Animal Behavior Types

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Animal Behavior Types B.Sc. Part-I Paper - II Animal Behavior: Innate Presented by : ShushmaKumari HOD & Assistant Professor, Zoology, J. D. W. College, Patna The first type is innate behavior. From Latin . innatus "inborn,“ Innate behaviors are those you develop on your own, which do not need to be taught or learned. Innate behavior is something the animal is born knowing how to do. Examples include fish swimming and geese migrating. What other examples can you think of? Innate behavior Behavior determined by the "hard-wiring" of the nervous system is Innate behavior . It is usually inflexible, a given stimulus triggering a given response. Example: A salamander raised away from water until long after its siblings begin swimming successfully will swim every bit as well as they the very first time it is placed in the water. Clearly this rather elaborate response is "built in" in the species and not something that must be acquired by practice. Types of innate behavior Irritability Tropism Nasties Taxis Kinesis Reflex action Instinct Motivation Let‘s study detail Types if innate behavior 1: Irritability def.: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. Conditions Irritability can occur in people experiencing any of a variety of conditions, including: Anxiety Alcoholism Fever 2: tropism : Cause of name: (from Greek trope, "a turning") Def: it is a biological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental In tropisms, this response is dependent on the direction of the stimulus Tropisms are typically associated with plants. Types of tropism Chemotropism, movement or growth in response to chemicals Geotropism (or gravitropism), movement or growth in response to gravity Heliotropism, movement or growth in response to sunlight Sonotropism, movement or growth in response to sound. Hydrotropism, movement or growth in response to water Phototropism, movement or growth in response to lights or colors of light (e.g.- the sunflower) Types of tropism Thermotropism, movement or growth in response to temperature Electrotropism, movement or growth in response to an electric field Thigmotropism, movement or growth in response to touch or contact 3:nasties Def: these Are non directional responses to stimuli (e.g. temperature, humidity, light irradiance), and are usually associated with plants The movement can be due to changes in turgor or changes in growth. Nastic movements differ from tropic movements in that the direction of tropic responses depends on the direction of the stimulus, whereas the direction of nastic movements is independent of the stimulus' position. Types of nasties Epinasty: downward-bending from growth at the top, for example, the bending down of a heavy flower. Photonasty: response to light Nyctinasty: movements at night or in the dark Chemonasty: response to chemicals or nutrients Hydronasty: response to water Thermonasty: response to temperature Geonasty/gravinasty: response to gravity Thigmonasty/seismonasty/haptonasty: response to contact Examples of nasties To be contd….
Recommended publications
  • Stenospermocarpy Biological Mechanism That Produces Seedlessness in Some Fruits (Many Table Grapes, Watermelon)
    Phytohormones The growth and development of a plant are influenced by: •Gene:c factors •External environmental factors •Chemical hormones inside the plant Secondary messengers 1. Involve in the transfer informaon from sources to targets 2. Amplify the signal produced by the phytohormone Phytohormones Plant hormones are organic compounds that are effec:ve at very low concentraon (1g 20,000 tons-1) They interact with specific target :ssues to cause physiological responses •Growth •Fruit ripening Phytohormones •Hormones s:mulate or inhibit plant growth Major groups of hormones: 1. Auxins 2. Gibberellins 3. Ethylene 4. Cytokinins 5. Abscisic acid 6. Brassinostereoids 7. Salicylic acid 8. Polyaminas 9. Jasmonates 10. Systemin 11. Nitric oxide Arabidopsis thaliana Phytohormones EARLY EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTROPISM SHOWED THAT A STIMULUS (LIGHT) RELEASED CHEMICALS THAT INFLUENCED GROWTH Auxins Auxin causes several responses in plants: * Phototropism * Geotropism * Promo:on of apical dominance * Flower formaon * Fruit set and growth * Formaon of adven::ous roots * Differen:aon of vascular :ssues (de novo or repairing existent vascular :ssue) Auxins Addi:on of auxins produce parthenocarpic fruit. Stenospermocarpy Biological mechanism that produces seedlessness in some fruits (many table grapes, watermelon) diploid + tetraploid parent = triploid seeds vegetave parthenocarpy Plants that do not require pollinaon or other s:mulaon to produce parthenocarpic fruit (cucumber) Auxins Synthe:c auxins Widely used in agriculture and hor:culture • prevent leaf abscission • prevent fruit drop • promote flowering and frui:ng • control weeds Agent Orange - 1:1 rao of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Dioxin usually contaminates 2,4,5-T, which is linked to miscarriages, birth defects, leukemia, and other types of cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • A Framework for Plant Behavior Author(S): Jonathan Silvertown and Deborah M
    A Framework for Plant Behavior Author(s): Jonathan Silvertown and Deborah M. Gordon Reviewed work(s): Source: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 20 (1989), pp. 349-366 Published by: Annual Reviews Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2097096 . Accessed: 10/02/2012 12:56 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Annual Reviews is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. http://www.jstor.org Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1989. 20:349-66 Copyright ? 1989 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved A FRAMEWORKFOR PLANT BEHAVIOR Jonathan Silvertown' and Deborah M. Gordon2 'BiologyDepartment, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UnitedKingdom 2Departmentof Zoology,University of Oxford,South Parks Rd, Oxford,OXI 3PS, UnitedKingdom INTRODUCTION The language of animalbehavior is being used increasinglyto describecertain plant activities such as foraging (28, 31, 56), mate choice (67), habitatchoice (51), and sex change (9, 10). Furthermore,analytical tools such as game theory, employed to model animal behavior, have also been applied to plants (e.g. 42, 54). There is some question whetherwords used to describe animal behavior, such as the word behavior itself, or foraging, can be properly applied to the activities of plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Physiology
    PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Vince Ördög Publication date 2011 Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Table of Contents Cover .................................................................................................................................................. v 1. Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Water and nutrients in plant ............................................................................................................ 2 1. Water balance of plant .......................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Water potential ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Absorption by roots .................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Transport through the xylem .................................................................................... 8 1.4. Transpiration ............................................................................................................. 9 1.5. Plant water status .................................................................................................... 11 1.6. Influence of extreme water supply .......................................................................... 12 2. Nutrient supply of plant .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1508.05435V1 [Physics.Bio-Ph]
    Fast nastic motion of plants and bio-inspired structures Q. Guo1,2, E. Dai3, X. Han4, S. Xie5, E. Chao3, Z. Chen4 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, FuJian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350108, China 2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fuzhou 350108, China 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA 4Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, NH 03755, USA 5Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA ∗ (Dated: August 25, 2015) The capability to sense and respond to external mechanical stimuli at various timescales is es- sential to many physiological aspects in plants, including self-protection, intake of nutrients, and reproduction. Remarkably, some plants have evolved the ability to react to mechanical stimuli within a few seconds despite a lack of muscles and nerves. The fast movements of plants in response to mechanical stimuli have long captured the curiosity of scientists and engineers, but the mechanisms behind these rapid thigmonastic movements still are not understood completely. In this article, we provide an overview of such thigmonastic movements in several representative plants, including Dionaea, Utricularia, Aldrovanda, Drosera, and Mimosa. In addition, we review a series of studies that present biomimetic structures inspired by fast moving plants. We hope that this article will shed light on the current status of research on the fast movements of plants and bioinspired struc- tures and also promote interdisciplinary studies on both the fundamental mechanisms of plants’ fast movements and biomimetic structures for engineering applications, such as artificial muscles, multi-stable structures, and bioinspired robots.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Epistemology of Plant Behaviour: a Pluralistic View?
    Synthese (2021) 198:3625–3650 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02303-9 BIOBEHAVIOUR History and epistemology of plant behaviour: a pluralistic view? Quentin Hiernaux1 Received: 8 June 2018 / Accepted: 24 June 2019 / Published online: 2 July 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019 Abstract Some biologists now argue in favour of a pluralistic approach to plant activities, under- standable both from the classical perspective of physiological mechanisms and that of the biology of behaviour involving choices and decisions in relation to the environ- ment. However, some do not hesitate to go further, such as plant “neurobiologists” or philosophers who today defend an intelligence, a mind or even a plant consciousness in a renewed perspective of these terms. To what extent can we then adhere to pluralism in the study of plant behaviour? How does this pluralism in the study and explanation of plant behaviour fit into, or even build itself up, in a broader history of science? Is it a revolutionary way of rethinking plant behaviour in the twenty-first century or is it an epistemological extension of an older attitude? By proposing a synthesis of the question of plant behaviour by selected elements of the history of botany, the objective is to show that the current plant biology is not unified on the question of behaviour, but that its different tendencies are in fact part of a long botanical tradition with contrasting postures. Two axes that are in fact historically linked will serve as a common thread. 1. Are there several ways of understanding or conceiving plant behaviour within plant sciences and their epistemology? 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
    SMITHSONIAN MJSCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 81, NUMBER 10 TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA BY N. E. McINDOO Senior Entomologist, Deciduous-I'"i nit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture WMW (Publication 3013) t APR5-k CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 4, 1929 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 81, NUMBER 10 TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA BY N. E. McINDOO Senior Entomologist, Deciduous-Fruit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture (Publication 3013) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 4, 1929 Z^c Bovb (^aPfttnorc (preee BALTIMORE, MD., O. 8. A, TROPISMS AND SENSE ORGANS OF LEPIDOPTERA By N. E. McIndoo senior entomologist, deciduous-fruit insect investigations, bureau of entomology, u. s. department of agriculture CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 2 A. Tropisins 2 I. Phototaxis 3 1. Review of literature : 3 (a) Definitions and problems in the study of light reactions... 3 (b) Are light reactions adaptive ? 4 (c) Is orientation accomplished by selection of trial movements? 5 (d) How do light rays bring about orientation? 5 (e) Do circus movements support Loeb's theory? 5 (f ) What wave lengths stimulate insects most? 6 (g) Light traps are not yet considered successful 9 2. Phototactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 10 II. Chemotaxis 14 1. Review of literature 14 2. Chemotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 17 III. Geotaxis 19 1. Review of literature 19 2. Geotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 20 IV. Thigmotaxis 21 1. Review of literature 21 2. Thigmotactic experiments on codling-moth larvae 22 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Ovary Signals for Directional Pollen Tube Growth
    Sex Plant Reprod (2001) 14:3–7 © Springer-Verlag 2001 REVIEW M. Herrero Ovary signals for directional pollen tube growth Received: 15 December 2000 / Accepted: 13 June 2001 Abstract In angiosperms, the female gametophyte has a work has focussed on pollen tube growth along the stig- secluded life; it is protected by several concentric layers ma and style, the ovary has been neglected; it has often that envelop each other. The embryo sac is surrounded been assumed that once the pollen tubes arrive at the by the nucellus, which in turn is wrapped by the integu- base of the style fertilisation occurs. However, informa- ments forming the ovule, which is nested in the ovary. tion is converging toward the concept (Herrero 2000) These wrappings are not hermetic, but contain little that the process is far from straightforward, and that in “gates” the pollen tube must traverse on its way towards the ovary, also, an interesting male-female interaction the embryo sac. Information is emerging that shows that occurs. the ovary and ovule provide signals orienting and direct- A close look at the ovary shows that the female game- imng the pollen tube on the right course. There are three tophyte has a secluded life, protected by a number of main bodies of evidence supporting this hypothesis. One concentric layers that consecutively envelop each other. relates to developmental changes in the female tissues Thus, the embryo sac is surrounded by the nucellus, and how they affect pollen tube growth. The second re- which in turn is wrapped by the integuments forming the fers to defective ovule mutants, which induce defective ovule, which is nested in the ovary.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemoattractive Mechanisms in Filamentous Fungi
    Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 28 The Open Mycology Journal, 2014, 8, (Suppl-1, M2) 28-57 Open Access Chemoattractive Mechanisms in Filamentous Fungi Alexander Lichius1,* and Kathryn M. Lord2 1Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Austria 2School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom Abstract: Research on cell communication and differentiation in filamentous fungi has provided a number of novel insights into chemoattractive mechanisms in recent years. Still, identification of specific chemoattractant molecules, cognate receptors and downstream signaling pathways is strongly biased towards those involved in mating; probably due to the relative ease of functional genomic comparison to the budding yeast model. The multicellular nature of filamentous fungi, however, preserved a more complex morphology compared to unicellular fungi and revealed chemoattractive mechanisms lost during yeast evolution. Two hallmarks of this higher complexity are the formation of an interconnected colony network and the development of elaborate sexual reproductive organs. Morphogenesis of both structures depends on two different modes of chemoattraction: attraction to self and attraction to nonself. Nonself chemoattraction between genetically distinct mating partners is the basis for sexual reproduction and generally regulated through a bilateral sex- pheromone/cognate-receptor system, widely but not exclusively equivalent to that known from yeasts. In contrast, self- chemoattraction between genetically identical cells is regulated independently of the sex-pheromone/cognate-receptor systems, and does not exist in yeast. Although both chemoattractive modes do share a number of molecular components, we are only beginning to understand how cell morphogenesis is regulated by means of gene expression and targeted protein recruitment during the establishment of self-fusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Motion in Plants and Animals SMPK Penabur Jakarta Motion
    Motion in Plants and Animals SMPK Penabur Jakarta Motion What is that? Which part? Have you ever see the flying bird? Why they can do stable flying? What affects them? Let’s learn! Plant’s motion Animal’s motion in water, on air, and on land Why so important?? To know and explain motion in living things Important Terms Motion Stimulation Inertia Elasticity Surface Tension Mimosa pudica Have you ever see? Mimosa pudica Response to stimulation If the leaves got stimulation, the water flow will keep away from stimulated area Stimulated area water less, turgor tension less leaves will closed Turgor tension= tension affected by cell contents to wall cell in plant Movement Movement in living system they can change chemical energy to mechanical energy Human and animal active movement Plants have different movement Motion in Plant Growth Reaction to respond stimuli (irritability) Endonom Hygroscopic Etionom PHOTOTROPISM HYDROTROPISM TROPISM GEOTROPISM THIGMOTROPISM ENDONOM RHEOTROPISM PLANT MOTION HYGROSCOPIC ETIONOM PHOTOTAXIS TAXIS CHEMOTAXIS NICTINASTY THIGMONASTY/ NASTIC SEISMONASTY PHOTONASTY COMPLEX A. Endogenous Movement Spontaneusly Not known yet its cause certainly Predicted it caused by stimulus from plant itself Ex: ◦ Movement of cytoplasm in cell ◦ Bending movement of leaf bid because of different growth velocity ◦ Movement of chloroplast Chloroplast movement B. Hygroscopic Movement Caused by the influence of the change of water level from its cell non-homogenous wrinkling Ex: ◦ The breaking of dried fruit of leguminous fruit, such as kacang buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), kembang merak (Caesalpinia pulcherrima), and Impatiens balsamina (pacar air) and other fruits ◦ The opening of sporangium in fern ◦ Rolled of peristomal gear in moss’ sporangium C.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant-Environment Interactions: from Sensory Plant Biology to Active
    Signaling and Communication in Plants Series Editors František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany Jorge Vivanco Center for Rhizosphere Biology, Colorado State University, 217 Shepardson Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA František Baluška Editor Plant-Environment Interactions From Sensory Plant Biology to Active Plant Behavior Editor František Baluška Department of Plant Cell Biology IZMB University of Bonn Kirschallee 1 D-53115 Bonn Germany email: [email protected] ISSN 1867-9048 ISBN 978-3-540-89229-8 e-ISBN 978-3-540-89230-4 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89230-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938968 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com František Baluška dedicates this book to Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™
    Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Table of Contents Introduction to Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .4 Investigating Nutrition with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .4 Investigating Plant Nutrition Activity . .7 Introduction to Tropisms . .10 Investigating Tropisms with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ . .10 Materials in the Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Hormone Kit • 1 pack of Standard Wisconsin Fast Plants™ • 1 packet anti-algal square (2 squares per packet) Seeds • 8 watering pipettes • 1 pack of Rosette-Dwarf Wisconsin Fast • 1 L potting soil Plants™ Seeds • 1 package of dried bees • 100-ppm Gibberellic Acid (4 oz) • four 4-cell quads • 1oz pelleted fertilizer • 16 support stakes • 2 watering trays • 16 support rings • 2 watering mats • Growing Instructions • wicks (package of 70) For additional activities, student pages and related resources, please visit the Wisconsin Fast Plants’ website at www.fastplants.org Investigating Plant Physiology with Wisconsin Fast Plants™ Plant physiology is the study of how plants individual is the result of the genetic makeup function. The activities and background (genotype) of that organism being expressed in information in this booklet are designed to the environment in which the organism exists. support investigations into three primary areas Components of the environment are physical of plant physiology: Nutrition, Tropism, and (temperature, light, gravity), chemical (water, Hormone Response (using gibberellin). elements, salts, complex molecules), and biotic (microbes, animals and other plants). Fundamental to the study of physiology is Environmental investigations in this booklet understanding the role that environment plays focus on the influence of nutrients, gravity, and in the functioning and appearance (phenotype) a growth-regulating hormone.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropism Flip Book Unit 8
    Name ____________________________________________________________ Period _______ 7th Grade Science Tropism Flip Book Unit 8 Directions: You are going to create a quick reference chart for the various types of Tropism . Tropism is a term that refers to how an organism grows due to an external stimulus. For each type of tropism, you will need to provide a definition and a picture/example of that type of tropism. Below is a list of terms that you will include in your “Flip Book”. Flip Book Terms: Internal Stimuli External Stimuli Gravitropism Phototropism Geotropism Hydrotropism Thigmatropism How Do You Create a Flip Book? Step 1: Obtain 4 half sheets of paper. Stack the sheets of paper on top of each other. They should be staggered about a 2 cm. See the picture below. 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm Step 2: Now fold the top half of the 4 pieces of paper forward. Now all of the pieces of paper are staggered 2 cm. You should have 8 tabs. Place two staples at the very top. Staples Tab #1 Tab #2 Tab #3 Tab #4 Tab #5 Tab #6 Tab #7 Tab #8 Step 3: On the very top tab (Tab #1) you are going to write/draw the words " Tropism Flip Book ". You may use markers or colored pencils throughout this project to color and decorate your flip book. Also write your name and period. See the example below. Tropism Flip Book Your Name Period Step 4: At the bottom of each tab you are going to write each of the flip book terms (Internal Stimuli, External Stimuli, Gravitropism, Phototropism, Geotropism, Hydrotropism, and Thigmatropism ).
    [Show full text]