Integrating the “Transforming” City Into Feminist Activism: the Urban and Gender Politics in the 2000S in Turkey

CEU eTD Collection

I ntegrating In partial fulfillmentIn partial t for the and and Gender Politics the in 2000s in Turkey “ T ransforming Supervisor:Francisca Professor de Haan Department Gender Studies of Central EuropeanCentral University he degreeMasterinGender ofArts Studies. of Budapest, Hungary Cemre Baytok Submitted to ”

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In this thesis, therefore, I examine the ways in which which in ways the examine I therefore, thesis, this In boration with patriarchy, reorganize both women’s lives and urban urban and lives women’s both reorganize patriarchy, with boration highlighted how how highlighted fmns mvmn hs o nert te transforming the integrate to has movement feminist e i

women’s freedom in the larger sense sense larger the in freedom women’s ic ptirh dpns pn spatial upon depends patriarchy since fmnss n uky ic te 1980s the since Turkey in feminists h tion.

neoliberalism and and neoliberalism minist movement minist ban ban CEU eTD Collection beautiful eve and feeling every sharing for moments, the all for Jelena, to And unfo most the of one being for Aisuluu to grateful am I Finally for beingas thereand always. supportive mymother to and Istanbul in movement feminist the to contribution, and encouragement their Gülnur Asena, Filiz, to also thank formation the to contributions remarkable and comments crucial her for and elsewhere and Budapest in there all of first presence her for Selin to thankful am I insightfulsupport during comments and theprocess. pol and feminism about had we that discussions high her for Francisca supervisor thesis my to grateful am I First, people. many so thank to have I Acknowledgements

energy the whole process. to support to me, being available all the time and maybe most importantly for the the for importantly most maybe and time the all available being me,

, Ece, Öznur, Özlem and Tuğba, my friends in Istanbul, for for Istanbul, in friends my Tuğba, and Özlem Öznur, Ece, , ii

tc. wud ie o hn Alie o her for Allaine thank to like would I itics.

of this thesis. I would like to like would I thesis. this of rgettable persons in my life. life. my in persons rgettable ry thought which made made which thought ry CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Chapter 4:Conclusion Istanbuland thecaseGezi Protests ofthe IntegratingChapter3: “transforming” thefeministmovement feminist politics: the city in into Chapter of 2: The inTurkey:gender lastdecade theAKP’s and Anoverview urban policies IntroductionChapter 1: Acknowledgements Abstract Table ofContents Meanwhile: The feminist movement in IstanbulMeanwhile: movement Thein feminist 2013:Summer The Gezi Uprising Istanbul: andneoconservative The space neoliberal AKP rule urban ofthe Conclusion Mother,Women’s identities: wifethefamily and life outside Women’s labor: Home,workplaceand mobility Women’s bodies: Fear, v of Taksim Istanbul:The feministmovement in thecity history Abrief of organization, role its and the Introduction Conclusion The ofunder politics gender theAKP: Women neoliberalism andneoconservatism The urban TheIstanbul site: and neoliberal AKP’s transformationofrole A brief“Unholy accountneoliberalism oftheAlliance” between andneoconservat Introduction Literature, andthe structurethe lines ofthought thesis of

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member of of member one of the results ofthe ofthe authoritarianone results regimeofAKP.

” came into being, and conseque and being, into came ” taught the taught , I and, campaigns againstactively have patriarchy part held taken indemonstrations xperience, together with together xperience, Istanbul the the Sosyalist Sosyalist the Istanbul Feminist K Feminist Istanbul

feminists n sabl i Istanbul in Taksim was under transformation, the place where the feminist movement feminist the where place the transformation, under was Taksim in such a compact manner compact a such in e sabl eiit oetf a ubel ognzto fr different for organization umbrella an Kolektif, Feminist Istanbul he t to tesres rmrl n reaction in primarily streets the took sts stanbul and elsewhere in Turkey. T Turkey. in elsewhere and stanbul olition of the park not on the basis of reclaiming the city but of but city the reclaiming of basis the on not park the of olition and all other participants a lot a participants other all and Feminist 20 ad o has now and 2008 n m ents reinforced the oppressions against women since 2002. 2002. since women against oppressions the reinforced ents fe te occupation the after the olektif were in were olektif Kolektif ntly displayed the discussion about th about discussion the displayed ntly street protests and the occupation of the park for two for park the of occupation the and protests street 10 ,

given the fact that IFK did formulate feminist formulate did IFK that fact the given (

Socialist FeministSocialist Collective, SFK the eoe n motn gop ihn the within group important an become ealed the fact that the transformation of transformation the that fact the ealed

was the first time for IFK to question question to IFK for time first the was

streets since the first gathering on 28 28 on gathering first the since streets f h pr a all as park the of . First of all the concept of “urban “urban of concept the all of First .

herefore, -

criticis against ourselves for not having having not for ourselves under this urban protest urban this under m was even stronger stronger even was m necessitated the

te group other e role of the city the of role e police ) ,

violence

first and and first which is is which and s ter ter it .

CEU eTD Collection b will I individuals, since Turkey in activism feminist of history the maintains and reclaims recognizes, which structure concept of relation the on concentrate w will feminists I thesis, the of sake the for important is space urban other in is Istanbul in movement feminist The experience. and know live, I place the there Protests Gezi the in participated live I since remark, final a As theorized further, what is this my on. thesisfocuses Turkey. Gezi the after only evaluation existence into came site” urban the with “interference and choices” forth so and sorts any women, of murders home), (at labor unpaid with insecure as such senses, multiple in women entrap which policies of aware perfectly is movement into include take would the neglected motherhood forced and violence male security, social on on ban law draft instance, abortion, for against, action in always and one, organized and strong a is Turkey foremost

moveme the

“the feminist movement” will be used throughout the thesis to refer to an organized organized an to refer to thesis the throughout used be will movement” feminist “the Because I think this overlap is crucially important and has to be made explicit and explicit made be to has and important crucially is overlap this think I Because odtos in conditions immediate action towards urban transformatio urban towards action immediate 1980s meeti to the the to t te iy f sabl n priual wt te ein f asm Lastly Taksim. of region the with particularly and Istanbul of city the ith Recognizing .

our nts in Turkey, as Turkey, in nts ra tr urban But . ngs, then gradually disappeared disappeared gradually then ngs, streets and show solidarity with other movements other with solidarity show and streets eiit gna n an in agenda feminist asically look at the politics of IFK of politics the at look asically , nfrain s an as ansformation

whereas ad ao (at labor paid h overlap the

of male violence, male of

it happen it h fmns mvmn i embracive is movement feminist the

n sabl n a ivle i fmns atvs and activism feminist in involved am and Istanbul in h AP oenets elbrl n neoconservative and neoliberal government’s AKP the ,

the the thesis investigates the further ways for struggle for for struggle for ways further the investigates thesis the

between between ed during Gezi Protests as well. H well. as Protests Gezi during ed

i oklc) lc o spot in support of lack workplace), ssue of “urban movements”, movements”, “urban of ssue inclusive 11 the the

the again within the within again identification of woman with motherhood, motherhood, with woman of identification

“interference with women’s bodies and and bodies women’s with “interference anr Pt ifrnl, h feminist the differently, Put manner.

and groups and individuals who individuals and groups and n policies. The feminist movement in movement feminist The policies. n

intense ,

but

f eea gop and groups several of which we which o wih feminists which for political agenda of of agenda political the owever, since the the since owever, . However, we we However, . rvnin of prevention contact would not would

share the , with with CEU eTD Collection of separation the however, sectors, job multiple in involvement increasing as such positions, contexts across and time over organizations capitalist Developing and the reinforce which dynamic crucial a as role The skills. and knowledge valued socially thoroughly considered be to have stratification spatial since 1999 (McDowell, societies industrial advanced the in workplace associated is man whereas and market, cheap the in as labor insecure well as home at force labor industrial of reproduction for responsible held publi the between binary reinforced of basis the on and capitalism and patriarchy under Therefore, space. on operations power primary the of one is patriarchy and capitalism between alliance This labor. female and male to according space urban the of reorganiz a required capitalism of stage industrial the how shows literature feminist The as thesis, wellin this as attempttoprovide furtherquestions. the of basics the outline briefly will I Here women’sthe unpaid labor in that McDowe 1994; Massey, 1992; (Spain, power male contest and reproduce maintain, display, to mechanism important F Litera literaturegender on and space Collective the of line political the eminist geographers eminist

male ture, lines of thought and the structure ofthethesis thestructure and thought lines of ture,

workplace (Spain, 1992).workplace (Spain, control

over women’s labor, as one of the primary tool for men’s power, men’s theforprimaryof one tool aslabor, women’sover : 5. Accordingly, 75). have argued have ll, 1999). Equally, it has been long argued by the feminist literature feminist the by argued long been has it Equally, 1999). ll,

home .

, In the next section I will briefly discuss the main scholarly main the discuss briefly will I section next the In

that space is gendered and gendered is space that which in itself requiresa (Walby which spatialregulation initself s women’s secondary position secondary women’s s h ltrtr revealed literature the literature on gender and space which I will refer to to refer I will which space and gender on literature 12

of spatial organization in this vein comes out comes vein this in organization spatial of

uh as such with wage labor, a breadwinner at at breadwinner a labor, wage with the nineteenth century onwards onwards century nineteenth the

that the gendered impacts of of impacts gendered the that that

women’s women’s led to led

spatial segregation is one one is segregation spatial

ad rvt, oa is woman private, and c in the

changes i changes family, education, family, limited access to to access limited depends n women’s women’s n , 1985 ation

on ). ).

CEU eTD Collection the which through home at oppression and control patriarchal by influenced is streets the towards fear that expose feminists women, of most for fear of embodiment an being city the literat feminist The distinguishing(Valentine, 1996;Puar, 2005). among spatialpractices women as out mapped similarly been have identity gender and orientation Sexual 2005). (Kobayashi, be to has category constructions gendered on (Yeoh, Research 2005). geographies feminist of studies the in mobilities transnational of role the account an networks to relation in controls over patriarchy of negotiations house w of duration and location wage, employment, of type the on depending vary city of experiences women’s work; is dynamics primary the of One time. the all way same the in women all affect not does space gendered the However, freedom (Massey,1994: primary feelings 1991). (Wilson, communities small complex less to compared controls patriarchal of terms in rigid less lot a be to seemed women. over control male difficult rendered also but home (Massey,1994 womenoffered to women over control to linked organicallybeen has home to women of forms diverse 1994 to (Massey, capitalism with patriarchy of accommodation according reproduced been and persisted has workplace and home od ad oit (Hanson society and hold,

fo r women :

C 179). that women havewomen been that h.7) In other words, city as a public space connoted both danger and relative relative and danger both connoted space public a as city words, other In h.7) , though relatively, from home by means of labor market has created a threat has a created market labor of byfrommeans relatively, home , though ure on space also deals with forms of struggle. Dwelling on the fact that that fact the on Dwelling struggle. of forms with deals also space on ure

(McDowell, 1999 eadd n nescin ih ae n pae a such as placed and race with intersection in regarded Employment opportunities in c in opportunities Employment migrant migrant n return, In

n Pratt and d households (Raghuram, 2004) which also led to take into take to led also which 2004) (Raghuram, households d :

C articulated articulated women differ due to the e.g. state regulations, border border regulations, state e.g. the to due differ women h.6). fear, anxiety and surveillance surveillance and anxiety fear, 1995: , of 13

race accordingly has has accordingly race

as integralof women’ part r a wl as well as ork C ity not only appealed to women to go out go to women to appealed only not ity h.8.). Another key key Another h.8.). In this sense, metropolitan cities cities metropolitan sense, this In :

Ch. 8 Ch. ; -

9). 9). potential mat of impacts shown that shown Since confinement of of confinement Since notion ae eoe the become have

s cityexperience escape

no analysis into s migration; is woman as a a as woman community,

that city that CEU eTD Collection under Over labor women’s although However, attention, bares 2013). neoliberalism Yaman, 2012; Toksöz, and Makal urban the on of impacts gendered the literature existing the to compared 2013) (İngün, mentioned barely are policiestransformation instance, For transformation. neoconservative with however 2013) to Altunok; and Acar order 2011; Yeğenoğlu, in and (Coşar scholars operates patriarchy how feminist understand for issues key the constitute sexuality and labor women’s constructi social other to led which public and private outside, and home of binary the on primarily regulations spatial si a occupied women Kema The 2013). (Dedeoğlu, ideology national 1999)(Özbay, men with participation political and work, education, in equality fostered which ideology public the in women of presence the on relied has 1923, in republic the of foundation the with started that project nation the to relation in discussed fir relations gender shaping in organization spatial of role the Turkey, to regards With place asinhabitants and its o control i.e. site, urban the in making decision in participation equal women’s implies which forward put is city” the 1996). to “right Peake, gendered and Harvey, David (Wekerle from Borrowing lines these along emerged context Western the in protests c am f sfr lcs hs en eeoe (ebean 2009). (Beebeejaun, developed been has places” “safer of laim h noiea tasomtos n oe’ lbr Eadn n Türkün and (Eraydın labor women’s on transformations neoliberal the all, the research on gendered spaces is a new academic focus in Turkey (Alkan, 2009), 2009), (Alkan, Turkey in focus academic new a is spaces gendered on research the all,

less emphasis on the current transformations of space, namely neoliberal and neoliberal namely space, of transformations current the on emphasis less while at the same time time same the at while

in particular ways particular in gnificant place in the feminist literature in Turkey with reference to to reference with Turkey in literature feminist the in place gnificant ons as well (Sirman, 1989). Today, the role of family, reproduction, family, of role the Today, 1989). (Sirman, well as ons

as active citizens urban changing - tt bidn poess ie Kmls modernization Kemalist i.e. processes, building state motherhood and family were reinforced as again part of of part again as reinforced were family and motherhood . Women acquired new p new acquired Women . space is not taken account as a key analytical tool. tool. analytical key a as account taken not is space 14

list secular modernization policies regarding policies modernization secular list

(Fenster, 2005). ositions as a part of secular of part a as ositions

Tk te ih back” night the “Take - rni, 2005; Erendil, ver the living living the ver st of all of st CEU eTD Collection other term“knowledgethe of with farcombinationin so senses multiple in analyzed been spacehas along comes women for polici site current the at look urban will I Thus, restrictions. the on disempowerment of sort any argue to order in women and site urban the between relation the on look general a provide to aim the understands Kirollos Mariam way Insteadof liberation. women’sand space connectionbetween the follow to want I thesis this in furthest the At benefitthesis, to from theliterature existing more toreflect onthecurrent interrelations. spatial I yet. discovered fully not are today through oppressed are women ways the in influential operates domination male how on organization, focused largely has gender and space on literature feminist the sum, In Istanbul. in movement feminist the with it relate and policies of examples given with boundary” of “knowledge the substantiate both will I sense, to identity i underdeveloped relation in space of 2014: conceptualization the find I Kayaalp, 2013). (Kandiyoti, masculinity of restoration Havlioğlu, (Çelebi, violence of risk the under are identities spaces of boundaries the violate who women thus, violence and do, spaces as boundaries, about brings itself in motherhood, as such women, on identities imposed that argue Kayaalp cross who identit and women space between punish analogy an through fatally is, That might boundaries. which patriarchy of part integral an is control spatial how on examples gives Boundary” of “Knowledge book edited The 2014). Kayaalp, Turkey in violence male increasing of notion the on light shed to order spa between connection the explores study recent A neoconservative and neoliberal policies of spaceand women. of processes parallel the on attention special a alone let but

how particularly neoliberal and neoconservative transformations of city are city of transformations neoconservative and neoliberal particularly how n the book, however, helpful for the purposes of this thesis. In thesis. this this purposesn thebook,however, for of helpful the

– an embracive term which can imply multiple sorts multiple imply can which term embracive an 15

es regarding urban transformation the way way the transformation urban regarding es that they are supposed to belong as well as well as belong to supposed are they that il raiain n ml voec in violence male and organization tial focusing on a specific domain, I specificdomain, a on focusing ,Çlb, alol and Havlioğlu Çelebi, y, (Çelebi, Havlioğlu, (Çelebi, aim, in this in aim, 9 - 23 ) as a a as )

- ,

CEU eTD Collection th by formulated was which women, over dominance male of realms three reflect identities and labor bodies, women’s as divided sections, three following The movement. feminist the for Taksim and Istanbul of role the state will I section, urban the on changes the of links missing the on contemplate and Istanbul in movementthefeminist focusesof main at Ilook politics, will perspectivefeminist ofthe from Chapter In the thesis; relocating seemingly power each to next of realms distinct other. two change what out undergone map will has Istanbul overall on 2 Chapter decade. last the in focus of policies gender on focus particular will I Thirdly, accordingly. with space, urban how over go and neoliberalism on account brief a give currentthe as neoconservatism will I first, 2, Chapter in lines, these Along of form current patriarchal capitalism 2014b). (Çağatay, the as functions neoliberalism neoconservative that fact gro the will on analysis I Therefore, patriarchy. reproduce neoconservatism and neoconservatism neoliberalism and neoliberalism by domination male women against oppressions of perpetrators sole the as governments AKP agenda. its into policies urban include carefully to has movement feminist the that argue to order in forth so and heterosexuality employment, of freedom movement andtoa access, safety, of lines the along spaces public in equality women’s between connections the show will I words, other In politics. feminist for suggestions my construct s current understanding in tools analytical major my constitute will boundaries of violation and knowledge The boundary”. different 3, following the second question of the thesis to come up with critical evaluations evaluations critical with up come to thesis the of question second the following 3,

realms. In other words, this chapter gives the material for the first question of of question first the for material the gives chapter this words, other In realms.

ll central issues for women’s liberation such as violence, family, migration,as women’sliberation violence, central for such issues ll has been implemented by the AKP governments in the last decade on the the on decade last the in governments AKP the by implemented been has

rule of power in Turkey as well as worldwide. Secondly, I will Iwill Secondly, worldwide. as well Turkeyas in power of rule ituation in Turkey as well as the ground upon which I will will I which upon ground the as well as Turkey in ituation

In so doing, I do not attempt to in to attempt not do I doing, so In fmns mvmn i Istanbul. in movement feminist e , instead, I will show how how show will I instead, ,

nor I will replace will I nor

site. In the first first the In site. dicate the the dicate und my my und CEU eTD Collection imagination relies transformation which society. onfuture ain broader sole not is movement feminist the since bodies and identities labor, their over control take women to has space on politics that i state will I Secondly, dynamics. different of intersection of consists which patriarchy of analysis comprehensive a have to first, to, order in necessary Conclu the In Uprising. Gezi the of case the from examples relevant with account into taken be can spatial reorganization neoliberal how on reflect then and realm each on oppressions patriarchal the with secti three these in Thus, movement. the feminists of beginning the since manner comprehensive andinterrelated an ours!”, in dominance male consider are bodies our identities, our labor, “Our slogan popular the in Explicit tgae i fmns pltc i odr o oe p ih ehnss hc wud enable would which mechanisms with up come to order in politics feminist in ntegrated y ae o imdae “protests” immediate on based ly sion, I will argue that a gendered analysis on the neoliberal space is space neoliberal the on analysis gendered a that argue will I sion,

ons, I will first look at how the movement has dealt has movement the how at look first will I ons, against 17

araca pltc bt t pro it but politics patriarchal

oe an motes CEU eTD Collection 9 yet.made been hardly has patriarchy of formsenduring and new to relation in site urban the on changes analysi thorough a but ways, of variety a in together in English 1, mentioned Chapter As patriarchy. or domination male strengthening in together work actually AKP’s policy neoliberal agendas andneoconservative the how understand to is aim My equality. gender and women regarding decade last the of events the over go will I Thirdly, on particular. in Istanbul and site, urban focus the on policies AKP’s will I Secondly, operate. governments AKP the how understand better and contextualize to order in mean, neoconservatism and neoliberalism what at look briefly will I conservative its bee have aspects simultaneously, and documented largely been have a of economy implementation neoliberal and to adaptation AKP’s the Accordingly, globe. the of parts other neolib which through means Islamonlyawas society, others, forand state whereas Islamistof organization an of result the as then since through going been has country the that transformation the interpret to some led AKP’ The debate. public of lot a created have that policies democrat” self power to came party the when 2002, Since now. years 12 AK Party, Development and Justice (The Partisi Kalkınma ve Adalet Introduction u Chapter 2

AKP defines its political ideology as both conservative and democrat. democrat. and conservative as both ideology political its defines AKP rban and and rban

9 te K gvrmn hs use a ie f elbrl n neoconservative and neoliberal of line a pursued has government AKP the , :

g The l n contested from different axes since the very beginning. In this chapter, first chapter, this In beginning. very the since axes different from contested n ender ender - language feminist literature has discussed how gender and space operate operate space and gender how discussed has literature feminist language ast ast

p olicies olicies d eral rationality was established within society, as was the case in case the was as society, within established was rationality eral

ecade in Turkey: An in Turkey: ecade

–

hence two see hence two o noiea ad neoconservative and neoliberal of s

s articulated affiliation with Islam with affiliation articulated s o verview of AKP’s the verview - identified as “conservative “conservative as identified P) has been in power for for power in been has P) mingly distinct realms realms distinct mingly the the -

CEU eTD Collection tradition, family, of notion the strengthening on emphasis the with state authoritarian and stronger a promotes Neoconservatism 697). 2006: (Brown, West” the within morality o “declining the to reaction a is it at, looking is she that context US In spheres. the domestic and international inboth increase call power totheits stateexplicit to Neocon press” arethe neoliberal challenged by(Brown, 2006:696). rationality free a law, of rule the citizenship, liberty, and autonomy political “equality, of concepts the as instead and com promoting terms social in collectivity of sort any destroying 695), 2006: (Brown, care” “self of means by entrepreneurs” “individual become to citizens leading by spheres political profitabil on focused primarily rationality” “political a is neoliberalism says She 693). 2006: (Brown, state” the and subject the social, the of organization consequential and specific “a creating time same the at and welfar downgrading state, the from market the “liberating” on depends which rationality” political driven “market as neoliberalism describes Brown power the frame operations Turkey. in to order in draw will I chapter this thorough in which a on provides 2006) (Brown, and analysis other each enable moreover and intersect rationalities distinct it. to contradiction in sometimes i rather, religion; one with affiliated necessarily not is which decades last the of phenomenon global another is hand, other the on Neoconservatism, 1980s. early the since world the governing soci and political economic, The n A eoconservatism eoconservatism b rief servatism in Brown’s account is a “moral political rationality” which is based on an an on based is which rationality” political “moral a is account Brown’s in servatism idcts st f rcie ta i smtms n amn wt noieaim and neoliberalism with harmony in sometimes is that practices of set a indicates t a ccount of the “Unholy Alliance” between between Alliance” “Unholy the of ccount munities (Larner, 2000). The concept of class is changing accordingly, as well well as accordingly, changing is class of concept The 2000). (Larner, munities

ity which transforms not only economies but also social and and social also but economies only not transforms which ity al restructuring on a large scale called neoliberalism has been has neoliberalism called largescale a restructuringon al oiia theorist Political 19

Wendy Brown shows how these two two these how shows Brown Wendy n e states, privatizing public services public privatizing states, e eoliberalism and and eoliberalism

cubig tts of status crumbling r - CEU eTD Collection imports. foreign ofreplacement 10 rather market the prioritizing manufacturing, as such industries and factories of privatizing industrialization substituting import of dismantling the to manner an in led 1989, in liberalization economic financial Turkey’s by consolidated neoliberal restructuring, The political 2004). (Keyder, a movements as leftist well and as socialist 1970s of the suppression in crisis economic ongoing the an to was Coup response 1980 economic The country. the of transformation total a meant which governance, to adjust to started gradually government new the 1980, in Coup Military the After Neoliberalism The authority egalitarian whereas principlescivil liberties are and2006). aside (Brown, set overvalu de to argues, As Brown as governance. leads, alliance of this importantly, form new a indicates alliance this that show Brown and Larner Both self formulating is former the while on: rely or promote they codes social the in other each complete neoconservatism geographer and Sociologist instant require interventions present in into l which threats” “future of politics the also is thus Neoconservatism old past”. “good the than away further getting is which future the future”; “the about “worries” to morality of rationality response the with filled meanings a also as grown with provided has and anything stable no leader, has no party, no recognizes which neoliberalism Neoconservatism 696). 2006: (Brown, religious” “ is it that claims also Brown military. the and patriotism,

Import substituting industrialization is an economic policy which promotes domestic production in in production domestic promotes which policy economic an is industrialization substituting Import u rban rban n idvda itrss hl a te ae ie rmtn te tt a te sole the as state the promoting time same the at while interests individual ing s ite:

has been a global phenomenon spreading since the early 1980s, also in Turkey. in also 1980s, early the since spreading phenomenon global a been has T he n

eoliberal

- interested individualism, the latter provides disciplinary practices. practices. disciplinary provides latter the individualism, interested ives, especially personal 16). into (Sirman, lives 2014:

Wendy Larner furthermore claims that neoliberalism and and neoliberalism that claims furthermore Larner Wendy t ransformation of Istanbul and AKP’s and AKP’s ofIstanbul ransformation 20 . The search for a meaning is surrounded by surrounded is meaning a for search The .

- democratization in various ways by by ways various in democratization only unevenly and opportunistically and unevenly only 10 te oniig and downsizing the , r ole

interrelated

neoliberal

CEU eTD Collection public the dissolves which minority privileged the to belongs sphere, urban the value, in produced surplus the over control since general, in policies neoliberal with interwoven rule, pro private to places public turning of principle the on also groups privileged relocating while some dislocating dispossession”, by “accumulation through works site urban the of commodification through Profitability 31). 2008: (Harvey, in based cultural and produced tourism a consumerism, as which also within but commodity crises suppressing in only not capitalism, neoliberal for crucial is urbanization that shows He 11). 2012: (Harvey, crises economic local and global by torn economies stabilize to used are services and goods consumer for interest of rates low credits, mortgage low spaces, city multiple in constructions markets, housing as such terrains profitable the of one is argues, he sphere, urban The 2012). (Harvey, phenomena class to related thus, and extraction surplus of space a already always was sphere urban how discusses an as spaces capitali of urban part intrinsic of commodification the demonstrated and discussed have Scholars in the neoliberalization of Turkey 2011). (Öniş, point turning the was changes, institutional and legal scale largebrought which 2001, in crisis the during and reg 1990s neoliberal the of the crises implementation in unemployment debt and experienced inflation of Turkey rate enormous Although an 2004). consequently (Keyder, labor of forms new betweenthe growinganddiscrepancy subcontracting employment, flexible informality, deregulation, Consequently, market. global the into economy that of integration further and economy, Turkish the in principle guiding a led than the state for capitalism. Harvey demonstrates how in the neoliberal age urban based politics, politics, based urban age neoliberal the in how demonstrates Harvey capitalism. for - economy, the creation of entrepreneurs as economy, creation of the sm, and of neoliberalism. neoliberalism. of and sm, ime, the boom in privatization as a response to a huge a to response a as privatization in boom the ime, service sector and production constituted the ground for groundfor the constituted production and sector service 21

Geographer perty. This also creates an undemocratic undemocratic an creates also This perty.

a workforce and of competition as competition as and of workforce a ai Hre, o example, for Harvey, David utis ae place take dustries which were were which

CEU eTD Collection age. contemporary “aofthe firm” functionsof information communicat control, service, finance, management, the accommodates city global the sense, this In 2005). (Sassen, economy neoliberal integrated globally and privatized deregulated, 11 hotels, restaurants officesrelinquishingtheir work resi and first these dislocating were which of buildings, Gentrified projects. housing way mass through outskirts the by to inhabitants now illegally and once immigrants centers for the squatters in for mostlyauthorized spaces, valuable the “renewing” basically meant which accordingly, initiated were policies “gentrification” and transformation” “Urban 1999). (Keyder, other each from differentiated were districts the as people, urban local among in relations and neighborhoods in inequalities growing and development uneven to led this cu tourism, a industrial and state as of also designed was thus Istanbul well, as culture produce to had city global The privatization institutions. the with hand in hand emerged centers technology sm while and grew local investments for foreign incentives work, production to compared center the in dominant with center the in replaced industries position; werethis removedfrom th acquire to transformations spatial necessary the through gone has counterparts, its like and, 2005) (Sassen, cities” global “the of one as designated been has Istanbul order, neoliberal with 1980s, the in Starting either. AKP by initiated not was Istanbul of transformation neoliberal the Turkey, in policies neoliberal initiate not did AKP the as Just privatized (Harvey, 2008). surplus the over control share:

aka asn xlis h explains Sassen Saskia “ scientifically ltural consumption and entertainment center according to according center entertainment and consumption ltural ”

classified as “deteriorated,” then served new usages as shopping malls, malls, shopping as usages new served then “deteriorated,” as classified

ow global cities have worldwide constituted the necessary territories for a a for territories necessary the constituted worldwide have cities global ow

headquarters and finance centers, thus, the service sector became became sector service the thus, centers, finance and headquarters

all enterprises decreased, information, networking and new new and networking information, decreased, enterprises all

au te mas oto oe te iy ad hs oto is control this and city, the over control means then value 22 e city center to the outskirts of the city and were were ofthe outskirts city cityand centere tothe

dential purposes (Keyder,dential 1999). purposes ion (between the local and the global) and global) the and local the (between ion

“ the transition to the the to transition the global desires global former former ” . All .

CEU eTD Collection urbantransformationpolicies. for actor important and housing and maintained Istanbul) of onwards 2004 13 and 1999 in policies. these district implemented Beyoğlu of (mayor Topbaş Kadir successor 12 state of all almost of sale and zoning the regulate to agency sole le “the become to MHA allowed 2008 and 2002 in Moreover,regulation expenses. other or rents higher pay to their bounded from eras residential away previous far blocks apartment to moved were policies gentrification of victims” dis central of inhabitants relocate to Istanbul, in primarily cities, big the of outskirts the in complexes building numerous constructed MHA regime. AKP the during active increasingly became The MassHousing Administ by 2013:70). neoliberalism(Balaban, in decline temporary a of expectation the was politics this of aspects significant most the of One 68). 2013: (Balaban, too vein this in understood be to high for potential and problems economic policies transformation urban solving the andTurkey of neoliberalization the profitabilityduring for tool a as worked AKP, of rule Scholar to according words, other In 69). 2013: (Balaban, measures privatization the to added were construction and estate real in investments 2000s the in whereas deficits neoliberal municipalities 2000s the in governments AKP the with then and 1990s policies neoliberal followed AKP beginning the from that argued be can it Although government. current the Th

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the current Prime Minister, was mayor of Istanbul between 1994 and 1998 and his his and 1998 and 1994 between Istanbul of mayor was Minister, Prime current the Erdoğan, Tayyip Recep h Ms Huig Adm Housing Mass The e

commodification and neoliberal spatial organization of Istanbul is still on the agenda of agenda the on still is Istanbul of organization spatial neoliberal and commodification

Osman Balaban, the growing construction sector since the 1980s, scaled up by the the by up scaled 1980s, the since sector construction growing the Balaban, Osman tricts and urban land which were seen as having vast potentials of rent. Thus, “the “the Thus, rent. of potentials vast having as seen were which land urban and tricts era . In the 1990 the In . - ,

there are important differences in the AKP period compared to the previous the to compared period AKP the in differences important are there

- i.e.

inistration is the governmental agency responsible for the provisioning of public public of provisioning the for responsible agency governmental the is inistration ic te curr the since

s, the governments saw privatization as the major solution to fiscal to solution major the as privatization saw governments the s, ration (MHA)

- owned urban land (excluding military land)” (Kuyucu and and (Kuyucu land)” military (excluding land urban owned

n Pie iitr roa’ rin f sabl n the in Istanbul of reign Erdoğan’s Minister Prime ent 13 , founded in 1984, is a government institution thatgovernment institution , founded a in1984,is 23

the rate of unemployment caused unemployment of rate the 12

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- government wants “to raise religious youth faithful faithful youth religious raise “to wants government style. - ing the gender politics of the AKP governments, in the ways in which women have have women which in ways the in governments, AKP the of politics gender the ing ralism, neoconservatism (despite possible contradictions) and Islam. For instance, the the instance, For Islam. and contradictions) possible (despite neoconservatism ralism, society) is made possible on the basis of its populist policies on Islam in a country a in Islam on policies populist its of basis the on possible made is society) 26

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Koskela, Hille. 2005. “Urban Space in Plural: Elastic, Tamed, Suppressed” in in Suppressed” Tamed, Elastic, Plural: in Space “Urban 2005. Hille. Koskela,

P n concerns and rotests rotests , eds. Lise Nelson and Joni Seager, Blackwell Publishing, 263. Publishing, Blackwell Seager, Joni and eds. , Lise Nelson : Integrating the Integrating

nd on women, to investigating a political movement. In search for insights insights for search In movement. political a investigating to women, on nd

f h fmns mvmn i Istanbul. in movement feminist the of

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Istanbul Then, I will go over the the over go will I Then, the chapter I will refer to the case of the the of case the to refer will I chapter the I move from demonstrating the policies policies the demonstrating from Imove

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he Feminist movement and women’s movement are not used interchangeably. I consider feminist movement as as movement feminist consider I interchangeably. used not are movement women’s and movement Feminist needn fmns oeet n uky andpwri telt 90. n Istanbul In 1980s. late the in power gained Turkey in movement feminist independent a women started to gather together with a variety of concerns under the influence of influence of the under concerns with avarietygather of together to women started a , exclusion as well aswomen. forms for ofresistance 28

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since the 1970s, especially after the protest in 1977 when 34 people people 34 when 1977 in protest the after especially 1970s, the since and expanded there. Feminism in Turkey, as elsewhere, has been been has elsewhere, as Turkey, in Feminism there. expanded and a )

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Istanbul Feminist Kolektif is an umbrella organization of some feminist groups (including Mor Çatı Women’s Women’s Çatı Mor (including groups feminist some of organization umbrella an is Kolektif Feminist Istanbul - friendly places and so forth (Karakuş, 2013b). It was also the first time that that time first the also was It 2013b). (Karakuş, forth so and places friendly n for a comprehensive transformation for the city they have in: consisting in: have they city the for transformation comprehensive a for n one a a ltom ahrn lcl raiain, professional organizations, local gathering platform a as founded

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30 , which I belong to, and groups within it, did not follownot did it, within groups and to, Ibelong which , hrd set aog ifrn wmns conditions women’s different among aspects shared 43

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policies on women with with women on policies women and and women CEU eTD Collection 1989, In 244). 1994: (Arat, practice into put be to 1985 in Turkey by signed (CEDAW), Co UN the asked primarily they which in petition” “women’s a Parliament the to submitted women 1987 In betweenurbanwomen’s and inrelation thesite bodies. women to connections the on regarding experience Gezi the from learn can we what out point will I bodies. their over control Lastly, today. labor women’s influences space urban neoliberal the how examine will I Secondly, to relation in face women that obstacles the are what and feminist the Istain movement how at look first separately will I here, However, chapter. this of categories following the are which identity, and labor women’s over mechanisms control patriarchal impo is It 1999). (McDowell, change to bound and transgressive unstable, is and location and place connotes body primarily the that showed have they senses, multiple in scholars feminist by analyzed been has body The infl direct have all purposes, which for and when whom, with themselves, position they where and move dress, appear, women How bodies. One bodies: Women’s this for step crucial one knowledge. formed which experience Gezi the to references with politics; feminist for thus and women, for importance of is space urban particular a of transformation Hereafter, Taksim. of region the and Istanbul of city the to related is itself movement feminist the how indicated briefly have I section, this In to save the park. Ge the

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ans, trans trans ans, n at on CEU eTD Collection consequences multiple on focuses movement the that displayed I women, among oppression is complex highly of a As exploitation onwards. 1980s from the labor women’s about critical been have feminists how showed I section, third the In in and public overlap. home at both violence male increasing the and home the to back go to women for gov the of call patriarchal neoconservative the that argued I movement. of history the in issues prior the of one formed which home the of outside and home at violence male stop interconne its male shape which dynamics in patriarchy discussed I and 1980s the since stated interwoven have feminists as women over dominance three constitute that identity and labor body, in space discussed feminists how seek to order in agenda political movement’s the with dealt I sections, following the In makingneoliberal bothhistorically processes under and transformation, politically. space a as feminists, for appears, Istanbul of site urban the Therefore, 1980s. the since place experiencing and meeting, organizing a protesting, of terms in importance also has region a as Taksim that and movement urban still and grew emerged, movement feminist the that showed I First, Istanbul. in activism feminist the for matters site urban discussed I headings four Under incorporatecurrent politics. space feminist inthe and Se neoliberal movement. feminist the of which lens the from in ways multiple subordination women’s of forms investigated current with overlap reorganization spatial neoconservative I policies. gender and urban In Conclusion this chapter first I addressed the first question first the addressed I first chapter this

ctedness. Regarding women’s bodies, I outlined how feminists have struggled to struggled have feminists how I outlined bodies, women’s Regarding ctedness.

relation to women’s subordination today. I used three categories; categories; three used I today. subordination women’s to relation o eli ad o ae oto oe is decision its over control take to and reclaim to condly, I asked the second question on how to to how on question second the asked I condly, 67

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n eape fo te ei xeine hogot the throughout experience Gezi the from examples ing fmns mvmn akolde ta AP has AKP that acknowledges movement feminist e 68 g forth some questions about the transforming transforming the about questions some forth g

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ted a lot in the construction sector, and introduced a whole transformation to transformation whole a introduced and sector, construction the in lot a ted

he AKP regime which opened urban lands (including environment) environment) (including lands urban opened which regime AKP he adcp, hc ti tei sget i oe nleta apc of aspect influential one is suggests thesis this which landscape, 71

that Istanbul (and specifically Taksim) has has Taksim) specifically (and Istanbul that erent spheres; the urban site and site urban the spheres; erent

in Turkey. In its fir its In Turkey. in pter 2 overall provided the the provided overall 2 pter iarchy. - e building led st years of years st

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and no increasing rate of child birth child of rate increasing no and

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CEU eTD Collection skyscrapers, highways, in investments huge the to opposition in centers; shelter cultural and women’s parks, centers, care schools, kindergartens, increasing or improving towards reluctance the Indeed, malls. shopping or home the to women doom spaces communal and is changes these of Part condition. women’s in neoconservative deterioration to and contributes neoliberal city the ongoing of transformation the since agenda, its into space” over “claims Therefor public. in present are women which in manners the to relates which women over control spatial upon depends patriarchy words, other In regulations. spatial new by supplemented is identities and bodies governmen AKP the of implementations the of examination close A subordination. women’s of reproduction the in influential also is reorganization spatial neoconservative and neoliberal how demonstrated I thesis, this In as secure themost place. acquired women’s reproducesdepi while women for places unsafe home, as streets and spaces public about knowledge the of outside and home at both members family h by the mostly violence, male of of rate high outside the address to step reluctance their government’s the to Moreover, of women rid for difficult get it to make women again family, for on ways dependency other providing or shelters in reluctance and or creches privatizing opening on policies government The spaces. public in present be to subordination. of accumulation their to en men,they than lessadvantageous force work paid womenHowever, the althoughenter contribute more the all which jobs, underpaid hou the doing keep to them on pressure constant the and opportunities job the both on depending market labor the in participating in difficulties face also women hand, other the On relations. over control (relative) eod ok Te aoiy f oe ae hs e t feil, neue part insecure, flexible, to led thus are women of majority The work. sehold that the privatization of urban lands, and the decrease of and restrictions on public on restrictions and of decrease the and lands, urban of privatization the that money or over household expenditures, changes which shape gender shape which changes expenditures, household over or money

e, I argue that the feminist movement in Istanbul has to integrate to has Istanbul in movement feminist the that argue I e, ts showed that male control over women’s labor, labor, women’s over control male that showed ts 73

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“free space” can be transformative of gender relations relations gender of transformative be can space” “free uctance). The destruction of public spaces also leads leads also spaces public of destruction The uctance). movement has to be engaged with each and every and each with engaged be to has movement 74

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CEU eTD Collection Dem Brown, Bora,Aksu. 2004.“ Security Journal Beebeejaun,Yasminah FieldLaw Of Baytok, Masalı Bayram town Bartu Candan eds. Armağanı: KentselGüncelin Kalmak” Dönüşümde Gerisinde and Çavdar Tan Pelin inAyşe Balaban, Osman. 2013.“Neoliberal Yapılanmanın Türkiye Yeniden Bir Kentleşmesine Diğer Atayurt, Ulus. 1980s”, Arat, Yeşim.1994.“ Alkan, Ayten. 2009. vulnerability, a in Turkey:genderAhıska, Meltem.2013.“Violence women mystery, against the Istanbul.Foundation, presented attheconferenceBirAileMümkünmü?” of“Başka Adak, Siyaseti”, Açıkel, annual meeting Meeting, ofthe AmericanAnnual Atlanta. Sociological Association InvolvementWomen’s Organizations’ theNovamed with Acar, Taylan. International Forum Neoliberalism Contemporary and Neoconservatismin Turkey”, Intimate’ of Acar, Altunok.2013.“TheInterseFerideat ‘Politics andthe Gülbanu Bibliography

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