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Volume ! La Revue Des Musiques Populaires Volume ! La revue des musiques populaires 10 : 2 | 2014 Composer avec le monde Œuvres, auteurs et droits en tension : musique et danse dans la globalisation Arranging the World. Works, Authors and Rights: Music and Dance in Globalization Emmanuelle Olivier (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/volume/3973 DOI : 10.4000/volume.3973 ISSN : 1950-568X Édition imprimée Date de publication : 10 juin 2014 ISBN : 978-2-913169-35-7 ISSN : 1634-5495 Référence électronique Emmanuelle Olivier (dir.), Volume !, 10 : 2 | 2014, « Composer avec le monde » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 10 juin 2017, consulté le 10 décembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/volume/3973 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/volume.3973 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 10 décembre 2020. L'auteur & les Éd. Mélanie Seteun 1 À l’heure où le numérique fait émerger de nouveaux modes d’écriture, d’écoute, d’échange, de circulation et de stockage des données, mais aussi de nouvelles formes d’autorité, d’économies et de types de relation au temps et au monde, ce numéro interroge les notions de création musicale et chorégraphique en contexte de globalisation. À travers une série d’études de cas qui dépassent les distinctions Nord/ Sud, écrit/oral, savant/populaire, religieux/profane, on saisit mieux comment ces pratiques participent d’un même régime de création qui, tantôt intègre, tantôt met en tension deux logiques, l’une du renouvellement, l’autre de l’innovation. De la même manière, ces pratiques de composition et de recomposition sont interrogées en termes de régimes d’autorité, ce qui permet de montrer que, dans de multiples régions du monde, des solutions alternatives aux « droits d’auteur », certaines anciennes, d’autres plus récentes, ont été mises en place et s’inscrivent désormais dans ces nouvelles économies de services suscitées par la démocratisation du numérique. As digital technologies set off new modes of writing, listening, exchanging, circulating and data storaging, as well as new forms of authority, economies and types of relationships to time and to the world, this set of texts questions notions of musical and choreographic creation in our globalized context. Through a series of case studies which go beyond the North/South, written/oral, learned/popular and sacred/secular dichotomies, we better understand how these practices participate in the same regime of creation which either integrates or puts in tension two logics, one of renewal, another one of innovation. These practices of composing and recomposing are also questioned in terms of regimes of authority. The interest of this approach is to show that, in various regions of the world, alternative solutions to “copyright” systems, certain old, others more recent, have been set up and are henceforth part of the new service economies sparked off by the democratization of digital technologies. Volume !, 10 : 2 | 2014 2 SOMMAIRE Dossier Composer avec le monde Œuvres, auteurs et droits en tension : musiques et danses dans la globalisation Emmanuelle Olivier Créativité, globalisation et musique Martin Stokes Creativity, Globalization and Music Martin Stokes Attention, une musique peut en cacher une autre L’appropriation, A et Ω de la création Denis-Constant Martin Le rap prédicateur islamique au Sénégal : une musique « missionnaire » Abdoulaye Niang Les valeurs de la création chorégraphique ouest africaine Sarah Andrieu Art, science, technologie Création numérique et politiques de l’interdisciplinarité Jean-Paul Fourmentraux La scène musicale de la champeta face à Internet Perspectives « du Sud » sur la mutation des industries culturelles en régime numérique Juan Paulhiac Droits d’auteur vs usages locaux de l’autorité Réflexion à partir d’une K7 de louanges islamiques au Mali. Emmanuelle Olivier Voler, donner, transmettre Propriété et appropriation chez les artistes de ballet du Mali Elina Djebbari Varia “Is It in My Head?”: The Pleasure and Pain of Listening to the Who, 1964-1973 Casey Harison Volume !, 10 : 2 | 2014 3 Comptes-rendus Événements scientifiques Le corps signifiant : Hendrix, le 31 août 1970, 02h00 Compte rendu de la conférence donnée par Nicholas Cook en Sorbonne dans le cadre des Rencontres internationales JCMP (23 février 2013) Orlene Denice McMahon « Ethnomusika : Musique, danse & engagement » Compte-rendu du colloque international du 12 au 14 juin 2013 Rémi Boivin « Critique de la culture et musiques populaires enregistrées » Journée d’étude, Université Paris-Sorbonne, 14 décembre 2013 Pauline Escande-Gauquié et Noémie Vermoesen Expositions « David Bowie is », au Victoria & Albert Museum Sound and Vision ou le musée en chantant Nadia Fartas « Europunk » à la Cité de la musique à Paris, du 15 octobre 2013 au 19 janvier 2014 Nicolas Ballet Notes de lecture Kirk CURNUTT, Brian Wilson Daniel Harrison Fabien HEIN, Do It Yourself : Autodétermination et culture punk Alain Mueller Christopher R. SMIT (ed.), Michael Jackson, Grasping The Spectacle Isabelle Stegner-Petitjean Stan HAWKINS et Sarah NIBLOCK, Prince: The Making of a Pop Music Phenomenon Pauline Guedj Karim HAMMOU, Une histoire du rap en France Stéphanie Molinero Sophy SMITH, Hip-Hop Turntablism, Creativity and Collaboration Karim Hammou Jean JAMIN & Patrick WILLIAMS, Une anthropologie du jazz Alice Aterianus-Owanga Volume !, 10 : 2 | 2014 4 Olivier ROUEFF, Jazz, les échelles du plaisir Pierre Genty Makis SOLOMOS, De la musique au son. L’émergence du son dans la musique des XXe- XXIe siècles Claude Chastagner “The last period when the performing arts were at the core of the music industry”: John Mullen’s La Chanson populaire en Grande-Bretagne pendant la Grande Guerre 1914-1918 Olivier Julien Lionel POURTAU, Techno : une subculture en marge Philippe Birgy Écoute du rap et signification Droit de réponse sur l'écoute-en-action Une querelle épistémologique qui ne dit pas son nom Réponse à Jedediah Sklower Anthony Pecqueux Signifyin’ ears Réponse à Anthony Pecqueux Jedediah Sklower Rendre compte de la complexité (de l’écoute d’une chanson) Seconde réponse à Jedediah Sklower Anthony Pecqueux Volume !, 10 : 2 | 2014 5 Dossier Volume !, 10 : 2 | 2014 6 Composer avec le monde Œuvres, auteurs et droits en tension : musiques et danses dans la globalisation Arranging the World. Works, Authors and Rights: Musics and Dances in Globalization Emmanuelle Olivier 1 LE VERBE « COMPOSER » apparaît pour la première fois en 1120 dans le Psautier d’Oxford, où il désigne l’action d’assembler divers éléments en un tout1. Mais il faut attendre 1508 pour qu’Éloy d'Amerval, dans son Livre de la Deablerie, étende cette définition à une œuvre musicale. L’acte de composition est alors compris comme mise en forme de matériaux préexistants, manipulés, combinés, agencés par un artisan-démiurge, maître reconnu d’un savoir-faire hérité, qui fait littéralement œuvre de trans-formation2. Cette fabrique de la musique relève là d’une logique de renouvellement, où les pièces composées s’inscrivent dans une continuité, quelle qu’en soit la forme, avec les précédentes : filiation vs confrontation3. On est bien loin de l’idée de composition musicale conçue par un génie-créateur qui fait advenir un nouveau « monde », et pour qui les matériaux musicaux ne seraient « que des signes transparents et arbitraires de son intériorité » (Schaeffer, 1997 : 92). Si cette conception s’impose en Occident à partir des Lumières4, c’est autour de Beethoven que se cristallise le basculement de valeurs. Avec lui émerge la notion d’« œuvre », qui plus est d’« œuvre musicale “forte” », dont le compositeur a toute autorité5. Dans ce paradigme de la modernité, les pratiques dites désormais de « création musicale » sont envisagées autour de deux pôles opposés : l’un défini par l’originalité, l’innovation, la rupture vis- à-vis de ce qui précède ; l’autre par la répétition du même, le déficit d’inspiration, la soumission à une tradition6. Cette conception de la composition musicale, et plus Volume !, 10 : 2 | 2014 7 généralement de la production artistique, se heurte certes dès le début du XXe siècle7 à un certain nombre de pratiques – au premier rang desquelles le ready-made de Marcel Duchamp8 –, avant que de nombreux écrits des années 1960 remettent en cause la notion cardinale d’auteur9. Pourtant, elle restera longtemps opératoire lorsqu’il s’agira de distinguer l’Occident des sociétés « exotiques », pour lesquelles la « créativité10 », nécessairement partagée à une échelle communautaire, ne saurait se résumer qu’aux seuls principes de recyclage et de « bricolage11 ». 2 Soucieux de dépasser l’impasse théorique qui résulte de la construction posée a priori d’une opposition « création » vs « créativité » (voir notamment le texte de Martin Stokes), les contributions de ce numéro s’attachent à montrer combien les pratiques contemporaines de composition, qu’il s’agisse de musiques dites savantes ou populaires, tout autant que d’ici ou d’ailleurs, s’inscrivent dans un continuum qui va de l’interprétation à l’innovation la plus radicale, en passant par la reprise et la transformation de matériaux (citation, collage, amalgame, fusion, synthèse, etc.). De fait, les travaux présentés ici donnent à voir des réalités qui s’inscrivent bien plus dans des tendances oscillant entre « renouvellement » et « innovation ». Aujourd’hui, la circulation globalisée des genres et des styles musicaux, à laquelle s’ajoute l’usage généralisé des nouvelles technologies, constituent autant d’éléments permettant de situer ces musiques au sein de régimes de création communs. L’analyse fine des pratiques contemporaines de création musicale conduit donc à repenser la notion même de composition. Si celle-ci reprend certains aspects de la définition initiale, notamment l’idée de mise en forme, de « savoir-créer » (voir ici Sarah Andrieu), elle ne s’y réduit pas et doit alors être envisagée à travers le jeu complexe des appropriations, des transformations et des innovations. 3 De ces multiples combinaisons possibles s’élaborent différentes formes d’autorité, prise au sens d’auctoritas12, du « compositeur » sur son « œuvre » : autorité pleine ou partielle, revendiquée ou tacite, durable ou circonstancielle.
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