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Atlantic Cod and Pollock (Canada) Gadus Morhua, Pollachius Virens FT

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Atlantic Cod and Pollock (Canada) Gadus morhua, Pollachius virens FT A R Atlantic, Northwest Handlines and hand-operatedD pole-and-lines, Set gillnets, Set longlines, Bottom trawls Seafood Watch Consulting Researcher Draft Report - June 2021 Seafood Watch Standard used in this assessment: Fisheries Standard v4 Disclaimer Seafood Watch strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external scientists with expertise in ecology, fisheries science and aquaculture.Scientific review, however, does not constitute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch program or its recommendations on the part of the reviewing scientists. Seafood Watch is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 About Seafood Watch 3 Guiding Principles 4 Summary 5 Final Seafood Recommendations 7 Introduction 9 Criterion 1: Impacts on the species under assessment 11 Criterion 1 Summary 11 Criterion 1 Assessments 12 Criterion 2: Impacts on Other Species 24 Criterion 2 Summary 24 Criterion 2 Assessment 30 Criterion 3: Management Effectiveness 95 Criterion 3 Summary 95 Criterion 3 Assessment 96 Criterion 4: Impacts on the Habitat and Ecosystem 105 Criterion 4 Summary 105 Criterion 4 Assessment 106 Acknowledgements 111 References FT 112 A R D 2 About Seafood Watch Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild-caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch makes its science-based recommendations available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from www.seafoodwatch.org. The program’s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conservation issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommendation on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Watch Assessment. Each assessment synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this information against the program’s conservation ethic to arrive at a recommendation of “Best Choices,” “Good Alternatives” or “Avoid.” This ethic is operationalized in the Seafood Watch standards, available on our website here. In producing the assessments, Seafood Watch seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible. Other sources of information include government technical publications, fishery management plans and supporting documents, and other scientific reviews of ecological sustainability. Seafood Watch Research Analysts also communicate regularly with ecologists, fisheries and aquaculture scientists, and members of industry and conservation organizations when evaluating fisheries and aquaculture practices. Capture fisheries and aquaculture practices are highly dynamic; as the scientific information on each species changes, Seafood Watch’s sustainability recommendations and the underlying assessments will be updated to reflect these changes. T Parties interested in capture fisheries, aquaculture practices and the sustainability of ocean ecosystems are welcome to use Seafood Watch assessments in any way they find useful. F A R D 3 Guiding Principles Seafood Watch defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether fished1 or farmed that can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. The following guiding principles illustrate the qualities that fisheries must possess to be considered sustainable by the Seafood Watch program (these are explained further in the Seafood Watch Standard for Fisheries): Follow the principles of ecosystem-based fisheries management. Ensure all affected stocks are healthy and abundant. Fish all affected stocks at sustainable levels. Minimize bycatch. Have no more than a negligible impact on any threatened, endangered or protected species. Managed to sustain the long-term productivity of all affected species. Avoid negative impacts on the structure, function or associated biota of aquatic habitats where fishing occurs. Maintain the trophic role of all aquatic life. Do not result in harmful ecological changes such as reduction of dependent predator populations, trophic cascades, or phase shifts. Ensure that any enhancement activities and fishing activities on enhanced stocks do not negatively affect the diversity, abundance, productivity, or genetic integrity of wild stocks. These guiding principles are operationalized in the four criteria in this standard.T Each criterion includes: Factors to evaluate and score Guidelines for integrating these factors to produce a numericalF score and rating Once a rating has been assigned to each criterion, we develop an overall recommendation. Criteria ratings and the overall recommendation are color coded to correspond to theA categories on the Seafood Watch pocket guide and online guide: Best Choice/Green: Buy first; they're well managedR and caught or farmed responsibly. Good Alternative/Yellow: Buy, but be aware there are concerns with how they're caught, farmed or managed. Avoid/Red: Take a pass on these forD now; they're overfished, lack strong management or are caught or farmed in ways that harm other marine life or the environment. 1 “Fish” is used throughout this document to refer to finfish, shellfish and other invertebrates 4 Summary There are many commercially important groundfish species caught in the Northwest Atlantic by Canadian and U.S. fleets. This report focuses on two gadoid species landed and sold in the U.S. and Canadian markets. The scope of the analysis and ensuing recommendations includes Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic pollock (Pollachius virens) fisheries in the Canadian Northwest Atlantic. Both species are harvested mainly with gillnets, longlines, bottom trawl gears and hand line: for cod, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Newfoundland and Labrador Grand Banks; and for pollock, in the Scotian Shelf, and eastern Georges Bank. This report centers on cod stocks 3Ps and 3Pn4RS and pollock stock 4VWX +5 (primarily the Western Component) because these fisheries are the most active of the cod and pollock commercial fisheries. In general, gadoids have a medium to high vulnerability to fishing pressure. Due to heavy fishing pressure, these fish have experienced a decrease in size and age at maturity, which may be adversely impacting recruitment and natural mortality. In addition, heavy exploitation and poor management led to the catastrophic collapse of cod stocks and severe depletion of pollock stocks (along with other commercially important groundfish species) in the early 1990s, leading to various fishery moratoria on different stocks throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s. Despite extensive efforts in management and science, the cod stocks are seeing little to no recovery (although recent assessments of cod in the 3Ps management area suggest that abundance is increasing off southern Newfoundland). Cod has been determined to be Endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Pollock abundance relative to reference points is unknown and no status determination has been completed by COSEWIC. Retained and bycatch species that are analyzed in this assessment have been chosen based on either their contribution of catch in the cod- and pollock-directed groundfish fisheries or their conservation status (e.g., endangered, threatened, overfished). Cod and pollock are targeted mainly by Bottom trawls, longlines, gillnets, and handline—all of which are considered highly unselective gears (with respect to species caught). Bottom trawls and gillnets in particular are not very discriminating gears, so their impacts on habitat and their bycatch are significant. The quantity ofT bycatch that is frequently caught and discarded is significant, but the more pressing concern is the number of at-risk species that could be and frequently are incidentally captured by these fisheries. The endangered and threatened species and species of special concern that have interactions with at least two of the gear types include harbor porpoises (PhocoenaF phocoena), North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis), leatherback turtles (Dermochyles coriacea), three species of wolffish (Anarchias minor, Anarchias lupus, and Anarchias denticulatus), thorny skates (Amblyraja radiata), winter skates (Leucoraja ocellata), barndoor skates (Dipturus laevis), cusk (Brosme brosme), and dogfish (Squalus acanthias).A Because cod is one of the most common bycatch species in groundfish fisheries, there are technological and managerial mitigation efforts to reduce cod bycatch. It is mandatory to land all groundfish unless they are below a minimum size and they have a Small Fish Protocol in place. But there is little information on discard and mortality Rrates in these fisheries, which makes it difficult to assess the magnitude of the problem. Canada’s Department of Fisheries and OceansD (DFO) is responsible for managing the cod and pollock stocks in Canadian waters. DFO manages fisheries through the implementation of Integrated Fisheries Management Plans (IFMP). The IFMPs are drafted by DFO in collaboration with stakeholders and through consultation
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