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TABLE of CONTENTS Page Alaska Aviation System Plan Update Yukon-Kuskokwim Region Air Versus Roads Access Construction and Maintenance Baseline Cost Comparison January 2013 YUKON-KUSKOKWIM REGION AIR VERSUS ROADS ACCESS CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE BASELINE COST COMPARISON ALASKA AVIATION SYSTEM PLAN UPDATE Prepared for: State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities Division of Statewide Aviation 4111 Aviation Drive Anchorage, Alaska 99502 Prepared by: DOWL HKM 4041 B Street Anchorage, Alaska 99503 (907) 562-2000 W.O. 59825.10 January 2013 Yukon-Kuskokwim Region Air Versus Roads Access Alaska Aviation System Plan Update Construction and Maintenance Baseline Cost Comparison January 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 2.0 ROADS COST ESTIMATE ................................................................................................4 2.1 Design Criteria ..................................................................................................................5 2.2 Roadway Unit Costs and Assumptions .............................................................................6 2.2.1 Roadway Unit Costs ...................................................................................................6 2.2.2 Roadway Cost Assumptions .......................................................................................7 2.2.3 Drainage Unit Costs and Assumptions .......................................................................8 2.3 Maintenance Unit Costs and Assumptions .....................................................................10 2.4 Total Roadway Corridor Costs .......................................................................................10 3.0 AIRPORTS COST ESTIMATE ........................................................................................12 3.1 Design Criteria ................................................................................................................13 3.2 Maintenance Costs and Assumptions .............................................................................15 3.3 Total Airport System Costs .............................................................................................15 4.0 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................16 5.0 FOLLOW ON STUDIES ...................................................................................................17 FIGURES Figure 1: Conceptual Road Corridors .............................................................................................3 TABLES Table 1: Roadway Unit Costs Comparison Summary ....................................................................7 Table 2: Roadway Corridor Construction and Maintenance Cost Summary ...............................11 Table 3: New Airports Constructed in or around the Study Area, 2002-2012 .............................12 Table 4: Class of Airports .............................................................................................................13 Table 5: Airport Dimension and Cost Assumptions .....................................................................14 Table 6: Class of Airports with Cost Estimates ............................................................................15 Table 7: Cost Comparisons ...........................................................................................................16 APPENDICES Appendix A ............................................................................................ Roadway Cost Estimations Appendix B ................................................................................................Airport Cost Estimations LIST OF ACRONYMS ALP ................................................................................................................... Airport Layout Plan ANILCA ........................................................................... Alaska Native Interest Land Claims Act CSU ......................................................................................................... Conservation System Unit DOT&PF ................................. State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities M&O ....................................................................................................Maintenance and Operations SREB....................................................................................... Snow Removal Equipment Building USGS ............................................................................................ United States Geological Survey WAAPS.............................................................................. Western Alaska Access Planning Study Y-K .................................................................................................................... Yukon-Kuskokwim Page i Yukon-Kuskokwim Region Air Versus Roads Access Alaska Aviation System Plan Update Construction and Maintenance Baseline Cost Comparison January 2013 1.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to compare the costs of constructing and maintaining an airport system in Alaska with the costs of constructing and maintaining a conceptual road system. A subarea of Alaska, the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Region, is used to build the comparative case study. The Y-K Region was selected because it contains a large hub community and over 50 villages within relatively close proximity to the hub community of Bethel. The Y-K Region is approximately the size of the state of Oregon. Located in western Alaska, most communities in the region are located along or near the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers. Much of the region is federally protected land in the 19.16-million-acre Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. Daily passenger medevac and cargo transportation to the region is provided by the air transportation system. Road access is primarily limited to short roads within and near communities and some winter ice roads. No communities in the region are connected to the national highway system, nor are any connected by all-season roads. Air and road access cost estimates were developed for 52 communities in the Y-K Region study area (Figure 1). Communities that are not currently served by an airport and those unreachable by road (i.e., on an island) were excluded for the purpose of this study. Construction estimates for road and airport options do not include costs for pre-construction engineering, environmental permitting, right of way, construction engineering, or overhead. Additional cost comparisons could also be completed, but were not needed for the limited scope of this study. They include costs for public use (costs of airfare versus costs of driving and transporting goods); costs of improving existing airports up to ultimate goals; costs for maintaining airports at a higher level and for longer daily durations; etc. Costs for engineering, land acquisition (right-of-way), permitting Indirect Cost Allocation Plan, overhead, and contingencies, were not included in either cost comparison. Several of these items are listed at the end of this paper for possible future study. All cost estimates are in 2012 dollars. While this study finds an airport system more economical than a road system in terms of construction and maintenance, some roads in Alaska are not only beneficial but also possibly even cost-effective by providing access for other needs, including natural resource development. However, the overall system of airports represents the most efficient and cost-effective way to Page 1 Yukon-Kuskokwim Region Air Versus Roads Access Alaska Aviation System Plan Update Construction and Maintenance Baseline Cost Comparison January 2013 provide year-round access to remote Alaskans. Furthermore, even if a road system were built, airports would continue to be needed to support many of the communities in the Y-K Region. Yukon-Kuskokwim Region Air versus Roads Access Construction and Maintenance Baseline Cost Comparison study was conducted with a very limited and narrow scope. The intent of this cost comparison was to conduct a baseline cost estimate for comparing construction and maintenance of both air and land transportation links. Costs for roads were compiled using costs and design criteria from existing new road construction studies in areas with similar terrain. To ensure an “apples to apples” comparison, this study focused on the costs to create both air and land transportation links as new construction. Page 2 BARROW !! FAIRBANKS NOME FAIRBANKS NENANA ANCHORAGE !! BETHEL JUNEAU Location Map KOTLIK !! EMMONAK ! ! ALAKANUK ! !OPHIR !! NIKOLAI !! TAKOTNA !! !! NUNAM IQUA !! GRAYLING !! McGRATH !! !! ANVIK SHAGELUK FLAT SAINT !! MOUNTAIN !MARY'S TALKEETNA SCAMMON BAY ! HOLY CROSS !! !! VILLAGE !! !! PITKAS POINT !! RUSSIAN HOOPER PILOT STATION !! MISSION BAY !! !! MARSHALL ! CHEVAK ! !! CROOKED CREEK !! !! STONY RIVER UPPER KALSKAG ANIAK RED DEVIL ! ! ! ! WASILLA !!! ! !! SLEETMUTE !! CHUATHBALUK LOWER KALSKAG LIME VILLAGE !! NEWTOK !! ANCHORAGE !!TULUKSAK ! NUNAPITCHUK ATMAUTLUAK ! !!! AKIACHAK TUNUNAK ! !! !! !! AKIAK !! KASIGLUK ! BETHEL !! !! KWETHLUK ! NIGHTMUTE ! ! TOKSOOK BAY !! NAPAKIAK!! OSCARVILLE NAPASKIAK ! TUNTUTULIAK ! !! EEK CHEFORNAK !! !! KONGIGANEK KIPNUK !! !! KWIGILLINGOK QUINHAGAK !! ¶ GOODNEWS BAY!! !! 012.5 25 50 PLATINUM Miles ! STATE OF ALASKA ! Communities and Placenames Outside of Project Study Area National
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