Children and Youth Services Review Child Abuse and Neglect in Orphanages in EAST JAVA Province

Children and Youth Services Review 93 (2018) 24–29

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Children and Youth Services Review

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Child abuse and neglect in orphanages in EAST JAVA Province (Study on forms of child abuse, anticipatory eﬀorts developed children and the role of T the orphanage) ⁎ Sutinaha, , Siti Aminahb a Departement of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia b Departement of Political Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: This study examines the forms of abuse and neglect experienced by children living in orphanages in East Java Anticipatory efforts Province, efforts by children in orphanages to deal with the acts of abuse experienced, and the role of the Child abuse orphanage or the Child Social Welfare Institution (LKSA) in providing protection and fulfillment of the rights of Child neglect abandoned children. The research was conducted in five cities namely Surabaya, Malang, Nganjuk, Madiun, and Child protection Probolinggo. The number of respondents in each district/city as many as 100 children, in addition to in-depth Orphanages interviews were conducted on 2–3 informants caretaker and caregiver in each orphanage to get data about the institution. The results show that almost all facilities for children in orphanages are satisfactory but they still experience abuse, especially physical and psychological abuse. The perpetrators of the violence are caregivers, friends, and seniors. To realize the condition of the child-friendly home, there needs to be an effort to foster commitment and understanding in relation to child care activities both among carers and nursing parlors based on child protection efforts and fight for the fulfillment of children's rights and not just services. The efforts of parenting should not only focus on the needs of the child (need based), but the fulfillment of children's rights.

1. Introduction studies, the reported study is targeted children who live in orphanages (both parents have died) orphans (whose fathers have died) and chil- Abandoned children, according to UNICEF, is one of the group dren deposited in orphanages by people because the poor are unable to Children in Need of Special Protection (CNSP) can be easily found in meet the needs of their children, including the educational needs. Al- many regions in East Java Province. though the government has introduced the Hope Family Program since An abandoned child is a child who for some reasons cannot fulfill 2007 and the Cash Transfer Program (BLT) in 2009, but the program their basic needs properly, whether spiritually, physically, or socially. has not been able to reach all poor families. Not a few poor families The child is said to be abandoned, not only because the child does not have chronic economic life, so unable to guarantee the life and maa have one parent or both parents, but also because the rights of the child ahead of his children. to grow properly, the right of the child to obtain proper education, and The Guidelines for Neglected Child Social Services (The Indonesian the right of the child to obtain adequate health service are not fulfilled Ministry of Social Affairs, 2010) mentioned the characteristics of due to the negligence, the incomprehension, and the incompetence or abandoned children. First, abandoned children are usually aged deliberate acts of the parents. Previous studies concluded that children 5–18 years, and are orphans. Second, some of them were born out of who are neglected in general is a derivative of a social problem that wedlock and no one takes care of them because their parents are not affects the common people such as poverty and unemployment, so ready psychologically and financially. Thirdly, abandoned children are abandoned by his parents not being able to fulfill the rights of children. those whose births are not planned, or unwanted, by both parents, so These abandoned children then became street children, street singers, they tend to be prone to be mistreated. Fourth, abandoned children are homeless people, beggars (Ambat, 2013). In contrast to previous those whose rights cannot be fulfilled by their parents. While poverty is

⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: sutinah@fisip.unair.ac.id (Sutinah). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.07.002 Received 19 March 2018; Received in revised form 2 July 2018; Accepted 2 July 2018 Available online 03 July 2018 0190-7409/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Sutinah, S. Aminah Children and Youth Services Review 93 (2018) 24–29 not the only cause of child neglect, it must be conceded that the pres- who were victims of violence, such as girls who were victims of rape, or sures of poverty and the vulnerability of the family economy will cause children who were victims of physical abuse, or even torture and death. their ability to provide facilities and to fulfill the rights of their children However, in terms of social and psychological factors, the threat faced to be very limited. Fifth, abandoned children are usually from broken by abandoned children is actually no less dangerous. At the individual home families, the victims of their parents' divorce, living in a troubled level, children who are used to being abandoned in their early ages, family condition with rude, laid-off and drunk parents, or drug users, then their growth will be disrupted. Otherwise, they will become ag- and so on. gressive and badly behaved, thus attracting the attention of those Data on the number of abandoned children in Indonesia has not around them. They may even get involved in criminal acts because of been definitely found. However, it was estimated that the number of misconduct and miscommunication. The impact of child neglect on the abandoned children had reached millions of lives of which only a health and development of children is at least as negative as the impact handful had access to social services (Suyanto, 2012). In 2017, the of other types of child abuse (Norman et al., 2012), not to mention the number of abandoned children increased continually due to the pres- high social, medical, and personal costs associated with victimization of sure of poverty spreading to many regions. child neglect (Florence, Brown, Fang, & Thompson, 2013; Gilbert et al., Some abandoned children, especially orphans, usually live in or- 2009). phanages and live under the care of the orphanage. Abandoned children So far, many studies have been conducted on child abuse and child who live in orphanages need not only protection and fulfillment of their neglect, but the study of neglect and violence against children in or- basic needs, but also assurance and opportunities to grow and to de- phanages is relatively limited. The study of orphanages, many of which velop reasonably well. Although many people are sympathetic and examined their institutions, studying factors such as the suitability of caring to the fate of abandoned children, in reality these children re- the facilities available with the number of the inhabitants of the or- main vulnerable to being mistreated, to becoming the victims of ex- phanages (Sutinah & Ariadi, 2015). The reported study is aimed at ploitation by certain parties who wish to exploit the situation, and to assessing the various forms of abandonment and abuse experienced by becoming abandoned, or having their rights violated. children in orphanages, as well as reviewing the efforts of children in In accordance with the provisions, orphanages are indeed institu- orphanages to deal with abuse and other forms of abuse. It also ex- tions known to develop children who do not have a family or who do amines the role of orphanage or Child Welfare Institutions (LKSA) in not live with the family. Children of the orphanage are usually cared for providing protection and fulfillment of the rights of abandoned chil- by caregivers who substitute the roles of parents, guarding and pro- dren. viding guidance to the children to become useful adult human beings who are responsible for themselves and the community in the future. In its development today, the role and the function of the orphanages have 2. Methods begun to be questioned for their effectiveness in caring for children who do not have a family. The countries from which the concept of or- This study aims at examining the forms of child abuse and child phanage was originated, such as the United States and European neglect in orphanages and the survival mechanisms developed to deal countries at this time have even abandoned the original concept of the with the neglect and other forms of abuse experienced by these or- orphanage. This is due to the ineffectiveness of orphanages in granting phans. Thus, it is a descriptive study. That is research that aims to the basic right to every child; that is, to get affection (Kementerian obtain a description of child abuse, neglect and anticipatory efforts Sosial dan UNICEF, 2015). Generally an orphanage has only one care- developed by children to not experience abuse again. giver, while the number of foster children is more than ten children. As This study was conducted in five (5) regions, namely: Surabaya, a result, foster children receive a little or less affection. Malang, Nganjuk, Madiun and Probolinggo. The researchers chose The Ministry of Social Affairs and UNICEF (2007) conducted re- those five cities/regencies, because the cities/regencies had a large search in six provinces to obtain a comprehensive picture of the quality number of orphanages. In each city/regency, as many as 100 children of care in social orphanages (PSAA) in Indonesia. Some of the core living in orphanages were selected using purposive samplings, so there findings of the study were: First, the orphanages served as institutions was a total of 500 children/samples. providing access to education for children rather than alternative par- Primary data is collected through structured interviews using a set enting institutions for children who were not taken care of by their of questionnaires read by interviewers on children in orphanages, so if parents or their families. Second, the children living in the orphanages there are any questions that are not clear, the interviewer can directly generally (90%) still had both parents and they were sent to the or- explain the purpose of the question posed. According to Article 1 phanages for the primary reason of continuing their education. Third, paragraph (1) of Law Number 23 Year 2002 on Child Protection, the according to the aim of the orphanages in terms of education, the child refers to a person who is not yet 18 (eighteen) years old. In this children should have stayed long enough in the orphanages to finish study the children interviewed were 9–18 years old and living in an high school. Fourth, the administrators of the orphanages did not have orphanage. In addition to structured interviews, the researchers also sufficient knowledge of the situation of the children who should have conducted in-depth interviews on 2–3 informants caretaker and care- been cared for in the orphanages, or the ideal care which should have giver in each orphanage to get data about the institution. been received by the children in orphanages. Beside the data obtained directly from the children in orphanages, Meanwhile, another study by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Save the researchers also collected the data available at the Central Bureau of the Children (2007) on 60 children from six orphanages in West Statistics and East Java Provincial Social Services to determine the Kalimantan and Maluku provided an overview of their daily lives in the number and the distribution of the orphanages. orphanages and outside the orphanages. Generally, children worried The data analysis was performed on all collected data, both the about their condition after finishing high school education. In addition, primary and the secondary data. The data obtained through structured the limitations of support when they were in the orphanages, the lack of interviews was processed using SPSS, and this was followed by classi- family closeness, and the loss of friends in the orphanages who had left fying and arranging the data in the forms of frequency tables. After the the orphanages, causing confusion and anxiety to the children (Al Jufri, classification and the arrangement of the results of the data analysis in 2011). the forms of tables, the researchers made interpretations by giving Orphanages in many cities/regencies in East Java Province are meaning to the results in accordance with the theme or problems stu- suspected to experience the same problems as orphanages in general. In died. Specifically for the data obtained through in-depth interviews, terms of physical factors, treatment and threats faced by children living they were classified and interpreted to clarify the quantitative data in orphanages are not as dramatic as when we hear or witness children analysis.

25 Sutinah, S. Aminah Children and Youth Services Review 93 (2018) 24–29

3. Results and discussion got milk distribution; whereas, as much as 4.5% of them rarely got milk. Regarding fruit as a healthy food ingredient, 59,2% of the chil- Before discussing the main problems of this study, researchers need dren in orphanages said that they were often given fruit, but the rest to describe the profile of children who live in who live in orphanage. 40,8% of them rarely got fruit rations. In addition, they said that fruit Of the 500 abandoned children studied, the study found that was given seasonally. abandoned children living in homes are not homogeneous groups. They Concerning the menu and meal preparation, the menu and meal are diverse children and have different characteristics from one an- provisions should be reviewed regularly at least every six months by the other. Age of abandoned children studied between 9 years to 18 years. health authority to ensure that they fulfill the nutrition and health Of the 500 abandoned children interviewed, most (49%) were standards which the children need while remaining fl exible on the 11–15 years old. A total of 32% are under 10 years of age, and 19% are availability of local products. In addition, the menu served should also 16–18 years old. Children who live in the home from an early age, they be provided by taking into account the tastes preferred by the children are generally children who are unwanted by their parents or children in orphanages (Ramiro, Madrid, & Brown, 2010). The study found that who are deliberately entrusted to the home because the family is no most children (67%) were rarely talked to, few children (13%) were longer able to meet what the child needs. In detail as many as 65% are never talked to, and as many as 20% of the children in orphanages said orphans (children who do not have parents due to death), orphans they were often spoken to about the menu, but it happened in the early (children who did not have a father for death) as much as 17%, and as times. Even so, the children in orphanages were always given freedom many as 18% of children who still have both parents but because to drink water. In the results of in-depth interviews, the children in economic pressure (poor) parents are unable to meet the needs of their orphanages argued that in contrast to the life in their homes in which children, including the need for education and care, so leave it in the they often found it difficult to eat, all the abandoned children in the orphanage. And for us it is known that The orphanage that is the lo- orphanages claimed that they got a meal three (3) times a day while cation in this study is mostly the orphanage run by religious institutions living in the orphanage. and a small portion managed by the Social Service. Added that the For food needs, children in orphanages should consume nutritious orphanages that are the location in this study is mostly the Orphanage food which is needed by children at their age to grow and develop run by religious institutions and a small portion managed by the Social during their stay in orphanages, in terms of both adequate quantity and Service. Funding religious orphanages are obtained from the contribu- frequency. The prevailing standard is children in orphanages should tions of permanent donors and non-permanent donors so that limited consume a main course at least three (3) times a day and snack at least funds, while those administered under the Ministry of Social, fund come two (2) times a day (Lee & Cianci, 2009; Pierce & Bozalek, 2004). from the government (APBD). For the provision of clothing, under the terms of the Orphanage (Children Social Welfare Institutions), orphanages should fulfill the 3.1. Child neglect in orphanages need for clothing for each child adequately in terms of number, function, size, and style by considering the child's wishes. This means that Various studies on child rights violations and abandonment cases of the Orphanage (Children Social Welfare Institutions) administrators children, are actually included in the category of child abuse. should allocate a budget to meet the needs of children's clothing. Theoretically, child neglect is both a deliberate and accidental act The study found that all children (100%) said they had received at which induces a failure to meet a child's basic needs (clothing, food, least three sets of clothes a day. For batik and sportswear, the children shelter). Child neglect does not recognize motivational/intentional were expected to have at least one set. Almost all (95.6%) of the or- reasons. Deliberately or not, if any child is not provided with adequate phans had got sports clothes, 98% of the children had received worship food, proper housing, and proper clothing to protect him or her from clothes, such as sarongs, mukenas, and 87% of children had even got various diseases and dangers, then this incident is said to be child ne- prayer mats. Furthermore, almost half (49%) of the children had had glect and will be subject to sanctions (Tower, 2008). batik clothes while the rest (51%) of them had not got batik clothes. Based on studies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), orphans are particu- Under the terms, the Children Social Welfare Institutions should larly vulnerable to abuse and neglect (Morantz et al., 2013). Forms of support children to gain access to formal and informal education ac- maltreatment among orphaned children and youth include being de- cording to their age, interest and care plan during their stay at orpha- prived of resources such as food, clothing and schooling (Funkquist, nages. More than facilitating the financing of foster children in school, Eriksson, & Muula, 2007; Mangoma, Chimbari, & Dhlomo, 2008; they should also support the achievement of academic/educational Nyamukapa et al., 2010; Oleke, Blystad, Moland, Rekdal, & goals of the children during their stay in orphanages by facilitating the Heggenhougen, 2006), educational neglect, child labour (Chase, provision of various educational facilities such as learning equipment, Woods, & Aggleton, 2006; Funkquist et al., 2007), psychological, sexual transportation facilities, study guidance and various facilities that and physical abuse (Morantz et al., 2013). So, government services, support the academic activities of the other foster children (Webster, community-based organizations and non-governmental agencies should 2006). escalate protection from child abuse and neglect (Lachman et al., The study found that all the children in orphanages (100%) con- 2002). firmed that the orphanages provided notebooks, stationery and shoes The results of the study found that in most instances the orphanage for all of their foster children. Regarding school textbooks, as many as fed the children three times a day, and most (78%) of the children in 41% of the children in orphanages had got all the textbooks, as many as orphanages said that they could eat free amount of rice and they could 39% of children had got most of the school textbooks, and as many as take it on their own, but the dishes are rationed. On the other hand, 20% of the children had only owned a small number of the school 12% of the children said that the rice and the dishes were rationed; textbooks. The orphanage administrators said that notebooks are parts whereas, 10% of the children said that the rice was free, but the dishes of educational equipment which are required to be provided for their were rationed. The orphanage admitted that it was due to the limited foster children, so that the teaching and learning activities of their funds that the meals were rationed. foster children can run smoothly. For supplementary meals and drinks, generally the orphanages In addition to the needs of educational facilities such as notebooks, provided cake, fruit, milk, tea, and drinks. However, not all orphanages stationery, and uniforms, in order to improve the performance of the gave extra food. Of all the respondents, 69.8% of them said that they children in orphanages, the orphanages also provided tutorials. were rarely given supplementary meals, such as cakes, while 30.2% of According to 12% of the children in the orphanages, the orphanages the respondents were often given cakes as supplementary meals. had provided adequate tutorial teachers, yet half (49.5%) of the re- Furthermore, almost all the orphans (95.5%) reported that they often spondents said that the number of the provided tutors was inadequate.

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Moreover, 38.5% of the respondents said that their orphanages did not napkins for women. provide tutors, so the children were left to learn alone. The findings of this study showed that in terms of the needs for food, In orphanages, foster children are entitled to medical examinations almost all children in orphanages needs were fulfilled, especially for and treatments if they experience symptoms indicating that they are standard dining needs, such as three (3) meals each day. Likewise, for sick. Orphanages (Children Social Welfare Institutions) should also educational needs, such as uniforms, stationary, notebooks, shoes and have procedures to respond to children's health complaints if they are even pocket money were also provided by the orphanages. Regarding sick, including in case of emergency. It is equally important that chil- the needs for health services, the fulfillment of the needs had not been dren in orphanages receive regular health checks from health profes- given to the maximum. It could be seen at least from the number of the sionals to record their health (Mmari, 2011). children in orphanages who had health insurance cards, and the limited According to the provisions, ideally the health checks for children in supplies of medicines used for first aid. In other words, in general the orphanages are done routinely that is every six (6) months. It is ne- facilities provided by orphanages in children have met the 2011 cessary to be done to anticipate the possibility of children in orpha- National Standards of Care for Child Welfare Institutions (No. 30/HUK/ nages getting infectious diseases, or at the same time to see who or 2011), although not all facilities are adequately available. which child needs to get a treatment, vitamins, vaccinations, worm medicines, etc. in accordance with the child's needs and age. Hence, a ff routine medical examination is needed. 3.2. Child abuse and anticipatory e orts are being developed The data obtained in this study indicated that the health facilities fi provided in the orphanages were generally still relatively limited. Only Child abuse can be de ned as physical, mental, or sexual harms few (7%) of the children in orphanages got routine health checks every commonly done by persons who are responsible for the welfare of the six (6) months, while most (71%) of the children rarely had health child - all of which are indicated by harm and threats to the health and examinations, even as much as 22% of the respondents said that they well-being of the child. The most obvious example of child abuse is had never had a medical examination. If a child is sick, the orphanage physical beating or repeated attacks until grazes/scratches occur. will give the medicine available in the orphanage. However, if the pain However, it is important to realize that child abuse is not only physical is severe and does not heal immediately, the orphanage will be checked beatings but also exploitation such as pornography and sexual assault, at the nearest Public Health Center (Puskesmas), if the Puskesmas is not improper feeding of children or malnutrition, neglect of education and able to be referred to the hospital. In addition to conducting routine health (educational and medical neglect) and medical-related violence health checks, Children Social Welfare Institutions were also assigned (Straus & Gelles, 2017; Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 2006). to facilitate their children access to health protection programs, both Child abuse or violation of the rights of the child can be realized in fi organized by the government and the community. In order for children at least four forms. The rst is physical abuse. This form is most easily in orphanages to obtain health insurance services, they are actually recognizable. Victims of this type of abuse can usually be seen easily, advised to have a health insurance card - such as being included in the bearing conditions such as; bruises, bleeding, fractures, fainting and BPJS Program. However, in reality, not all orphanages fulfill the needs other forms of more severe condition. The second is psychological of children's health services. abuse. This type of violence is not so easy to recognize. This type of ff The findings of this study indicated that most (73.7%) neglected violence will a ect the feelings of insecurity and comfort and lead to a children did not have health insurance cards, so if there had been decreased self-esteem and decreased dignity of victims. As a result of children who had been found sick, they could have used health in- such behavior, the victim will usually feel inferior, worthless, and weak surance cards. Furthermore, 26.3% of the children did not have a health in making decisions (decision making). The third type is sexual abuse. insurance card, such as BPJS. For orphanages or institutions which have This category includes any actions that appear in the forms of coercion taken their foster children to health care programs, it will not be a or threatening someone to have sexual intercourse, torturing or acting problem if one day any of their children are attacked by a disease and sadistically, and abandonment, including those who are still children- require intensive care, such as having to be hospitalized or being an after, sexual intercourse. Cases of child rape, sexual abuse by teachers, outpatient with high cost health treatment. However, it is another by others, and even by stepparents which are often exposed in the mass matter for children who are not enrolled in health care programs. For media coverage are examples of these forms of violence. The fourth orphanages that do not include their foster children in the program of type is economic abuse. This happens when parents force children health protection and services, it is not impossible that they will have under age to contribute to the family economy, so the phenomenon of difficulties in the matter of funding if one day any of their foster chil- newspaper sellers, street singers, beggars and others is increasingly dren suddenly falls ill. widespread, especially in urban areas. If a foster child is ill, the orphanage ideally will take action to help The study found that in the orphanages, the children have experi- the sick child to be rescued immediately. However, the study found that enced abuse or violence such as being beaten, kicked, abused, threa- 43.6% of the respondents said that when the children in orphanages fell tened, and forced to work, and so on (Table 1). sick, they would be treated in their own orphanages, half (52.7%) of the The data indicate that in orphanages or educational settings that are respondents said that they were taken to the Community Helath Center normatively regarded as the safest places for children, violence or child (Puskesmas), and a small number (3.7%) of the respondents said that abuse is still happening. In other words, violence against children may the sick children might have been brought to hospital, if the happen anywhere. The forms of violence or abuse experienced by Community Health Center (Puskesmas) could not have afforded to treat children in orphanages, in general, include physical violence such as them. Moreover, according to most of the children in orphanages, first- being beaten, kicked, and forced to work. In addition to physical abuse, aid supplies of drugs were of some type (general or free-sale medicines), there is also psychological abuse, for example, scolding, threatening, such as cold medicine, diarrhea, betadine, and oil. locking in a closed room and so on. Jobs assigned to children who are To prevent children in orphanages from being well maintained and Table 1 healthy, the administrators of Children Social Welfare Institutions should actually promote and provide necessary facilities to support The Forms of child abuse experienced by the orphanage children. healthy and clean living behaviors in daily life at Children Social The forms of abuse/violence Often Sometimes Never Welfare Institutions. Orphanages should provide their foster children with various clean and healthy living purposes, such as bath soap, Physical abuse 29.5% 38.4% 32.1% Psychological violence 13.8% 16.52% 76,92% toothbrushes and others. As it was found in the study, all of the children Social violence 0 2.5% 97.5% in orphanages got soap, toothbrushes, toothpaste, towels, and sanitary

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Table 2 so that people do not know if abandonment and abuse also occur in The perpetrators of the child abuse in the orphanages. educational institutions and orphanages. The study has found that acts

The perpetrators of the child abuse in the orphanages Percentage of abuse against children are not exposed in the media because they are not as big as the political issue, the media will expose if the abuse 1. Caregiver 21.0% causes the victim. While the study conducted Sutinah (2002) found that 2. Companion 1.2% the authorities will act after a report. 3. Senior 31.0% 4. Friend 46.8% 5. Total 100.0% 3.3. The roles of the orphanage

In Ghana Africa, orphanages serve to provide effective care for or- deemed to be in violation of the provisions or discipline of the orphans with AIDS. The caregiver explains the basic understanding of the phanage, the board sometimes punish them by asking for certain things, emotional and interpersonal needs of children in order to provide ef- such as cleaning the bathroom, toilet, sweeping pages and others. fective care (Bettmann, Mortensen, & Akuoko, 2015). In addition, or- Mmari (2011) explains that child abuse is classified as physical abuse, phanages also play a role in the psychological well-being of or- psychological abuse, verbal abuse and sexual assault. phans.The result shows that orphaned children have more anxiety If it is observed further, the perpetrators of the child abuse are in symptoms than non-orphans (Yendork & Nceba, 2014). fact people who have close relationships with the victims, even those The roles of the orphanages in the context of the fulfillment of who have the responsibility to provide protection and care for the children's rights are not only to accommodate and to provide guidance children in orphanages, for example, the caregivers, the companions, to their foster children, but equally important is the extent to which the seniors, and almost half of the child abuses were done by the vic- orphanages or institutions have provided various facilities and the fa- tim's own friend. cilities needed by foster children. Foster children who live in orpha- Children who become victims of abuse, become quiet or passive, nages, certainly need not only a place to stay or a room to sleep, but some even experienced trauma, especially if done fellow children or- also other feasible basic facilities, such as bathrooms, hygiene facilities, phanage. Children victims of abuse are afraid or worried when abuse is health facilities, wardrobes, study rooms, including the facilities in the repeated. As some studies have done, finding that children who ex- rooms (Chisholm, 2008). perience abuse lead to low academic success, learning disabilities, dif- The study found that facilities and infrastructure, such as cup- ficulty in social relationships, anxiety, and moodiness (Barkley, 2002; boards, sports facilities, playmates, reading rooms for children, library Biederman, 2005). rooms, separate bathrooms for men and women, beds, mattresses, Table 2 shows that the perpetrators of the child abuse were people cupboards clothing, study tables, mirrors and so on, had been provided who were close to the foster children such as the caregivers, and the by the orphanages, but all of the facilities were inadequate as stated by child companions in the orphanages. In addition, the abuse was also 70% of the children in orphanages. done by their seniors as well as fellow classmates. Cases of bullying do The facilities and the infrastructures provided by the orphanages for not only occur in military educational institutions, but also occur in the the abandoned children were not all in adequate or viable condition. orphanages in relationships between caregivers, companions, and foster This study found, that cupboards to store the documents or the data of children. In other words, child abuse happens everywhere and even the the children, and most of the facilities and the infrastructure in the perpetrators are people who have close relationships with the victims orphanages, such as children's playground, arts facilities, study rooms, (Pierce & Bozalek, 2004). and others, were no longer adequate. Similarly, the condition of the In addition children in orphanages who become victims of child bathroom facilities was more or less the same as other facilities. abuse do not remain silent. They keep trying to prevent violence or Furthermore, the study found that some orphanages still merged boys' abuse from recurring. What they do so as not to become the victims of bathrooms and girls' bathrooms. Only a small number (21%) of the the abuse again are to surrender, to keep silent, not to break the rules, respondents stated that the existing bathrooms were adequate. to pretend to be a good child, and so forth. The role of orphanage in the context of the fulfillment of the rights Table 3 indicates that the children in orphanages who had been of the child is not only to accommodate and provide guidance to their abused, tried not to be the victims of the abuse again. The data obtained foster children; equally important is the extent to which institutions showed that in order to avoid repeated violent behavior, those children have provided various facilities and facilities needed by foster children. tried not to violate the rules, some (10%) of them surrendered, and as Ben White and Indrasari Tjandraningsih (2000), noted that foster much as 3.2% of the children suggested that it would be better to keep children living in the orphanage, certainly not only need a place to stay silent than to become victims of the abuse again. Whereas 2.8% of the or a room to sleep, but also other basic facilities that are feasible, such respondents pretended to be good children, 1.8% tried to avoid seeing as bathrooms, facilities cleanliness, health facilities, wardrobe, study or meeting the perpetrators of the abuse again. As the research findings room, including in-room facilities. Chase et al. (2006), who suggested that children who experience abuse For the existing facilities in the child's bedroom, most respondents know how to deal with abuse so as not to happen again. Even abuse stated that the facilities had already been provided, but their condition against children often escapes from the media. As Ben White and was less adequate. For beds, for example, only 30% of the respondents Indrasari Tjandraningsih (2000), pointed out that abandonment and stated that the bed condition was adequate. Most (70%) of respondents abuse committed in orphanages have never been exposed in the media, stated that the bed condition was no longer adequate. The condition of the existing mattresses in the orphanages was considered less worthy by Table 3 the respondent, in the sense that they were no longer comfortable to What the orphanage children did to prevent child abuse from recurring. sleep on. For the wardrobes in the room, only 27% of the respondents stated that the wardrobe condition was adequate. Regarding the desks, Things done to prevent child abuse from Often Sometimes Never only 19% of the respondents stated that the desk condition was ade- recurring in the orphanages quate. Instead of being able to learn comfortably, the room space was 1. Surrender 10.0% 28% 62.0% usually congested and hot, so many children admitted that it was rather 2. Keep Silent 3.2% 3.8% 93.0% difficult for them to learn comfortably. The width of the bedroom for 3. Try not to break the Rules 100.0% 0 0 neglected children was generally inadequate. Only 17% of the re- Avoid seeing the perpetrators 1.8% 2.0% 96.2% 4. Pretending to be a good child 2.8% 3.2% 94.0% spondents stated that their bedrooms were 4.5 square meters per child. Most of the respondents (83%) said that their bedrooms were generally

28 Sutinah, S. Aminah Children and Youth Services Review 93 (2018) 24–29 rather crowded where one room was usually occupied by 4–8 children, Jakarta, ID: Kementrian Sosial (In Indonesia). so private space for abandoned children was generally less available. Ambat, T. K. (2013). Fungsi negara memelihara anak-anak terlantar menurut undang- undang dasar 1945. Jurnal Lex Administratum, 1(2), 42–48 (In Indonesia). In relation to child abuse occurring in orphanages, in general, the Barkley, R. A. (2002). Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention caregiver/counselor suggests that supervision be conducted during the deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63,10–15. day when activities are being fostered, for example when learning to Bettmann, J. E., Mortensen, J. M., & Akuoko, K. O. (2015). Orphanage caregivers perceptions of children's emotional needs. Children and Youth Services Review, 49,71–79. study, learning to learn school lessons, eating together and so forth. Due Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A selective overview. to limited human resources, the ratio of caregivers and children in an Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1215–1220. orphanage is 1: 7–10, so that in case of abuse by seniors or peers Chase, E., Woods, K., & Aggleton, P. (2006). Is this coping: Survival strategies of orphans especially at night is often uncontrolled. and vulnerable children and young people in Zimbabwe. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 21(1), 85–105. Regardless of the problems faced and the risks of child abuse in the Chisholm, A. M. (2008). Care & protection for orphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa: A orphanages, the study found that the majority of abandoned children case study of the kingdom of Swaziland. Canada, CA: Saint Mary's University. (91.5%) generally argued that they would rather live in the orphanages Florence, C., Brown, D. S., Fang, X., & Thompson, H. F. (2013). biaya perawatan kese- hatan yang berhubungan dengan penganiayaan anak: dampak pada Medicaid. than stay at home (2%). In addition, only 6.5% of the respondents Pediatrics, 132(2), 312–318. admitted that living in the orphanages was just as the same as living at Funkquist, A., Eriksson, B., & Muula, A. S. (2007). The vulnerability of orphans in Thyolo – home. district, southern Malawi. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin, 9, 102 109. Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 4. Conclusions 373(9657), 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61706-7. Kementerian Sosial dan UNICEF (2015). Penilaian Cepat Program Kesejahteraan Sosial Anak, Kementerian Sosial Republik Indonesia, Jakarta. https://www.unicef.org/ The study of child abuse in the orphanages in some cities/regencies indonesia/id/PKSA2015.pdf (6 July 2018). in East Java Province found that efforts to fulfill the rights of aban- Keputusan Menteri Sosial RI no.15A-HUK-2010 (2010). Panduan Pelaksanaan Pelayanan doned children in the orphanages still have not been done maximally. Kesejahteraan Sosial Anak. https://id.scribd.com/doc/215828601/Panduan- Pelaksanaan-Pelayanan-Kesejahteraan-Sosial-Anak (6 July 2018). Although the orphanages in general have provided the foster children Lachman, P., Poblete, X., Ebigbo, P. O., Nyandiya-Bundy, S., Bundy, R. P., Killian, B., & with facilities to meet their basic needs such as meals, home, and Doek, J. (2002). Challenges facing child protection. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, clothing, some other facilities such as mattresses, beds, wardrobes and 587–617. other facilities are inadequate. Similarly for clothing, orphanages have Lee, Y., & Cianci, K. S. (2009). Special issue on the 20th Anniversary of theUN Conveventinon on The Rights of The Child (CRC) 1989–2009 (Part 1). Child Abuse also provided clothes in the forms of everyday clothes, uniforms, and all and Neglect, 33(11), 767–848. children have got their own clothes. However, for sportswear or sports Mangoma, J., Chimbari, M., & Dhlomo, E. (2008). An enumeration of orphans and ana- clothes, worship clothes, prayer rugs, batik clothes, not all children lysis of the problems and wishes of orphans: The case of Kariba, Zimbabwe. SAHARA Journal Of Social Aspects Of HIV/AIDS, 5, 120–128. have got them. For health facilities, the study also found that most Mmari, K. (2011). Exploring the relationship between caregiving and health: Perceptions children were rarely examined routinely at least in every six (6) among orphaned and non-orphaned adolescents in Tanzania. Journal of Adolescence, – months, and some even had not received medical examinations during 34(2), 301 309. Morantz, G., Cole, D., Vreman, R., Ayaya, S., Ayuku, D., & Braitstein, P. (2013). Child their stay in the orphanages. abuse and neglect among orphaned children and youth living in extended families in The study found that children living in orphanages were physically sub-Saharan Africa: What have we learned from qualitative inquiry? Vulnerable assaulted, kicked, and twisted. They are also get psychologically abused Children And Youth Study, 8(4), 338–352. Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long- being threatened, exploited, forced to work and so on. Moreover, the term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abse, and neglect: A perpetrators of these acts of violence were the caregivers, the parents, systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), 1–31. https://doi.org/10. or the seniors. Therefore, the institutions or the orphanages which are 1371/journal.pmed.1001349. Nyamukapa, C. A., Gregson, S., Wambe, M., Mushore, P., Lopman, B., Mupambireyi, Z., & considered safe are also prone to child abuse. The caregivers or the Jukes, M. C. (2010). Causes and consequences of psychological distress among or- companions who should have protected the children were surprisingly phans in eastern Zimbabwe. AIDS impact, 9th international conference special issue, the perpetrators of the violence or the abuse. This condition is contrary Gaborone, Botswana, 22 (pp. 988–996). . to the role of orphanage that should provide protection to children in Oleke, C., Blystad, A., Moland, K., Rekdal, O., & Heggenhougen, K. (2006). The varying vulnerability of African orphans – The case of the Langi. Northern Uganda. Childhood, orphanages. Therefore it is necessary study on how the role of or- 13, 267–284. phanage and government in protecting children living in orphanages. Pierce, L., & Bozalek, V. (2004). Child abuse in South Africa: An examination of how child fi – Meanwhile, the children in orphanages who became the victims of abuse and neglect are de ned. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(8), 817 832. Ramiro, L. S., Madrid, B. J., & Brown, D. W. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) the abuse could only surrender, keep silent, try not to break the rule, and health-risk behaviors among adults in a developing country setting. Child Abuse & and avoid seeing or meeting the perpetrators. The children did not have Neglect, 34(11), 842–855. courage to resist because of their position which really relies on the Straus, M. A., & Gelles, R. J. (2017). Physical violence in American families. New York: Routledge. protection and the role of the orphanages which are superior. Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & Steinmetz, S. K. (2006). Behind closed doors: Violence in the The study of neglect and child abuse in this orphanage in, in fact not Amaerican families (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. only happened East Java Province. Characteristics of orphanages are Sutinah (2002). Anak Jalanan Perempuan (Studi Kualitatif tentang Strategi Mempertahankan Hidup dan Tindak Kekerasan Seksual yang dialami Anak Jalanan Perempuan). Surabaya: almost all the same in Indonesia, with limited facilities, caregivers and Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga. companions. Similarly, children who live in orphanages are mostly Sutinah, & Ariadi, Septi (2015). Analisis Keberadaan Lembaga Kesejahteraan Sosial Anak children whose rights are not fulfilled because of orphan, orphaned or (LKSA) di Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Surabaya: Lembaga Penelitian dan Inovasi Universitas Airlangga. because of the poverty of their parents. Thus, this study can provide an Suyanto, B. (2012). Masalah Sosial Anak. Jakarta, ID: Prenada Media Kencana (In overview of the condition of children who live in orphanages in Indonesia). Indonesia. (*). Tower, C. C. (2008). Understanding child abuse and neglect. Boston, US: Allyn and Bacon. Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https:// UNICEF (2007). Annual Report 2006. New York, NY: UNICEF. Webster, D. (2006). Child abuse and neglect: Attachment, development and intervention, doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.07.002. David Howe. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 33(3), 193–195. White, Ben, & Tjandraningsih, Indrasari (2000). Pedoman Pembinaan Anak Terlantar. Jawa Conflict of interest Timur: Dinas Sosial Propinsi Jawa Timur. Yendork, J. S., & Nceba, Z. (2014). Stress, coping and quality of life: An exploratory study of the psychological well-being of Ghanaian orphans placed in orphanages. Children There is no conflict interest to declare in this manuscript. and Youth Services Review, 46,28–37.

References

Al Jufri, S. S. (2011). Standar nasional pengasuhan untuk lembaga kesejahteraan sosial anak.

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Children and Youth Services Review Volume 93, October 2018, Pages 24-29

Child abuse and neglect in orphanages in EAST JAVA Province (Study on forms of child abuse, anticipatory eﬀorts developed children and the role of the orphanage)

Sutinah a , Siti Aminah b

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Abstract This study examines the forms of abuse and neglect experienced by children living in orphanages in East Java Province, efforts by children in orphanages to deal with the acts of abuse experienced, and the role of the orphanage or the Child Social Welfare Institution (LKSA) in providing protection and fulfillment of the rights of abandoned children. The research was conducted in five cities namely Surabaya, Malang, Nganjuk, Madiun, and Probolinggo. The number of respondents in each district/city as many as 100 children, in addition to in-depth interviews were conducted on 2–3 informants caretaker and caregiver in each orphanage to get data about the institution.

The results show that almost all facilities for children in orphanages are satisfactory but they still experience abuse, especially physical and psychological abuse. The perpetrators of the violence are caregivers, friends, and seniors. To realize the condition of the child-friendly home, there needs to be an effort to foster commitment and understanding in relation to child care activities both among carers and nursing parlors based on child protection efforts and fight for the fulfillment of children's rights and not just services. The efforts of parenting should not only focus on the needs of the child (need based), but the fulfillment of children's rights.

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Anticipatory eﬀorts; Child abuse; Child neglect; Child protection; Orphanages

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ISSN 01907409

Coverage 1979-2020

Scope Children and Youth Services Review is an interdisciplinary forum for critical scholarship regarding service programs for children and youth. The journal will publish full-length articles, current research and policy notes, and book reviews.

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Quartiles

DeThevelopmental set of journals and E ducationalhave been Psy rankchologyed according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) theE lowestducation values.

Social Work Category Year Quartile Developmental and Educational Psychology 1999 Q3 Sociology and Political Science Developmental and Educational Psychology 2000 Q3 Developmental and Educational Psychology1999 20012001 2003Q3 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 Developmental and Educational Psychology 2002 Q2

SJR Citations per document

1.2The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that 2.4This indicator counts the number of citations received by ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is documents from a journal and divides them by the total 0.9based on the idea that 'all citations are not created number of documents published in that journal. The 2 equal'. SJR is a measure of scientic inuence of chart shows the evolution of the average number of 0.6journals that accounts for both the number of citations times documents published in a journal in the past two, received by a journal and the importance or prestige of 1.6three and four years have been cited in the current year. 0.3the journals where such citations come from It The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor

measur1999es the2002 scientic2005 inuence2008 of2011 the aver2014age article2017 1.2™ (Thomson Reuters) metric. in a journal it expresses how central to the global

Total Cites Self-Cites 0.8Cites per document Year Value Cites / Doc. (4 years) 1999 0.500 4k Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2000 0.638 Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's 0.4 self-citations received by a journal's published Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2001 0.589 documents during the three previous years. Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2002 0.732 0 2kJournal Self-citation is dened as the number of citation Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2003 1.030 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2004 1.233 from a journal citing article to articles published by the 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2005 1.088 same journal. CitesCites / Doc./ Doc. (4 (4 y years)ears) 2006 1.412 0 CitesCites / Doc./ Doc. (4 (3 y years)ears) 2007 1.744 Cites1999 2002 Year2005 Value2008 2011 2014 2017 CitesCites / Doc./ Doc. (4 (2 y years)ears) 2008 1.680 S lf Cit 1999 4 External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc % International Collaboration Evolution of the number of total citation per document International Collaboration accounts for the articles that 2.7and external citation per document (i.e. journal self- 27have been produced by researchers from several citations removed) received by a journal's published countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's 1.8 18 documents during the three previous years. External documents signed by researchers from more than one citations are calculated by subtracting the number of country; that is including more than one country address. 0.9 9 self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents. 0 0Year International Collaboration 1999 7.14 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017

Citable documents Non-citable documents Cited documents Uncited documents

1.4k 1.4k Not every article in a journal is considered primary Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research not cited during the following year. 700(research articles, conference papers and reviews) in 700 three year windows vs. those documents other than Documents Year Value research articles, reviews and conference papers. Uncited documents 1999 75 0 Uncited0 documents 2000 75 Documents1999 2002 2005 2008Year 2011Value2014 2017 Uncited1999 documents2002 2005 20012008 782011 2014 2017 N it bl d t 1999 2 Uncited documents 2002 74

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