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Crime and Policing in Transitional Societies

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Crime and Policing in Transitional Societies Crime and Policing in Transitional Societies 30 August–1 September 2000 Jan Smuts House, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Table of Contents Introduction 7 Mark Shaw, South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), South Africa Crime and Policing in Transitional Societies – 9 Conference Summary and Overview Mark Shaw, SAIIA, South Africa Welcoming Remarks 17 Michael Lange, Konrad Adenauer Foundation, South Africa Politics and Policing in Northern Ireland – The Way Ahead 19 Adam Ingram, Minister of State for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom South Africa: Crime and Policing in Transition 27 Steve Tshwete, Minister for Safety and Security, South Africa The Nigerian Experience 29 David Jemibewon, Minister for Police Affairs, Nigeria AN OVERVIEW OF PROBLEMS AND ISSUES The New Policing 35 Philip Heymann, Harvard University, United States Crime, Justice and the Legacy of the Past 61 Adrian Guelke, Queen’s University, Northern Ireland THE GROWTH, EXTENT AND CAUSES OF CRIME The Growth, Extent and Causes of Crime: International Crime Overview 69 Anna Alvazzi del Frate, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI), Italy Crime, Violence and Political Uncertainty in Brazil 77 Paulo de Mesquita Neto, University of São Paulo, Brazil 3 Table of Contents The Growth, Extent and Causes of Crime: Moçambique 93 Luis Antonio Mondelane, Supreme Court, Moçambique The Growth, Extent and Causes of Crime: Ukraine 99 Igor Zhdanov, Ukrainian Centre for Economic and Political Studies, Ukraine The Growth, Extent and Causes of Crime: Northern Ireland 103 John Brewer, Queen’s University, Northern Ireland Crime in Russia at the Turn of the 21st Century 111 Vitali Kvashis and Michael Babaev, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Russian Federation POLICE TRANSFORMATION Police Transformation: The Palestinian Authority Perspective 117 Assad Mubarak, Ministry of Justice, Palestinian Authority Police Reform and South Africa’s Transition 119 Janine Rauch, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, South Africa Police Transformation in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects 127 Innocent Chukwuma, Centre for Law Enforcement Education, Nigeria Reform of the Police in Ukraine: The Need for Cooperation Between the Police and 135 Public in Tackling Crime Alexey Povolotskiy, University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine GOVERNMENT RESPONSES AND POLICIES Crime as a Development Issue 141 Ted Leggett, University of Natal, South Africa Police Reform and Democratic Consolidation: Chile 151 Hugo Frühling, University of Chile, Chile Crime and its Discontent: Recent South African Responses and Policies 167 Elrena van der Spuy, University of Cape Town, South Africa Government Responses and Policies: Poland as an Example 177 Emil Plywaczewski, University of Bialystok, Poland City Security and Crime in Peru 181 Cesar Benavides, Peruvian Institute of Criminology (Instituto Peruano de Criminalistica Y Pericias), Peru Government Responses in South Africa: Policy and Implementation 185 Iole Matthews, Independent Projects Trust, South Africa 4 Table of Contents THE ROLE AND REACTION OF CITIZENS Citizens, Crime and Criminal Justice in Central and Eastern Europe 193 Ugljesa Zvekic, United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNODCCP), Southern Africa Citizens Perceptions of Crime and Policing in South Africa 197 Antoinette Louw, Institute of Security Studies, South Africa The Role of “Private Security” in Transitional Democracies 205 Clifford D. Shearing and Michael Kempa, University of Toronto, Canada “The Politics Fits the Crime”: Competing Interpretations of Victim Empowerment 215 in South Africa Graeme Simpson, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, South Africa INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INITIATIVES International Strategies for Crime Prevention in Transitional Societies: 229 Problems and Prospects Jeremy Travis, The Urban Institute, United States International and Regional Initiatives: Providing Appropriate International Assistance 235 Adrian Beck, University of Leicester, United Kingdom Attempts of Regional Responses to Crime in the Ex-USSR and Eastern Europe 241 Valentin Yakushik, University of Kiev, Ukraine International and Regional Initiatives: Southern Africa Region 245 Peter Gastrow, Institute of Security Studies, South Africa Programme 251 Participants’ List 255 Seminar Reports 259 Occasional Paper Series 261 5 Introduction While South Africa has faced high levels of crime in the first few years of the establishment of democ- racy, the country is by no means unique. A number of other societies that have also experienced transi- tions from authoritarian to democratic rule have undergone similar experiences. In almost all cases, such transitions have been accompanied by equally dramatic changes in economic and social circum- stances, some of which have resulted in higher levels of crime. These and related issues were considered at a conference entitled Crime and Policing in Transitional Societies, on which this publication is based. The conference was held at the South African Institute of International Affairs from 30 August to 1 September 2000 and was sponsored by, among others, the Ford Foundation, the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, the British Council and MTN. The meeting drew participants from around the world including a number of transitional societies: Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Chile, Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Nigeria, Moçambique and South Africa. Speakers from Northern Ireland, Palestine and Israel also participated, as did contributors from North America and Europe who are closely involved with funding police transformation and crime-fighting exercises in developing countries. The issues debated by the conference are of considerable importance in each of the societies represent- ed. While each have very different historical contexts – Latin American countries, for example, experi- enced a wave of democratisation in the mid-1980s, while in Eastern and Central Europe and in Africa, democratisation occurred later – there are a number of important parallels between them. Most notably – and an issue which was discussed in some detail at the conference – police transformation in each of the societies remains a highly contested and often difficult process. Thus, one of the central questions of the conference was simply: How can old instruments of political oppression be effectively trans- formed to face new criminal threats? The conference was characterised by high levels of participation and support from the South African government. The conference banquet was attended by both the Minister for Safety and Security, Steve Tshwete (whose short address is included in the collection), and the Director of Public Prosecutions, Bulelani Ncguka. Both Tshwete and Ncguka in their contributions and in response to questions there- after outlined many of the challenges that South Africa faces. The conference itself was designed to ensure maximum debate among the participants. Each contribu- tor was asked to provide a short input along clearly defined guidelines. These papers represent a collec- tion of some of the contributions, where participants agreed to put their ideas into writing. Thus many of the papers represent not only what various participants contributed to the conference, but also some of the debates within individual sessions. The collection is preceded by a summary of the discussions that took place at the conference. This summary provides an overview of all the major themes, debates and some of the conclusions of the conference. 7 Introduction One important outcome of the conference was agreement that greater cooperation was required between both researchers and practitioners in respect of this topic. In this regard, it is important to note that the holding of the conference was not an end in itself. The event is part of a broader research pro- ject that examines the nature and extent of crime and policing problems in countries experiencing tran- sition. It is intended that this research programme will be completed with a detailed publication of the general lessons to be learnt from a range of transitional societies in fighting crime by early 2002. It is hoped that this publication provides a unique insight into some of the problems as well as success stories of societies that have struggled with violence and crime as they emerge from periods of transi- tion. Its contents emphasise both the degree to which the issue of fighting crime in such societies is of critical importance, and the extent to which the experience of the past decade has ensured the growth of expertise and critical analysis in this area. Dr Mark Shaw Research Fellow South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) 8 Crime and Policing in Transitional Societies – Conference Summary and Overview Mark Shaw BACKGROUND and social transitions in these societies, on the The South African Institute of International one hand, and growing levels of crime as well Affairs (SAIIA) staged a conference on Crime as differing policing responses, on the other, and Policing in Transitional Societies from 30 are little understood. Comparing the links August to 1 September 2000. The event between the transitions and the growth of crime stemmed from the belief that crime and polic- and transformation of the police in these states ing problems in a number of societies that have suggests some important conclusions not only experienced a transition from authoritarian to in respect of the key causal features which gen- democratic rule might hold comparative
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