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Cultures of Migration: Race, Space, and the Politics of Alliance in U.S

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CULTURES OF MIGRATION: RACE, SPACE, AND THE POLITICS OF ALLIANCE IN U.S. LATINA/O PRINT AND VISUAL CULTURE, 1910-1939 BY NATALIE HAVLIN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English with a minor in Gender and Women's Studies in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Siobhan Somerville, Chair Associate Professor Richard T. Rodríguez Associate Professor Susan Koshy Assistant Professor Lisa Cacho ABSTRACT “Cultures of Migration: Race, Space, and the Politics of Alliance in U.S. Latina/o Print and Visual Culture, 1917-1939” assembles and reads a new archive of urban Latina/o literature —poetry, fiction and creative narratives by New York-based writers such as Jesus Colón, Frank Martínez, and Onofre S. Belloso and writers in San Francisco such as Julio Arce, Isabel Pinzón Castillo, and Ella Ruth Rostau—to demonstrate that intraethnic and interethnic struggles for racial, gender, and economic justice have structured urban Latina/o cultural formations since the 1900s. Placing the works I recover in conversation with early Hollywood film and modernist and realist narratives about transnational migration by John Dos Passos, John Steinbeck, and Langston Hughes, I argue that early twentieth-century Latina/o writers reformulated melodrama and romance genre conventions to radically re-imagine forms of affiliation and collaboration among urban Latina/o, African American, and Asian migrants. Early twentieth-century Latina/o print culture, I show, figures affective and non-reproductive bonds as the basis for intraethnic and interethnic alliances for social and political change, displacing heteronormative national and familial tropes of affiliation common to melodrama and romance. “Cultures of Migration” develops a translocal method of reading to recover the ideological and genre innovations of early U.S. Latina/o print culture, from which I argue that early Latina/o fiction portrays intraethnic and interracial political formations that are less historical outcomes than daily acts of affective recalibration, solidarity and collaboration. In tracing Latina/o articulations of affiliation and alliance, this dissertation aims to show how shifting configurations of race, gender, sexuality, ability and class structure historical and, by extension, future struggles to collectively challenge the uneven distribution of power across local U.S. urban landscapes and the Americas more broadly. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the members of my dissertation committee—Siobhan Somerville, Richard T. Rodríguez, Susan Koshy, and Lisa Cacho—for their patience, unwavering support, and as exemplary researchers and incisive scholars. As my advisor, Siobhan Somerville's methodological creativity and insights on the political stakes of interdisciplinary feminist work have deeply influenced the questions that this project poses and explores. Ricky Rodríguez's generosity and commitment to exploring and enacting more inclusive modes of kinship and community continues to motivate and inspire my academic and political work. Through her critical engagement with my work, Susan Koshy encouraged me to make important connections and explore the complex nuances of transnational cultural production. Lisa Cacho's thoughtful advice and creative approach to literary study and Women of Color Feminist Theory provided me with the tools and inspiration for this project. I also have benefited from the friendship and mentorship of a number of extraordinary scholars. Nancy Castro first encouraged me to explore the circuits of transamerican cultural production. Fiona Ngô's friendship and dedication to her students (from extended office hours to picket lines in the pouring rain) continues to inspire me as a scholar and teacher. I also wish to thank Adrian Burgos, Shefali Chandra, Augusto Espiritu, Stephanie Foote, Christopher Freeberg, Jim Hansen, Kristen Hoganson, Anthony Pollock, and Rolando Romero for their intellectual engagement and encouragement. The following institutions have provided financial support for this project: The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, Gender and Women's Studies Department at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), the UIUC Graduate College, the UIUC English Department, and the UIUC Latina/o Studies Department. I also benefited from the support and generosity of the archival and library staff at El Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños iii at Hunter College (CUNY), The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the California Historical Society, and the University of California at Berkeley Newspaper Library. The friendship and intellectual engagement of Alison Goebel, Terra Walston Joseph, Alaina Pincus, Matthew Delgado, Isabel Quintana Wulf, Melli Velazquez, Daynali Flores- Rodriguez, Eric DeBarros, Rebecca Nickerson, Ian Hartman, Brandon Mills, Melissa Tombro, Mary Alice Lamb, and Lisa Asselin have sustained me through this project. The creative energy, strength and dedication to feminist community building of Amy Hasinoff, Himika Bhattacharya, Deepti Misri, Aisha Durham, Carolyn Randolph, Alex Mobley, Somnath Roy, Korinta Maldonado Goti and Marisa Manriquez continues to inspire and motivate my personal and academic work. I am indebted to the love and support offered by my extended family. My parents, Concetta and David, and my siblings, Alexandria, Benjamin, Christopher, and Max, have furnished laughter and welcome distractions at key moments during graduate school. Finally, I offer this dissertation to my co-collaborators in building expansive forms of family and community that continues to thrive across great distance: John Gergely, Treva Ellison, Faiza Zafar, Ethel Hazard, Ariana Ruiz, Celiany Rivera-Velázquez, Thomas Garza, and Kerry Pimblott. Your love and support have made this project possible. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: Introduction...............................................................................................1 CHAPTER TWO: U.S. Fictions of Urban Migration...........................................................38 PART I: New York City Migrant Culture CHAPTER THREE: Affective Affinities in New York Hispanophone Print Culture......80 CHAPTER FOUR: The Politics of Puerto Rican, West Indian, and African American Alliances.......................................................................................135 PART II: San Francisco Migrant Culture CHAPTER FIVE: The Limits of Latinidad in the “Metropolis of the West”..........…...186 CHAPTER SIX: Race and Colonial Hauntings in the Celluloid Contact Zone..............233 NOTES................................................................................................................................280 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................286 v CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Suicidal indifference has defeated many good causes; and, our only way out is by a feeling of mutual attachment […] hate, prejudice, pride and personal ambition should be discarded as they do not belong in a fight for our own social, economic, and political betterment. --Frank Martínez, The Tragedy of the Puerto Ricans and the Colored Americans (1935) In 1935, Frank Martínez, a Puerto Rican political organizer in Harlem, published a pamphlet, The Tragedy of the Puerto Ricans and the Colored Americans, to encourage unity among Puerto Rican and African American residents of New York City. While a formal political coalition did not develop during the 1930s, Martínez's call for Puerto Rican and African American residents of Harlem to build a “feeling of mutual attachment” across cultural boundaries foregrounds how early twentieth century transnational migrants represented interethnic alliance as more than a coalition built on the identification of common political goals. As I show in this dissertation, early twentieth century Latina/o migrant literature in New York and San Francisco portray interethnic and intraethnic affiliations as a problem of building affective relationships that traverse social and spatial boundaries. The articulation of coalition and affective affiliations in early twentieth century urban Latina/o print culture, as I will elaborate, points to historical cultural formations and potential political futures built on strategic affiliations that take into account the legacies of imperialism and social forces of gender, sexuality, race, ability, and class. Martínez's pamphlet did not engage with questions of interethnic alliance in isolation. The Tragedy of the Puerto Ricans and the Colored Americans participates in a broad dialogue 1 about the terms and practices of solidarity and alliance in urban spaces where multiple migrant formations negotiated national, racial, and gender hierarchies. During the early twentieth century, New York and San Francisco, the two most prominent U.S. port cities, served as sites for cultural and political exchange among transnational migrants. Puerto Rican, Cuban, South American and Central American migrants joined Mexican exiles, Californios and Mexican Americans in building a vibrant bilingual press, literary culture, and theatre circuit in both New York and San Francisco. “Cultures of Migration” assembles a new archive of Latina/o creative narratives, fiction, poetry, and essays published in New York and San Francisco to examine how early Latina/o migrant texts articulate the
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