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Lifting Scheme Course Presentation Multimedia Systems 3D Technologies Mahdi Amiri May 2012 Sharif University of Technology Binocular Vision (Two Eyes) Advantages A spare eye in case one is damaged. A wider field of view (FOV). Maximum horizontal FOV of humans: ~200º (with two eyes) One binocular FOV (seen by both eyes): ~120º Two uniocular FOV (seen by only one eye): ~40º Binocular summation: The ability to detect faint objects is enhanced (neural summation). Perception of depth. Page 1 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Depth Perception Cyclopean Image Cyclopean image is a single mental image of a scene created by the brain by combining two images received from the two eyes. The mythical Cyclops with a single eye Page 2 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Depth Perception Cues (Cont.) Accommodation of the eyeball (eyeball focus) Focus by changing the curvature of the lens. Interposition Occlusion of one object by another Occlusion Page 3 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Depth Perception Cues (Cont.) Linear perspective (convergence of parallel edges) Parallel lines such as railway lines converge with increasing distance. Page 4 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Depth Perception Cues (Cont.) Familiar size and Relative size subtended visual angle of an object of known size A retinal image of a small car is also interpreted as a distant car. Page 5 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Depth Perception Cues (Cont.) Aerial Perspective Vertical position (objects higher in the scene generally tend to be perceived as further away) Haze, desaturation, and a shift to bluishness Hight Shift to bluishness Haze Page 6 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Depth Perception Cues (Cont.) Light and Shade Shadow Page 7 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Depth Perception Cues (Cont.) Change in size of textured pattern detail. Page 8 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Depth Perception Cues (Cont.) Motion parallax When an observer moves, the apparent relative motion of several stationary objects against a background gives hints about their relative distance. This effect can be seen clearly when driving in a car. Nearby things pass quickly, while far off objects appear stationary. Page 9 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Depth Perception Cues: Stereopsis We see a single, Cyclopean, A person’s eye are about 65mm apart image from the two eyes' images. from each other. The two eyes converge on the object of attention. The cube is shifted to the right in left The cube is shifted to the left in the eye's image. right eye's image. The brain gives each point in the Cyclopean image a depth value, represented here by a grayscale depth map. Page 10 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Depth Perception Cues, Summary Monocular Cues (involve those cues that exist for a single eye) Accommodation of the eyeball Interposition (Occlusion) Linear perspective Familiar size and Relative size Aerial Perspective Light and Shade Change in size of textured pattern Monocular Movement Parallax Binocular Cues (Cues that involve both eyes) Stereopsis Page 11 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies 3D Technologies Types of 3D Displays Stereoscopic Provides a different image to the viewer's left and right eyes (generally user has to use special spectacles). Autostereoscopic Uses optical components in the display, rather than worn by the user, to enable each eye to see a different image. Computer-Generated Holography (CGH) Create a light field identical to that which would emanate from the original scene. Volumetric displays Display points of light within a volume. Such displays use voxels instead of pixels. Page 12 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Stereoscopy Definition Presenting two offset images separately to the left and right eye of the viewer. Three strategies: Have the viewer wear eyeglasses to combine separate images from two offset sources. Have the viewer wear eyeglasses to filter offset images from a single source separated to each eye. Have the light source split the images directionally into the viewer's eyes (no glasses required , Autostereoscopy). Page 13 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Charles Wheatstone 1802-1875 Stereoscopy Two Offset Sources Stereoscope A stereoscope is composed of two pictures mounted next to each other, and a set of lenses to view the pictures through. Each picture is taken from a slightly different viewpoint that corresponds closely to the spacing of the eyes. The left picture represents what the left eye would see, and likewise for the right picture. When observing the pictures through a special viewer, the pair of two-dimensional pictures merge together into a single three-dimensional photograph. First invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1838. Page 14 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Stereoscopy Two Offset Sources Viewers Conway Stereo Viewer Head-Mounted Display (HMD) An HMD with a separate video source displayed in front of each eye to achieve a stereoscopic effect. 1920s-30s Stereo Viewer Page 15 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Stereoscopy Filtering Single Source Autostereogram Anaglyph image Polarization of light Anaglyph (3D photograph) of a column head in Persepolis, Iran. Linearly polarized Circularly polarized A linear polarizer converts an unpolarized beam into one with a single linear polarization. The vertical components of all waves are transmitted, while the horizontal components are absorbed and reflected. Page 16 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Autostereogram Stereogram 3D craze of the 90’s Page 17 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies www.magiceye.com Autostereogram Stereogram 3D craze of the 90’s MultimediaPage 18 Systems, Spring 2011,Multimedia Mahdi Systems,Amiri, 3D Mahdi Technologies Amiri, 3D Technologies Autostereogram Stereogram 3D craze of the 90’s www.magiceye.com Page 19 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Autostereogram Viewing Instructions The hidden image Magic Eye images may be easier to see if viewed on paper rather than a computer screen. If possible, print this image and follow the instructions below. (You don't need to print in color.) Hold the center of the printed image right up to your nose. It should be blurry. Focus as though you are looking through the image into the distance. Very slowly move the image away from your face until the two squares above the image turn into three squares. If you see four squares, move the image farther away from your face until you see three squares. If you see one or two squares, start over! When you clearly see three squares, hold the page still, and the hidden image will magically appear. Once you perceive the hidden image and depth, you can look around the entire 3D image. The longer you look, the clearer the illusion becomes. The farther away you hold the page, the deeper it becomes. Good Luck! Page 20 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Autostereogram Random Dot Autostereogram The hidden image Page 21 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Autostereogram Random Dot Autostereogram Page 22 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Dr. Bela Julesz Autostereogram Stereogram Random dot stereogram was invented by Dr. Bela Julesz in 1959. Fig. 1. By using uniform, randomly distributed dots, Dr. Julesz eliminated the depth cues that are inherent in recognizable images. Fig. 2. Within the rectangle select a group of dots that make Fig. 4. When the two up a small shape (here a circle). rectangles (Fig. 1 and Fig. 3) are viewed together as a Fig. 3. Create a new rectangle stereo pair, the image of the identical to the original rectangle, circle appears to float above except that the dots within the small the background. shape have been shifted to the left. Page 23 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Christopher Tyler Autostereogram Birth of Autostereogram In 1979, Christopher Tyler, a student of Dr. Julesz, assisted by computer programmer Maureen Clarke, discovered that the offset scheme could be applied to a single image. The hidden image Page 24 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Anaglyph Image Concept Red-blue glasses The anaglyph method produces two slightly offset images, each individually tinted in either red or cyan. The red-cyan glasses then filter the light appropriately, meaning individual eyes only see the image meant for them. The brain then merges the two slightly Red-cyan glasses different images to produce the 3D effect. This is the main process cyan = green + blue currently being used on 3D Blu-Ray releases and on TV broadcasts. Page 25 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies www.decotechsoftware.com/sim/manual/pages/others/basic_concepts_of_stereo_img.html Anaglyph Image Concept How to create Page 26 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Anaglyph Image Example 3D Box Page 27 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Anaglyph Image Computer Process Page 28 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies 3D Technologies That’s not all. To be continued… Page 29 Multimedia Systems, Mahdi Amiri, 3D Technologies Polarization of Light Concept The polarised method is one which is becomming the Linear Polarized 3D Glasses method of choice when displaying 3D images. Two images are projected at right angles to each other which are then filtered by the polarising glasses, again meaning each individual eye only sees the image intended for it,
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