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A. Klein Between the death penalty and decriminalization : new directions for drug control in the Commonwealth Caribbean Traces the changes in public attitudes toward and political stances on drug control in the British Caribbean between 1980 and 2000. Author first discusses the origins of drug control, the role of US pressure, and the vulnerability of the Caribbean. He then looks at European involvement and the different plans and policies to control drugs in the region. Finally, he describes the consequences of these policy approaches on the justice system and legal reform, drug demand, and social structures in the region. In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 75 (2001), no: 3/4, Leiden, 193-227 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl NWIG New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids Editorial Board Kenneth Bilby Gert Oostindie Rosemarijn Hoefte (managing editor) Richard Price (book review editor) Harry Hoetink Sally Price (book review editor) Wim Hoogbergen P. Wagenaar Hummelinck (honorar>' editor) Eithne Carlin (associate editor) Dan Vennix (editorial assistant) International Advisory Board James Arnold (University of Virginia) Bridget Brereton (University of the West Indies, Trinidad) Alain Buffon (Université Antilles-Guyane) David Geggus (University of Florida) Barry Higman (Australian National University, Australia) Peter Hulme (University of Essex) Woodville Marshall (University of the West Indies, Barbados) Stephan Palmié (University of Maryland) Anthony Payne (University of Sheffield) Angel Quintero Rivera (University of Puerto Rico) Rebecca Scott (University of Michigan) Bemardo Vega (Fundación Cultural Dominicana) Brackette Williams (University of Chicago) The New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids (NWIG) is a direct continuation of the West- Indische Gids. Published continuously since 1919. the NWIG is the oldest scholarly joumal on the Caribbean. The NWIG publishes articles and book reviews relating to the Caribbean in the social sciences and humanities. The language of publication is English. The NWIG is a publication of the KITLV/Royal Institute of Linguistks and Anthropology in Leiden. Please consult our website: www.kitlv.nl For individuals, subscription to the NWIG (2 issues) includes the annually published reference book Caribbean Abstracts and membership in the KITLV/Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. This membership grants access to the Institute's library and a 25% discount on single copies of all KITLV pub- lications (including the KITLV Caribbean Series). The price of the subscription and KITLV membership is 100 Dutch guilders in the Netherlands, and 11230 guilders (approx. USS 50) abroad. For institmions. the subscription price to the NWIG and Caribbean Abstracts is 165 guilders in the Netherlands, and 185 guilders (approx. USS 75) abroad and does not include KITLV membership. To subscribe, please write to thefollowing address; wu will be billed later. KITLV Press P.O. Box 9515 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands fax 31 - 71 - 5272638 e-mail: [email protected] NWIG New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids vol. 75 (3 & 4) 2001 ARTICLES AXEL KLEIN Between the Death Penalty and Decriminalization: New Directions for Drug Control in the Commonwealth Caribbean 193 KAREN S. DHANDA Labor and Place in Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad: A Search for a Comparative Unified Field Theory Revisited 229 ERNA KERKHOF The Myth of the Dumb Puerto Rican: Circular Migration and Language Struggle in Puerto Rico 257 REVIEW ARTICLE WILLIAM O. WALKER III Security, Insecurity, and the U.S. Presence in the Caribbean 289 Book Reviews listed overleaf 190 BOOK REVIEWS Capitalism and Slavery Fifty Years Later: Eric Eustace Williams - A Reassessment of the Man and His Work, edited by Heather Cateau & S.H.H. Carrington (reviewed by Stanley L. Engerman) 297 Writing West Indian Histories, by B.W. Higman (reviewed by Philip D. Morgan) 300 Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World, by Alison Games (reviewed by Daniel Vickers) 303 An Empire Divided: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean, by Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy (reviewed by Christopher L. Brown) 305 The Indigenous People of the Caribbean, edited by Samuel M. Wilson (reviewed by Lennox Honychurch) 308 The Maroon Story: The Authentic and Original History of the Maroons in the History of Jamaica 1490-1880, by Bev Carey (reviewed by Kenneth Bilby) 310 Slavery in the Caribbean Francophone World: Distant Voices, Forgotten Acts, Forged Identities, edited by Doris Y. Kadish (reviewed by Bernard Moitt) 313 Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda, 1616-1782, by Virginia Bernhard (reviewed by Michael J. Guasco) 316 The Maritime Heritage of the Cayman Islands, by Roger C. Smith (reviewed by Michael J. Jarvis) 318 Patterns ofPillage: A Geography of Caribbean-based Piracy in Spanish America, 1536-1718, by Peter. R. Galvin (reviewed by Paul E. Hoffman) 320 Cadenas de esclavitud ... y de solidaridad: Esclavos y libertos en San Juan, siglo XIX, by Raül Mayo Santana, Mariano Negrón Portillo & Manuel Mayo López (reviewed by David M. Stark) 321 Changing History: Afro-Cuban Cabildos and Societies ofColor in the Nineteenth Century, by Philip A. Howard (reviewed by Ada Ferrer) 323 Anatomy ofResistance: Anti-Colonialism in Guyana 1823-1966, by Maurice St. Pierre (reviewed by Alvin O. Thompson) 325 Guyana: Microcosm of Sustainable Development Challenges, by Barry Munslow (reviewed by Linda Peake) 327 Bacchanal! The Carnival Culture of Trinidad, by Peter Mason (reviewed by Stephen Stuempfle) 329 Corps, jardins, mémoires: Anthropologie du corps et de l 'espace a la Guadeloupe, by Catherine Benoït (reviewed by Christine Chivallon) 331 Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities, by Mary C. Waters (reviewed by Katherine E. Browne) 334 Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo - Los dias finales: 1960-61. Colección de documentos del Departamento de Estado, la CIA y los archivos del Palacio Nacional Dominicano, by Bernardo Vega (reviewed by Eric Paul Roorda) 336 The Cuban Democratie Experience: The Auténtico Years, 1944-1952, by Charles D. Ameringer (reviewed by Javier Figueroa-de Cardenas) 339 The U.S. Naval Mission to Haiti, 1959-1963, by Charles T. Williamson (reviewed by Robert Lawless) 341 The Shaping of the West Indian Church, 1492-1962, by Arthur Charles Dayfoot (reviewed by Noel Leo Erskine) 343 19! An Introduction to West Indian Poetry, by Laurence A. Breiner (reviewed by Edward Baugh) 345 Caribbean Waves: Relocating Claude McKay and Paule Marshall, by Heather Hathaway (reviewed by Lydie Moudileno) 347 Charcoal and Cinnamon: The Politics of Color in Spanish Caribbean Literature, by Claudette M. Williams and La mujer negra en la literatura puertorriqueha: Cuentistica de los setenta: (Luis Rafael Sdnchez, Carmelo Rodriguez Torres, Rosario Ferré y Ana Lydia Vega), by Marie Ramos Rosado(reviewed by Nicole Roberts) 349 The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages, by John H. McWhorter (reviewed by William W. Megenney) 352 From French to Creole: The Development of New Vernaculars in the French Colonial World, by Chris Corne (reviewed by Robert Chaudenson) 354 [The Book Review Section of this issue has benefited from the expert assis- tance of Andrea Westcot and the logistical support of the American Studies Program, The College of William and Mary.] AXEL KLEIN BETWEEN THE DEATH PENALTY AND DECRIMINALIZATION: NEW DIRECTIONS FOR DRUG CONTROL IN THE COMMONWEALTH CARIBBEAN In the European imaginary, the Caribbean figures as an adult playground of sun-kissed beaches, marine sports, and carnivalesque indulgence. Images of a dreadlocked Bob Marley in a halo of marijuana smoke suggesting a relaxed attitude towards the use of mind-altering substances, continue to pull large numbers of visitors in pursuit of risqué pleasures. The association of the Caribbean with drugs, and particularly with marijuana, is also popular in parts of Africa (Klein 2001; Legget forthcoming). This is an interesting instance of cultural cross-fertilization, all the more ironie as in the Afro-centric discourse of spliff-toting Rastafarians, ganja is often presented as an African drug. Like all clichés, the picture conjured of carefree islands in the sea, while idealizing one aspect of Caribbean culture, ignores the prevailing ethos of respectability and propriety held by vast sections of the population. Anthropo- logists have characterized the divergent sets of values, which obtain in the re- gion, as a dyad of respectability and reputation (Wilson 1973; Austin 1979; Littlewood 1980). The drug culture, with its celebration of artistic creativity, deviance from soeial propriety, and rejection of conventional work, falls well into the sphere of reputation. On the operational level of distribution and pn> duction, the drug economy fits neatly into an underground economy, which has flourished in the region since the days of piracy. Given that this brutal challenge to state formation at the outset, was fol- lowed by the trauma of the violence-charged slave societies, plagued by the fear of uprising and ferocious suppression, there is a widespread fear of dis- order. A sizeable middle class, which first emerged on the fringes of the plan- tation economy, has now taken control of the postcolonial state, and by con- spicuous subscription to the values of diligence and sobriety sets itself apart from the "worthless people." In spite of differences even among the English- speaking countries, there remains a
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