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Les Nazis Et Le Cône Sud-Américain : Influences Et Intégration Sociale Et Politique

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Les Nazis Et Le Cône Sud-Américain : Influences Et Intégration Sociale Et Politique CERUTTI AMANDINE MASTER 2 RECHERCHE ARTS LETTRES ET LANGUES LLCE ÉTUDES HISPANIQUES UNIVERSITÉ DE LIMOGES FACULTÉ DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES ANNÉE 2010-2011 LES NAZIS ET LE CÔNE SUD-AMÉRICAIN : INFLUENCES ET INTÉGRATION SOCIALE ET POLITIQUE DIRECTRICE DE RECHERCHES : MME DOMINIQUE GAY-SYLVESTRE 1 2 LES NAZIS ET LE CÔNE SUD-AMÉRICAIN : INFLUENCES ET INTÉGRATION SOCIALE ET POLITIQUE 3 4 SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS...........................................................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................13 CHAPITRE I.....................................................................................................................................19 LE MODÈLE NAZI-FASCISTE DU CÔNE SUD .........................................................................19 (1920-1945)........................................................................................................................................19 A) Infiltration nazie progressive dans le cône sud-américain...............................................................21 1. Immigration allemande dès le XIXème siècle......................................................................................................22 2. Volonté expansionniste de l'Allemagne ...............................................................................................................22 a. Des pays convoités très tôt...............................................................................................................................23 b. Rêves hitlériens ...............................................................................................................................................25 3. Des partenaires pour l'Allemagne........................................................................................................................26 4. L' Uruguay, un projet stratégique..........................................................................................................................26 B) Une large diffusion des idées national-socialistes..............................................................................27 1. Les organisations politiques..................................................................................................................................28 2. La presse et la propagande....................................................................................................................................30 3. Les écoles .............................................................................................................................................................32 C) Des changements en faveur du nazisme.............................................................................................34 1. Intensification du modèle national-socialiste.......................................................................................................34 a. Un antisémitisme nouveau..............................................................................................................................34 b. Des évènements particuliers à la veille de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale.........................................................37 2. Le rôle des personnalités politiques de l'époque...................................................................................................40 a. Les chefs d'État.................................................................................................................................................40 b. D’autres personnalités pro-nazies....................................................................................................................42 CHAPITRE II...................................................................................................................................45 UN NOUVEAU « REICH » APRÈS LA GUERRE (1945-1970)....................................................45 A) Le sanctuaire argentin sous Juan Perón............................................................................................47 1. Une destination très accueillante...........................................................................................................................47 2. Des personnalités pro-nazies au cœur de la société argentine..............................................................................49 B) Protection et intégration sociale de criminels de guerre et collaborateurs nazis ...........................51 1) Klaus Barbie....................................................................................................................................................56 2) Gerhard Bohne................................................................................................................................................57 3) Adolf Eichmann..............................................................................................................................................57 4) Hans Hefelmann..............................................................................................................................................58 5) Walter Kutschmann.........................................................................................................................................59 6) Josef Mengele.................................................................................................................................................60 7) Erich Priebke...................................................................................................................................................60 8) Hans-Ulrich Rudel..........................................................................................................................................61 9) Willem Sassen.................................................................................................................................................62 10) Joseph Schwammberger................................................................................................................................62 11) Martin Bormann............................................................................................................................................63 12) Wilfred Von Owen........................................................................................................................................64 13) Johann Von Leers..........................................................................................................................................64 C) Le « relais » paraguayen.....................................................................................................................65 1. Un président bienveillant......................................................................................................................................66 2. L'hôte de la honte : Josef Mengele ....................................................................................................67 3. « Le boucher de Riga » et le mystère Bormann...................................................................................................72 D) Rôles de l'Uruguay et du Chili............................................................................................................74 5 CHAPITRE III .................................................................................................................................77 LE NAZISME AU CŒUR DES DICTATURES MILITAIRES DU CÔNE SUD ? (1960-1990)..77 A) La politique de terrorisme d'état et l'Opération Condor.................................................................79 1. Plusieurs nations investies dans une politique commune.....................................................................................79 2. Le système concentrationnaire..............................................................................................................................81 a. Les « camps »...................................................................................................................................................81 b. Tortures et extermination..................................................................................................................................83 B) Une influence indirecte de l'idéologie nazie.......................................................................................87 1. L'antisémitisme argentin ......................................................................................................................................87 a. Répression et exclusion de la communauté juive.............................................................................................87 b. Antisémitisme et camps de concentration........................................................................................................88 2. Pinochet, le « Fürher » chilien..............................................................................................................................91 C) Paul Schaefer et la Colonia Dignidad : un terrible microcosme......................................................92 1. La naissance d'une secte criminelle......................................................................................................................93 2. Endoctrinement et pédophilie...............................................................................................................................95
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