mitigation and preparedness grant programs. is to secure funds only).

The Town will include in CIP and prioritize this Mitigate bank erosion at Diane Terrace and engage Engineering and project and schedule the design, permitting and Capital improvement 21 42 CF ST 7/2020‐6/2022 >$1 Million private properties on that street. PW construction in the order of prioritized capital funds improvements Operating budget; existing Secure funds to floodproof the animal shelter Engineering and Staff will pursue funds from FEMA and other staff to coordinate (action 22 44 CF PP 7/2020‐6/2021 <$100,000 adjacent to the Wastewater Treatment Plant. PW mitigation and preparedness grant programs. is to secure funds only).

Staff will pursue funds from municipal budgets Conduct a feasibility study to determine whether Combination of municipal Engineering and and other mitigation and resiliency grant $100,000‐ 23 45 the Lordship seawall can be modified to increase its CF ST 7/2020‐6/2021 and other funds (NOAA, PW programs, and then conduct the study in‐house $500,000 resilience to future storms. CIRCA, etc.) or retain consultants. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Stratford, 2019‐2024

Current Former ID Carried Type of Responsible ID (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Forward or Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding Action Department 2024) 2019) New Action?

Town Engineer is currently applying for funding provided by WPCA; Clean Water Fund is being Secure funds for pumping station improvements to Engineering and used for construction. Town is currently 24 46 incorporate resiliency; and implement the CF ST 7/2019‐6/2021 >$1 Million Clean Water Act funds. PW addressing resiliency of pumping stations both improvements. in North End and South End. These will be shovel ready in 2019. Pursue funding to address the impacts of hazards on natural areas, focusing on individual studies for Staff will pursue funds from municipal budgets Roosevelt Forest, Booth Memorial Park, Far Mill Combination of municipal Engineering and and other mitigation and resiliency grant $100,000‐ 25 53 River, and Wooster Park. The studies should CF NR 7/2020‐6/2021 and other funds (NOAA, Conservation programs, and then conduct the study in‐house $500,000 identify ways to enhance defensive/protective CIRCA, etc.) or retain consultants. features for additional flood protection in the long term. Operating budget; existing The Town is in the process of developing an staff to coordinate. educational program as part of CRS program that teaches residents and businesses about the Educate private land owners to understand the importance of maintaining an adequate 26 54 importance and benefits of maintaining and leaving CF PE Conservation 7/2019‐6/2021 <$100,000 vegetative buffer to maintain stream channels vegetation in place to stabilize riverbanks and prevent erosion based on ﬂooding. The program aims to educate the public through ﬂyers and discussions at public events. Secure landowner permissions and funding for Staff will pursue funds from mitigation and Operating budget; existing Engineering and $100,000‐ 27 56 design and execution of the bank stabilization CF ST, NR resiliency grant programs, and engage legal 7/2020‐6/2021 staff and legal counsel to Conservation $500,000 project at Russian Beach. counsel for landowner coordination. coordinate. Operating budget; existing Develop a tree replanting plan and maintenance staff to coordinate. plan consistent with recommended arboriculture The Town's Tree Warden will work to establish a practices and that is supportive of the “right tree, regular tree planting program and obtain grants right place” policy. The Town's Tree Warden will (as available) in support of the initiative. The work to establish a regular tree planting program 28 57 CF PP PW Tree Warden will also develop an ordinance 7/2019‐6/2021 <$100,000 and obtain grants (as available) in support of the that mandates a tree replanting initiative. The Tree Warden will also develop an program/schedule in accordance with "right ordinance that mandates a tree replanting tree, right place" policy. program/schedule in accordance with "right tree, right place" policy. Operating budget; existing The Town of Stratford is now officially a CRS staff to coordinate. community. It received a preliminary rating of Class 8 from FEMA. To raise public awareness on disaster preparedness and mitigation, and to maintain good standing with the program, a Develop, adopt, and implement a PPI eas part of th 29 60‐64 CF PE Planning Program for Public Information (PPI) outlining 7/2019‐6/2021 <$100,000 Town's participation in the CRS program. the schedule and implementation of all outreach activities should be adopted by the Town. This PPI will serve as a guide in educating general public and local officials on all types of hazards. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Stratford, 2019‐2024

Current Former ID Carried Type of Responsible ID (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Forward or Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding Action Department 2024) 2019) New Action?

Operating budget; existing The Town's EMS has plans to update the system. staff to coordinate. The Town will work with the Stratford Fire Update the evacuation plans and make these Department, Police Department, and MetroCOG routes available on the new Regional GIS system. Emergency $100,000‐ 30 59, 67 CF ES to update the evacuation plans and make these 7/2019‐6/2020 The evacuation routes will also be made available Management $500,000 routes available on the new Regional GIS to the public on the Town's website. system. The evacuation routes will be made available to the public on the Town's website.

Pursue funding to provide adequate back‐up power The Town secured approximately $40,000 to Birdseye Municipal Complex, Flood Middle through CIP and installed an emergency FEMA HMA and 31 69 School, Stratford Housing Authority units, and the CF ES, PP PW generator at Bunnell High School. Generators 7/2020‐6/2022 >$1 Million preparedness grant Baldwin Senior Center; and to make improvements will be installed at other sites as additional programs to the existing generator at Stratford Fire Station . funding is available. Operating budget; existing Fire, Police and Health will coordinate to utilize staff to coordinate. the Stratford Electronic Notiﬁcation System in a planned series of pre‐event notiﬁcations warning people about the dangers of waiting too long to evacuate. For those not heeding Pursue funding to update evacuation plans to factor voluntary or mandatory, the local National lack of access to transportation routes during peak Guard unit may be called in to evacuate in the events such as a severe hurricane, and display them Emergency $100,000‐ 32 70 CF ES, PE areas of highest risk. The Town currently has a 7/2019‐6/2020 using digital signage at select locations. Integrate Management $500,000 multi‐tiered approach to creating a notification of voluntary and mandatory evacuation communication flow with residents. The Town's orders into these messages. EMS works with CAO's office to disseminate messages through social media. The Town has plans to display digital signage with disaster preparedness and recovery messages at select locations in the town in the near future.

Operating budget; existing The CERT team has been trained to provide staff to coordinate. support in sheltering and mass care activities. The Emergency Operation Plan has been Clearly define roles of the Community Emergency Emergency updated to delineate their function. The Town's 33 74 Response Teams (CERT) to optimize response CF ES 7/2019‐6/2020 <$100,000 Management EMS Department has goals to re‐focus on this functions of emergency services. program to determine usage, how to keep CERT members engaged, how to train and recruit CERT members, etc. Operating budget; existing The Town's EMS has identified the need to staff to coordinate. rehabilitate the dispatch center which has outdated The Town's EMS has identified the need to technology and equipment. Pursue funding to Emergency $100,000‐ 34 ‐‐ NES rehabilitate the dispatch center which has 7/2019‐6/2021 rehabilitate the dispatch center with new Management $500,000 outdated technology and equipment. technology and furniture, and conduct evaluation to improve the data center. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Stratford, 2019‐2024

Current Former ID Carried Type of Responsible ID (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Forward or Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding Action Department 2024) 2019) New Action?

Operating budget; existing Conduct outreach to local small businesses with the Planning and staff to coordinate. aim of preventing the accidental release and Coordinate directly with CT DEEP on this 35 ‐‐ NPEEmergency 7/2020‐6/2021 <$100,000 pollution from chemicals stored and used at their statewide initiative. Management facilities during or following natural hazard events. Operating budget; existing Secure funding from SHPO to conduct a historic Coordinate directly with CT SHPO on this staff to coordinate (action 36 ‐‐ resources survey focusing on potential historic N PP Planning 7/2021‐6/2022 <$100,000 statewide initiative. is to secure funds only). resources in coastal flood risk areas. Work with CT DEEP to complete a formal validation Operating budget; existing Coordinate directly with CT DEEP. Conduct in 37 ‐‐ of the RL list and update the mitigation status of N PP Planning 7/2019‐6/2020 <$100,000 staff to coordinate. connection with CRS participation. each listed property. Operating budget; existing Contact the owners of Repetitive Loss Properties staff to coordinate. and nearby properties at risk to inquire about mitigation undertaken and suggest options for 38 ‐‐ N PP Planning Conduct in connection with CRS participation. 7/2019‐6/2020 <$100,000 mitigating flooding in those areas. This should be accomplished with a letter directly mailed to each property owner. Coordinate with CRS participation.

This study will prioritize flood mitigation Grant funds. activities to reduce impacts to the 77 repetitive loss properties and neighboring properties in the RLAs. The study will set priorities using a Prepare a Repetitive Loss Area Analysis (RLAA) in systematic approach for evaluating the 39 ‐‐ support of the Town’s CRS program including N PP Planning feasibility of FEMA‐approved flood mitigation 7/2020‐6/2021 $100,000 education and outreach to homeowners. activities including a benefit/cost analysis of feasible activities. The results of this study will enable to Town to then pursue additional funding based on the highest priorities outlined in the study.

Carried Current Former ID Forward Type of Responsible ID (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding or New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? The Town encourages use of LID during development reviews. However, while the Town has made some progress, it does not have a policy in place or 4, 9, 31, Conduct a feasibility study to determine where 7/2020‐ $100,000‐ Grant funding from Section 1 CF PR, NR P&Z and PW locations identified for additional green 36 green infrastructure can be installed. 6/2021 $500,000 319, CIRCA, or other infrastructure, nor are regulations in place to require such. A feasibility study will help the Town understand where effective GI can be installed. Review and consider the findings and Operating budget; existing Prepare a draft of municipal regulations that recommendations of the rural LID guidance funded staff to coordinate. 7/2020‐ 24, 9 can be used to require low impact CF PR, NR P&Z and PW by CIRCA and published on the CIRCA web site. <$100,000 6/2022 development and green infrastructure. Potential regulations can be taken from this guidance. Secure funds and develop a scope of work to Capital budget combined with The Town intends to secure funds and retain 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ 33study a portion of the Town's drainage CF ST PW operating budgets and grant consultant services for this study. 6/2022 $500,000 easements and drainage network. funds such as STEAP or other Secure funds and develop a scope of work to Capital budget combined with 6, 7, 10, study one of the Town's watercourses and The Town intends to secure funds and retain 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ 4 CF ST PW operating budgets and grant 11, 17 watersheds. Island Brook will be prioritized consultant services for this study. 6/2022 $500,000 funds such as STEAP or other next. Annually send a letter to property owners in Operating budget; existing RL areas to inform them of options for 7/2019‐ staff to coordinate. 5 15, 18 CF PP PW Conduct in connection with CRS participation. <$100,000 elevating or acquiring structures to reduce 6/2020 flood risk. Provide 100 year ﬂood plain locations on the 7/2019‐ Operating budget; existing 616 CF PE P&Z Conduct in connection with CRS participation. <$100,000 GIS Website for residents. 6/2020 staff to coordinate. A master plan for pumping stations has been completed. The Town is currently rehabilitating and Floodproof remaining sewer pumping stations floodproofing the Beardsley pump station. 7/2019‐ Operating sewer budget and 723in accordance with master plan, as designs are CF PP PW >$1,000,000 Improvements were completed to the Reservoir 6/2023 CWA funds as appropriate. completed. Pump station to prevent flooding. The Town will continue with remaining pumping stations.

Secure funds and complete study to determine Capital budget combined with The Town intends to secure funds and retain 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ 828how water level in Pinewood Lake can be CF ST PW operating budgets and grant consultant services for this study. 6/2022 $500,000 controlled to mitigate downstream flooding. funds such as STEAP or other Operating budget; existing Determine if bridge and culvert replacements This action may be possible to complete internally staff to coordinate (action is at Twin Brooks and Trumbull Center will without outside services, as the need is to make a 7/2022‐ 935 CF ST PW <$100,000 mainly to secure funding). effectively reduce flooding, and secure funding determination and then secure funding (if 6/2023 if found to be cost effective. appropriate).

Allocate funds and conduct design for Capital budget combined with enlarged conveyance at Daniels Farm The Town intends to secure funds and retain 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ operating budgets and grant 10 30 CF ST PW Road/Pequonnock River and downstream in consultant services for this study. 6/2022 $500,000 funds such as STEAP or other the Twin Brooks Park area. (funds are for design stage). Proposed Mitigation Actions for Trumbull, 2019‐2024

Carried Current Former ID Forward Type of Responsible ID (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding or New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Determine if floodplain enhancement at the Capital budget combined with bend of the Pequonnock River near Route 127 The Town intends to secure funds and retain 7/2022‐ $100,000‐ operating budgets and grant 11 33 is feasible and would be effective for flood CF ST PW consultant services for this study. 6/2023 $500,000 funds such as STEAP or other mitigation, and secure funding if found to be (funds are for design stage). cost effective. Allocate funds and retain consultant to review The Town intends to secure funds and retain dam safety files and EAPs for dams in Capital budget combined with consultant services for this study. The Town may be 7/2021‐ $100,000‐ 12 34 Trumbull; and determine which dams may CF ST PW operating budgets and grant able to couple this effort with action #10 above 6/2022 $500,000 have the ability to be modified for flood funds such as STEAP or other. (Pinewood Lake). mitigation capabilities. Expand awareness of the benefits and Operating budget; existing 7/2019‐ 13 39 opportunities of green infrastructure and CF PE P&Z and PW Conduct in connection with CRS participation. <$100,000 staff to coordinate. 6/2020 pervious pavement. Operating budget; existing Although tree limb maintenance is not related to CRS Improve tree management through outreach staff to coordinate. 14 40 CF PE P&Z and PW participation, the Town may be able to leverage CRS‐ <$100,000 and public education. related efforts to conduct this outreach. Expand outreach to residents on the Operating budget; existing importance of wetlands and drainage swales staff to coordinate. 7/2019‐ 15 41 for risk reduction from flooding. Look to CF PE P&Z and PW Conduct in connection with CRS participation. <$100,000 6/2020 increase the protection of additional floodplains. Expand outreach efforts regarding how to Operating budget; existing prepare for extreme weather and what to do staff to coordinate. in the event of a natural disaster, including 7/2019‐ 16 42 enhancing the Town’s website, preparing CF PE OEM Conduct in connection with CRS participation. <$100,000 6/2020 pamphlets to be available at Town Hall and the Trumbull Library and enhancing hazard‐ related mapping. Operating budget; existing Improve access to information on services for 7/2019‐ 17 43 CF PE OEM Conduct in connection with CRS participation. <$100,000 staff to coordinate. at‐risk populations during disasters. 6/2020

Operating budget; existing Improve access to and availability of 7/2019‐ 18 49 CF PE, ES OEM Conduct in connection with CRS participation. <$100,000 staff to coordinate. information on services during an emergency. 6/2020 Operating budget; existing Evaluate the need for emergency access into 7/2021‐ staff to coordinate. 19 58 and from the Trumbull Corporate Park and the CF ES OEM OEM to conduct. <$100,000 6/2022 Westfield/Trumbull Shopping Mall. Operating budget; existing Conduct outreach to local small businesses staff to coordinate. with the aim of preventing the accidental Coordinate directly with CT DEEP on this statewide 7/2020‐ 20 ‐‐ release and pollution from chemicals stored N PE OEM <$100,000 initiative. 6/2021 and used at their facilities during or following natural hazard events. Operating budget; existing Secure funding from SHPO to conduct a Coordinate directly with CT SHPO on this statewide 7/2021‐ staff to coordinate (action is 21 ‐‐ historic resources survey focusing on potential N PP P&Z <$100,000 initiative. 6/2022 to secure funds only). historic resources in flood risk areas. Proposed Mitigation Actions for Trumbull, 2019‐2024

Carried Current Former ID Forward Type of Responsible ID (2019‐ (2014‐ Action for 2019‐2024 Process for Implementation Timeframe Cost Funding or New Action Department 2014) 2019) Action? Work with CT DEEP to complete a formal Operating budget; existing Coordinate directly with CT DEEP. Conduct in 7/2019‐ 22 ‐‐ validation of the RL list and update the NPPPW <$100,000 staff to coordinate. connection with CRS participation. 6/2020 mitigation status of each listed property. Operating budget; existing Take steps to become certified in the 7/2019‐ staff to coordinate. 23 ‐‐ Sustainable CT program, focusing on actions N PR, NR P&Z Existing coordinator to work on this. <$100,000 6/2020 that achieve hazard mitigation benefits.

Type of Action: PP = property protection PR = prevention NR = natural resources protection or restoration ST = structural projects ES = emergency services PE = public education tracking of snow removal vehicles. The City has • The Town has also completed the River- also completed an All-Hazards Emergency Opera- side Drive/Ash Creek Flood Protection and tions Plan Annex for winter storms. Furthermore, Coastal Resiliency Study and has developed City Hall, the Police Department, and the Senior conceptual plans for green infrastructure Center are served by a new microgrid. projects throughout Fairfield Center. Lastly, the City has begun implementing the • Design of the South Benson Road Pump first phase of the Ox Brook flood control project, Station has been completed with the Town which is rehabilitating the dam at Elton Rogers seeking funds for implementation. Park. The project is currently in the final stages of • The berm protecting the Wastewater Treat- design and permitting, with construction planned ment Facility has also been hardened and for late 2019 or early 2020. The City has also been regular maintenance to the Town’s culvert addressing stormwater issues through changes and drainage system continues. to the stormwater regulations and through the • The Town was successful in installing a WPCA’s efforts to implement items required by microgrid to provide electricity to critical the MS4 permit. These include efforts to discon- facilities such as Police & Fire Headquarters, nect directly connected impervious areas from the Emergency Operations Center, a nearby collection systems, and installation of bioswales to cell tower and homeless shelter. Generators remove roadway runoff from the sewer system. have also been installed at evacuation facilities around Town. • Finally, since the destruction caused by Town of Easton Superstorm Sandy, approximately 50 home The Town of Easton continues to ensure the elevations have occurred using FEMA Hazard safety of residents by erecting barricades at roads Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) funds vulnerable to flooding during heavy rain events or other federal funding sources. Approxi- and by warning residents that may become mately 50 more homes were elevated using isolated by flooded roads or downed trees. Tree solely private funds, and approximately 200 management and maintenance plans, as well as homes were torn down and rebuilt to flood- structural projects to mitigate the impact of flood- compliant standards. ing on state and local roads are new recommendations. Town of Monroe The Town of Easton has recently completed The Town of Monroe continues proactive culvert replacements to address previously flood- maintenance of culverts and keeping debris out of prone culverts on Morehouse Brook and Cricker streams. In addition, the Town continues to en- Brook (2018), and has established a Reverse 911 courage residents to use alternate routes in areas system that, combined with direct outreach, was prone to flooding during flood events via public effective at warning residents of flooded areas dur- service announcements, notices, and postings on ing the September 2018 storm. the Town web site. The Town of Monroe continues to improve Town of Fairfield coordination between the Department of Public The Town of Fairfield’s coastline was severely Works and local “Make Safe” utility crews before, impacted by coastal flooding and storm surge during and after a high wind or storm event. This from both Hurricanes Irene and Sandy. The Town coordination ensures that resources are allocated adopted FEMA’s new DFIRMs in 2013, and many to priority locations, downed trees and limbs are property owners in the coastal floodplainhave cleared from roads and the ultimate restoration of elevated their homes. power to homes and businesses. Communication with residents who may become isolated because Since the 2014 NHMP Update, the Town of of downed tree limbs is another ongoing activity in Fairfield has made significant strides in imple- the Town. menting actions related to hazard mitigation. The Town has enrolled in the CRS Program, developed The Town of Monroe has also installed genera- tree health, cutting and maintenance plans, and tors at the Town Garage, Jockey Hollow Middle requires any new streets to utilize underground School, all town shelters, the EOC, the Senior utilities. Other initiatives have included: Center, and Fairway Acres (the Town’s senior hous-

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-28 Section 5: Implementation

ing complex). Furthermore, the windows at the 5.7 Technical & Financial EOC, Masuk High School, and shelters have been upgraded to be storm resistant. Resources Finally, the Connecticut Department of Trans- This section is comprised of a list of resources portation is replacing Bridge 02220 and Bridge that may potentially provide technical and financial 02219 on Route 25 (Main Street). The project assistance for completion of the actions as de- involves the replacement of two box culverts, scribed in the NHMP. This list is not inclusive of all installation of new drainage and a water main, and resources and should be updated periodically. associated road repairs and paving. Federal Resources Town of Stratford Federal Emergency Management Agency Since the 2014 NHMP Update, the Town of (Region I) Stratford has implemented a number of recom- 99 High Street, 6th floor, Boston, MA 02110 mendations. Improvements to the storm drainage (617) 956-7506 http://www.fema.gov/ system were made in the Main Street/Stratford FEMA provides funding for mitigation activities Center viaduct and Massarik Avenue/Benton Street through several programs. Each MetroCOG mu- locations. The King Street culvert (to Main Street) nicipality is eligible to apply for funding through has been upgraded to increase hydraulic capac- the State of Connecticut as a subgrantee. The ity. Since 2014, the Connecticut Department of State of Connecticut (as well as online resources) Transportation completed a project to elevate can provide application development and project Route 113 in the vicinity of Sikorsky Airport. The eligibility assistance. Everbridge electronic notification system was implemented to replace the Citywatch Reverse 911 Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administra- system. In addition to the recommendations from tion (FIMA): FIMA is comprised of three divisions the 2014 NHMP Update, some manhole covers that administer FEMA’s hazard mitigation pro- have been waterproofed and a backup genera- grams. The Risk Analysis Division applies engineer- tor has been secured for the Stratford Housing ing and planning practices in conjunction with ad- Authority offices and community center. vanced technology tools to identify hazards, assess vulnerabilities, and develop strategies to manage More recently, the Town of Stratford has the risks associated with natural hazards. The Risk enlarged the Tanners Brook channel to mitigate Reduction Division works to reduce risk to life and flooding downstream of Stratford High School. property through the use of land use controls, Numerous studies have been completed present- building practices, and other tools. These activities ing recommendations that, if funding is secured, address risk in both the existing built environment will mitigate damage from natural hazards. The and in future development, and they occur in both Town also completed a Coastal Resilience Plan, and pre- and post-disaster environments. The Risk entered into the CRS program in 2019. Insurance Division helps reduce flood losses by providing affordable flood insurance for property Town of Trumbull owners and by encouraging communities to adopt and enforce floodplain management regulations The Town of Trumbull continues to provide that mitigate the effects of flooding on new and timely information, notifications and warnings to improved structures. residents through a reverse 911 system and regular website updates. Long term needs for power FEMA programs administered by the Risk continuity and generator upgrades continue to be Analysis Division include: assessed. Improvements to communication and • Flood Map Modernization: maintains and coordination with Region 1, local utility crews and updates NFIP maps. the EMS Department are ongoing. • National Dam Safety Program: provides state assistance funds, research, and training More recently, the Town of Trumbull has joined in dam safety procedures. FEMA’s CRS Program, replaced several floodprone • National Hurricane Program: conducts and culverts, and installed generators at sewage pump supports projects and activities that help stations throughout town. protect communities from hurricane hazards.

5-29 • Multi-Hazard Mitigation Planning urban search and rescue teams for disaster (HMGP): a process for states and communi- victims in confined spaces. Federal disaster ties to identify policies, activities, and tools assistance programs are coordinated by this that can reduce or eliminate long-term risk Office. This includes thePublic Assistance to life and property from a hazard event. Grant Program (PA), which provides 75% FEMA programs administered by the Risk grants for mitigation projects to protect eli- Reduction Division include: gible damaged public and private nonprofit • Hazard Mitigation Grant Program facilities from future damage. “Minimization” (HMGP): provides grants to states and grants at 100% are available through the In- local governments to implement long-term dividuals and Family Grant Program. The hazard mitigation measures after a major Hazard Mitigation Grant Program and the disaster declaration. Fire Management Assistance Grant Pro- • Flood Mitigation Assistance Program gram are also administered by this division. (FMA): provides funds to assist states and • Emergency Management Performance communities to implement measures that Grants (EMPG) Program: The Fiscal Year reduce or eliminate the long-term risk of (FY) 2019 Emergency Management Perfor- flood damage to structures insurable under mance Grants (EMPG) Program provides the National Flood Insurance Program resources to assist state, local, tribal, and ter- (NFIP). ritorial governments in preparing for all haz- • Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program ards, as authorized by the Robert T. Stafford (PDM): provides program funds for hazard Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act mitigation planning and the implementa- (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.). The FY 2013 EMPG tion of mitigation projects prior to a disaster Program plays an important role in the im- event. plementation of the National Preparedness • Community Rating System (CRS): a vol- System (NPS) by supporting the building, untary incentive program under the NFIP sustainment, and delivery of core capabilities that recognizes and encourages community essential to achieving the National Prepared- floodplain management activities. ness Goal (NPG) of a secure and resilient • National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Nation. Delivering core capabilities requires Program (NEHRP): in conjunction with state the combined effort of the whole commu- and regional organizations supports state nity, rather than the exclusive effort of any and local programs designed to protect single organization or level of government. citizens from earthquake hazards. The FY 2019 EMPG’s allowable costs support efforts to build and sustain core capabilities The Risk Insurance Division oversees the across the prevention, protection, mitigation, National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which response, and recovery mission areas. enables property owners in participating communities to purchase flood insurance. The NFIP assists Title VI of the Stafford Act authorizes FEMA to communities in complying with the requirements make grants for the purpose of providing a system of the program and publishes flood hazard maps of emergency preparedness for the protection of and flood insurance studies to determine areas of life and property in the United States from hazards, risk. and to vest responsibility for emergency prepared- • The Office of Response & Recovery: ness jointly in the Federal government and the As part of the National Disaster Recovery states and their political subdivisions. The Federal Framework, the Office of Response & Recov- government, through the EMPG Program, provides ery provides information on dollar amounts necessary direction, coordination, guidance, and of past disaster assistance including Pub- necessary assistance, as authorized in this title so lic Assistance, Individual Assistance, and that a comprehensive emergency preparedness Temporary Housing. Information on retrofit- system exists for all hazards. ting and acquisition/relocation initiatives is FEMA is also offering High Hazard Potential maintained by the division. The Office also Dams Rehabilitation Grants in 2019. These grants provides mobile emergency response sup- provide up to $1.25 million for technical, planning, port to disaster areas, supports the National design, and construction assistance to non-Federal Disaster Medical System, and provides governmental organizations or nonprofit organiza-

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-30 Section 5: Implementation

tions for the rehabilitation of eligible high hazard ate income families. Projects can include acquir- dams. ing flood prone homes or protecting them from flood damage. Funding is a 100% grant and can be Small Business Administration (Region I) used as a source of local matching funds for other 10 Causeway Street, Suite 812 funding programs such as FEMA’s “404” Hazard Boston, MA 02222-1093 Mitigation Grant Program. Funds can also be ap- (617) 565-8416 http://www.sba.gov/ plied toward “blighted” conditions, which is often The Small Business Administration has the the post-flood condition. A separate set of funds authority to “declare” disaster areas following exists for conditions that create an “imminent disasters that affect a significant number of homes threat.” The funds have been used in the past to and businesses but that would not need additional replace (and redesign) bridges where flood dam- assistance through FEMA (SBA assistance is trig- age eliminates police and fire access to the other gered by a FEMA declaration, however.) SBA can side of the waterway. Funds are also available for provide additional low-interest funds (up to 20% smaller municipalities through the state-adminis- above what an eligible applicant would “normally” tered CDBG program participated in by the State qualify for) to install mitigation measures. They can of Connecticut. also loan the cost of bringing a damaged property up to state or local code requirements. These loans U.S. Army Corps of Engineers can be used in combination with the new “mitiga- New England District tion insurance” under the NFIP or in lieu of that 696 Virginia Road coverage. Concord, MA 01742-2751 (978) 318-8520 Environmental Protection Agency - Region I The Corps provides 100% funding for flood- 1 Congress Street, Suite 1100 plain management planning and technical as- Boston, MA 02114-2023 sistance to states and local governments under (888) 372-7341 several flood control acts and the Floodplain Grants for restoration and repair and educa- Management Services Program (FPMS). tional activities, including: U.S. Department of Commerce Capitalization Grants for State Revolv- National Weather Service ing Funds: Low interest loans to governments to Northeast River Forecast Center repair, replace, or relocate wastewater treatment 445 Myles Standish Blvd. plants damaged in floods. The grants do not apply Taunton, MA 02780 to drinking water or other utilities. (508) 824-5116 http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ Clean Water Act Section 319 Grants: Cost- The National Weather Service provides weath- share grants to state agencies that can be used er, water, and climate data, forecasts and warnings for funding watershed resource restoration activi- for the protection of life and property and the ties, including wetlands and other aquatic habitat enhancement of the national economy. (riparian zones). Only those activities that control non-point pollution are eligible. Grants are ad- U.S. Department of the Interior ministered through the CT DEEP, Bureau of Water Management, Planning and Standards Division. National Park Service Steve Golden, Program Leader U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Rivers, Trails, & Conservation Assistance Development 15 State Street 20 Church Street, 19th Floor Boston, MA 02109 Hartford, CT 06103-3220 (617) 223-5123 http://www.nps.gov/rtca/ (860) 240-4800 http://www.hud.gov/ The National Park Service provides commu- The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban nities with technical assistance to conserve riv- Development offers Community Development ers, preserve open space, and develop trails and Block Grants (CDBG) to communities with popula- greenways and assists with the identification of tions greater than 50,000, who may contact HUD nonstructural options for floodplain development. directly regarding CDBG. One program objective is to improve housing conditions for low and moder-

5-31 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service hazard mitigation assistance projects. The depart- New England Field Office ment includes several divisions with various func- 70 Commercial Street, Suite 300 tions related to hazard mitigation: Concord, NH 03301-5087 (603) 223-2541 Bureau of Water Protection and Land http://www.fws.gov/ Reuse, Inland Water Resources Division: This division is generally responsible for flood hazard The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provides mitigation in Connecticut, including administration technical and financial assistance to restore of the National Flood Insurance Program. wetlands and riparian habitats through the North American Wetland Conservation and Partners for National Flood Insurance Program State Co- Fish and Wildlife programs. ordinator: Provides flood insurance and floodplain management technical assistance, floodplain man- U.S. Department of Agriculture agement ordinance review, substantial damage/ Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly SCS) improvement requirements, community assistance Connecticut State Office visit, and other general flood hazard mitigation 344 Merrow Road, Suite A Tolland, CT 06084-3917 planning including the delineation of floodways. (860) 871-4011 Flood & Erosion Control Board Program: The Natural Resources Conservation Service Provides assistance to municipalities with active works cooperatively with landowners, conserva- Flood and Erosion Control Boards to solve flood- tion districts, federal, state, and local governments, ing, beach erosion, and dam repair problems. The and citizens from urban and rural communities to program has the power to construct and repair restore and enhance the landscape. NRCS soil con- flood and erosion management systems. Certain servationists, soil scientists, agronomists, ecolo- nonstructural measures that mitigate flood dam- gists, engineers, planners, and other specialists ages are also eligible. Funding is provided to promote land stewardship by providing technical communities that apply for assistance through a assistance through teams to address surface and Flood & Erosion Control Board on a noncompeti- groundwater quality; wetlands, riparian areas, and tive basis. biodiversity; aquatic and terrestrial habitat; and Inland Wetlands and Watercourses Man- impacts of land use changes. agement Program: Provides training, technical, and planning assistance to local Inland Wetlands State Resources Commissions and reviews and approves municipal regulations for localities. Also controls flood man- Connecticut Department of Economic and agement and natural disaster mitigation. Community Development (DECD) Dam Safety Program: Charged with the 505 Hudson Street responsibility for administration and enforcement Hartford, CT 06106-7106 of Connecticut’s dam safety laws. The program (860) 270-8000 http://www.ct.gov/ecd/ regulates the operation and maintenance of dams in the state. Permits the construction, repair, or The Connecticut Department of Economic and alteration of dams, dikes, or similar structures and Community Development administers HUD’s State maintains a registration database of all known CDBG Program, awards smaller communities and dams statewide. This program also operates a rural areas grants for use in revitalizing neighbor- statewide inspection program. hoods, expands affordable housing and economic opportunities and improves community facilities Clean Water Fund: Funding and grants under and services. the Clean Water Act involving sewage treatment plant construction and upgrades, combined sewer Connecticut Department of Energy & overflow remediation, nutrient removal and non- Environmental Protection point source pollution control projects that protect 79 Elm Street Long Island Sound, collection system improve- Hartford, CT 06106-5127 ments, water pollution control and river restora- (860) 424-3000 tion. http://www.dep.state.ct.us/ Bureau of Water Management Planning and The Connecticut DEEP provides technical as- Standards Division: administers the Section 319 sistance to subapplicants for planning efforts and

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-32 Section 5: Implementation

nonpoint source pollution reduction grants and Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (FAST municipal facilities program, which deals with miti- Act), that includes grants for projects that promote gating pollution from wastewater treatment plants. alternative or improved methods of transporta- Office of Long Island Sound Programs tion. Funding through grants can often be used for (OLISP): Administers the Coastal Area Manage- projects with mitigation benefits such as preserva- ment (CAM) Act program and Long Island Sound tion of open space in the form of bicycling and License Plate Program. walking trails. CT DOT is also involved in traffic improvements and bridge repairs that could be Department of Emergency Services and Public mitigation related. Protection 25 Sigourney Street, 6th Floor Private and Other Resources Hartford, CT 06106-5042 (860) 256-0800 Association of State Dam Safety Officials http://www.ct.gov/demhs/ (ASDSO) The Department of Emergency Services and 450 Old Vine Street Public Protection (DESPP) houses the Division of Lexington, KY 40507 Emergency Management and Homeland Security (859) 257-5140 (DEMHS). DEMHS includes emergency prepared- http://www.damsafety.org ness, response and recovery, mitigation and an ASDSO is a nonprofit organization of state extensive training program. DESPP/DEMHS is the and federal dam safety regulators, dam owners/ state point of contact for most FEMA grant and operators, dam designers, manufacturers/suppli- assistance programs. ers, academia, contractors and others interested State Hazard Mitigation Officer: The State in dam safety. Their mission is to advance and Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO) is responsible improve the safety of dams by supporting the dam for hazard mitigation planning and policy, over- safety community and state dam safety programs, sight of administration of the Hazard Mitiga- raising awareness, facilitating cooperation, pro- tion Grant Program, Flood Mitigation Assistance viding a forum for the exchange of information, Program, and Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program. representing dam safety interests before govern- The Officer also has the responsibility of making ments, providing outreach programs, and creating certain that the State Natural Hazard Mitigation a unified community of dam safety advocates. Plan is updated every five years. The Association of State Floodplain Managers Connecticut Department of Administrative (ASFPM) Services 2809 Fish Hatchery Road, Suite 204 Madison, WI 53713 1111 Country Club Road (608) 274-0123 Middletown, CT 06457 http://www.floods.org/ (860) 685-8190 http://www.ct.gov/das/ ASFPM is a professional association with a Office of the State Building Inspector: The membership of over 6,000 that provides education Office of the State Building Inspector is housed to assist state and local governments with the NFIP, under the Division of Construction Services. The CRS, and flood mitigation. ASFPM has developed a Office is responsible for administering and enforc- series of technical and topical research papers and ing the Connecticut State Building Code and is also a series of proceedings from their annual confer- responsible for the municipal Building Inspector ences. Many “mitigation success stories” have been Training Program. documented through these resources and provide a good starting point for planning. Connecticut Department of Transportation 2800 Berlin Turnpike Newington, CT 06131-7546 (860) 594-2000 http://www.ct.gov/dot/ The Department of Transportation (CT DOT) administers the federal surface transportation bill,

5-33 Connecticut Association of Flood Managers enhance the achievement of the public service (CAFM) function of its members. P.O. Box 270213 West Hartford, CT 06127 National Emergency Management Association [email protected] (NEMA) http://ctfloods.org P.O. Box 11910 Lexington, KY 40578 CAFM is a professional association of private (859)-244-8000 consultants and local floodplain managers that http://www.nemaweb.org/ provides training and outreach regarding flood NEMA provides national leadership and management techniques. CAFM is the local state expertise in comprehensive emergency manage- chapter of ASFPM. ment, serves as a vital emergency management Insurance Institute for Business & Home information and assistance resource and advances continuous improvement in emergency manage- Safety (IBHS) ment through strategic partnerships, innovative 4775 East Fowler Avenue Tampa, FL 33617 programs, and collaborative policy positions. (813) 286-3400 http://www.ibhs.org/ Natural Hazards Center University of Colorado at Boulder IBHS conducts objective, scientific research 482 UCB to identify and promote effective actions that Boulder, CO 80309-0482 strengthen homes, businesses, and communi- (303) 492-6818 ties against natural disasters and other causes of http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/ loss. The institute advocates the development and The Natural Hazards Center advances and implementation of building codes and standards communicates knowledge on hazards mitigation nationwide and may be a good source of model and disaster preparedness, response and recovery. code language. Using an all-hazards and interdisciplinary framework, the Center fosters information sharing and Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake integration of activities among researchers, practi- Engineering and Research (MCEER) tioners, and policy makers from around the world, University at Buffalo State University of New York supports and conducts research and provides Red Jacket Quadrangle educational opportunities for the next generation Buffalo, NY 14261 of hazards scholars and professionals. The Flood- (716) 645-3391 plain Management Resource Center is a free library http://mceer.buffalo.edu/ and referral service of the ASFPM for floodplain Originally a source for earthquake statistics, re- management publications. search, engineering and planning advice, MCEER’s mission has expanded from earthquake engineering to the technical and socioeconomic impacts of a variety of hazards, both natural and man-made, on critical infrastructure, facilities, and society. The National Association of Flood & Storm water Management Agencies (NAFSMA) 1301 K Street, NW, Suite 800 East Washington, DC 20005 (202) 218-4122 http://www.nafsma.org NAFSMA is an organization of public agencies whose function is the protection of lives, property and economic activity from the adverse impacts of storm and flood waters. The Association advocates public policy, encourages technologies and conducts education programs which facilitate and

Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan 5-34