Similarity in Phonology: Evidence from Reduplication and Loan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Similarity in Phonology: Evidence from Reduplication and Loan UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Similarity in Phonology: Evidence from Reduplication and Loan Adaptation A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Heidi Anne Fleischhacker 2005 The dissertation of Heidi Anne Fleischhacker is approved. __________________________________________ Patricia Keating __________________________________________ Donka Minkova __________________________________________ Colin Wilson __________________________________________ Donca Steriade, Committee Co-chair __________________________________________ Bruce Hayes, Committee Co-chair University of California, Los Angeles 2005 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First I thank my committee members, Pat Keating, Donka Minkova, Donca Steriade, Colin Wilson, and especially Bruce Hayes. Their insights and guidance shaped this work from beginning to end, and I owe much of what I'm proud of in this dissertation to them. I will always be grateful to them for giving so generously of their time and energy, and for all that I learned from them. It should be noted that the dissertation was largely completed by 2003, and revised slightly before it was filed in 2005. In the interim, my committee members made many helpful comments, both substantive and stylistic, and gave me useful references to newer work; regrettably, much of that is not reflected here. Special thanks also to Ellen Broselow, whose work on s + stop clusters was the foundation for the project undertaken here. My copy of her 1992 paper on the structure of fricative + stop onsets is ragged with wear; I seem to learn something new every time I read it. I owe a large debt to Keith Johnson, who offered his time, facilities, and expertise in collecting the experimental data reported in Chapter 4. Thanks also to the Ohio State University undergraduates who participated in those experiments. Thanks as well to Arnold and Elizabeth Zwicky, for allowing me to use their collection of imperfect puns, now archived at the Western Historical Manuscript Collection. iii I was supported during my graduate career by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, a UCLA Research Mentorship (with Donca Steriade), and a UCLA Chancellor's Dissertation Fellowship. I'm deeply grateful for that. I had many wonderful professors at UCLA, but I would especially like to thank Sun-Ah Jun, Pam Monroe, Dominique Sportiche, and Tim Stowell. Thanks also to my classmates, especially Adam Albright, Heriberto Avelino, Leston Buell, Ivano Caponigro, Taehong Cho, Sahyang Kim, Jason Riggle, Shabnam Shademan, Harold Torrence, Jie Zhang, and Kie Zuraw, for making my time at UCLA so enjoyable. I also owe a great deal to the staff of the UCLA Linguistics Department, past and present, for their assistance with all kinds of administrative matters. Thanks finally to my family, for giving me their unstinting support and encouragement throughout my graduate career. And a special thank you to my husband, Alex MacBride, without whom this would not have happened. And to Barkley, who knows his contribution. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 1. Overview of the dissertation ........................................................................................... 1 2. Structure of the dissertation ............................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER 2: Reduplicative Onset Transfer.......................................................................... 8 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 8 2. Restricted skipping........................................................................................................ 11 2.1. Sufficient copy....................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Selective copy ........................................................................................................ 15 3. Cluster-blind simplification .......................................................................................... 18 3.1. Sonority-based simplification ................................................................................ 18 3.2. Leftmost copy ........................................................................................................ 20 3.3. Rightmost copy ...................................................................................................... 21 3.3.1. Nuxalk (Bella Coola) ...................................................................................... 22 3.3.2. Potential rightmost copy cases........................................................................ 24 4. Summary....................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3: Cluster Resolution in Loanword Adaptation................................................. 30 1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 30 2. Asymmetrical cluster resolution ................................................................................... 33 2.1. Restricted skipping................................................................................................. 34 2.2. Restricted intrusion ................................................................................................ 39 2.2.1. Canonical anaptyxis-prothesis asymmetry ..................................................... 40 2.2.2. Variable behavior of SR clusters .................................................................... 42 2.2.3. Evidence for the behavior of non-OR clusters other than /s/ + stop............... 46 3. Symmetrical cluster resolution ..................................................................................... 50 3.1. Cluster-blind consonant deletion ........................................................................... 50 3.1.1. Sonority-based cluster simplification ............................................................. 51 3.1.2. Rightmost-oriented deletion............................................................................ 52 3.2. Cluster-blind vowel epenthesis.............................................................................. 53 3.2.1. Symmetrical anaptyxis.................................................................................... 54 3.2.2. Symmetrical prothesis..................................................................................... 55 4. Repair of only one cluster type ..................................................................................... 56 4.1. Repair of obstruent + sonorant clusters only ......................................................... 57 4.2. Repair of sibilant + stop clusters only ................................................................... 60 4.2.1. Vowel epenthesis ............................................................................................ 60 4.2.2. Consonant deletion.......................................................................................... 62 5. Summary....................................................................................................................... 65 v CHAPTER 4: Similarity Evidence....................................................................................... 70 1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 70 2. Consonant deletion........................................................................................................ 74 2.1. Alliteration ............................................................................................................. 74 2.1.1. Germanic alliteration ...................................................................................... 74 2.1.2. Irish alliteration............................................................................................... 76 2.1.3. Middle English alliteration ............................................................................. 77 2.2. Summary: alliteration............................................................................................. 79 2.3. English imperfect puns .......................................................................................... 80 2.3.1. Constructing the pun corpus ........................................................................... 81 2.3.2. Analysis of the pun corpus.............................................................................. 84 2.4. Experimental evidence: discrimination task .......................................................... 90 2.4.1. Method ............................................................................................................ 91 2.4.2. Results............................................................................................................. 94 2.5. Summary of evidence regarding consonant deletion........................................... 105 3. Similarity and vowel insertion.................................................................................... 106 3.1. English imperfect puns ........................................................................................ 106 3.1.1. Results of pun corpus analysis.....................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Chapter One Phonetic Change
    CHAPTERONE PHONETICCHANGE The investigation of the nature and the types of changes that affect the sounds of a language is the most highly developed area of the study of language change. The term sound change is used to refer, in the broadest sense, to alterations in the phonetic shape of segments and suprasegmental features that result from the operation of phonological process es. The pho- netic makeup of given morphemes or words or sets of morphemes or words also may undergo change as a by-product of alterations in the grammatical patterns of a language. Sound change is used generally to refer only to those phonetic changes that affect all occurrences of a given sound or class of sounds (like the class of voiceless stops) under specifiable phonetic conditions . It is important to distinguish between the use of the term sound change as it refers tophonetic process es in a historical context , on the one hand, and as it refers to phonetic corre- spondences on the other. By phonetic process es we refer to the replacement of a sound or a sequenceof sounds presenting some articulatory difficulty by another sound or sequence lacking that difficulty . A phonetic correspondence can be said to exist between a sound at one point in the history of a language and the sound that is its direct descendent at any subsequent point in the history of that language. A phonetic correspondence often reflects the results of several phonetic process es that have affected a segment serially . Although phonetic process es are synchronic phenomena, they often have diachronic consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • (1'9'6'8'""159-83 and in Later Publica- (1972 539
    FINAL WEAKENING AND RELATED PHENOMENA1 Hans Henrich Hock University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1: Final devoicing (FD) 1.1. In generative phonology, it is a generally accepted doctrine that, since word-final devoicing (WFD) is a very common and natural phenomenon, the ob- verse phenomenon, namely word-final voicin~ should not be found in natural language. Compare for instance Postal 1968 184 ('in the context----'~ the rules always devoice rather than voice'), Stampe 1969 443-5 (final devoicing comes about as the result of a failure t~ suppress the (innate) process of final devoicing), Vennemann 1972 240-1 (final voicing, defined as a process increasing the complexity of affected segment~ 'does not occur.')o 1.2 One of the standard examples for WFD is that of German, cf. Bund Bunde [bUnt] [bUndeJ. However Vennemann (1'9'6'8'""159-83 and in later publica- tions) and, following him, Hooper (1972 539) and Hyman (1975 142) have convincingly demonstrated that in Ger- man, this process applies not only word-finally, but also syllable-finally, as in radle [ra·t$le]3 'go by bike' (in some varieties of German). The standard view thus must be modified so as to recognize at least one other process, namely syllable-final devoicing (SFD). (For a different eA""Planation of this phenomenon compare section 2.3 below.) 2· Final voicing (or tenseness neutralization) 2 1 A more important argument against the stan- dard view, however, is that, as anyone with any train- ing in Indo-European linguistics can readily tell, there is at least one 5roup, namely Italic, where there is evidence for the allegedly impossible final voicing, cf PIE *siyet > OLat.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Aspects of Gitksan Phonology by Jason Camy Brown B.A., California State University, Fresno, 2000 M.A., California St
    Theoretical Aspects of Gitksan Phonology by Jason Camy Brown B.A., California State University, Fresno, 2000 M.A., California State University, Fresno, 2002 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Linguistics) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) December 2008 © Jason Camy Brown, 2008 Abstract This thesis deals with the phonology of Gitksan, a Tsimshianic language spoken in northern British Columbia, Canada. The claim of this thesis is that Gitksan exhibits several gradient phonological restrictions on consonantal cooccurrence that hold over the lexicon. There is a gradient restriction on homorganic consonants, and within homorganic pairs, there is a gradient restriction on major class and manner features. It is claimed that these restrictions are due to a generalized OCP effect in the grammar, and that this effect can be relativized to subsidiary features, such as place, manner, etc. It is argued that these types of effects are best analyzed with the system of weighted constraints employed in Harmonic Grammar (Legendre et al. 1990, Smolensky & Legendre 2006). It is also claimed that Gitksan exhibits a gradient assimilatory effect among specific consonants. This type of effect is rare, and is unexpected given the general conditions of dissimilation. One such effect is the frequency of both pulmonic pairs of consonants and ejective pairs of consonants, which occur at rates higher than expected by chance. Another is the occurrence of uvular-uvular and velar-velar pairs of consonants, which also occur at rates higher than chance. This pattern is somewhat surprising, as there is a gradient prohibition on cooccurring pairs of dorsal consonants.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Santa Cruz Minimal Reduplication
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ MINIMAL REDUPLICATION A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in LINGUISTICS by Jesse Saba Kirchner June 2010 The Dissertation of Jesse Saba Kirchner is approved: Professor Armin Mester, Chair Professor Jaye Padgett Professor Junko Ito Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Jesse Saba Kirchner 2010 Some rights reserved: see Appendix E. Contents Abstract vi Dedication viii Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Structureofthethesis ...... ....... ....... ....... ........ 2 1.2 Overviewofthetheory...... ....... ....... ....... .. ....... 2 1.2.1 GoalsofMR ..................................... 3 1.2.2 Assumptionsandpredictions. ....... 7 1.3 MorphologicalReduplication . .......... 10 1.3.1 Fixedsize..................................... ... 11 1.3.2 Phonologicalopacity. ...... 17 1.3.3 Prominentmaterialpreferentiallycopied . ............ 22 1.3.4 Localityofreduplication. ........ 24 1.3.5 Iconicity ..................................... ... 24 1.4 Syntacticreduplication. .......... 26 2 Morphological reduplication 30 2.1 Casestudy:Kwak’wala ...... ....... ....... ....... .. ....... 31 2.2 Data............................................ ... 33 2.2.1 Phonology ..................................... .. 33 2.2.2 Morphophonology ............................... ... 40 2.2.3 -mut’ .......................................... 40 2.3 Analysis........................................ ..... 48 2.3.1 Lengtheningandreduplication.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective
    Passage2013, 1(2), 35-44 The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective By: Novita Arsillah English Language and Literature Program (E-mail: [email protected] / mobile: +6281312203723) ABSTRACT This study is a historical linguistic investigation entitled The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective which aims to explore the types of sound changes found in Palembang Malay. The investigation uses a historical linguistic comparative method to compare the phonemic and syllabic changes between an ancestral language Standard Malay and its decent language Palembang Malay. Standard Malay refers to the Wilkinson dictionary in 1904. The participants of this study are seven native speakers of Palembang Malay whose ages range from 20 to 40 years old. The data were collected from the voices of the participants that were recorded along group conversations and interviews. This study applies the theoretical framework of sound changes which proposed by Terry Crowley in 1997 and Lily Campbell in 1999. The findings show that there are nine types of sound changes that were found as the results, namely assimilation (42.35%), lenition (20%), sound addition (3.53%), metathesis (1.18%), dissimilation (1.76%), abnormal sound changes (3.53%), split (13.53%), vowel rising (10.59%), and monophthongisation (3.53%). Keywords: Historical linguistics, standard Malay, Palembang Malay, comparative method, sound change, phoneme, syllable. 35 Novita Arsillah The Phonemic − Syllabic Comparisons of Standard Malay and Palembang Malay Using a Historical Linguistic Perspective INTRODUCTION spelling system in this study since it is considered to be the first Malay spelling This study classifies into the system that is used widely in Malaya, field of historical linguistics that Singapore, and Brunei (Omar, 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Types and Functions of Reduplication in Palembang
    Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society JSEALS 12.1 (2019): 113-142 ISSN: 1836-6821, DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52447 University of Hawaiʼi Press TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF REDUPLICATION IN PALEMBANG Mardheya Alsamadani & Samar Taibah Wayne State University [email protected] & [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we study the morphosemantic aspects of reduplication in Palembang (also known as Musi). In Palembang, both content and function words undergo reduplication, generating a wide variety of semantic functions, such as pluralization, iteration, distribution, and nominalization. Productive reduplication includes full reduplication and reduplication plus affixation, while fossilized reduplication includes partial reduplication and rhyming reduplication. We employed the Distributed Morphology theory (DM) (Halle and Marantz 1993, 1994) to account for these different patterns of reduplication. Moreover, we compared the functions of Palembang reduplication to those of Malay and Indonesian reduplication. Some instances of function word reduplication in Palembang were not found in these languages, such as reduplication of question words and reduplication of negators. In addition, Palembang partial reduplication is fossilized, with only a few examples collected. In contrast, Malay partial reduplication is productive and utilized to create new words, especially words borrowed from English (Ahmad 2005). Keywords: Reduplication, affixation, Palembang/Musi, morphosemantics ISO 639-3 codes: mui 1 Introduction This paper has three purposes. The first is to document the reduplication patterns found in Palembang based on the data collected from three Palembang native speakers. Second, we aim to illustrate some shared features of Palembang reduplication with those found in other Malayic languages such as Indonesian and Malay. The third purpose is to provide a formal analysis of Palembang reduplication based on the Distributed Morphology Theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Reduplicated Numerals in Salish. PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 11P.; for Complete Volume, See FL 025 251
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 419 409 FL 025 252 AUTHOR Anderson, Gregory D. S. TITLE Reduplicated Numerals in Salish. PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 11p.; For complete volume, see FL 025 251. PUB TYPE Journal Articles (080) Reports Research (143) JOURNAL CIT Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics; v22 n2 p1-10 1997 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Languages; Contrastive Linguistics; Language Patterns; *Language Research; Language Variation; *Linguistic Theory; Number Systems; *Salish; *Structural Analysis (Linguistics); Uncommonly Taught Languages ABSTRACT A salient characteristic of the morpho-lexical systems of the Salish languages is the widespread use of reduplication in both derivational and inflectional functions. Salish reduplication signals such typologically common categories as "distributive/plural," "repetitive/continuative," and "diminutive," the cross-linguistically marked but typically Salish notion of "out-of-control" or more restricted categories in particular Salish languages. In addition to these functions, reduplication also plays a role in numeral systems of the Salish languages. The basic forms of several numerals appear to be reduplicated throughout the Salish family. In addition, correspondences among the various Interior Salish languages suggest the association of certain reduplicative patterns with particular "counting forms" referring to specific nominal categories. While developments in the other Salish language are frequently more idiosyncratic and complex, comparative evidence suggests that the
    [Show full text]
  • Using Coarticulation Rules in Automatic Phonetic Transcription
    Using Coarticulation Rules in Automatic Phonetic Transcription Arlindo Veiga 1, Sara Candeias 1, Luís Sá 1,2 , Fernando Perdigão 1,2 1 Instituto de Telecomunicações, Pólo de Coimbra 2 Universidade de Coimbra – DEEC, Pólo II, P-3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal {aveiga, saracandeias, luis, fp}@co.it.pt Abstract. Phonetic transcription of continuous speech databases is an important and necessary task for speech synthesis and recognition. Manual transcription requires well-trained experts and is time-consuming. So, it becomes more and more usual to implement automatic or semi-automatic transcription procedures. However, it is well known that pronunciation variations and coarticulation phenomena involve serious problems for automatic transcribers. This paper describes an approach to automatically label a continuous speech database at phonetic level using orthographic transcription (word level) and a set of pre- built acoustic models to deal with pronunciation variations. These pronunciation variations arise from coarticulation phenomena. Common intra- word and trans-word coarticulation phenomena will be described as well. Keywords: Automatic phonetic transcription, Coarticulation, Pronunciation variation 1 Introduction Careful manual transcription of a speech database produces best results comparing to automatic transcriptions. However, it requires a lot of resources and is usually a forbidden option to transcribe a large corpus. In [1] the authors refer more than one hundred times real-time to do manual transcriptions. Automatic or semi-automatic methods are often used to perform this task with accuracies that tend to manual transcriptions after several iterations. However, particularly in continuous speech, multi-pronunciations and coarticulation must be considered in the automatic transcriptions. Most of the work in this area, use forced alignment to deal with multi- pronunciation.
    [Show full text]
  • Consonant Mutation and Reduplication in Blin Singulars and Plurals
    Consonant Mutation and Reduplication in Blin Singulars and Plurals Paul D. Fallon Howard University 1. Introduction Blin1, a Central Cushitic (Agaw) language of Eritrea, displays a complex series of consonant mutations between plural and singular forms, with several unusual properties. This paper describes several such properties, focusing on consonant mutation (or apophony), especially in relation to reduplication, using Correspondence Theory (McCarthy and Prince 1995) within the overall framework of Optimality Theory, drawing on data based on both published sources (e.g. Lamberti and Tonelli 1997) and the author's fieldwork in Eritrea. This paper describes the rare interaction between mutation and reduplication, and provides additional support for Mc Laughlin's (2000) analysis of mutation as the result of featural affixation (Akinlabi 1996, Zoll 1998) to the root node of a consonant. However, unlike Mc Laughlin's analysis, where mutation was stem-initial, in Blin such mutation is stem-final. One of the more unusual properties of Blin is that for phonological purposes, it is often easier to take the plural as the underlying form, since singulars and singulatives are morphologically marked. For example, /kr/ 'stones' has a singular /kr-a/. One common mutation is the lenition of velar stops: /lk/ 'fires', /lx-a/ (sg.). The loss of continuancy also results in the loss of ejection (/ak'/ → /ax-a/ 'cave (pl./sg.)', but not labialization /kin/ → /xin-a/ 'woman (pl./sg.)', /sak’/ → /sax-a/ 'fat (n.)(pl./sg.)'. In addition, velar lenition may occur word-medially, e.g. [bkl] → [bxl-a] 'mule (pl./sg.)'. More than one mutation process may also occur within the word: /dk’l/ → /dxar-a/ 'donkey (pl./sg.)'.
    [Show full text]
  • Lugungu Transition-Primer-2Nd-Ed-Corrected
    Mwi ̱ze Tusome Lugungu Lwetu̱ Come, We Read Our Lugungu Lugungu Produced by: Lugungu Bible Translation & Literacy Association Buliisa, Uganda in co-operation with SIL International PO Box 750 Entebbe, Uganda Mwi̱ze Tusome Lugungu Lwetu̱ Come, We Read Our Lugungu Written by: Businge Makolome Robert Trial Edition, 2006 (300 copies). First Edition (Revised) October, 2006 (800 copies). Second Edition, June, 2016 (300 copies). Illustrations from: © International Illustrations, The Art of Reading 2.0, SIL International. Used with permission. © 2006, 2016 SIL International to spell words they don’t know how to spell as they want Ndagiiro gya Kitabbu to write them. The teacher can write those words on the board so others can see as well, and the learner can copy them. Bantu bakukira ha 40,000 mu Uganda, baba(a Lugungu 2. As learners :nish writing their stories, several niluli lukobo lwab̯u lunyakubabyala. Bagungu bakukira individual learners can read out loud what they have b̯unene beicala nagwa ha mitanda mya matemba geitaka written. Encourage them for writing well. Don’t lya mwi'ta N(i'ge. Bei'tu' kandi, bandi beicala hakyendi' wa kikonko nagwa magyenda Hoima na magyenda Masindi. worry at the moment about correcting mistakes. Mu b̯uhangwa b̯wab̯u, Bagungu beicala bahi'i'gi', balobi', Editing of all stories can be done at the end of the kandi bali'mi'. Bagungu bali'i'sya nte mu b̯unene, kandi de, Transition Primer. nibasuub>ura na bantu ba ndimi (i'bahereeri'. Aitabbu kiki, baaki'handi'i'ki'ri' nibagyendeera ki'koreseb̯we mu bitebe bya beegi' beegi'ri' kusoma na Note: Stories can be saved and when the Transition kuhandiika mu ndimi (indi nka LuBungu, ,u'nyoro- Primer is finished, the learners themselves can go ,u'tooro, Luganda na Lu'swahi'ri'.
    [Show full text]
  • Distinction Between Inflection and Derivation of Learning Reduplication in Mandarin
    Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn) Vol. 13, No. 4, November 2019, pp. 474~481 ISSN: 2089-9823 DOI: 10.11591/edulearn.v13i4.14388 474 Distinction between inflection and derivation of learning reduplication in Mandarin Shi Yuxin1, I Dewa Putu Wijana2, Y. Tri Mastoyo3, Hermina Sutami4 1,2,3Department of Linguistics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia 4Department of Linguistics, Univeritas Indonesia, Indonesia Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Reduplication as a word-formation process in Mandarin, which is one of the most difficult knowledge to comprehend for scholar and student. Received Sept 13, 2019 Theoretically this research offers an approach that is different from what has Revised Oct 23, 2019 been made by previous researchers. Using the M.D.S Simatupang free Accepted Oct 30, 2019 context approach this research contrasts the reduplicative forms of all word classes and shows the relationships between them (AA, AABB, ABAB, ABB) and their basic forms (A, AB), then based on test of Keywords: categorical word and test of lexical decomposition as proposed by J.W.M Verhaar, this study analyzes and explains reduplication and inflectional Form reduplication in Mandarin in order to students understand as their meaning Mandarin vocabularies. As a result, this research examines the derivational and Reduplication inflectional reduplication in Mandarin all at once can disseminate the Word class use of morphological theory. In addition, this study discusses Mandarin reduplication based on various word classes that are contained as a basis for the relevant form of reduplication. Beginner research results will be presented in this study in order to stimulate more complete writing, it will be better if this research can be disseminated in order to add learning and reading material for future research.
    [Show full text]
  • Binarity in Prosodic Morphology and Elsewhere
    Binarity in Prosodic Morphology and Elsewhere Gloria Mellesmoen and Suzanne Urbanczyk1 University of British Columbia and University of Victoria 1 Introduction McCarthy and Prince (1986/1999: 238) ushered in the field of prosodic morphology with the following: “Consider the role of counting in grammar. How long may a count run? […] the answer is probably ‘up to two’ […]”. This is consistent with other proposals about the architecture of the grammar: there is only binary branching in morphology and syntax (Aronoff 1976; Kayne 1984). Binarity is a component of prosodic morphology as well, utilized to account for certain phenomena, such as metrical feet (Hayes 1995), and guiding some models of syllable structure (Kaye, Lowenstamm, & Vergnaud 1990). We further refine the role of binarity in phonology by proposing that all phonological representations are binary branching, as stated in (1). (1) Binarity Hypothesis: All representations are maximally binary branching. Our evidence comes from examining patterns in which the fission and fusion of segments satisfy constraints on well-formed phonological and morphological structures: multiple reduplication, haplology, coalescence, and breaking. The domain of investigation for this paper is the mapping of segments between input and output. Patterns of fission and fusion are primarily 1:2 (fission) or 2:1 (fusion). To account for instances that appear to have 1:3 or 3:1 mappings between input and output segments, we propose that this must arise from two separate 1:2 mappings (perhaps at a stem and word level). The following section outlines a range of potentially problematic 1:3 mappings related to fission of segments and INTEGRITY violations.
    [Show full text]