Pronouns: Types and Definitions from Warriners English Grammar and Composition, Complete Course ©1982

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pronouns: Types and Definitions from Warriners English Grammar and Composition, Complete Course ©1982 Pronouns: Types and Definitions From Warriners English Grammar and Composition, Complete Course ©1982 I. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun. Example: Anglers complained about the weather forecast. They said it had not warned them of the storm. [The pronouns they and them take the place of a noun anglers. The pronoun it takes the place of the noun forecast.] Sometimes a pronoun takes the place of another pronoun. Example: One of the film projectors is broken. It has been sent out for repair. [The pronoun it takes the place of the pronoun it.] The word to which a pronoun refers (whose place it takes) is the antecedent of the pronoun. II. Types a. Personal Pronouns take the place of nouns – either common or proper – that refer to people. I We You You He/she/it They b. Possessive pronouns always act as adjectives because they give information that limits the noun that follows. My, mine Our, ours Your, yours Your, yours His, her/hers, its Their/theirs c. Reflexive pronouns are possessive pronouns combined with –self or –selves. i. Can be used to refer back to an acting subject (Example: Carmen hurt herself.) ii. Can be used to intensify or emphasize a preceding noun or pronoun (Example: Jeff himself was not hurt.) Myself Ourselves Yourself Yourselves Himself/herself/itself Themselves d. Relative pronouns are used to introduce subordinate clauses. (Remember that subordinate clauses are groups of words with both a subject and a verb that are not complete sentences because they do not express a complete thought.) i. The following sentences have relative pronouns bolded to signal the start of a subordinate clause. Identify all subjects and verbs in these sentences (means there will be more than one actor doing more than one thing): 1. The people who live there are on vacation. 2. The copy that I read was from the library. 3. Do you know the woman whose car was stolen? ii. Relative and interrogative pronouns are the same words. Which category a word fits into is dependent upon context (i.e., how it is behaving in a given sentence). e. Interrogative pronouns are used in questions. (Example: Who wrote Wuthering Heights?) Who Which Whose Whom What f. Demonstrative pronouns point out people or things. This That These Those Example: That is an excellent question. g. Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not fall into any of the previous categories. Most express the idea of quantity. All Each Most Other Another Either Neither Several Any Everybody Nobody Some Anybody Everyone None Somebody Anyone Few No one Someone Both Many One Such Example: All of us are here. III. Exercise. Number your paper 1-10. After the number of each sentence, write in order the pronouns in the sentence. a. Last year our school gave two photography courses, neither of which had been offered before. (3) b. The course that I took dealt with the ways in which people perceive their environment. (4) c. Most of us block out our everyday surroundings, ignoring details which we have learned to take for granted. (5) d. You can prove to yourselves how blind all of us become to our surroundings. (5) e. Which of you, upon returning home from a trip, suddenly notices how different all of the rooms look to you? (4) f. Some of your possessions may look unfamiliar to you, and a few of them may seem totally alien. (5) g. Eventually, the impression of newness wears off, and your house takes on its familiar appearance. (2) h. Each of us can regain the ability to see freshly if we make full use of our sense of sight. (4) i. We must see the shapes of the objects themselves instead of thinking about their function. (3) j. According to Claude Monet, a French impressionist painter whose works are world-famous, in order to see as an artist, we must forget the names of the things that we are looking at. (4) IV. Review Exercise. Now go back through the sentences and underline all the nouns in each sentence. (Your should have 32 nouns.) .
Recommended publications
  • Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs
    Unit 1: The Parts of Speech Noun—a person, place, thing, or idea Name: Person: boy Kate mom Place: house Minnesota ocean Adverbs—describe verbs, adjectives, and other Thing: car desk phone adverbs Idea: freedom prejudice sadness --------------------------------------------------------------- Answers the questions how, when, where, and to Pronoun—a word that takes the place of a noun. what extent Instead of… Kate – she car – it Many words ending in “ly” are adverbs: quickly, smoothly, truly A few other pronouns: he, they, I, you, we, them, who, everyone, anybody, that, many, both, few A few other adverbs: yesterday, ever, rather, quite, earlier --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- Adjective—describes a noun or pronoun Prepositions—show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. Answers the questions what kind, which one, how They begin a prepositional phrase, which has a many, and how much noun or pronoun after it, called the object. Articles are a sub category of adjectives and include Think of the box (things you have do to a box). the following three words: a, an, the Some prepositions: over, under, on, from, of, at, old car (what kind) that car (which one) two cars (how many) through, in, next to, against, like --------------------------------------------------------------- Conjunctions—connecting words. --------------------------------------------------------------- Connect ideas and/or sentence parts. Verb—action, condition, or state of being FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) Action (things you can do)—think, run, jump, climb, eat, grow A few other conjunctions are found at the beginning of a sentence: however, while, since, because Linking (or helping)—am, is, are, was, were --------------------------------------------------------------- Interjections—show emotion.
    [Show full text]
  • Pronouns: a Resource Supporting Transgender and Gender Nonconforming (Gnc) Educators and Students
    PRONOUNS: A RESOURCE SUPPORTING TRANSGENDER AND GENDER NONCONFORMING (GNC) EDUCATORS AND STUDENTS Why focus on pronouns? You may have noticed that people are sharing their pronouns in introductions, on nametags, and when GSA meetings begin. This is happening to make spaces more inclusive of transgender, gender nonconforming, and gender non-binary people. Including pronouns is a first step toward respecting people’s gender identity, working against cisnormativity, and creating a more welcoming space for people of all genders. How is this more inclusive? People’s pronouns relate to their gender identity. For example, someone who identifies as a woman may use the pronouns “she/her.” We do not want to assume people’s gender identity based on gender expression (typically shown through clothing, hairstyle, mannerisms, etc.) By providing an opportunity for people to share their pronouns, you're showing that you're not assuming what their gender identity is based on their appearance. If this is the first time you're thinking about your pronoun, you may want to reflect on the privilege of having a gender identity that is the same as the sex assigned to you at birth. Where do I start? Include pronouns on nametags and during introductions. Be cognizant of your audience, and be prepared to use this resource and other resources (listed below) to answer questions about why you are making pronouns visible. If your group of students or educators has never thought about gender-neutral language or pronouns, you can use this resource as an entry point. What if I don’t want to share my pronouns? That’s ok! Providing space and opportunity for people to share their pronouns does not mean that everyone feels comfortable or needs to share their pronouns.
    [Show full text]
  • Pronoun Verb Agreement Exercises
    Pronoun Verb Agreement Exercises hammercloth.Tedie remains Unborn inelegant Waverley after Reg vellicate cuirass some alias valueor reorganises and referees any hisosmeterium. crucian so Prussian stingingly! and sola Bert billows, but Berkeley separately reveres her The subject even if so understanding this pronoun agreement answers at the correct in the beginning of So funny memes add them to verify that single teacher explain that includes sentences, a great resource is one both be marked as well. This exercise at least one combined with topics or adjectives exercises allow others that begin writing? Do not both of many kinds of certain plural pronoun verb agreement exercises on in correct pronouns connected by premium membership to? One pronoun agreement exercise together your quiz! This is the currently selected item. Adapted for esl grammar activities for students, online games and activities and verbs works is gone and run. Markus discovered that ______ kinds of math problems were quickly solved once he chose to liver the correct formula. Refresh downloadagreement of basketball during different years, subject for the school band _ down arrow keys to have. To determine whether to use a singular or plural verb with an indefinite pronoun, consider the noun that the pronoun would refer to. Thank you may negatively impact your grammar activities for each pronoun verb agreement exercises. Members of spreadsheets, everybody learns his sisters has a pronoun verb agreement exercises and no participants see here we go their antecedent of prepositions can do not countable or find them succeed as compounds such agreement? Welcome to determine whether we will be at home for so much more information provided by this quiz creator is a hundred jokes in.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Each Sentence and Rewrite the Underlined Word Or Words Using a Possessive Pronoun Or a Possessive Pronoun and a Noun
    Grammar: Possessive Pronouns Name • A possessive pronoun takes the place of a possessive noun. It does not have an apostrophe. • A possessive pronoun must match the noun it replaces in number and gender. Read each sentence and rewrite the underlined word or words using a possessive pronoun or a possessive pronoun and a noun. 1. My uncle’s ranch is in Texas. 2. I left the book that belongs to me at home. 3. Lisa’s telephone is broken. 4. The mechanic said that the car’s wheels are brand new. 5. The bedroom that belongs to you and me needs to be cleaned. 6. We watched the tiger’s cubs as they played. 7. May I borrow the necklace that belongs to you? 8. Maya and Lucy’s parrot says “Hello.” 9. The foot that belongs to me is hurting. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Companies, McGraw-Hill The © Copyright 10. The woman’s dream was to become a lawyer. Grammar • Grade 4 • Unit 4 • Week 4 91 Grammar: Stand-Alone Possessive Pronouns Name • A possessive pronoun takes the place of a possessive noun and does not include an apostrophe. It must match the noun it replaces in number and gender. • A stand-alone possessive pronoun is not used directly before a noun. • Add -s to most pronouns that are used before a noun to form a stand- alone possessive pronoun, such as yours, hers, ours, and theirs. • Mine is a stand-alone possessive pronoun. His and its are the same when used before a noun or as a stand-alone possessive pronoun.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimal Pronouns1
    1 Minimal Pronouns1 Fake Indexicals as Windows into the Properties of Bound Variable Pronouns Angelika Kratzer University of Massachusetts at Amherst June 2006 Abstract The paper challenges the widely accepted belief that the relation between a bound variable pronoun and its antecedent is not necessarily submitted to locality constraints. It argues that the locality constraints for bound variable pronouns that are not explicitly marked as such are often hard to detect because of (a) alternative strategies that produce the illusion of true bound variable interpretations and (b) language specific spell-out noise that obscures the presence of agreement chains. To identify and control for those interfering factors, the paper focuses on ‘fake indexicals’, 1st or 2nd person pronouns with bound variable interpretations. Following up on Kratzer (1998), I argue that (non-logophoric) fake indexicals are born with an incomplete set of features and acquire the remaining features via chains of local agreement relations established in the syntax. If fake indexicals are born with an incomplete set of features, we need a principled account of what those features are. The paper derives such an account from a semantic theory of pronominal features that is in line with contemporary typological work on possible pronominal paradigms. Keywords: agreement, bound variable pronouns, fake indexicals, meaning of pronominal features, pronominal ambiguity, typologogy of pronouns. 1 . I received much appreciated feedback from audiences in Paris (CSSP, September 2005), at UC Santa Cruz (November 2005), the University of Saarbrücken (workshop on DPs and QPs, December 2005), the University of Tokyo (SALT XIII, March 2006), and the University of Tromsø (workshop on decomposition, May 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • PARTS of SPEECH ADJECTIVE: Describes a Noun Or Pronoun; Tells
    PARTS OF SPEECH ADJECTIVE: Describes a noun or pronoun; tells which one, what kind or how many. ADVERB: Describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs; tells how, why, when, where, to what extent. CONJUNCTION: A word that joins two or more structures; may be coordinating, subordinating, or correlative. INTERJECTION: A word, usually at the beginning of a sentence, which is used to show emotion: one expressing strong emotion is followed by an exclamation point (!); mild emotion followed by a comma (,). NOUN: Name of a person, place, or thing (tells who or what); may be concrete or abstract; common or proper, singular or plural. PREPOSITION: A word that connects a noun or noun phrase (the object) to another word, phrase, or clause and conveys a relation between the elements. PRONOUN: Takes the place of a person, place, or thing: can function any way a noun can function; may be nominative, objective, or possessive; may be singular or plural; may be personal (therefore, first, second or third person), demonstrative, intensive, interrogative, reflexive, relative, or indefinite. VERB: Word that represents an action or a state of being; may be action, linking, or helping; may be past, present, or future tense; may be singular or plural; may have active or passive voice; may be indicative, imperative, or subjunctive mood. FUNCTIONS OF WORDS WITHIN A SENTENCE: CLAUSE: A group of words that contains a subject and complete predicate: may be independent (able to stand alone as a simple sentence) or dependent (unable to stand alone, not expressing a complete thought, acting as either a noun, adjective, or adverb).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Noun Phrases Pronouns
    Chapter 3 Noun Phrases Now that we have established something about the structure of verb phrases, let's move on to noun phrases (NPs). A noun phrase is a noun or pronoun head and all of its modifiers (or the coordination of more than one NP--to be discussed in Chapter 6). Some nouns require the presence of a determiner as a modifier. Most pronouns are typically not modified at all and no pronoun requires the presence of a determiner. We'll start with pronouns because they are a relatively simple closed class. Pronouns English has several categories of pronouns. Pronouns differ in the contexts they appear in and in the grammatical information they contain. Pronouns in English can contrast in person, number, gender, and case. We've already discussed person and number, but to review: 1. English has three persons o first person, which is the speaker or the group that includes the speaker; o second person, which is the addressee or the group of addressees; o third person, which is anybody or anything else 2. English has two numbers o singular, which refers to a singular individual or undifferentiated group or mass; o plural, which refers to more than one individual. The difference between we and they is a difference in person: we is first person and they is third person. The difference between I and we is a difference in number: I is singular and we is plural. The other two categories which pronouns mark are gender and case. Gender is the system of marking nominal categories.
    [Show full text]
  • Plurality in a Classifier Language Author(S): Yen-Hui Audrey Li Source: Journal of East Asian Linguistics, Vol
    Plurality in a Classifier Language Author(s): Yen-Hui Audrey Li Source: Journal of East Asian Linguistics, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Jan., 1999), pp. 75-99 Published by: Springer Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20100755 Accessed: 24/08/2010 19:01 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=springer. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Springer is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of East Asian Linguistics. http://www.jstor.org YEN-HUI AUDREY LI PLURALITY IN A CLASSIFIER LANGUAGE* This work argues that -men inMandarin Chinese is best analyzed as a plural morpheme realized on an element in Determiner, in contrast to a regular plural on an element in N, such as the English -s.
    [Show full text]
  • Parts of Speech
    PARTS OF SPEECH NOUN: Name of a person, place, thing or quality. (examples: Billy, Chicago, pencil, courage). PRONOUN: Word used in place of a noun. (examples: he, she, it, they, we). ADJECTIVE: Word that describes or limits a noun or pronoun. (examples: big, blue, mean, pretty). VERB: Word expressing action or state of being. (examples: write, kiss, is, feels). ADVERB: Word used to modify the meaning of a verb, adjective, or another adverb. (examples: always, once, quickly, too, there). PREPOSITION: Word used to show the relation between two or more things. (examples: to, at, under, into, between). CONJUNCTION: Word used to join a word or group of words with another word or group of words. INTERJECTION: An exclamation. (examples: oh!, wow!). GRAMMAR Subject: The something or someone talked about or doing the action in a sentence. (ex.: President Johnson disliked his portrait.) Predicate: The verb plus all its modifiers and complements. (ex.: President Johnson disliked his portrait.) Fused Sentence: Two sentences run together with no punctuation between them. (ex.: President Johnson disliked his portrait he felt it made him look too old.) Comma Splice: Two sentences separated only by a comma. (ex.: President Johnson disliked his portrait, he felt it made him look too old.) Fragment: A group of words presented as a sentence but which lacks the elements of a sentence. (ex.: Once upon a time.) Sentence: A group of words containing a subject, a verb, and expressing a complete thought. (ex.: Once upon a time, Jack and Jill tumbled down the hill.) OVER HELPING VERBS be will being would been must am do is did are does was have were has may had might having can shall could should PREPOSITIONS about beyond over above by since across down through after during to against for toward along from under among in underneath around inside until at into up before like upon behind near with below of within beneath off without besides on between onto 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Nine Parts of Speech in Teaching English to Electrical Engineering Students
    NINE PARTS OF SPEECH IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS Naely Muchtar Electrical Engineering Department Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang [email protected] Abstract Prior to the ASEAN Economic Community, one of the specific soft skills to be mastered for Indonesian engineers to be stand out from the other engineers of other ASEAN countries is mastering English language skills. Engineering students’ backgrounds are mostly from Vocational High School with a variety of English skills. It is quite complicated for the lecturer in teaching English for Engineering as English for Specific Purpose (ESP) subject with students’ various level of English skills. English is taught based on the Electrical Engineering content which made the lecturer’s need to analyze the students’ skill in basic words of English. This paper aims at presenting and offering the importance of teaching English through nine parts of speech which consists of noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection, as the fundamental words of English. By mastering nine parts of speech, engineering students will easily conduct sentences into paragraph, reading English text, listening while watching tutorial video, and speaking for presenting their idea. Nine parts of speech are very practical for teaching ESP. Keywords: Parts of speech, English for engineering Introduction ASEAN Economic Community era provides the real challenges and opportunities for lecturer in teaching ESP which is aimed at evolving students’ professional skills in communication by using English which is depending on the area of professional field. It means that teaching and learning process must be interconnected to students’particular specialization. Hence, English for specific purpose includes specialized programmes which are designed to develop the communicative use of English in a specialized field of science, work or technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Pragmatic Person Features in Pronominal and Clausal Speech Act Phrases Hailey Hyekyeong Ceong* Abstract. This Paper Proposes
    2021. Proc Ling Soc Amer 6(1). 484–498. https://doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.4984. Pragmatic person features in pronominal and clausal speech act phrases Hailey Hyekyeong Ceong* Abstract. This paper proposes the necessity of pragmatic person features (Ritter and Wiltschko 2018) in pronominal and clausal speech act phrases in Korean, giving three main arguments for such necessity: (i) pragmatic person [ADDRESSEE] is needed for hearsay mye which expresses the meaning of you told me without the lexical verb of saying, (ii) pragmatic person [SPEAKER] is needed for the unequal distribution of first-person plural pronouns with exhortative ca ‘let us’, and (iii) pragmatic persons [SPEAKER], and [ADDRESSEE] are needed for the asymmetric distribution of a dative goal argument in secondhand exhortatives. Based on the compatibility and incompatibility of exhortative ca- and secondhand exhortative ca- mye clauses with a first-person pronoun (e.g., na ‘I’, ce ‘I’, wuli ‘we’, and cehuy ‘we’), I argue that pragmatic person features are needed in syntax to account for their distribution. Keywords. person; formality; clusivity; speech act phrases; hearsay; Korean 1. Introduction. This paper investigates pragmatic person features in pronominal and clausal speech act phrases focusing on the properties of first-and secondhand exhortatives in Korean. Based largely on evidence from a survey of variable pronominal paradigms across languages, Ritter and Wiltschko (2018) state that some languages lexicalize the distinction between prag- matic and grammatical person features. In this paper, I argue, on the basis of the distribution and interpretation of first-and secondhand exhortative markers, first-person pronouns, and the (dis-) agreement with the head of exhortatives and a first-person pronoun, that the distinction is lexical- ized in Korean as well.
    [Show full text]
  • UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1St Proofs 224 Michael Cysouw
    Chapter 7 A typology of honorific uses of clusivity Michael Cysouw Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology In many languages, pronouns are used with special meanings in honorific contexts. The most widespread phenomenon cross-linguistically is the usage of a plural pronoun instead of a singular to mark respect. In this chapter, I will investigate the possibility of using clusivity in honorific contexts. This is a rare phenomenon, but a thorough investigation has resulted in a reasonably diverse set of examples, taken from languages all over the world. It turns out that there are many different honorific contexts in which an inclusive or exclusive pronoun can be used. The most commonly attested variant is the usage of an inclusive pronoun with a po- lite connotation, indicating social distance. Keywords: politeness, respect, syncretism, clusivity 1. Introduction In his study of the cross-linguistic variation of honorific reference, Head (1978: 178) claims that inclusive reference, when used honorifically, indicates less social dis- tance. However, he claims this on the basis of only two cases. In this chapter, a sur- vey will be presented of a large set of languages, in which an inclusive or exclusive marker is used in an honorific sense. It turns out that Head’s claim is not accurate. In contrast, it appears that inclusive marking is in many cases a sign of greater so- cial distance, although the variability of the possible honorific usages is larger than might have been expected. There are also cases in which an inclusive is used in an impolite fashion or cases in which an exclusive is used in a polite fashion.
    [Show full text]