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El Conflicto Armado En Siria Y Su Repercusión Sobre El Patrimonio Cultural: Vol

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El Conflicto Armado En Siria Y Su Repercusión Sobre El Patrimonio Cultural: Vol El conflicto armado en Siria y su repercusión sobre el Patrimonio Cultural: Vol. I Deir Ez-Zor. El conflicto armado en Siria y su repercusión sobre el Patrimonio Cultural Vol. I: Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural afectado en la provincia de Deir Ez-Zor (marzo 2011-mazro 2015) Anas Al Khabour Dirección General de Antigüedades y Museos ISBN 978-84-606-7735-2 ISBN 978-84-606-9619-3 Anas Al Khabour Agradecimiento Antes de nada quería agradecer la Unión Europea por ofrecerme esta generosa beca postdoctoral para realizar este trabajo. Agradezco también la Prof. Dr. María Raquel Casal García, directora del Departamento de Xeografia e Historia en la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela por su orientación y consejos para llevar a cabo este trabajo. No quiero olvidar al doctor Juan Luis Montero, y los compañeros de la DGAM, Dirección General de Antigüedades y Museos que fueron fundamentales en el proceso. El conflicto armado en Siria y su repercusión sobre el Patrimonio Cultural: Vol. I Deir Ez-Zor. Introducción Desde el siglo XIX, Siria ha sido un centro atractivo para los arqueólogos e investigadores por la riqueza y diversidad de su Patrimonio Arqueológico en todas las partes del país, A lo largo del siglo XX, la escena arqueológica fue testigo a una densa labor arqueológica de todo tipo entre excavaciones, prospecciones, estudios filológicos y otras investigaciones relacionadas con el Patrimonio Arqueológico, ya que muchos arqueólogos de otras naciones, vinieron a Siria a estudiar, pero acabaron enamorados de esta bella tierra, y pasaron en Siria más años que en sus tierras natales, y devolvieron el favor a través de sus publicaciones, estudios y proyectos culturales, podríamos decir que se convirtieron en sirios por amor a su patrimonio cultural. Pero esto tuvo que terminar de manera horrible, en una primavera del año 2011, primavera que ha sido demasiado dura y seca, que ha dejado- y sigue dejando- cientos de miles de personas bajo tierra o en cárceles, y millones de refugiados en los países del mundo. Estalló la Guerra en Siria, aunque la Historia se repite siempre, pero el ser humano nunca ha sido capaz de aprender de las lecciones de la historia. En estas condiciones, el Patrimonio Cultural, el sector más frágil y vulnerable de todos, sufrió una pérdida irrecuperable durante los cuatro años de la guerra. El conflicto armado ha convertido a los yacimientos arqueológicos en campos de batalla y puestos militares, mientras que los museos han sufrido un expolio a gran escala, impulsando y aumentando el comercio ilícito de los bienes culturales. Entre los yacimientos afectados se encuentran los clasificados con la marca Patrimonio de la Humanidad como Palmira, Alepo, Damasco, Bosra, las Ciudades Muertas, el Crac de los Caballeros y el Castillo de Saladino, y por desgracia se cuentan cada vez más candidatas. A esto hay que añadir también el fenómeno lamentable de las excavaciones clandestinas en yacimientos, y la edificación ―destructiva‖ en las zonas de protección de los asentamientos arqueológicos, así como la proliferación de la caza de tesoros, hurto, y expolio usando un instrumento prohibido en Siria los detectores de metales. Ante esta situación, varias instituciones nacionales e internacionales intentaron lanzar campañas y alertas para la salvaguardia el Patrimonio Cultural en esta parte del mundo, sin embargo, el tamaño del daño es más potente todavía que los esfuerzos. 1 Anas Al Khabour En este proyecto postdoctoral, financiado por la Unión Europea en la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, en España, he tenido la oportunidad analizar la experiencia Europea en España en el caso del Conflicto Armado y la reacción internacional para salvaguardia el Patrimonio Cultural bajo estas condiciones, con el fin de analizar los puntos fuertes y los débiles de este proceso, puesto que la riqueza en bienes culturales que une a España y Siria nos permite establecer una relación en el desarrollo de la gestión del Patrimonio Cultural en ambos países, a pesar de las diferencias legislativas vigentes en cada uno. Por otro lado, lo que se persigue es analizar la situación del Patrimonio Arqueológico en Siria, sus circunstancias y problemas, y estudiar con profundidad las posibles soluciones con el fin de paliar el deterioro acelerado de los bienes culturales y sus definitivas pérdidas, para programar al final futuras medidas administrativas, científicas y sociales de aplicación potencial para tiempos de post-guerra en Siria. A nivel administrativo, se trata de intentar crear una planificación de la intervención entre las administraciones competentes implicadas en su ejecución, presentar los nuevos programas europeos encaminados a proteger y conservar los monumentos, así como rehabilitar a las personas responsables de los yacimientos. Por último, plantear la difusión del Patrimonio Arqueológico y la presentación de una propuesta que materialice un cambio radical en la consideración de dicho Patrimonio, y determine el papel que pueda desempeñar en el futuro a través del sector educativo, cultural y social, pues es la sociedad y sólo ella es la que da sentido a este Patrimonio. El primer paso para ello es la documentación, elaborar un catálogo de los daños por provincias y utilizando las fuentes de información confiables y oficiales. El catálogo: El catalogo contiene la siguiente información: Número del bien cultural en la lista provincial, el numero establecido en este caso viene por orden alfabético de la lista, no por relevancia histórica ni geográfica, nombre antiguo cuando esté conocido, tipo del bien cultural, las Coordenadas, dimensiones, descripción y localización geográfica. Para una ubicación precisa, la herramienta que ha resultado muy útil para beneficiarnos de los datos geográficos es Google Earth, una herramienta fácil y disponible para todo tipo de usuario, al mismo tiempo eficaz y El conflicto armado en Siria y su repercusión sobre el Patrimonio Cultural: Vol. I Deir Ez-Zor. precisa para ubicar los sitios, una vez introducidas las coordenadas geográficas proporcionadas de cada yacimiento o bien cultural. El catalogo ofrece también datación del bien cultural, la labor arqueológica realizada, si hubo excavaciones o prospecciones, con indicación de la misión arqueológica si la hubo, Documentación gráfica como mapas o fotografías, bibliografía relevante donde se pueda consultar para más información sobre el bien cultural, Fuente de información que es en la mayoría de los casos la Dirección General de Antigüedades y Museos(en adelante DGAM, fue fundada después de la independencia de Siria en el año 1946, sus funciones durante los primeros años de la independencia incluyeron: determinar los datos del Patrimonio Cultural sirio y su preservación, protección e investigación, así como la formulación de las leyes en conformidad con la Ley del Patrimonio Arqueológico y su versión modificada). La DGAM en calidad de la autoridad siria más fiable y responsables de documentar y tomar medidas frente a las condiciones actuales, así como tomar las medidas preventivas, teniendo en cuenta que hay otras organizaciones o individuales de interés político con el trabajo académico con el fin de echar la culpa a alguna parte sea el régimen o la oposición o los grupos extremistas. Empiezo esta serie por la provincia de Deir Ez-zor con un inventario de 57 yacimientos y sitios de importancia y relevancia patrimonial, teniendo en cuenta de que estos no son los únicos, pero la condición de seguridad de la autorización arqueológica que le permitió documentar hasta el momento, por otro lado, con la siguiente provincia voy incluyendo actualización de las provincias anteriores para que el final tengamos una documentación completa del Patrimonio Cultural en el país. Datación utilizada: Para los periodos, se ha optado por la secuencia convencional en Arqueología e Historia Antigua del Oriente Próximo para los grandes periodos: 1. El Paleolítico: 700000 y el 10000 a. C., dividido en las siguientes fases arqueológicas: Paleolítico Inferior, Medio y Superior. 2. Neolítico Precerámico: el Neolítico Precerámico lo componen dos épocas principales: PPNA y PPNB, el Neolítico Precerámico A (PPNA): Abarca la época entre el año 9500 y el 8300 a. C. El PPNA se divide normalmente en tres fases: Natufiense, Khiamense y Mureybetiense. El Neolítico Precerámico B (PPNB): es continuidad de la época anterior, y se extiende entre el 8500 y el 7000 a. C. 3 Anas Al Khabour 3. El Neolítico: entre el 7000 a.C. y el 4000 a.C. Incluye varias culturas: proto-Hassuna, Hassuna, Samarra y Halaf. 4. Halaf: desde mediados del V milenio a. C. 5. Obeid: La cultura de Obeid queda comprendida entre la época de inicios del V milenio a.C. y hasta mediados del IV milenio a.C. 6. La época Uruk: La época de Uruk abarca el periodo entre los años 3500 y 2900 a.C. 7. Bronce Antiguo: Es el periodo situado entre el Periodo Uruk y la Edad del Hierro, aproximadamente entre el año 3300 y el 2100 a.C. Éste se divide en cuatro fases: 3300-3000: Bronce Antiguo I. 3000-2700: Bronce Antiguo II. 2700-2200: Bronce Antiguo III. 2200-2100: Bronce Antiguo IV. 8. Bronce Medio: El Bronce Medio abarca el periodo entre el año 2000-1550 a.C. El Bronce Medio se divide en cuatro fases: - 2000-1900: Bronce Medio I. - 1900-1750: Bronce Medio II A. - 1750-1650: Bronce Medio II B. - 1650-1550: Bronce Medio II C. 9. Bronce Tardío: El bronce Tardío abarca el periodo entre los años 1550-1200 a.C. Se compone de tres fases: 1550-1400 a.C: Bronce Tardío I. 1400-1300 a.C.: Bronce Tardío II A. 1300-1200 a.C.: Bronce Tardío II B. 10. La época neoasiria: desde finales del siglo X(934 a.C.) hasta el siglo VII, momento en que tuvo lugar la destrucción de la capital en el año 612 a. C. 11. Periodo neobabilonio-aqueménida: en 616 a.C el imperio neobabilonio se levantó contra los asirios y terminó con el poder asirio alrededor del año 612 a.
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